专题04阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编）高二英语下学期人教版

**基本信息** 精选多地区高二下期末说明文阅读真题，覆盖人与自我、社会、自然三大主题，情境真实且问题层次分明，适配期末复习与核心素养培养。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解选择题|36题（每篇4题）|细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断|科技类（如绿茶多酚实验）考查实验过程与结论分析，文化类（如“spill the beans”起源）挖掘语言背后历史，社会类（如英国读书俱乐部）关联现实问题与解决方案，体现真实情境与思维梯度。|

专题04阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自我：生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·云南保山·期末）In the Institute of Ageing Research at University College London, Dr. Eleanor Carter, a renowned neuroscientist, built a multidisciplinary team of neurologists, nutritionists, and biostatisticians to design the strictest randomised trial: a double-blind study evaluating the impact of green tea polyphenols (多酚) on age-related memory decline. The study’s leading investigator was Dr. Carter, joined by Dr. Raj Patel (neuroimaging expert), Dr. Mei Lin (nutritional biochemist), and 14 colleagues. The 150 participants — cognitively healthy adults aged 65 to 75 reporting mild forgetfulness — were randomly assigned to two groups: 75 in the Green Tea Intervention Group (GTG) and 75 in the Placebo-Control Goup (安慰剂控制组) (PCG). Over 52 weeks, both groups maintained identical lifestyles — diet, exercise, sleep, tracked via wearable devices. The sole variable was their morning beverage: GTG received 200ml of green tea daily, while PCG consumed a visually identical placebo, prepared by a third-party lab to ensure blinding. Cognitive assessments (NIH Toolbox) were administered at weeks 26 and 52. Additionally, 30 participants from each group underwent functional MRI scans to monitor hippocampal activity. Blood samples were collected biweekly to measure biomarkers of neuron decline diseases. At study completion, GTG participants demonstrated a 28% improvement in memory tasks compared to PCG’s 12%. fMRI revealed enhanced hippocampal connectivity in GTG brains, while biomarkers indicated reduced Alzheimer’s risk and systemic inflammation. Dr. Carter shared at the International Conference on Alzheimer’s Disease: “This is the first human trial to demonstrate that green tea can adjust the neurons in ageing. Green tea, a low-cost and widely consumed drink, may serve as a sterling way to delay age-related memory decline.” 1．Who are the subjects of this experiment? A．Adults with slight memory loss. B．Patients with neuronal diseases. C．Adults with moderate forgetfulness. D．Seniors with occasional memory decline. 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the study? A．Its cause. B．Its process. C．Its participants. D．Its significance. 3．What does the underlined word “sterling” in the last paragraph mean? A．Moderately useful. B．Slightly beneficial. C．Barely harmful. D．Highly effective. 4．What can be concluded about the study? A．Tea drinking has nothing to do with health. B．One can look younger if drinking tea often. C．Green tea may help seniors boost memory. D．Polyphenols can cure Alzheimer’s disease. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·广东茂名·期末）Cross-cultural communication is common in our daily life, but it’s often not easy due to many barriers. However, there are useful strategies we can use to communicate better with people from different cultures. There are several common barriers to cross-cultural communication. Language differences top the list. When people speak different languages, they may misunderstand each other easily. Besides, different cultures have various rules about what’s polite and how to express feelings, which can also cause problems. What’s more, personal beliefs and a lack of standing in other’s shoes can make it hard for people to understand one another. To communicate effectively across cultures, the first strategy is to show respect. We should accept cultural differences, avoid making quick judgments, and be ready to learn from others. For example, in some cultures, making eye contact is a sign of respect, while in others, it may be seen as rude. So, learning about these differences shows our respect. Active listening is also key. When others are talking, we should give them our full attention, not just to their words but also to their body language. This helps us understand their real meaning. If something is unclear, don’t hesitate to ask questions. It’s much better to clarify doubts than to guess and possibly misunderstand. Using visual aids like pictures or simple videos can be very helpful, too. They can make ideas easier to understand, especially when language is a barrier. Finally, patience is necessary. Building good cross-cultural communication skills takes time. We should give ourselves and others time to adapt and get along well. By being aware of the barriers and using these strategies, we can improve our cross-cultural communication, make more friends from different cultures, and work better in diverse teams. 5．What ranks first in cross-cultural communication? A．Similar body language. B．Common cultural rules. C．Various language types. D．Conflicting personal beliefs. 6．What is key to cross-cultural communication? A．Asking for explanations. B．Controlling body language. C．Making quick judgments. D．Shaping cultural differences. 7．Why is patience necessary in cross-cultural communication? A．Understanding visuals needs time. B．Developing friendships needs time. C．Fixing misunderstandings takes time. D．Boosting communication skills requires time. 8．What can we infer from the text? A．Using visual aids is not common. B．Cross-cultural communication is easy. C．Cultural differences need highlighting. D．Realizing barriers betters communication. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·重庆九龙坡·期末）The Secret History of “Spill the Beans” The phrase “spill the beans” — meaning to tell a secret — has confused English learners for years. While no one knows exactly where it came from, language experts have interesting ideas. One story connects it to ancient Greece, where people used white and black beans to vote (投票). If someone knocked over a bowl of beans by mistake, the secret results would be seen too early, like “spilling” the truth. But researchers like Dr. Laurel Brinton say there’s no proof this old custom led to today’s phrase. The first written use of “spill the beans” was in a 1919 adventure book, The Man from Tall Timber. A character jokes, “Mother certainly has spilled the beans!” Experts explain that “spill” once meant both “tell secrets” since the 1500s and “drop things” since the 1400s. Beans, being small and easy to spill, stood for unimportant things. Over time, people began using the phrase to describe accidentally sharing secrets. By the 1950s, it entered the mainstream of daily talk, especially when asking friends to share secrets or admit hidden facts. A newer version, “spill the tea,” started in American TV shows in the 1990s and later spread online. Here, “tea” means truth or exciting secrets. Unlike beans, this liquid metaphor shows how modern internet culture creates new sayings. Both phrases prove that common things like beans and tea inspire expressions about sharing secrets. Why beans? Dr. Brinton says beans are cheap and known worldwide, making them perfect symbols for small, everyday matters. Whether talking about beans used for voting or coffee beans, their tiny size and easy-to-spill nature perfectly show the idea of secrets slipping out. From ancient Greece to today’s social media, beans still influence how we talk about keeping secrets. Next time someone says “spill the beans,” remember: you’re using a phrase shaped by hundreds of years of language history — maybe even ancient Greek ideas! 9．When did “spill the beans” become popular? A．In the 1400s. B．In the 1500s. C．In the 1950s. D．In the 1990s. 10．What is the function of paragraph 3? A．To analyse the history of coffee beans. B．To share the development of TV shows. C．To explain the popularity of spilled beans. D．To introduce the creation of a modern saying. 11．Why do beans symbolize secrets according to the text? A．They are invaluable. B．They are common and small. C．They are easy to count. D．They are used for legal voting. 12．Where is the text probably taken from? A．A history brochure. B．A science report. C．An English textbook. D．A cooking blog. 主题02 人与社会：文化、社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·河北·期末）A desire for offline connection is driving a UK book club revival, offering a way to escape screens and loneliness. From celebrity-backed groups like Dua Lipa’s to “silent” clubs, these gatherings prioritize community as much as literature. “The rise reflects a hunger for deeper bonds,” says Holly Cooke, founder of The Lonely Girls Club, which expanded into book clubs amid growing demand. Statistics prove the trend: Book club lists on Eventbrite jumped 350% post-2020, while “book club” reentered Meetup’s top 10 search terms. Clubs like Glasgow’s feminist Book Club, founded by Stefanie McCartney, now attract up to 40 attendees monthly. Today’s clubs combine literature with themed experiences — like detective night dinners or knitting (针织) circles — to serve specific audiences. Identity-focused groups, such as Literally Black Book Club, create safe spaces for minority group communities. Silent book clubs, meanwhile, offer connection through shared quiet reading. As technology advances, people are facing heightened social isolation (孤单). Loneliness and digital overload are key drivers. “The isolation emphasized our need for meaningful interaction,” Cooke explains. Book clubs provide structure, McCartney adds, allowing people to engage however they choose. As screen fatigue (疲惫) grows, many seek refuge in physical books and in-person discussion. Cooke says: “People want a break from screens, like how music fans enjoy old- style records or people write diaries.” Clubs without alcohol are also popular. More clubs now don’t focus on drinking. McCartney states: “We need choices besides drinking.” Member Laura Menendez likes that it’s not about buying things; “It’s about being together, not spending money.” Celebrities like Dua Lipa and Kaia Gerber have intensified the trend, drawing younger audiences. In an age of disconnection, book clubs combine tradition with modern needs, proving shared reading is anything but outdated. As Cooke notes, “It’s never been more relevant. They provide a space where ideas are challenged, broadened, and enriched through collective discussion, offering connections and the insights after the pages are turned, leaving a remarkable mark on the community.” 1．What drives the UK book club revival? A．Social media influence. B．Desire for real-world bonds. C．Increased publishing of novels. D．Government cultural policies. 2．How does the author illustrate the book clubs’ popularity? A．By citing platform statistics. B．By listing club varieties. C．By mentioning celebrity examples. D．By describing member emotions. 3．What does the underlined word “refuge” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Recreational activities. B．Routine behaviors. C．Social responsibility. D．Safe shelter. 4．What does Cooke think of the book clubs’ impact? A．It’s far-reaching. B．It’s youth-dependent. C．It’s digitally-driven. D．It’s entertainment-focused. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·湖南长沙·期末）A few years ago, you went on a vacation with friends, creating lasting memories — walking along the beach, swimming in the sea, and enjoying breathtaking sunsets. However, the trip wasn't all smooth sailing; long drives, food issues, and unpredictable weather. Yet, over time, you tend to remember the beautiful moments while the inconveniences fade . This is known as rosy retrospection, a cognitive , bias (认知偏见) where people recall past experiences more positively than they felt during the actual event. The phenomenon can be understood as the complex interaction of cognitive mechanisms that shape our memory processes When recalling memories, our brains tend to focus on positive details and downplay negative aspects, which helps maintain emotional well-being. Nostalgia (怀旧) also plays a significant role, as it arouses feelings of warmth and belonging, leading us to view the past more positively. Additionally, our current emotional state and self-enhancement bias can influence how we remember past events, making them seem more favorable. While some individuals who focus more on negative experiences may be at a higher risk of mood disorders such as depression, rosy retrospection can elevate our moods, increase life satisfaction, and even help us cope with difficult present circumstances by providing a sense of continuity and positive self-identity. However, rosy retrospection occasionally creates an unrealistic view of the past, which can head people to make decisions that are not based on reality but rather on their idealized memories. It's one of the reasons why we might repeatedly return to unhealthy relationships. The longer the time that has passed since the event, the more likely we are to let the, good memories outweigh the bad memories and perhaps even forgive unforgivable behavior. Understanding and acknowledging this cognitive bias can be crucial for making accurate and beneficial decisions. 5．How do people with rosy retrospection generally recall past experiences? A．They forget negative moments easily. B．They recall breathtaking details repeatedly. C．They remember adventurous trips more clearly. D．They view former experiences more positively. 6．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The meaning of rosy retrospection. B．The reasons for rosy retrospection. C．The role of nostalgia in shaping memories. D．The ways of keeping emotional well-being. 7．What does the underlined word “elevate” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Boost. B．Expose. C．Assess. D．Ignore. 8．What negative consequence may rosy retrospection cause? A．It may give rise to incorrect judgments. B．It may lead to a constant state of depression. C．It may make people miss out on opportunities. D．It may raise people's unwillingness to face reality. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·湖南湘西·期末）While facial movements can help members of the same species communicate emotions or other signals to each other, they can also be important for inter-species understanding. In horses, for example, ear movements have long been viewed as important indicators of their internal state. However, the new work suggests there are many more signals to look out for. “Horses produce a rich and complex facial expressions, and we should not overlook the little differences in these if we want to truly understand the subjective experiences of horses,” said Dr. Kate Lewis, the first author of the research, from the University of Portsmouth. The team analysed 72 hours of filmed observations to explore which facial movements tended to occur in each context. “The beauty of what we did here is that we were systematic in how we documented the facial expressions, and that we covered a broad range of naturally occuring behaviours,” Lewis said. While the researchers found that almost all facial movements occurred in all of the different contexts, some were more specific to certain types of interaction. In particular, they found that during friendly, peaceful interactions with other horses, the animals tended to put their noses forward. By contrast, when paying attention to something, the horses’ ears were typically forward and pulled together. During aggressive encounters, the ears tended to be flattened and backward-facing, while the inner brows were raised, the nostrils dilated and the head lowered. During play, the lower lip was often depressed, the chin raised, lips parted, mouth stretched open wide, and the ears rotated and flattened backwards. In addition, the team noted that during play horses often had an increase in visible eye white, the nose was pushed forward, and the head tended to be up or turned to the right, or both. “These results really highlight the importance of not relying on just one aspect of the face, such as the ears, to understand what the horse is trying to communicate,” Lewis said. 9．What is the main purpose of the research discussed in the text? A．To argue that horses have no significant facial expressions. B．To analyze horse facial expressions in different social contexts. C．To compare horse facial expressions with those of other animals. D．To prove that horses use ears as their primary means of communication. 10．Which facial movement is most likely seen when horses are engaged in friendly interactions? A．Ears flattened backward. B．Lips tightly closed. C．Nose pushed forward. D．Head lowered aggressively. 11．What can be inferred about horses’ facial expressions during aggressive encounters? A．Showing relaxed ears and lowered brows. B．Keeping their heads high and ears forward. C．Opening their mouths wide while keeping ears upright. D．Displaying flattened ears, raised brows, and lowered heads. 12．From the last paragraph, how should we interpret horse communication? A．Horses use a variety of facial expressions, not just ears, to express emotions. B．Ear movements only indicate playfulness, not aggression. C．Ear movements are rarely noticeable in horses. D．Horses’ ears are not as expressive as their eyes. 主题03 人与自然：环境与探索 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·内蒙古包头·期末）Hidden away in the mountains of western Tanzania is one of the largest lakes in the world: Lake Tanganyika. Environmentalists want to protect the beauty and biological diversity of this area from the harmful effects of overfishing and deforestation. However, in order to do this, they need the cooperation of people in the nearby village of Mahale. In this poor community, malaria and typhoid are existing and spreading uncontrollably, there is little access to doctors, and 13% of children die before age 5. How can we expect people who cannot save their own children to care about saving the environment? While it is true that the Mahale villagers are suffering, environmentalists argue that Lake Tanganyika is in an equally critical condition. This lake is home to hundreds of fish species found nowhere else on the globe. Eighty mammal species live in the surrounding forests and mountains. Ninety percent of Tanzania’s endangered chimpanzees reside in this area. Irreparable (不可挽回的) damage to this ecosystem will result in untold losses. Furthermore, environmentalists see the destruction of the environment as a direct function of the villagers’ poverty: as the fish population decreases, people are forced to clear more land to grow rice and corn. As they clear more land, the soil run-off from deforestation further reduces the fish population, making it even more difficult for people to survive on fishing alone. This vicious cycle (恶性循环) hams both the Mahale villagers and the environment. To meet their objective of protecting Lake Tanganyika, environmentalists are now using a combined strategy in Mahale: helping the villagers gain access to healthcare, educating fishermen and farmers about the impact of deforestation and their own role in the declining fish population, and protecting areas of the lake where fish lay eggs. Since natural resources can be the tool by which the people of Tanzania work themselves out of poverty, it is essential that these resources are managed well. By integrating health services with conservation activity, we can begin to heal the suffering in western Tanzania, for people and the land alike. 1．What might be the Mahale villagers’ attitude towards protecting the environment? A．Supportive. B．Opposed. C．Indifferent. D．Confused. 2．Why do Mahale villagers clear more land? A．To follow government policies on land use. B．To make up for the decline in fish availability. C．To promote economic development through farming. D．To protect Lake Tanganyika from environmental damage. 3．Why do the environmentalists help the villagers gain access to healthcare? A．Saving the villagers’ lives is more important than saving the lake. B．Saving the villagers’ lives would directly result in less overfishing of the lake. C．Addressing the villagers’ problem could encourage them to preserve the environment. D．Offering healthcare could be a way for the environmentalists to live in the community. 4．The information presented in this passage can best be described as ________. A．a problem and a solution B．a question with two answers C．an analysis of underlying causes D．an explanation for a relationship Passage 2 （24-25高二下·辽宁·期末）Keenly aware of human impact on the environment, Spanish artist Almudena Romero is using her unique plant-based art to show it’s possible to create art in an eco-friendly manner. Now her four-chapter series called “The Pigment Change” is in exhibition in London and Paris. Rather than develop photos on photographic paper, she prints them directly onto plants. “I just put a negative (底片) on top of the leaf and leave it to the sunlight, and then the image gets recorded on the leaf,” Romero said. “But I also print on living plants using a digital projector, and the plant makes photosynthesis (光合作用) with the light from the projector and records an image.” Raised in Madrid, Romero said learning from her grandmother about the plants on her orange farm when she was young implanted in her mind the eco-conscious values she embraces today. But she admits that her eco-friendly techniques wouldn’t work for all artists. “It’s a lot more difficult to be financially sustainable when your art is temporary, but I guess it’s also depending on how you understand life and what you want to do with your practice,” she explained. For Romero, plants are more than something to look after; they are beings we can learn from. “Plants have been around for way longer than us on the planet and they have succeeded in doing that without causing any extinction,” she said. Besides, we should challenge the idea that humans are the most important beings. The truth is all living organisms have their values and their own agendas and intentions. The artist explained that she sees plants respond and adapt to light changes throughout the seasons. “Yet we tend to think that only humans have these abilities until science proves the opposite.” said Romero. She won the BMW Residency Award for the project. Now, collaborating with scientist Nicolas Langlade, with the help of AI, Romero is working on her next project due to be completed by June 2025. For Romero, this art-science project is like coming full circle. “I love my passion for plant photography.” she said, “I’m really happy about plant photography.” 5．What is truly unique about Almudena Romero’s artistic practice? A．She paints her childhood landscape. B．She records images on plants with light. C．She prints plants on photographic paper. D．She attaches the photos to the top of leaves. 6．Which of the following best describe Romero’s art? A．Creative and profitable. B．Momentary but unique. C．Practical and far-reaching. D．Eco-friendly but time-consuming. 7．What can we learn about plants and humans according to Romero? A．Plants are less important than humans. B．Humans are more adaptable than plants. C．Plants also have their own rules and meanings. D．Humans should allow plants to grow naturally. 8．Which can be a suitable tile for this text? A．The Art-Science Project: The Future of Photography. B．The Art-Science Project: An Integration of Technology and Art. C．Almudena Romero: A Journey from Traditional to Modem Art. D．Almudena Romero: Plant-Based Art with Eco-Friendly Vision. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·吉林·期末）From time to time, Ding Peng makes his way across the waves to Zhongtiedun, an island in Zhejiang Province. He has made a point of coming back to visit it to greet and observe the Chinese crested terns (中华凤头燕鸥) over the past ten years. The medium-sized bird is 30-40 centimeters long, with gray wings and a white body. It was first discovered in Indonesia by Heinrich Bernstein in 1861. It has since been sighted only in small numbers around the world. The birds were spotted in 1937 on islands around Qingdao, Shandong Province, and it was not until 2000 that a bird photographer spotted them on the Matsu Islands off the coast of Fujian Province, which immediately caused a storm in international ornithology (鸟类学) circles for researchers assumed that the birds had already died out. Born in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, Ding grew up seeing barren (贫瘠的) mountains and sandstorms, and had an awareness of environmental protection at an early age. That was why, after graduating from university in 2012, he readily took a job offer from the Jiushan Islands National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang. “I love the sea and my major could be of some use in protecting it,” he says. Looking back at his life on the islands, Ding admits that it was very tough. There was no electricity to charge mobile phones and no air conditioner during the hot summer, and drinking water was sent in by supply ships. The worst was the loneliness, though things took a turn for the better in 2017, when more volunteers came to join the bird protection team. Ding’s contributions were recognized by the local authorities of Ningbo this year, who named him one of the city’s “most beautiful people”. “Everything was worth it, now that more people are aware of the importance of protecting the birds, and now that the number of the birds is on the rise,” Ding says. 9．Why did the researchers feel surprised when the Chinese crested terns were found in 2000? A．They were spotted by a photographer instead of them. B．The event made them ashamed. C．They were unable to catch them. D．They thought the birds were extinct. 10．What was the main reason why Ding decided to take the job offer? A．His life experience in his hometown. B．His major. C．A good salary. D．The beautiful scenery. 11．How was Ding’s life on the islands? A．Adventurous. B．Enjoyable. C．Difficult. D．Inspiring. 12．What does Ding think of his team’s work? A．It’s fruitful. B．It’s perfect. C．It’s regrettable. D．It’s pointless. 主题01 人与自我：生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·河北秦皇岛·期末）In Britain, there’s a well-known saying: “If you can’t say something nice, it is better to say nothing at all.” This highlights the importance of being ‘nice’, which generally means making others feel comfortable and respected. This principle applies across all social classes and levels of wealth, emphasizing that being nice is valued regardless of one’s background. It is distinct from manners, formal language, or social etiquette, like holding a fork in the ‘correct’ hand. For instance, someone might have impeccable (无可挑剔的) manners but still treat others poorly. Politeness is often intertwined with being nice. Common examples include saying “please” and “thank you”, queuing patiently, holding doors open for others, making an effort to converse at social gatherings, and avoiding anger when expressing complaints. The idea is that the problem might not be the fault of the person you’re speaking to, so maintaining a calm behavior is preferable. In British culture, if someone doesn’t like something, they may avoid bluntly (直言地) stating their dislike. Instead of directly saying “I don’t like it”, they might use more indirect language. Some view this approach as hypocritical (虚伪的) or as a way to sidestep confrontation (冲突), and there is some validity to this perspective. However, the primary reason for this indirectness is to spare the other person’s feelings. Being too straightforward can come off as rude or hurtful, which is why being ‘blunt’ is generally avoided. Here are a few examples of how a British person might gently decline or offer feedback: When asked, “Do you like my new dress?” One might respond, “It’s got a very unusual pattern, hasn’t it?” If invited to lunch, someone might say, “Sorry, I’m really busy for the next few weeks,” rather than giving a direct refusal. When discussing a book given to them, they might reply, “I’ve never read anything like it before!” instead of criticizing it outright. While this way of answering might seem unusual, most British people would understand the underlying meaning. They would also appreciate that the response was delivered in a considerate and non-confrontational manner. 13．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph one emphasize? A．The importance of always speaking the truth. B．The requirement to hold doors open for others. C．The necessity of using formal language in all situations. D．The value of maintaining social harmony by being considerate. 14．Why do British people often avoid being blunt when expressing their opinions? A．To escape the reality. B．To show their intelligence. C．To demonstrate their politeness. D．To avoid hurting the other person’s feelings. 15．Which of the following best describes the British approach to communication? A．It is always direct and to the point. B．It is indirect and aims to avoid conflicts. C．It is primarily focused on personal preferences. D．It is strictly formal and adheres to social etiquette. 16．What could be the most suitable title for the passage? A．Indirectness Over Bluntness B．The Power of Politeness C．Social Harmony in Britain D．Manners and Etiquette Passage 2 （24-25高二下·广东广州·期末）Kawasaki disease is every parent’s nightmare. This rare illness causes inflammation (炎症) in blood vessels and can damage the heart of babies and young children. Historically, it has been difficult to diagnose (诊断), until recently, when a young inventor developed an app that can detect it. When Ellen Xu, a San Diego native, was five, her parents rushed her kid sister to the hospital. Three-year-old Kate, developed a high fever, red eyes, and a rash (皮疹). At first the puzzled doctors guessed that she had a flu. But when her condition didn’t improve, the Xus returned to the Emergency Room, where Kate was diagnosed with Kawasaki disease. Kate was then treated with antibodies that help boost immunity (免疫力). In time, she shook off the illness without suffering damage to her heart, making her one of the lucky ones. Years later, Ellen, needing a project for a high school science fair, recalled her sister’s illness. “It was a puzzle I wanted to solve,” she says. So, she set out to do just that. Using data, she created an AI-powered app to identify the physical symptoms of Kawasaki disease from a photo. The app works similarly to apps that identify plants or birds. It scans a photograph of the child and looks for signs of Kawasaki disease, such as rashes and a swollen tongue. It’s a brilliant innovation that likely wouldn’t have come about if it all weren’t so personal. Ellen’s innovation earned recognition, and soon, her app will be available on the Kawasaki Disease Foundation’s website. What started as a science fair project could now help doctors diagnose the disease faster, preventing heart damage in young children. As for Kate? Ellen says the little girl with the mysterious disease is now a thriving high school junior with dreams of becoming an environmental engineer. And Ellen, now at Stanford, proves that even childhood struggles can inspire brilliant solutions. 21．The underlined phrase “shook off” in paragraph 2 most likely means ________. A．dealt with B．recovered from C．became aware of D．put up with 22．What inspired Ellen Xu to develop her AI app for Kawasaki disease detection? A．Her interest in AI programming. B．Her need for her school science fair. C．Her own battle with Kawasaki disease. D．Her sister’s childhood illness experience. 23．How does Ellen’s app work to detect Kawasaki disease? A．By monitoring the rashes and swollen tongue. B．By analyzing photographs of visible symptoms. C．By tracking antibodies that help boost immunity. D．By comparing symptoms with historical patient data. 24．What may be the best title for the passage? A．How AI Is Revolutionizing Rare Disease Detection B．Kawasaki Disease: Overcoming Diagnosis Challenges C．A Sister’s Fight against Disease Sparks an AI Lifesaver D．From Science Fair to Medical Fame: Ellen Xu’s Journey Passage 3 （24-25高二下·福建泉州·期末）Studies have shown the mere exposure effect(曝光效应), also known as the familiarity principle, inspires our decisions. It is a helpful psychological mechanism(机制) that helps us maintain our energy and focus our attention on other things. Getting used to new things takes effort and it can be tiring. So unless we have a terrible experience, we are likely to buy from companies we've got used to. That is why companies spend so much money on advertising and marketing and why insurance companies openly charge existing customers more than new ones. It's not the case that we only desire things we already know. Some studies suggest when invited to share our preferences, we sometimes see less familiar choices as more desirable. But when acting on that preference, we fall back to what we know. This might explain why sometimes the things we want and the things we do don't quite match up. We might even return to companies that treated us poorly in the past or stay in bad relationships. It's easy to paint the familiarity principle as an enemy or something to battle as if it is something that holds us back from living our dreams. But this attitude might be overwhelming because it tends to encourage us toward big-picture thinking, which requires a huge and sudden change that we don't feel ready for. Some articles suggest the solution to familiarity disappointment is complete exposure to new things. While this can appear effective in the short run, we may only end up replacing one problem with another. It also risks overwhelm and burnout. So what if we can work with the familiarity principle instead? Familiarity is something we can learn to play with and enjoy. It is a setting for creativity and a pathway to expansion. We can broaden the zone of familiarity little by little. If we think of familiarity as something that can expand, we can consider changing the conditions in and around our lives to make more space for our preferences to take root and grow gently. From here, we will start to make decisions, drawing from an ever-deepening pool of valuable choices. 1．What allows insurance companies to charge old customers more? A．The law of the market. B．The advertising cost. C．The improved service. D．The familiarity principle. 2．What can be learned from paragraph 2? A．Our preferences affect our decisions. B．The familiarity principle is a double-edged sword. C．There can be a mismatch between desires and actions. D．Familiarity tends to result in disrespect. 3．What is the author's attitude to complete exposure to new things? A．Negative. B．Favorable. C．Neutral. D．Effective. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Step Out Of Your Familiarity Zone. B．Gently Expand Your Familiarity Zone. C．Spare A Thought For Your Preference. D．Change The Mere Exposure Effect. 主题02 人与社会：文化、社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·江西上饶·期中）Bioengineers have introduced a new method of food production that could dramatically reshape agriculture, potentially making it more eco-friendly, and adaptable to environments like space. Called “electro-agriculture ”, this system would replace traditional photosynthesis (光合作用) — a process that only changes around 1% of light energy into usable chemical energy in plants — with a solar-powered reaction that effectively changes carbon dioxide (CO₂) into an organic molecule (有机分子) that plants could use as food. The current version of electro-agriculture achieves about 4% efficiency — four times higher than photosynthesis. “Since electro-agriculture is not dependent on climate conditions like traditional farming, it could serve as a precious method for producing additional food when necessary. With global climate change affecting agriculture, new food production technologies are becoming increasingly vital to balancing food markets and supporting a growing population”, senior author Feng Jiao said. In electro-agriculture, solar plates would be used to power a chemical reaction between CO₂ and water, producing acetate (醋酸盐). Plants would be reengineered to use this acetate as a primary energy source instead of relying on photosynthesis. Robert Jinkerson, a biological engineer, sees this technology as a major move forward. “If we don’t need to grow plants with sunlight anymore, then we can decouple agriculture from the environment and grow food in indoor, controlled environments,” he said. The change could move agriculture into upright, multi-story indoor farms where solar power is collected outside the building to drive plant growth inside. So far, researchers have engineered plants that can use acetate in combination with photosynthesis, but the ultimate goal is to create plants that rely entirely on acetate for energy. While plant research is still in its early stages, other species like mushrooms have already naturally used acetate as an energy source. This means the technology could be applied to these food-producing beings much sooner in the market. 13．What is the key to electro-agriculture? A．Promoting energy change efficiency. B．Increasing plants’ adaptation to light. C．Offering plants sufficient nutrition. D．Reproducing photosynthesis indoors. 14．What did Feng Jiao take electro-agriculture as? A．A short-term fix for climate change. B．A valuable solution for food supply. C．A new exploration of traditional farming. D．A possible replacement for organic farming. 15．What does the underlined word “decouple” mean in paragraph 5? A．Protect. B．Separate. C．Recover. D．Choose. 16．What would be the best title of the text? A．Climate change affects agriculture. B．Electro-agriculture will replace traditional agriculture. C．Plants need no photosynthesis. D．Electro-agriculture makes indoor farms possible. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东淄博·期末）A heritage language is a language that isn’t the “most powerful” language of an area, but is still learned by children in their homes (thus, it’s their heritage). Any language can be a heritage language, depending on the surrounding social context. English, for example, is often a primary language, but could technically be a heritage language if someone’s English-speaking parents moved from, say, the United Kingdom to Japan Heritage languages can be someone’s native language, but the two terms aren’t interchangeable. A native language is the language or languages a person learns when they’re very young while heritage languages can be determined by a broad range of social and cultural factors. Usually, people speak their native language very well. Someone’s abilities in their heritage language can vary quite a bit, however. Some people may master it well because they learned it a lot when they were children, while others may speak it but not read it, and still others may struggle with speaking it at all. The United States has over 56 million Spanish speakers, and a large part of those are heritage learners of the language. A research found that the percentage of people who report speaking Spanish “well” drops from 91 to 82 for first-and second-generation immigrants (移民). While that might seem small, it gets much more obvious after that, with third-and fourth-generation immigrants dropping to 47 percent. There are a couple of reasons why heritage languages — and Spanish in particular — tends to drop off from generation to generation. The first one is that the heritage language is less important to get around in society. When a person needs the majority language to go to school, get a job and interact with most people around them, it’s not surprising that the heritage language might seem less important. Another reason is some parents encourage their children not to use their heritage language. It’s unfortunate but true that speaking another language is still a cause for discrimination (歧视) today. Heritage languages may have a hard time lasting from generation to generation, but it’s not only a story of decline (衰弱). There are countless people in the world who go out of their way to learn their heritage languages — some learn the heritage language later in life — and help others to do the same. If you’ve ever thought about reconnecting with a heritage language, it’s never too late to get started. There’s no time like the present. 17．How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1? A．By mentioning an expert. B．By explaining a term (术语). C．By describing a scene. D．By providing figures. 18．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The importance of learning heritage languages when little. B．The variations in people’s abilities to speak heritage languages. C．The differences between heritage languages and native languages. D．The similarities between the broad range of social and cultural factors. 19．What is one reason for the drop of Heritage languages in the US? A．Appearance discrimination B．Generation gap. C．Varying cultures. D．Losing popularity. 20．What can we know from the last paragraph? A．Parents play a key role in protecting heritage languages. B．Heritage languages’ difficult time will end in the near future. C．Efforts have been made towards the heritage languages’ survival. D．Some people consider it too late to bring heritage languages back to life. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·广东广州·期末）Most of us have some “gut feelings” that we can’t explain. For example, when we hunt for a new house, we might suddenly like it a lot or dislike it right away. Or when we meet new people, we make instant judgements on them without careful thought. Research done by Leeds University shows that these feelings, or intuitions, are real and we should take them seriously. According to the research, intuition is the result of the way our brains store, process and obtain information on a subconscious (潜意识的) level, and so is a real psychological phenomenon that needs further study to help us unlock its potential. There are many cases where intuition prevented major disasters, and cases of remarkable recoveries when doctors followed their gut feelings. Yet, science has historically questioned the concept of intuition, labelling it as “anti-scientific”. Through analysis of a wide range of research papers examining the phenomenon, researchers have concluded that intuition is the brain drawing on past experiences and external cues to decide — but one that happens so fast that the reaction is on a non-conscious level. All we’re aware of is a general feeling that something is right or wrong. Researchers believe that people usually experience true intuition when they are under severe time pressure or in a situation of information overload or acute danger, where conscious analysis of the situation may be difficult or impossible. They cite a Formula One driver, who once braked suddenly before a sharp U-turn without knowing why. This automatic reaction saved him from crashing into a pile of cars ahead, likely preventing a fatal accident. Though he couldn’t explain his urge to stop, it overrode his competitive drive to win. After psychologists showed the driver a video replay, he realized at that very moment the crowd wasn’t cheering as usual — they stood frozen, staring in the opposite direction as he approached the U-turn. That was the cue. He didn’t consciously process this, but he knew something was wrong and stopped in time. Researchers believe that all intuitive experiences are based on the automatic evaluation of such internal and external cues. They say that we clearly need both conscious and non - conscious thought processes, but neither is superior to the other. 21．What does the research from Leeds University indicate? A．Gut feelings are not reliable in daily life. B．People ought to trust their intuitive feelings. C．Intuition is just a random psychological response. D．Intuitive responses often lead to wrong decisions. 22．According to Paragraph 3, what can we infer about intuition? A．Intuition is a random guess with no logical basis. B．Intuition only works in life - threatening situations. C．Intuition relies on conscious analysis of visible dangers. D．Intuition involves subconscious processing of external cues. 23．Which of the following real-life situations best illustrates the application of intuition? A．A shopper picks a product simply because its package looks attractive. B．A firefighter suddenly reroutes a rescue mission after sensing some hidden risks. C．A student solves math problems by strictly following formulas and logical reasoning. D．A student quickly guesses random answers without consideration during a timed quiz. 24．What is the author’s main purpose in writing this article? A．To describe how brains process external cues. B．To criticize the overuse of intuition in daily life. C．To compare conscious and subconscious thinking. D．To explain the scientific basis and value of intuition. 主题03 人与自然：环境与探索 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东枣庄·期末）To mark its 130th anniversary this year, the National Trust has announced plans to create around 2,500 square kilometres of “nature-rich” landscapes across England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The National Trust is a charity that preserves nature and buildings. The organisation has set a target of 2035 for creating these natural areas. It’s an ambitious goal: in the past 10 years the Trust has done similar work, but only for around 250 square kilometres. If joined together, the landscapes it plans to create would cover an area bigger than the Lake District National Park. The charity’s focus will be restoring peatland (watery habitats containing a soil-like material called peat) and improving the quality of rivers. It aims to improve the health of enough soil to provide homes for one billion earthworms. The National Trust also aims to reconnect natural areas that have been broken into separate bits, such as a road cutting a forest in half. Known as habitat fragmentation, this is often caused by humans and harms animals by making it hard for them to feed and raise families. The new landscapes will help tackle climate change by protecting plants and peat. These both absorb carbon dioxide from the air. This is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, leading to rising temperatures and climate change. The plans are aimed at land already owned by the National Trust, as well as nearby areas and land that it plans to buy. Examples include linking an area of disused farmland in Merseyside, England, to a nearby area of forest. There are also plans to link two areas of protected land that are 10 miles apart in England’s Shropshire Hills. This should help breeding curlews. The charity aims to work with farmers and landowners to help them boost nature on their land. “We will ramp up our work to restore nature, both on our own land and beyond our boundaries,” said Hilary McGrady, director-general of the National Trust. 13．What does the National Trust aim to do for the next ten years? A．Protect all forests in the U.K. B．Increase the natural areas by tenfold. C．Enlarge the peatland by 10%. D．Expand Lake District National Park. 14．What harm does “habitat fragmentation” do? A．Separating natural areas into small parts. B．Threatening the survival of animals. C．Restricting human’s regular movement. D．Transforming forests into farmland. 15．What will the Trust do to create new landscapes? A．Connect smaller areas of land. B．Replant crops on disused farmland. C．Till the land in mountain areas. D．Link the roads that cut the forests. 16．What is the text mainly about? A．The history of the National Trust. B．The benefits of natural landscapes. C．The Trust’s efforts to cut emissions. D．The Trust’s plans to restore nature. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·四川雅安·期末）Painting rooftops white or covering them with a reflective coating is the most effective method of keeping the air temperature down in a city like London during a heatwave. These "cool roofs” should perform better than solar panels, green roofs or adding more trees at ground level. Oscar Brousse at University College London and his colleagues ran climate simulations (模拟) to see how London's temperature during the two hottest days of summer in 2018 would have changed if the city had made widespread use of cooling measures, from cool roofs to air conditioning, along with solar panels, which have a cooling effect. Temperatures that summer peaked at 35.6℃. Cool roofs outperformed all the other interventions, the team found, lowering average outdoor temperatures in the city over the two-day period by 1.2℃, and by as much as 2℃ in certain locations with roofs painted white. By comparison, additional tree cover only curbed air temperatures by about 0.3℃, while solar panels cut them by 0.5℃. The study also found that widespread use of air conditioning might keep internal temperatures cool, but would boost outdoor air temperatures by up to 1℃ in parts of central London. “For London, what worked the most for reducing outdoor temperatures at a pedestrian level was the cool roofs,” says Brousse. Although the study uses only two days of data for the simulations, Brousse says it is broadly in line with similar published research. Placing reflective coatings or lightening roof surfaces across London would be a relatively easy and low-cost climate adaptation, he says. “I see barely any reason not to start doing it wisely.” There are reasons beyond cooling to apply other technologies too, though, he says. Trees and green roofs can boost biodiversity and resident well-being, for example, while solar panels provide clean power. A 2023 report by the Greater London Authority suggested that cool roofs may become an increasing policy focus for city officials as summer temperatures rise because of climate change. “With temperatures in London projected to increase, and with more occurrences of heatwaves, reflective roofs are likely to be a key component of climate adaptation strategy,” the report says. 17．Which is the best way to cool the temperature in the city during the hottest days? A．Cool roofs. B．Air conditioning. C．Solar panels. D．More trees. 18．What does the underlined word “curb” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Add. B．Decrease. C．Increase. D．Remove. 19．What is the feature of cool roofs? A．They are cost-efficient. B．They can boost biodiversity. C．They can produce clean energy. D．They can completely lower the temperatures. 20．Which word can best describe the future of cool roofs in London? A．Uncertain. B．Limited. C．Promising. D．Hopeless. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·山东滨州·期末）Each year, more than 1.2 billion smartphones are produced globally. Producing them not only consumes valuable natural resources but also releases a significant amount of CO2 into the atmosphere. With rapid tech development, users replace their still-functional phones on average every 2 to 3 years. At best, old devices are recycled; at worst, they end up in landfills. Researchers from the University of Tartu have an alternative solution. Instead of discarding old smartphones, scientists have transformed them into miniature data centers. “Innovation often begins with a new way of thinking about the old, re-imagining its role in shaping the future,” explained Huber Flores, Associate Professor of Pervasive Computing. They demonstrated that old smartphones can be successfully repurposed into tiny data centers capable of efficiently processing and storing data. They also found that building such a data center is remarkably inexpensive — around 8 euros per device. In the first stage of the project, the researchers removed the phones’ batteries and replaced them with external power sources to reduce the risk of chemical leakage. Then, four phones were connected together, fitted with 3D-printed casings (外壳) and holders, and turned into a working prototype ready to be reused. The prototype was then tested underwater, where it participated in marine life monitoring by helping to count different sea species. Normally, these kinds of tasks require a diver to record a video and bring it to the surface for analysis. But with the prototype, the whole process was done automatically underwater. These tiny data centers have a wide range of applications. For example, they could be used in urban environments like bus stops to collect real-time data on the number of passengers, which could then be used to optimize public transportation networks. The team’s results show that old electronics can be given a new purpose, contributing to the development of more environmentally friendly and sustainable digital solutions. As Associate Professor Ulrich Norbisrath said, “Sustainability is not just about preserving the future — it’s about re-imagining the present, where yesterday’s devices become tomorrow’s opportunities.” 21．What does paragraph l mainly convey? A．The necessity to dispose of old smartphones. B．The consumption habits of smartphone users. C．The difficulty in recycling old smartphones. D．The importance of saving natural resources. 22．What does the underlined word “repurposed” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Recycled into raw materials. B．Adapted for a new function. C．Resold at a lower price. D．Upgraded to advanced versions. 23．What can the new devices be used for according to the text? A．Assisting divers to record videos. B．Monitoring air pollution in cities. C．Arranging bus schedules in cities. D．Counting marine species underwater. 24．What can be the best title for the text? A．Smartphones: An Increasing Environmental Burden. B．3D-Printing Technology: Empowering Old Smartphones. C．From Landfills to Data Centers: The Future of E-Waste. D．Underwater Technology: Revolutionizing Marine Monitoring. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自我：生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·云南保山·期末）In the Institute of Ageing Research at University College London, Dr. Eleanor Carter, a renowned neuroscientist, built a multidisciplinary team of neurologists, nutritionists, and biostatisticians to design the strictest randomised trial: a double-blind study evaluating the impact of green tea polyphenols (多酚) on age-related memory decline. The study’s leading investigator was Dr. Carter, joined by Dr. Raj Patel (neuroimaging expert), Dr. Mei Lin (nutritional biochemist), and 14 colleagues. The 150 participants — cognitively healthy adults aged 65 to 75 reporting mild forgetfulness — were randomly assigned to two groups: 75 in the Green Tea Intervention Group (GTG) and 75 in the Placebo-Control Goup (安慰剂控制组) (PCG). Over 52 weeks, both groups maintained identical lifestyles — diet, exercise, sleep, tracked via wearable devices. The sole variable was their morning beverage: GTG received 200ml of green tea daily, while PCG consumed a visually identical placebo, prepared by a third-party lab to ensure blinding. Cognitive assessments (NIH Toolbox) were administered at weeks 26 and 52. Additionally, 30 participants from each group underwent functional MRI scans to monitor hippocampal activity. Blood samples were collected biweekly to measure biomarkers of neuron decline diseases. At study completion, GTG participants demonstrated a 28% improvement in memory tasks compared to PCG’s 12%. fMRI revealed enhanced hippocampal connectivity in GTG brains, while biomarkers indicated reduced Alzheimer’s risk and systemic inflammation. Dr. Carter shared at the International Conference on Alzheimer’s Disease: “This is the first human trial to demonstrate that green tea can adjust the neurons in ageing. Green tea, a low-cost and widely consumed drink, may serve as a sterling way to delay age-related memory decline.” 1．Who are the subjects of this experiment? A．Adults with slight memory loss. B．Patients with neuronal diseases. C．Adults with moderate forgetfulness. D．Seniors with occasional memory decline. 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the study? A．Its cause. B．Its process. C．Its participants. D．Its significance. 3．What does the underlined word “sterling” in the last paragraph mean? A．Moderately useful. B．Slightly beneficial. C．Barely harmful. D．Highly effective. 4．What can be concluded about the study? A．Tea drinking has nothing to do with health. B．One can look younger if drinking tea often. C．Green tea may help seniors boost memory. D．Polyphenols can cure Alzheimer’s disease. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍伦敦大学学院衰老研究所的埃莉诺·卡特博士带领多学科团队进行的一项关于绿茶多酚对年龄相关记忆衰退影响的双盲随机试验，阐述了试验对象、过程及结果，表明绿茶可能有助于延缓老年人记忆力衰退。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The 150 participants—cognitively healthy adults aged 65 to 75 reporting mild forgetfulness (150名参与者——认知健康，年龄在65岁至75岁之间，自述有轻微健忘症状)”可知，这项实验的对象是有轻微记忆丧失的成年人。故选A项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Over 52 weeks, both groups maintained identical lifestyles—diet, exercise, sleep, tracked via wearable devices. The sole variable was their morning beverage: GTG received 200ml of green tea daily, while PCG consumed a visually identical placebo, prepared by a third-party lab to ensure blinding. Cognitive assessments (NIH Toolbox) were administered at weeks 26 and 52. Additionally, 30 participants from each group underwent functional MRI scans to monitor hippocampal activity. Blood samples were collected biweekly to measure biomarkers of neuron decline diseases. (在 52 周的时间里，两组人员通过可穿戴设备监测，保持相同的生活方式，包括饮食、锻炼和睡眠。唯一的变量是他们的早餐饮料：绿茶干预组（GTG）每天饮用 200 毫升绿茶，而安慰剂控制组（PCG）饮用由第三方实验室制备的外观完全相同的安慰剂，以确保试验的双盲性。在第 26 周和第 52 周进行认知评估（使用美国国立卫生研究院工具箱）。此外，每组有 30 名参与者接受功能性磁共振成像扫描，以监测海马体活动。每两周采集一次血样，以测量神经元衰退疾病的生物标志物。)”可知，第三段主要讲述的是研究过程。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Green tea, a low-cost and widely consumed drink, may serve as a sterling way to delay age - related memory decline. (绿茶，一种低成本且广泛饮用的饮品，可能是一种sterling的方式来延缓与年龄相关的记忆衰退。)”结合前文提到绿茶干预组参与者在记忆任务上比安慰剂控制组有更明显改善等结果可知，绿茶对延缓记忆衰退效果显著，所以“sterling”意思是“Highly effective（非常有效的）”。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“At study completion, GTG participants demonstrated a 28% improvement in memory tasks compared to PCG’s 12%. (研究结束时，绿茶干预组参与者在记忆任务上比安慰剂控制组有28%的改善，而安慰剂控制组为12%。)”以及最后一段“Green tea, a low-cost and widely consumed drink, may serve as a sterling way to delay age-related memory decline. (绿茶，一种低成本且广泛饮用的饮品，可能是一种非常有效的方式来延缓与年龄相关的记忆衰退。)”可以得出，绿茶可能有助于老年人增强记忆力。A选项“喝茶与健康无关”，与研究结果相悖；B选项“经常喝茶会让人看起来更年轻”，文中未提及喝茶与看起来年轻的关系；D选项“多酚可以治愈阿尔茨海默病”，研究只是表明绿茶中的多酚可能降低患阿尔茨海默病风险，并非治愈。故选C选项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·广东茂名·期末）Cross-cultural communication is common in our daily life, but it’s often not easy due to many barriers. However, there are useful strategies we can use to communicate better with people from different cultures. There are several common barriers to cross-cultural communication. Language differences top the list. When people speak different languages, they may misunderstand each other easily. Besides, different cultures have various rules about what’s polite and how to express feelings, which can also cause problems. What’s more, personal beliefs and a lack of standing in other’s shoes can make it hard for people to understand one another. To communicate effectively across cultures, the first strategy is to show respect. We should accept cultural differences, avoid making quick judgments, and be ready to learn from others. For example, in some cultures, making eye contact is a sign of respect, while in others, it may be seen as rude. So, learning about these differences shows our respect. Active listening is also key. When others are talking, we should give them our full attention, not just to their words but also to their body language. This helps us understand their real meaning. If something is unclear, don’t hesitate to ask questions. It’s much better to clarify doubts than to guess and possibly misunderstand. Using visual aids like pictures or simple videos can be very helpful, too. They can make ideas easier to understand, especially when language is a barrier. Finally, patience is necessary. Building good cross-cultural communication skills takes time. We should give ourselves and others time to adapt and get along well. By being aware of the barriers and using these strategies, we can improve our cross-cultural communication, make more friends from different cultures, and work better in diverse teams. 5．What ranks first in cross-cultural communication? A．Similar body language. B．Common cultural rules. C．Various language types. D．Conflicting personal beliefs. 6．What is key to cross-cultural communication? A．Asking for explanations. B．Controlling body language. C．Making quick judgments. D．Shaping cultural differences. 7．Why is patience necessary in cross-cultural communication? A．Understanding visuals needs time. B．Developing friendships needs time. C．Fixing misunderstandings takes time. D．Boosting communication skills requires time. 8．What can we infer from the text? A．Using visual aids is not common. B．Cross-cultural communication is easy. C．Cultural differences need highlighting. D．Realizing barriers betters communication. 【答案】5．C 6．A 7．D 8．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述跨文化交流存在语言、文化规则等障碍，可通过尊重、积极倾听等策略改善沟通。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“Language differences top the list.(语言差异位居榜首。)”可知，跨文化交流中最主要的障碍是语言差异。故选C项。 6．细节理解题。根据第四段“If something is unclear, don’t hesitate to ask questions. It’s much better to clarify doubts than to guess and possibly misunderstand.(如果有不清楚的地方，不要犹豫提问。澄清疑虑比猜测并可能误解要好得多。)”可知，跨文化交流的关键在于“请求解释”。故选A项。 7．细节理解题。根据第五段“Building good cross-cultural communication skills takes time.(培养良好的跨文化沟通技能需要时间。)”可知，耐心的必要性在于提升沟通技能需要时间。故选D项。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“By being aware of the barriers and using these strategies, we can improve our cross-cultural communication, make more friends from different cultures, and work better in diverse teams.(通过了解障碍并使用这些策略，我们可以改善跨文化交流，结交更多来自不同文化的朋友，并在不同的团队中更好地工作。)”可推知，意识到障碍能更好地促进沟通。故选D项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·重庆九龙坡·期末）The Secret History of “Spill the Beans” The phrase “spill the beans” — meaning to tell a secret — has confused English learners for years. While no one knows exactly where it came from, language experts have interesting ideas. One story connects it to ancient Greece, where people used white and black beans to vote (投票). If someone knocked over a bowl of beans by mistake, the secret results would be seen too early, like “spilling” the truth. But researchers like Dr. Laurel Brinton say there’s no proof this old custom led to today’s phrase. The first written use of “spill the beans” was in a 1919 adventure book, The Man from Tall Timber. A character jokes, “Mother certainly has spilled the beans!” Experts explain that “spill” once meant both “tell secrets” since the 1500s and “drop things” since the 1400s. Beans, being small and easy to spill, stood for unimportant things. Over time, people began using the phrase to describe accidentally sharing secrets. By the 1950s, it entered the mainstream of daily talk, especially when asking friends to share secrets or admit hidden facts. A newer version, “spill the tea,” started in American TV shows in the 1990s and later spread online. Here, “tea” means truth or exciting secrets. Unlike beans, this liquid metaphor shows how modern internet culture creates new sayings. Both phrases prove that common things like beans and tea inspire expressions about sharing secrets. Why beans? Dr. Brinton says beans are cheap and known worldwide, making them perfect symbols for small, everyday matters. Whether talking about beans used for voting or coffee beans, their tiny size and easy-to-spill nature perfectly show the idea of secrets slipping out. From ancient Greece to today’s social media, beans still influence how we talk about keeping secrets. Next time someone says “spill the beans,” remember: you’re using a phrase shaped by hundreds of years of language history — maybe even ancient Greek ideas! 9．When did “spill the beans” become popular? A．In the 1400s. B．In the 1500s. C．In the 1950s. D．In the 1990s. 10．What is the function of paragraph 3? A．To analyse the history of coffee beans. B．To share the development of TV shows. C．To explain the popularity of spilled beans. D．To introduce the creation of a modern saying. 11．Why do beans symbolize secrets according to the text? A．They are invaluable. B．They are common and small. C．They are easy to count. D．They are used for legal voting. 12．Where is the text probably taken from? A．A history brochure. B．A science report. C．An English textbook. D．A cooking blog. 【答案】9．C 10．D 11．B 12．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英语短语“spill the beans(泄露秘密)”的历史起源、发展以及与之相关的现代说法 “spill the tea”，探讨了为什么豆子会成为泄露秘密的象征。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段“By the 1950s, it entered the mainstream of daily talk, especially when asking friends to share secrets or admit hidden facts.(到 20 世纪 50 年代，它进入了日常谈话的主流，特别是在要求朋友分享秘密或承认隐藏的事实时)” 可知，“spill the beans”在20世纪50年代变得流行。故选C。 10．推理判断题。根据第三段“A newer version, “spill the tea,” started in American TV shows in the 1990s and later spread online. Here, “tea” means truth or exciting secrets. Unlike beans, this liquid metaphor shows how modern internet culture creates new sayings.(一个更新的版本，‘spill the tea’，于20世纪90年代开始出现在美国电视节目中，后来在网上传播开来。在这里，‘tea’意味着真相或令人兴奋的秘密。与豆子不同，这个液体隐喻展示了现代网络文化是如何创造新说法的）” 可知，第三段主要介绍一个现代说法的产生。故选D。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段“Dr. Brinton says beans are cheap and known worldwide, making them perfect symbols for small, everyday matters. Whether talking about beans used for voting or coffee beans, their tiny size and easy - to - spill nature perfectly show the idea of secrets slipping out.(布林顿博士说，豆子既便宜又广为人知，这使它们成为日常小事的完美象征。无论是用于投票的豆子还是咖啡豆，它们的小尺寸和容易洒落的特性完美地体现了秘密泄露的概念)” 可知，豆子象征秘密是因为它们常见且体积小。故选B。 12．推理判断题。主要介绍了英语短语“spill the beans（泄露秘密）”的起源、发展以及与之相关的现代说法“spill the tea”，探讨了为什么豆子会成为泄露秘密的象征。语言风格通俗易懂，适合教学用途。这种内容通常出现在英语教材中，用于帮助学生了解语言背后的文化知识。故选C。 主题02 人与社会：文化、社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·河北·期末）A desire for offline connection is driving a UK book club revival, offering a way to escape screens and loneliness. From celebrity-backed groups like Dua Lipa’s to “silent” clubs, these gatherings prioritize community as much as literature. “The rise reflects a hunger for deeper bonds,” says Holly Cooke, founder of The Lonely Girls Club, which expanded into book clubs amid growing demand. Statistics prove the trend: Book club lists on Eventbrite jumped 350% post-2020, while “book club” reentered Meetup’s top 10 search terms. Clubs like Glasgow’s feminist Book Club, founded by Stefanie McCartney, now attract up to 40 attendees monthly. Today’s clubs combine literature with themed experiences — like detective night dinners or knitting (针织) circles — to serve specific audiences. Identity-focused groups, such as Literally Black Book Club, create safe spaces for minority group communities. Silent book clubs, meanwhile, offer connection through shared quiet reading. As technology advances, people are facing heightened social isolation (孤单). Loneliness and digital overload are key drivers. “The isolation emphasized our need for meaningful interaction,” Cooke explains. Book clubs provide structure, McCartney adds, allowing people to engage however they choose. As screen fatigue (疲惫) grows, many seek refuge in physical books and in-person discussion. Cooke says: “People want a break from screens, like how music fans enjoy old- style records or people write diaries.” Clubs without alcohol are also popular. More clubs now don’t focus on drinking. McCartney states: “We need choices besides drinking.” Member Laura Menendez likes that it’s not about buying things; “It’s about being together, not spending money.” Celebrities like Dua Lipa and Kaia Gerber have intensified the trend, drawing younger audiences. In an age of disconnection, book clubs combine tradition with modern needs, proving shared reading is anything but outdated. As Cooke notes, “It’s never been more relevant. They provide a space where ideas are challenged, broadened, and enriched through collective discussion, offering connections and the insights after the pages are turned, leaving a remarkable mark on the community.” 1．What drives the UK book club revival? A．Social media influence. B．Desire for real-world bonds. C．Increased publishing of novels. D．Government cultural policies. 2．How does the author illustrate the book clubs’ popularity? A．By citing platform statistics. B．By listing club varieties. C．By mentioning celebrity examples. D．By describing member emotions. 3．What does the underlined word “refuge” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Recreational activities. B．Routine behaviors. C．Social responsibility. D．Safe shelter. 4．What does Cooke think of the book clubs’ impact? A．It’s far-reaching. B．It’s youth-dependent. C．It’s digitally-driven. D．It’s entertainment-focused. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍在英国，人们对线下联系的渴望推动了读书俱乐部的复兴，这些俱乐部结合文学与主题体验，满足了人们摆脱屏幕、缓解孤独及寻求有意义互动的需求，对社会产生重要影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A desire for offline connection is driving a UK book club revival, offering a way to escape screens and loneliness. From celebrity-backed groups like Dua Lipa’s to “silent” clubs, these gatherings prioritize community as much as literature. “The rise reflects a hunger for deeper bonds,” says Holly Cooke, founder of The Lonely Girls Club, which expanded into book clubs amid growing demand.(对线下交流的渴望正推动英国读书俱乐部的复兴，为人们提供了一种逃离屏幕和孤独的方式。从像杜阿・利帕支持的名人主导的俱乐部，到“无声”俱乐部，这些聚会对社群的重视程度与文学不相上下。“这种兴起反映了人们对建立更深层次联系的渴望，”“孤独女孩俱乐部”的创始人霍利・库克说，该俱乐部在需求不断增长的情况下拓展到了读书俱乐部领域)”可知，是对现实世界联系的渴望推动了英国读书俱乐部的复兴。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Statistics prove the trend: Book club lists on Eventbrite jumped 350% post-2020, while “book club” reentered Meetup’s top 10 search terms.(统计数据证明了这一趋势：自2020年以来，Eventbrite上的读书俱乐部列表增长了350%，而“读书俱乐部”重新进入Meetup的前10大搜索词)”可知，作者通过引用平台统计数据来说明读书俱乐部的受欢迎程度。故选A项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第五段中的“As screen fatigue (疲惫) grows, many seek refuge in physical books and in-person discussion.(随着屏幕疲劳感的加剧，许多人在实体书和面对面的讨论中寻求refuge)”，结合前文提到人们想要摆脱屏幕，可知人们在实体书和面对面讨论中寻找躲避屏幕疲劳的地方，所以“refuge”意思是“Safe shelter (安全的庇护所 )”。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“As Cooke notes, “It’s never been more relevant. They provide a space where ideas are challenged, broadened, and enriched through collective discussion, offering connections and the insights after the pages are turned, leaving a remarkable mark on the community.”(正如库克所指出的：“读书俱乐部从未像现在这样意义重大。它们提供了一个空间，在这里，通过集体讨论，各种想法受到质疑、得到拓展并变得丰富，在合上书本之后，还能提供人与人之间的联系以及深刻见解，给社群留下非凡的印记”)”可知，库克认为读书俱乐部的影响是深远的。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·湖南长沙·期末）A few years ago, you went on a vacation with friends, creating lasting memories — walking along the beach, swimming in the sea, and enjoying breathtaking sunsets. However, the trip wasn't all smooth sailing; long drives, food issues, and unpredictable weather. Yet, over time, you tend to remember the beautiful moments while the inconveniences fade . This is known as rosy retrospection, a cognitive , bias (认知偏见) where people recall past experiences more positively than they felt during the actual event. The phenomenon can be understood as the complex interaction of cognitive mechanisms that shape our memory processes When recalling memories, our brains tend to focus on positive details and downplay negative aspects, which helps maintain emotional well-being. Nostalgia (怀旧) also plays a significant role, as it arouses feelings of warmth and belonging, leading us to view the past more positively. Additionally, our current emotional state and self-enhancement bias can influence how we remember past events, making them seem more favorable. While some individuals who focus more on negative experiences may be at a higher risk of mood disorders such as depression, rosy retrospection can elevate our moods, increase life satisfaction, and even help us cope with difficult present circumstances by providing a sense of continuity and positive self-identity. However, rosy retrospection occasionally creates an unrealistic view of the past, which can head people to make decisions that are not based on reality but rather on their idealized memories. It's one of the reasons why we might repeatedly return to unhealthy relationships. The longer the time that has passed since the event, the more likely we are to let the, good memories outweigh the bad memories and perhaps even forgive unforgivable behavior. Understanding and acknowledging this cognitive bias can be crucial for making accurate and beneficial decisions. 5．How do people with rosy retrospection generally recall past experiences? A．They forget negative moments easily. B．They recall breathtaking details repeatedly. C．They remember adventurous trips more clearly. D．They view former experiences more positively. 6．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The meaning of rosy retrospection. B．The reasons for rosy retrospection. C．The role of nostalgia in shaping memories. D．The ways of keeping emotional well-being. 7．What does the underlined word “elevate” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Boost. B．Expose. C．Assess. D．Ignore. 8．What negative consequence may rosy retrospection cause? A．It may give rise to incorrect judgments. B．It may lead to a constant state of depression. C．It may make people miss out on opportunities. D．It may raise people's unwillingness to face reality. 【答案】5．D 6．B 7．A 8．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了“玫瑰色回忆效应”这一认知偏见现象，即人们会以更积极的态度回忆过去的经历，同时分析了其产生的原因、带来的积极影响以及可能存在的消极影响。 5．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“This is known as rosy retrospection, a cognitive bias (认知偏见) where people recall past experiences more positively than they felt during the actual event.(这被称为玫瑰色回忆效应，是一种认知偏见，在这种情况下，人们回忆过去的经历时比实际经历时更加积极)”可知，产生玫瑰色回忆效应的人通常会更积极地看待以前的经历，故选D项。 6．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The phenomenon can be understood as the complex interaction of cognitive mechanisms that shape our memory processes.(这种现象可以被理解为塑造我们记忆过程的认知机制的复杂相互作用)”、“When recalling memories, our brains tend to focus on positive details and downplay negative aspects, which helps maintain emotional well-being. Nostalgia (怀旧) also plays a significant role, as it arouses feelings of warmth and belonging, leading us to view the past more positively.( 回忆往事时，大脑往往会聚焦于积极细节，淡化负面因素，这有助于保持情绪健康。怀旧情绪也发挥着重要作用，因为它能激发温暖感和归属感，使我们对过去的看法更加积极)”以及“Additionally, our current emotional state and self-enhancement bias can influence how we remember past events, making them seem more favorable.(此外，我们当前的情绪状态和自我增强偏见会影响我们回忆过去事件的方式，使它们看起来更加有利)”可知，该段开篇点明这种现象（玫瑰色回忆效应），可理解为塑造我们记忆过程的认知机制的复杂相互作用。接着后文分别从大脑在回忆时的倾向、怀旧的作用以及当前情绪状态和自我提升偏见等方面进行阐述，解释了玫瑰色回忆效应产生的原因。所以第二段主要讲的是玫瑰色回忆效应的原因，故选B项。 7．词句猜测题。根据第三段“While some individuals who focus more on negative experiences may be at a higher risk of mood disorders such as depression, rosy retrospection can elevate our moods, increase life satisfaction, and even help us cope with difficult present circumstances by providing a sense of continuity and positive self-identity (自我认同)( 虽然一些更多关注负面经历的人可能患抑郁等情绪障碍的风险更高，但玫瑰色回忆效应可以elevate我们的情绪，提高生活满意度，甚至通过提供一种连续性和积极的自我认同感来帮助我们应对当前的困难处境)”可知，前半句提到那些更多关注负面经历的人患情绪障碍（如抑郁）的风险更高，while表示对比转折，可推理出后半句玫瑰色回忆效应应该是能带来积极的影响，“elevate our moods”与“increase life satisfaction(提高生活满意度)”并列，可推测“elevate”意思是“提升、促进”，与“Boost(促进)”意思相近，故选A项。 8．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“However, rosy retrospection occasionally creates an unrealistic view of the past, which can lead people to make decisions that are not based on reality but rather on their idealized memories.(然而，玫瑰色回忆效应偶尔会对过去产生不切实际的看法，这可能会导致人们做出的决定不是基于现实，而是基于他们理想化的记忆)”可知，玫瑰色回忆效应的一个潜在负面影响是它会导致不正确的判断，故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·湖南湘西·期末）While facial movements can help members of the same species communicate emotions or other signals to each other, they can also be important for inter-species understanding. In horses, for example, ear movements have long been viewed as important indicators of their internal state. However, the new work suggests there are many more signals to look out for. “Horses produce a rich and complex facial expressions, and we should not overlook the little differences in these if we want to truly understand the subjective experiences of horses,” said Dr. Kate Lewis, the first author of the research, from the University of Portsmouth. The team analysed 72 hours of filmed observations to explore which facial movements tended to occur in each context. “The beauty of what we did here is that we were systematic in how we documented the facial expressions, and that we covered a broad range of naturally occuring behaviours,” Lewis said. While the researchers found that almost all facial movements occurred in all of the different contexts, some were more specific to certain types of interaction. In particular, they found that during friendly, peaceful interactions with other horses, the animals tended to put their noses forward. By contrast, when paying attention to something, the horses’ ears were typically forward and pulled together. During aggressive encounters, the ears tended to be flattened and backward-facing, while the inner brows were raised, the nostrils dilated and the head lowered. During play, the lower lip was often depressed, the chin raised, lips parted, mouth stretched open wide, and the ears rotated and flattened backwards. In addition, the team noted that during play horses often had an increase in visible eye white, the nose was pushed forward, and the head tended to be up or turned to the right, or both. “These results really highlight the importance of not relying on just one aspect of the face, such as the ears, to understand what the horse is trying to communicate,” Lewis said. 9．What is the main purpose of the research discussed in the text? A．To argue that horses have no significant facial expressions. B．To analyze horse facial expressions in different social contexts. C．To compare horse facial expressions with those of other animals. D．To prove that horses use ears as their primary means of communication. 10．Which facial movement is most likely seen when horses are engaged in friendly interactions? A．Ears flattened backward. B．Lips tightly closed. C．Nose pushed forward. D．Head lowered aggressively. 11．What can be inferred about horses’ facial expressions during aggressive encounters? A．Showing relaxed ears and lowered brows. B．Keeping their heads high and ears forward. C．Opening their mouths wide while keeping ears upright. D．Displaying flattened ears, raised brows, and lowered heads. 12．From the last paragraph, how should we interpret horse communication? A．Horses use a variety of facial expressions, not just ears, to express emotions. B．Ear movements only indicate playfulness, not aggression. C．Ear movements are rarely noticeable in horses. D．Horses’ ears are not as expressive as their eyes. 【答案】9．B 10．C 11．D 12．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项关于马面部表情的研究，该研究旨在分析马在不同社交情境下的面部表情，发现马会通过丰富复杂的面部表情进行交流，不同情境下有不同的典型面部动作，强调不能仅依靠耳朵来理解马试图传达的信息。 9．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The team analysed 72 hours of filmed observations to explore which facial movements tended to occur in each context.(研究小组分析了72小时的拍摄观察资料，以探索在每种情境下马倾向于做出哪些面部动作)”以及第四、五段具体阐述马在友好互动、关注事物、攻击性遭遇、玩耍等不同情境下的面部表情可知，本文所讨论研究的主要目的是分析马在不同社交情境下的面部表情。故选B项。 10．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In particular, they found that during friendly, peaceful interactions with other horses, the animals tended to put their noses forward.(特别是，他们发现，在与其他马友好、平和的互动中，马往往会把鼻子向前伸)”可知，马在友好互动时最可能出现的面部动作是鼻子向前伸。故选C项。 11．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“During aggressive encounters, the ears tended to be flattened and backward - facing, while the inner brows were raised, the nostrils dilated and the head lowered.(在攻击性遭遇中，耳朵往往会向后平贴，内眉上扬，鼻孔张大，头低下)”可知，在攻击性遭遇时，马会表现出耳朵平贴、眉毛上扬和头低下的表情。故选D项。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““These results really highlight the importance of not relying on just one aspect of the face, such as the ears, to understand what the horse is trying to communicate,” Lewis said.(刘易斯说：“这些结果真正强调了，为了理解马试图传达的信息，不能仅仅依赖于面部的一个方面，比如耳朵”)可知，马会使用多种面部表情，而不仅仅是耳朵来表达情感。故选A项。 主题03 人与自然：环境与探索 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·内蒙古包头·期末）Hidden away in the mountains of western Tanzania is one of the largest lakes in the world: Lake Tanganyika. Environmentalists want to protect the beauty and biological diversity of this area from the harmful effects of overfishing and deforestation. However, in order to do this, they need the cooperation of people in the nearby village of Mahale. In this poor community, malaria and typhoid are existing and spreading uncontrollably, there is little access to doctors, and 13% of children die before age 5. How can we expect people who cannot save their own children to care about saving the environment? While it is true that the Mahale villagers are suffering, environmentalists argue that Lake Tanganyika is in an equally critical condition. This lake is home to hundreds of fish species found nowhere else on the globe. Eighty mammal species live in the surrounding forests and mountains. Ninety percent of Tanzania’s endangered chimpanzees reside in this area. Irreparable (不可挽回的) damage to this ecosystem will result in untold losses. Furthermore, environmentalists see the destruction of the environment as a direct function of the villagers’ poverty: as the fish population decreases, people are forced to clear more land to grow rice and corn. As they clear more land, the soil run-off from deforestation further reduces the fish population, making it even more difficult for people to survive on fishing alone. This vicious cycle (恶性循环) hams both the Mahale villagers and the environment. To meet their objective of protecting Lake Tanganyika, environmentalists are now using a combined strategy in Mahale: helping the villagers gain access to healthcare, educating fishermen and farmers about the impact of deforestation and their own role in the declining fish population, and protecting areas of the lake where fish lay eggs. Since natural resources can be the tool by which the people of Tanzania work themselves out of poverty, it is essential that these resources are managed well. By integrating health services with conservation activity, we can begin to heal the suffering in western Tanzania, for people and the land alike. 1．What might be the Mahale villagers’ attitude towards protecting the environment? A．Supportive. B．Opposed. C．Indifferent. D．Confused. 2．Why do Mahale villagers clear more land? A．To follow government policies on land use. B．To make up for the decline in fish availability. C．To promote economic development through farming. D．To protect Lake Tanganyika from environmental damage. 3．Why do the environmentalists help the villagers gain access to healthcare? A．Saving the villagers’ lives is more important than saving the lake. B．Saving the villagers’ lives would directly result in less overfishing of the lake. C．Addressing the villagers’ problem could encourage them to preserve the environment. D．Offering healthcare could be a way for the environmentalists to live in the community. 4．The information presented in this passage can best be described as ________. A．a problem and a solution B．a question with two answers C．an analysis of underlying causes D．an explanation for a relationship 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了坦桑尼亚西部马哈尔村面临的环境问题以及环境保护主义者提出的解决方案。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“In this poor community, malaria and typhoid are existing and spreading uncontrollably, there is little access to doctors, and 13% of children die before age 5. How can we expect people who cannot save their own children to care about saving the environment?(在这个贫穷的社区，疟疾和伤寒肆虐，无法控制，人们很难找到医生，13%的儿童在5岁前死亡。我们怎么能指望那些救不了自己孩子的人去关心拯救环境呢？)”可知，马哈尔村村民连自己的孩子都救不了，因此他们可能对保护环境持冷漠态度。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Furthermore, environmentalists see the destruction of the environment as a direct function of the villagers’ poverty: as the fish population decreases, people are forced to clear more land to grow rice and corn.(此外，环保主义者认为，环境的破坏是村民贫困的直接后果：随着鱼类数量减少，人们被迫开垦更多土地来种植水稻和玉米。)”可知，马哈尔村村民开垦更多的土地是为了弥补鱼类数量的减少。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“To meet their objective of protecting Lake Tanganyika, environmentalists are now using a combined strategy in Mahale: helping the villagers gain access to healthcare, educating fishermen and farmers about the impact of deforestation and their own role in the declining fish population, and protecting areas of the lake where fish lay eggs. Since natural resources can be the tool by which the people of Tanzania work themselves out of poverty, it is essential that these resources are managed well. By integrating health services with conservation activity, we can begin to heal the suffering in western Tanzania, for people and the land alike.(为了实现保护坦噶尼喀湖的目标，环保主义者如今在马哈勒采取了一项综合策略：帮助村民获得医疗服务，教育渔民和农民了解森林砍伐的影响以及他们在鱼类数量减少中所扮演的角色，并保护湖泊中鱼类产卵的区域。由于自然资源可以成为坦桑尼亚人民摆脱贫困的工具，因此妥善管理这些资源至关重要。通过将医疗服务与保护活动相结合，我们可以开始缓解坦桑尼亚西部的苦难，为当地人民和土地带来福祉。)”可知，环保主义者帮助村民获得医疗服务是为了解决村民的问题，从而鼓励他们保护环境。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段“Environmentalists want to protect the beauty and biological diversity of this area from the harmful effects of overfishing and deforestation. However, in order to do this, they need the cooperation of people in the nearby village of Mahale. In this poor community, malaria and typhoid are existing and spreading uncontrollably, there is little access to doctors, and 13% of children die before age 5. How can we expect people who cannot save their own children to care about saving the environment?(环保主义者希望保护这片区域的美丽与生物多样性，使其免受过度捕捞和森林砍伐等有害影响。然而，要做到这一点，他们需要得到附近马哈勒村村民的合作。在这个贫穷的社区，疟疾和伤寒肆虐，无法控制，人们很难找到医生，13%的儿童在5岁前死亡。我们怎么能指望那些救不了自己孩子的人去关心拯救环境呢？)”和最后一段“To meet their objective of protecting Lake Tanganyika, environmentalists are now using a combined strategy in Mahale: helping the villagers gain access to healthcare, educating fishermen and farmers about the impact of deforestation and their own role in the declining fish population, and protecting areas of the lake where fish lay eggs. Since natural resources can be the tool by which the people of Tanzania work themselves out of poverty, it is essential that these resources are managed well. By integrating health services with conservation activity, we can begin to heal the suffering in western Tanzania, for people and the land alike.(为了实现保护坦噶尼喀湖的目标，环保主义者如今在马哈勒采取了一项综合策略：帮助村民获得医疗服务，教育渔民和农民了解森林砍伐的影响以及他们在鱼类数量减少中所扮演的角色，并保护湖泊中鱼类产卵的区域。由于自然资源可以成为坦桑尼亚人民摆脱贫困的工具，因此妥善管理这些资源至关重要。通过将医疗服务与保护活动相结合，我们可以开始缓解坦桑尼亚西部的苦难，为当地人民和土地带来福祉。)”可知，文章首先描述了马哈尔村面临的环境问题，如过度捕捞和森林砍伐，然后提出了环境保护主义者提出的解决方案，即通过帮助村民获得医疗服务、教育渔民和农民了解森林砍伐的影响以及保护鱼类产卵区域等综合策略来保护坦噶尼喀湖。因此，文章的信息可以最好地描述为“a problem and a solution(一个问题和一个解决方案)”。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·辽宁·期末）Keenly aware of human impact on the environment, Spanish artist Almudena Romero is using her unique plant-based art to show it’s possible to create art in an eco-friendly manner. Now her four-chapter series called “The Pigment Change” is in exhibition in London and Paris. Rather than develop photos on photographic paper, she prints them directly onto plants. “I just put a negative (底片) on top of the leaf and leave it to the sunlight, and then the image gets recorded on the leaf,” Romero said. “But I also print on living plants using a digital projector, and the plant makes photosynthesis (光合作用) with the light from the projector and records an image.” Raised in Madrid, Romero said learning from her grandmother about the plants on her orange farm when she was young implanted in her mind the eco-conscious values she embraces today. But she admits that her eco-friendly techniques wouldn’t work for all artists. “It’s a lot more difficult to be financially sustainable when your art is temporary, but I guess it’s also depending on how you understand life and what you want to do with your practice,” she explained. For Romero, plants are more than something to look after; they are beings we can learn from. “Plants have been around for way longer than us on the planet and they have succeeded in doing that without causing any extinction,” she said. Besides, we should challenge the idea that humans are the most important beings. The truth is all living organisms have their values and their own agendas and intentions. The artist explained that she sees plants respond and adapt to light changes throughout the seasons. “Yet we tend to think that only humans have these abilities until science proves the opposite.” said Romero. She won the BMW Residency Award for the project. Now, collaborating with scientist Nicolas Langlade, with the help of AI, Romero is working on her next project due to be completed by June 2025. For Romero, this art-science project is like coming full circle. “I love my passion for plant photography.” she said, “I’m really happy about plant photography.” 5．What is truly unique about Almudena Romero’s artistic practice? A．She paints her childhood landscape. B．She records images on plants with light. C．She prints plants on photographic paper. D．She attaches the photos to the top of leaves. 6．Which of the following best describe Romero’s art? A．Creative and profitable. B．Momentary but unique. C．Practical and far-reaching. D．Eco-friendly but time-consuming. 7．What can we learn about plants and humans according to Romero? A．Plants are less important than humans. B．Humans are more adaptable than plants. C．Plants also have their own rules and meanings. D．Humans should allow plants to grow naturally. 8．Which can be a suitable tile for this text? A．The Art-Science Project: The Future of Photography. B．The Art-Science Project: An Integration of Technology and Art. C．Almudena Romero: A Journey from Traditional to Modem Art. D．Almudena Romero: Plant-Based Art with Eco-Friendly Vision. 【答案】5．B 6．B 7．C 8．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了西班牙艺术家阿尔穆德纳·罗梅罗以植物为载体创作环保艺术，其系列作品展出。她受祖母影响，认为植物有价值，正与科学家合作新项目。 【详解】5．细节理解题。根据第二段““I just put a negative (底片) on top of the leaf and leave it to the sunlight, and then the image gets recorded on the leaf,” Romero said. “But I also print on living plants using a digital projector, and the plant makes photosynthesis (光合作用) with the light from the projector and records an image.”(罗梅罗说：“我只是将一张底片放在叶子上面，然后让它接受阳光照射，这样图像就会印在叶子上。但我还使用数字投影仪在活植物上进行打印，植物会利用投影仪发出的光线进行光合作用，并记录下图像。”)”可知，阿尔穆德纳·罗梅罗利用光线在植物上记录图像。故选B。 6．推理判断题。根据第一段“Keenly aware of human impact on the environment, Spanish artist Almudena Romero is using her unique plant-based art to show it’s possible to create art in an eco-friendly manner.(西班牙艺术家阿尔穆德纳·罗梅罗敏锐地意识到了人类对环境的影响，她正通过自己独特的以植物为材料的艺术创作，来展示以环保的方式进行艺术创作是完全可行的)”以及第四段“It’s a lot more difficult to be financially sustainable when your art is temporary, but I guess it’s also depending on how you understand life and what you want to do with your practice(当你的艺术作品是暂时性的时，要实现经济上的可持续发展会更加困难，不过我想这还取决于你如何看待生活以及你打算如何运用自己的创作实践)”可知，罗梅罗的艺术风格是瞬间即逝但独具特色的。故选B。 7．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The truth is all living organisms have their values and their own agendas and intentions.(事实是，所有生物都有其价值和自己的目标和意图)”可知，植物也有其自身的规则和意义。故选C。 8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Keenly aware of human impact on the environment, Spanish artist Almudena Romero is using her unique plant-based art to show it’s possible to create art in an eco-friendly manner.(西班牙艺术家阿尔穆德纳·罗梅罗敏锐地意识到了人类对环境的影响，她正通过自己独特的以植物为材料的艺术创作，来展示以环保的方式进行艺术创作是完全可行的)”结合文章主要说明了西班牙艺术家阿尔穆德纳·罗梅罗以植物为载体创作环保艺术，其系列作品展出。她受祖母影响，认为植物有价值，正与科学家合作新项目。可知，D选项“阿尔穆德纳·罗梅罗：以环保理念为指导的植物性艺术作品”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·吉林·期末）From time to time, Ding Peng makes his way across the waves to Zhongtiedun, an island in Zhejiang Province. He has made a point of coming back to visit it to greet and observe the Chinese crested terns (中华凤头燕鸥) over the past ten years. The medium-sized bird is 30-40 centimeters long, with gray wings and a white body. It was first discovered in Indonesia by Heinrich Bernstein in 1861. It has since been sighted only in small numbers around the world. The birds were spotted in 1937 on islands around Qingdao, Shandong Province, and it was not until 2000 that a bird photographer spotted them on the Matsu Islands off the coast of Fujian Province, which immediately caused a storm in international ornithology (鸟类学) circles for researchers assumed that the birds had already died out. Born in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, Ding grew up seeing barren (贫瘠的) mountains and sandstorms, and had an awareness of environmental protection at an early age. That was why, after graduating from university in 2012, he readily took a job offer from the Jiushan Islands National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang. “I love the sea and my major could be of some use in protecting it,” he says. Looking back at his life on the islands, Ding admits that it was very tough. There was no electricity to charge mobile phones and no air conditioner during the hot summer, and drinking water was sent in by supply ships. The worst was the loneliness, though things took a turn for the better in 2017, when more volunteers came to join the bird protection team. Ding’s contributions were recognized by the local authorities of Ningbo this year, who named him one of the city’s “most beautiful people”. “Everything was worth it, now that more people are aware of the importance of protecting the birds, and now that the number of the birds is on the rise,” Ding says. 9．Why did the researchers feel surprised when the Chinese crested terns were found in 2000? A．They were spotted by a photographer instead of them. B．The event made them ashamed. C．They were unable to catch them. D．They thought the birds were extinct. 10．What was the main reason why Ding decided to take the job offer? A．His life experience in his hometown. B．His major. C．A good salary. D．The beautiful scenery. 11．How was Ding’s life on the islands? A．Adventurous. B．Enjoyable. C．Difficult. D．Inspiring. 12．What does Ding think of his team’s work? A．It’s fruitful. B．It’s perfect. C．It’s regrettable. D．It’s pointless. 【答案】9．D 10．A 11．C 12．A 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了丁鹏以及其团队为保护中华凤头燕鸥所付出的努力并产生良好效果的事迹。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The birds were spotted in 1937 on islands around Qingdao, Shandong Province, and it was not until 2000 that a bird photographer spotted them on the Matsu Islands off the coast of Fujian Province, which immediately caused a storm in international ornithology (鸟类学) circles for researchers assumed that the birds had already died out. (1937年，人们在山东青岛附近的岛屿上发现了这种鸟，直到2000年，一位鸟类摄影师在福建沿海的马祖列岛发现了它们，这一消息立即在国际鸟类学界引起了轩然大波，因为研究人员认为这种鸟已经灭绝了)”可知，研究人员在2000年发现中华凤头燕鸥时感到惊讶是因为他们认为这种鸟已经灭绝了。故选D项。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Born in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, Ding grew up seeing barren (贫瘠的) mountains and sandstorms, and had an awareness of environmental protection at an early age. That was why, after graduating from university in 2012, he readily took a job offer from the Jiushan Islands National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang. (丁出生在甘肃兰州，从小在荒山和沙尘暴中长大，从小就有环保意识。这就是为什么2012年大学毕业后，他欣然接受了浙江韭山列岛国家自然保护区的工作机会)”可知，丁鹏决定接受这份工作的主要原因是他在家乡的生活经历让他早有环保意识。故选A项。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段“Looking back at his life on the islands, Ding admits that it was very tough. There was no electricity to charge mobile phones and no air conditioner during the hot summer, and drinking water was sent in by supply ships. The worst was the loneliness, though things took a turn for the better in 2017, when more volunteers came to join the bird protection team. (回顾在岛上的生活，丁鹏坦言那段日子十分艰难。没有电给手机充电，炎热的夏天也没有空调，饮用水要靠补给船运送。最糟糕的是孤独，不过 2017 年情况有了好转，更多志愿者加入了护鸟队伍)”可知，丁鹏在岛上生活艰难。故选C项。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““Everything was worth it, now that more people are aware of the importance of protecting the birds, and now that the number of the birds is on the rise,” Ding says.(丁鹏说：“一切都是值得的，因为现在更多人意识到了保护这些鸟类的重要性，而且它们的数量也在不断增加。”)”可推知，丁鹏认为他们的工作是富有成效的。故选A项。 主题01 人与自我：生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·河北秦皇岛·期末）In Britain, there’s a well-known saying: “If you can’t say something nice, it is better to say nothing at all.” This highlights the importance of being ‘nice’, which generally means making others feel comfortable and respected. This principle applies across all social classes and levels of wealth, emphasizing that being nice is valued regardless of one’s background. It is distinct from manners, formal language, or social etiquette, like holding a fork in the ‘correct’ hand. For instance, someone might have impeccable (无可挑剔的) manners but still treat others poorly. Politeness is often intertwined with being nice. Common examples include saying “please” and “thank you”, queuing patiently, holding doors open for others, making an effort to converse at social gatherings, and avoiding anger when expressing complaints. The idea is that the problem might not be the fault of the person you’re speaking to, so maintaining a calm behavior is preferable. In British culture, if someone doesn’t like something, they may avoid bluntly (直言地) stating their dislike. Instead of directly saying “I don’t like it”, they might use more indirect language. Some view this approach as hypocritical (虚伪的) or as a way to sidestep confrontation (冲突), and there is some validity to this perspective. However, the primary reason for this indirectness is to spare the other person’s feelings. Being too straightforward can come off as rude or hurtful, which is why being ‘blunt’ is generally avoided. Here are a few examples of how a British person might gently decline or offer feedback: When asked, “Do you like my new dress?” One might respond, “It’s got a very unusual pattern, hasn’t it?” If invited to lunch, someone might say, “Sorry, I’m really busy for the next few weeks,” rather than giving a direct refusal. When discussing a book given to them, they might reply, “I’ve never read anything like it before!” instead of criticizing it outright. While this way of answering might seem unusual, most British people would understand the underlying meaning. They would also appreciate that the response was delivered in a considerate and non-confrontational manner. 13．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph one emphasize? A．The importance of always speaking the truth. B．The requirement to hold doors open for others. C．The necessity of using formal language in all situations. D．The value of maintaining social harmony by being considerate. 14．Why do British people often avoid being blunt when expressing their opinions? A．To escape the reality. B．To show their intelligence. C．To demonstrate their politeness. D．To avoid hurting the other person’s feelings. 15．Which of the following best describes the British approach to communication? A．It is always direct and to the point. B．It is indirect and aims to avoid conflicts. C．It is primarily focused on personal preferences. D．It is strictly formal and adheres to social etiquette. 16．What could be the most suitable title for the passage? A．Indirectness Over Bluntness B．The Power of Politeness C．Social Harmony in Britain D．Manners and Etiquette 【答案】13．D 14．D 15．B 16．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国文化中“和善待人”的重要性，以及英国人在表达意见时避免直接和坦率，倾向于使用委婉和间接的方式，以避免冲突和伤害他人感情。 13．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“In Britain, there’s a well-known saying: “If you can’t say something nice, it is better to say nothing at all.” This highlights the importance of being ‘nice’, which generally means making others feel comfortable and respected. (在英国，有一句广为人知的谚语：“如果你不能说些好听的话，最好什么都别说。”这强调了“和善待人”的重要性，通常意味着让别人感到舒适和尊重)”可知，划线句子强调了“和善待人”，强调了通过为他人着想来维持社会和谐的重要性。故选D项。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, the primary reason for this indirectness is to spare the other person’s feelings. Being too straightforward can come off as rude or hurtful, which is why being ‘blunt’ is generally avoided. (然而，这种间接性的主要原因是为了避免伤害对方的感情。过于直率会显得粗鲁或伤人，这就是为什么一般要避免“直率”的原因)”可知，英国人在表达意见时避免直率，主要是为了避免伤害对方的感情。故选D项。 15．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In British culture, if someone doesn’t like something, they may avoid bluntly (直言地) stating their dislike. Instead of directly saying “I don’t like it”, they might use more indirect language. (在英国文化中，如果有人不喜欢某样东西，他们可能会避免直截了当地表达他们的厌恶。他们可能不会直接说“我不喜欢它”，而是使用更间接的语言)”和最后一段中“While this way of answering might seem unusual, most British people would understand the underlying meaning. They would also appreciate that the response was delivered in a considerate and non-confrontational manner. (虽然这种回答方式可能看起来不寻常，但大多数英国人都会理解其中的含义。他们也会欣赏这种体贴、不冲突的回应方式)”可知，英国人的交流方式是间接的，旨在避免冲突。故选B项。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“In Britain, there’s a well-known saying: “If you can’t say something nice, it is better to say nothing at all.” This highlights the importance of being ‘nice’, which generally means making others feel comfortable and respected. This principle applies across all social classes and levels of wealth, emphasizing that being nice is valued regardless of one’s background.(在英国，有一句广为人知的谚语：“如果你不能说些好听的话，最好什么都别说。”这强调了“和善待人”的重要性，通常意味着让别人感到舒适和尊重。这一原则适用于所有社会阶层和财富水平，强调无论一个人的背景如何，为人友善都是有价值的)”和第三段中“In British culture, if someone doesn’t like something, they may avoid bluntly (直言地) stating their dislike. Instead of directly saying “I don’t like it”, they might use more indirect language. (在英国文化中，如果有人不喜欢某样东西，他们可能会避免直截了当地表达他们的厌恶。他们可能不会直接说“我不喜欢它”，而是使用更间接的语言)”可知，本文主要介绍了英国文化中“和善待人”的重要性，以及英国人在表达意见时倾向于使用委婉和间接的方式，以避免冲突和伤害他人感情。故A项“Indirectness Over Bluntness(委婉胜于直率)”最能概括文章的主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·广东广州·期末）Kawasaki disease is every parent’s nightmare. This rare illness causes inflammation (炎症) in blood vessels and can damage the heart of babies and young children. Historically, it has been difficult to diagnose (诊断), until recently, when a young inventor developed an app that can detect it. When Ellen Xu, a San Diego native, was five, her parents rushed her kid sister to the hospital. Three-year-old Kate, developed a high fever, red eyes, and a rash (皮疹). At first the puzzled doctors guessed that she had a flu. But when her condition didn’t improve, the Xus returned to the Emergency Room, where Kate was diagnosed with Kawasaki disease. Kate was then treated with antibodies that help boost immunity (免疫力). In time, she shook off the illness without suffering damage to her heart, making her one of the lucky ones. Years later, Ellen, needing a project for a high school science fair, recalled her sister’s illness. “It was a puzzle I wanted to solve,” she says. So, she set out to do just that. Using data, she created an AI-powered app to identify the physical symptoms of Kawasaki disease from a photo. The app works similarly to apps that identify plants or birds. It scans a photograph of the child and looks for signs of Kawasaki disease, such as rashes and a swollen tongue. It’s a brilliant innovation that likely wouldn’t have come about if it all weren’t so personal. Ellen’s innovation earned recognition, and soon, her app will be available on the Kawasaki Disease Foundation’s website. What started as a science fair project could now help doctors diagnose the disease faster, preventing heart damage in young children. As for Kate? Ellen says the little girl with the mysterious disease is now a thriving high school junior with dreams of becoming an environmental engineer. And Ellen, now at Stanford, proves that even childhood struggles can inspire brilliant solutions. 21．The underlined phrase “shook off” in paragraph 2 most likely means ________. A．dealt with B．recovered from C．became aware of D．put up with 22．What inspired Ellen Xu to develop her AI app for Kawasaki disease detection? A．Her interest in AI programming. B．Her need for her school science fair. C．Her own battle with Kawasaki disease. D．Her sister’s childhood illness experience. 23．How does Ellen’s app work to detect Kawasaki disease? A．By monitoring the rashes and swollen tongue. B．By analyzing photographs of visible symptoms. C．By tracking antibodies that help boost immunity. D．By comparing symptoms with historical patient data. 24．What may be the best title for the passage? A．How AI Is Revolutionizing Rare Disease Detection B．Kawasaki Disease: Overcoming Diagnosis Challenges C．A Sister’s Fight against Disease Sparks an AI Lifesaver D．From Science Fair to Medical Fame: Ellen Xu’s Journey 【答案】21．B 22．D 23．B 24．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了Ellen Xu因妹妹患川崎病的经历，开发出能通过照片检测该病的AI应用的故事。 21．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“the illness without suffering damage to her heart, making her one of the lucky ones(这场病并未对她的心脏造成损害，使她成为了幸运儿之一)”可知，她从疾病中恢复过来，故划线词意思是“恢复”。故选B。 22．细节理解题。根据第三段“Years later, Ellen, needing a project for a high school science fair, recalled her sister’s illness.(多年以后，Ellen为了参加高中科学展而需要准备一个项目，于是她想起了妹妹的病)”可知，Ellen Xu开发这款用于检测川崎病的人工智能应用程序的灵感来自她妹妹儿时患病的经历。故选D。 23．细节理解题。根据第三段“The app works similarly to apps that identify plants or birds. It scans a photograph of the child and looks for signs of Kawasaki disease, such as rashes and a swollen tongue. It’s a brilliant innovation that likely wouldn’t have come about if it all weren’t so personal.(这款应用程序的运作方式与那些用于识别植物或鸟类的应用程序类似。它会扫描孩子的照片，寻找川崎病的迹象，比如皮疹和肿胀的舌头。这是一个非常出色的创新成果，如果不是因为其高度个性化的特点，可能就不会出现这样的产品)”可知，这款应用程序通过分析可见症状的照片检测川崎病。故选B。 24．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Kawasaki disease is every parent’s nightmare. This rare illness causes inflammation in blood vessels and can damage the heart of babies and young children. Historically, it has been difficult to diagnose, until recently, when a young inventor developed an app that can detect it.(川崎病是每个家长的噩梦。这种罕见的疾病会导致血管发炎，并可能损害婴儿和幼儿的心脏。过去，由于诊断困难，这种情况一直未得到重视。直到最近，一位年轻的发明家开发出了一款应用程序，能够检测出这种疾病)”结合文章主要说明了Ellen Xu因妹妹患川崎病的经历，开发出能通过照片检测该病的AI应用的故事可知，C选项“妹妹与疾病的抗争催生了人工智能救生设备”最符合文章标题。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·福建泉州·期末）Studies have shown the mere exposure effect(曝光效应), also known as the familiarity principle, inspires our decisions. It is a helpful psychological mechanism(机制) that helps us maintain our energy and focus our attention on other things. Getting used to new things takes effort and it can be tiring. So unless we have a terrible experience, we are likely to buy from companies we've got used to. That is why companies spend so much money on advertising and marketing and why insurance companies openly charge existing customers more than new ones. It's not the case that we only desire things we already know. Some studies suggest when invited to share our preferences, we sometimes see less familiar choices as more desirable. But when acting on that preference, we fall back to what we know. This might explain why sometimes the things we want and the things we do don't quite match up. We might even return to companies that treated us poorly in the past or stay in bad relationships. It's easy to paint the familiarity principle as an enemy or something to battle as if it is something that holds us back from living our dreams. But this attitude might be overwhelming because it tends to encourage us toward big-picture thinking, which requires a huge and sudden change that we don't feel ready for. Some articles suggest the solution to familiarity disappointment is complete exposure to new things. While this can appear effective in the short run, we may only end up replacing one problem with another. It also risks overwhelm and burnout. So what if we can work with the familiarity principle instead? Familiarity is something we can learn to play with and enjoy. It is a setting for creativity and a pathway to expansion. We can broaden the zone of familiarity little by little. If we think of familiarity as something that can expand, we can consider changing the conditions in and around our lives to make more space for our preferences to take root and grow gently. From here, we will start to make decisions, drawing from an ever-deepening pool of valuable choices. 1．What allows insurance companies to charge old customers more? A．The law of the market. B．The advertising cost. C．The improved service. D．The familiarity principle. 2．What can be learned from paragraph 2? A．Our preferences affect our decisions. B．The familiarity principle is a double-edged sword. C．There can be a mismatch between desires and actions. D．Familiarity tends to result in disrespect. 3．What is the author's attitude to complete exposure to new things? A．Negative. B．Favorable. C．Neutral. D．Effective. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Step Out Of Your Familiarity Zone. B．Gently Expand Your Familiarity Zone. C．Spare A Thought For Your Preference. D．Change The Mere Exposure Effect. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了熟悉性原则对我们决策的影响，并提出了一种平衡的观点来看待这个原则，而不是将其视为阻碍，作者建议我们可以通过逐步扩展熟悉区域来利用这一原则来促进创造性和成长。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Studies have shown the mere exposure effect (曝光效应), also referred to as the familiarity principle, inspires our decisions. It is a helpful psychological mechanism (机制) that helps us maintain our energy and focus our attention on other things. Getting used to new things takes effort and it can be tiring. So unless we have a terrible experience, we are likely to buy from companies we’ve got used to. That is why companies spend so much money on advertising and marketing and why insurance companies openly charge existing customers more than new ones.(研究表明，单纯的曝光效应，也被称为熟悉原则，会激发我们的决定。这是一种有益的心理机制，可以帮助我们保持精力充沛，把注意力集中在其他事情上。习惯新事物需要努力，而且可能会很累。因此，除非我们有糟糕的经历，否则我们很可能会从我们熟悉的公司购买产品或服务。这就是为什么公司在广告和营销上花那么多钱，为什么保险公司公开向现有客户收取比新客户更高的费用)”可知，熟悉原则让保险公司向老客户收取更多费用。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“It's not the case that we only desire things we already know. Some studies suggest when invited to share our preferences, we sometimes see less familiar choices as more desirable. But when acting on that preference, we fall back to what we know. This might explain why sometimes the things we want and the things we do don’t quite match up. We might even return to companies that treated us poorly in the past or stay in bad relationships.(这并不是说我们只想要已知的东西。一些研究表明，当被邀请分享我们的偏好时，我们有时会认为不太熟悉的选择更可取。但当我们按照这种偏好行事时，我们又回到了我们所知道的。这也许可以解释为什么有时候我们想要的和我们做的并不完全匹配。我们甚至可能回到过去对我们不好的公司，或者保持糟糕的关系)”可知，本段解释了为什么有时候我们想要的和我们做的并不完全匹配，也就是说有时候我们的欲望和行动可能不匹配。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的 “Some articles suggest the solution to familiarity disappointment is complete exposure to new things. While this can appear effective in the short run, we may only end up replacing one problem with another. It also risks overwhelm and burnout.(一些文章认为，解决熟悉感带来的失望的方法是完全接触新事物。虽然这在短期内可能看起来有效，但我们最终可能只是用一个问题取代了另一个问题。它还存在让人不知所措和精疲力竭的风险。)” 可知，作者认为 “完全接触新事物” 虽短期看似有效，但会带来新问题（如精疲力竭），态度是负面的。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Studies have shown the mere exposure effect(曝光效应),  also referred to as the familiarity principle, inspires our decisions. It is a helpful psychological mechanism (机制) that helps us maintain our energy and focus our attention on other things. Getting used to new things takes effort and it can be tiring.(研究表明，单纯的曝光效应，也被称为熟悉原则，会激发我们的决定。这是一种有益的心理机制，可以帮助我们保持精力充沛，把注意力集中在其他事情上。习惯新事物需要努力，而且可能会很累)”以及最后一段“We can broaden the zone of familiarity little by little. If we think of familiarity as something that can expand, we can consider changing the conditions in and around our lives to make more space for our preferences to take root and grow gently. From here, we will start to make decisions, drawing from an ever-deepening pool of valuable choices.(我们可以一点一点地扩大熟悉的范围。如果我们认为熟悉是一种可以扩展的东西，我们可以考虑改变我们生活内部和周围的条件，为我们的偏好提供更多的空间，让它生根发芽。从这里开始，我们将开始从不断加深的有价值的选择中做出决定)”可知，文章主要讨论了熟悉性原则对我们决策的影响，以及如何利用这一原则进行创新和拓展。文章强调了我们可以逐步扩大熟悉的范围，通过改变生活中的条件，为我们的偏好提供更多的空间，使其能够生根并温和地成长。因此，选项B“慢慢扩大你的熟悉范围”最能概括文章的标题。故选B。 主题02 人与社会：文化、社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·江西上饶·期中）Bioengineers have introduced a new method of food production that could dramatically reshape agriculture, potentially making it more eco-friendly, and adaptable to environments like space. Called “electro-agriculture ”, this system would replace traditional photosynthesis (光合作用) — a process that only changes around 1% of light energy into usable chemical energy in plants — with a solar-powered reaction that effectively changes carbon dioxide (CO₂) into an organic molecule (有机分子) that plants could use as food. The current version of electro-agriculture achieves about 4% efficiency — four times higher than photosynthesis. “Since electro-agriculture is not dependent on climate conditions like traditional farming, it could serve as a precious method for producing additional food when necessary. With global climate change affecting agriculture, new food production technologies are becoming increasingly vital to balancing food markets and supporting a growing population”, senior author Feng Jiao said. In electro-agriculture, solar plates would be used to power a chemical reaction between CO₂ and water, producing acetate (醋酸盐). Plants would be reengineered to use this acetate as a primary energy source instead of relying on photosynthesis. Robert Jinkerson, a biological engineer, sees this technology as a major move forward. “If we don’t need to grow plants with sunlight anymore, then we can decouple agriculture from the environment and grow food in indoor, controlled environments,” he said. The change could move agriculture into upright, multi-story indoor farms where solar power is collected outside the building to drive plant growth inside. So far, researchers have engineered plants that can use acetate in combination with photosynthesis, but the ultimate goal is to create plants that rely entirely on acetate for energy. While plant research is still in its early stages, other species like mushrooms have already naturally used acetate as an energy source. This means the technology could be applied to these food-producing beings much sooner in the market. 13．What is the key to electro-agriculture? A．Promoting energy change efficiency. B．Increasing plants’ adaptation to light. C．Offering plants sufficient nutrition. D．Reproducing photosynthesis indoors. 14．What did Feng Jiao take electro-agriculture as? A．A short-term fix for climate change. B．A valuable solution for food supply. C．A new exploration of traditional farming. D．A possible replacement for organic farming. 15．What does the underlined word “decouple” mean in paragraph 5? A．Protect. B．Separate. C．Recover. D．Choose. 16．What would be the best title of the text? A．Climate change affects agriculture. B．Electro-agriculture will replace traditional agriculture. C．Plants need no photosynthesis. D．Electro-agriculture makes indoor farms possible. 【答案】13．A 14．B 15．B 16．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了生物工程师引入的一种新的食品生产方法，这种方法可能会极大地重塑农业，有可能使其更加环保，并适应太空等环境，这个系统被称为“电农业”。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段“Called “electro-agriculture ”, this system would replace traditional photosynthesis (光合作用) —a process that only changes around 1% of light energy into usable chemical energy in plants — with a solar-powered reaction that effectively changes carbon dioxide (CO₂) into an organic molecule (有机分子) that plants could use as food. The current version of electro-agriculture achieves about 4% efficiency — four times higher than photosynthesis.(被称为“电农业”，它将取代传统的光合作用——在植物中，光合作用只能将大约 1%的光能转化为可用的化学能——而太阳能反应可以有效地将二氧化碳转化为植物可以用作食物的有机分子。目前的电子农业可以达到4%的效率，是光合作用的四倍)”可知，电农业系统的关键就是提升能量转化的效率。故选A项。 14．推理判断题。根据第三段“Since electro-agriculture is not dependent on climate conditions like traditional farming, it could serve as a precious method for producing additional food when necessary. With global climate change affecting agriculture, new food production technologies are becoming increasingly vital to balancing food markets and supporting a growing population(由于电农业不像传统农业那样依赖于气候条件，它可以作为一种宝贵的方法，在必要时生产额外的食物。随着全球气候变化对农业的影响，新的粮食生产技术对于平衡粮食市场和支持不断增长的人口变得越来越重要)”可知，冯娇认为在全球变化和人口增长背景下电农业是一个有价值的食物供应解决方案。故选B项。 15．词句猜测题。根据划线词后“grow food in indoor, controlled environments (在室内可控的环境中种植粮食)”可推测，电农业使农业种植与环境分离，不再依赖阳光等自然气候，由此推测，划线词的意思是“分离”。故选B项。 16．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，介绍新型农业 Eletro-agriculture 的技术突破，技术原理和发展前景，得出该技术将使农业摆脱气候的影响，由此可知，D项“在室内建农场成为可能”是最好的标题。故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东淄博·期末）A heritage language is a language that isn’t the “most powerful” language of an area, but is still learned by children in their homes (thus, it’s their heritage). Any language can be a heritage language, depending on the surrounding social context. English, for example, is often a primary language, but could technically be a heritage language if someone’s English-speaking parents moved from, say, the United Kingdom to Japan Heritage languages can be someone’s native language, but the two terms aren’t interchangeable. A native language is the language or languages a person learns when they’re very young while heritage languages can be determined by a broad range of social and cultural factors. Usually, people speak their native language very well. Someone’s abilities in their heritage language can vary quite a bit, however. Some people may master it well because they learned it a lot when they were children, while others may speak it but not read it, and still others may struggle with speaking it at all. The United States has over 56 million Spanish speakers, and a large part of those are heritage learners of the language. A research found that the percentage of people who report speaking Spanish “well” drops from 91 to 82 for first-and second-generation immigrants (移民). While that might seem small, it gets much more obvious after that, with third-and fourth-generation immigrants dropping to 47 percent. There are a couple of reasons why heritage languages — and Spanish in particular — tends to drop off from generation to generation. The first one is that the heritage language is less important to get around in society. When a person needs the majority language to go to school, get a job and interact with most people around them, it’s not surprising that the heritage language might seem less important. Another reason is some parents encourage their children not to use their heritage language. It’s unfortunate but true that speaking another language is still a cause for discrimination (歧视) today. Heritage languages may have a hard time lasting from generation to generation, but it’s not only a story of decline (衰弱). There are countless people in the world who go out of their way to learn their heritage languages — some learn the heritage language later in life — and help others to do the same. If you’ve ever thought about reconnecting with a heritage language, it’s never too late to get started. There’s no time like the present. 17．How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1? A．By mentioning an expert. B．By explaining a term (术语). C．By describing a scene. D．By providing figures. 18．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The importance of learning heritage languages when little. B．The variations in people’s abilities to speak heritage languages. C．The differences between heritage languages and native languages. D．The similarities between the broad range of social and cultural factors. 19．What is one reason for the drop of Heritage languages in the US? A．Appearance discrimination B．Generation gap. C．Varying cultures. D．Losing popularity. 20．What can we know from the last paragraph? A．Parents play a key role in protecting heritage languages. B．Heritage languages’ difficult time will end in the near future. C．Efforts have been made towards the heritage languages’ survival. D．Some people consider it too late to bring heritage languages back to life. 【答案】17．B 18．C 19．D 20．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。围绕传承语言展开，介绍其定义、与母语的区别、使用情况的变化等。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段“A heritage language is a language that isn’t the “most powerful” language of an area, but is still learned by children in their homes (thus, it’s their heritage). (传承语言是指并非一个地区“最有影响力”的语言，但仍被孩子在家中学习的语言（因此，它是他们的传承）)”可知，作者通过解释“传承语言”这一术语来引入话题。故选B项。 18．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Heritage languages can be someone’s native language, but the two terms aren’t interchangeable. A native language is the language or languages a person learns when they’re very young while heritage languages can be determined by a broad range of social and cultural factors. (传承语言可以是某人的母语，但这两个术语不可互换。母语是一个人在很小的时候学习的语言，而传承语言则由广泛的社会和文化因素决定)”可知，第二段的主要内容是传承语言和母语的区别。故选C项。 19．细节理解题。根据第四段“The first one is that the heritage language is less important to get around in society. When a person needs the majority language to go to school, get a job and interact with most people around them, it’s not surprising that the heritage language might seem less important. (首先，传承语言在社会中出行等方面没那么重要。当一个人需要主流语言来上学、找工作以及和周围大多数人交流时，传承语言似乎没那么重要就不足为奇了)”可知，传承语言在美国衰落的一个原因是它不那么重要、使用得不多、不那么受欢迎了。故选D项。 20．细节理解题。根据最后一段“There are countless people in the world who go out of their way to learn their heritage languages — some learn the heritage language later in life — and help others to do the same. (世界上有无数人不遗余力地学习他们的传承语言，有些人在晚些时候才学习传承语言，并帮助其他人也这样做)”可知，人们为传承语言的存续做出了努力。故选C项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·广东广州·期末）Most of us have some “gut feelings” that we can’t explain. For example, when we hunt for a new house, we might suddenly like it a lot or dislike it right away. Or when we meet new people, we make instant judgements on them without careful thought. Research done by Leeds University shows that these feelings, or intuitions, are real and we should take them seriously. According to the research, intuition is the result of the way our brains store, process and obtain information on a subconscious (潜意识的) level, and so is a real psychological phenomenon that needs further study to help us unlock its potential. There are many cases where intuition prevented major disasters, and cases of remarkable recoveries when doctors followed their gut feelings. Yet, science has historically questioned the concept of intuition, labelling it as “anti-scientific”. Through analysis of a wide range of research papers examining the phenomenon, researchers have concluded that intuition is the brain drawing on past experiences and external cues to decide — but one that happens so fast that the reaction is on a non-conscious level. All we’re aware of is a general feeling that something is right or wrong. Researchers believe that people usually experience true intuition when they are under severe time pressure or in a situation of information overload or acute danger, where conscious analysis of the situation may be difficult or impossible. They cite a Formula One driver, who once braked suddenly before a sharp U-turn without knowing why. This automatic reaction saved him from crashing into a pile of cars ahead, likely preventing a fatal accident. Though he couldn’t explain his urge to stop, it overrode his competitive drive to win. After psychologists showed the driver a video replay, he realized at that very moment the crowd wasn’t cheering as usual — they stood frozen, staring in the opposite direction as he approached the U-turn. That was the cue. He didn’t consciously process this, but he knew something was wrong and stopped in time. Researchers believe that all intuitive experiences are based on the automatic evaluation of such internal and external cues. They say that we clearly need both conscious and non - conscious thought processes, but neither is superior to the other. 21．What does the research from Leeds University indicate? A．Gut feelings are not reliable in daily life. B．People ought to trust their intuitive feelings. C．Intuition is just a random psychological response. D．Intuitive responses often lead to wrong decisions. 22．According to Paragraph 3, what can we infer about intuition? A．Intuition is a random guess with no logical basis. B．Intuition only works in life - threatening situations. C．Intuition relies on conscious analysis of visible dangers. D．Intuition involves subconscious processing of external cues. 23．Which of the following real-life situations best illustrates the application of intuition? A．A shopper picks a product simply because its package looks attractive. B．A firefighter suddenly reroutes a rescue mission after sensing some hidden risks. C．A student solves math problems by strictly following formulas and logical reasoning. D．A student quickly guesses random answers without consideration during a timed quiz. 24．What is the author’s main purpose in writing this article? A．To describe how brains process external cues. B．To criticize the overuse of intuition in daily life. C．To compare conscious and subconscious thinking. D．To explain the scientific basis and value of intuition. 【答案】21．B 22．D 23．B 24．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了利兹大学研究表明直觉真实存在且应被重视，其源于大脑潜意识处理信息，在紧急情况起作用，与有意识思考同等重要。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段“Research done by Leeds University shows that these feelings, or intuitions, are real and we should take them seriously. (利兹大学的研究表明，这些感受或直觉是真实存在的，我们应当认真对待它们。)”可知，利兹大学的研究结果表明人们应当相信自己的直觉感受。故选B。 22．推理判断题。根据第三段“Through analysis of a wide range of research papers examining the phenomenon, researchers have concluded that intuition is the brain drawing on past experiences and external cues to decide — but one that happens so fast that the reaction is on a non-conscious level. (通过对大量研究论文的分析（这些论文探讨了这一现象），研究人员得出结论：直觉是大脑依据过往经验和外部线索来做出判断的——但这种判断过程极其迅速，以至于反应是在无意识的层面上发生的。)”可知，感性认识涉及对外部信息的潜意识处理。故选D。 23．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Researchers believe that people usually experience true intuition when they are under severe time pressure or in a situation of information overload or acute danger, where conscious analysis of the situation may be difficult or impossible. They cite a Formula One driver, who once braked suddenly before a sharp U-turn without knowing why. This automatic reaction saved him from crashing into a pile of cars ahead, likely preventing a fatal accident. (研究人员认为，人们在面临巨大时间压力、信息过载或极度危险的状况时，往往会产生真正的直觉。在这种情况下，对具体情况的理性分析可能变得困难或根本无法进行。他们举了一个一级方程式赛车手的例子，该车手曾在一次急转弯前突然刹车，但当时他并不知道原因。这种本能反应使他避免了撞上前方一堆汽车的危险，很可能避免了一场致命事故。)”可知，直觉是潜意识基于过往经验和外部线索快速反应，常出现在时间紧迫或危险情境中。而一名消防员在察觉到一些潜在危险后，突然改变了救援计划最能体现直觉的应用。故选B。 24．推理判断题。根据第一段“Most of us have some “gut feelings” that we can’t explain. For example, when we hunt for a new house, we might suddenly like it a lot or dislike it right away. Or when we meet new people, we make instant judgements on them without careful thought. Research done by Leeds University shows that these feelings, or intuitions, are real and we should take them seriously. (我们大多数人都有一些难以解释的“直觉感受”。比如，在寻找新房子时，我们可能会突然非常喜欢它或者立刻就讨厌它。又或者在遇到新朋友时，我们会未经深思就对对方立刻做出评价。利兹大学的研究表明，这些感受或直觉是真实存在的，我们应当认真对待它们。)”结合文章主要说明了利兹大学研究表明直觉真实存在且应被重视，其源于大脑潜意识处理信息，在紧急情况起作用，与有意识思考同等重要。可知，作者撰写这篇文章的主要目的是阐释直觉的科学依据及其价值。故选D。 主题03 人与自然：环境与探索 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东枣庄·期末）To mark its 130th anniversary this year, the National Trust has announced plans to create around 2,500 square kilometres of “nature-rich” landscapes across England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The National Trust is a charity that preserves nature and buildings. The organisation has set a target of 2035 for creating these natural areas. It’s an ambitious goal: in the past 10 years the Trust has done similar work, but only for around 250 square kilometres. If joined together, the landscapes it plans to create would cover an area bigger than the Lake District National Park. The charity’s focus will be restoring peatland (watery habitats containing a soil-like material called peat) and improving the quality of rivers. It aims to improve the health of enough soil to provide homes for one billion earthworms. The National Trust also aims to reconnect natural areas that have been broken into separate bits, such as a road cutting a forest in half. Known as habitat fragmentation, this is often caused by humans and harms animals by making it hard for them to feed and raise families. The new landscapes will help tackle climate change by protecting plants and peat. These both absorb carbon dioxide from the air. This is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, leading to rising temperatures and climate change. The plans are aimed at land already owned by the National Trust, as well as nearby areas and land that it plans to buy. Examples include linking an area of disused farmland in Merseyside, England, to a nearby area of forest. There are also plans to link two areas of protected land that are 10 miles apart in England’s Shropshire Hills. This should help breeding curlews. The charity aims to work with farmers and landowners to help them boost nature on their land. “We will ramp up our work to restore nature, both on our own land and beyond our boundaries,” said Hilary McGrady, director-general of the National Trust. 13．What does the National Trust aim to do for the next ten years? A．Protect all forests in the U.K. B．Increase the natural areas by tenfold. C．Enlarge the peatland by 10%. D．Expand Lake District National Park. 14．What harm does “habitat fragmentation” do? A．Separating natural areas into small parts. B．Threatening the survival of animals. C．Restricting human’s regular movement. D．Transforming forests into farmland. 15．What will the Trust do to create new landscapes? A．Connect smaller areas of land. B．Replant crops on disused farmland. C．Till the land in mountain areas. D．Link the roads that cut the forests. 16．What is the text mainly about? A．The history of the National Trust. B．The benefits of natural landscapes. C．The Trust’s efforts to cut emissions. D．The Trust’s plans to restore nature. 【答案】13．B 14．B 15．A 16．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为了庆祝今年成立130周年，英国国民托管组织宣布计划在英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰创造约2500平方公里的“自然丰富”景观，通过大规模生态修复应对气候与生物多样性危机的十年计划。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段中“To mark its 130th anniversary this year, the National Trust has announced plans to create around 2,500 square kilometres of “nature-rich” landscapes across England, Wales and Northern Ireland.( 为了庆祝今年成立130周年，英国国民托管组织宣布计划在英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰创造约2500平方公里的“自然丰富”景观)”以及第二段中“The organisation has set a target of 2035 for creating these natural areas. It’s an ambitious goal: in the past 10 years the Trust has done similar work, but only for around 250 square kilometres.( 该组织设定了到2035年创造这些自然区域的目标。这是一个雄心勃勃的目标：在过去的10年里，信托基金做了类似的工作，但只有大约250平方公里)”可推知，国民信托未来十年的目标是将自然区域增加十倍。故选B项。 14．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Known as habitat fragmentation, this is often caused by humans and harms animals by making it hard for them to feed and raise families.( 这被称为栖息地破碎化，通常是由人类造成的，并且通过使动物难以养活和抚养家庭来伤害动物)”可知，栖息地碎片化对动物造成伤害，使它们难以觅食和养育后代，也就是威胁动物的生存。故选B项。 15．细节理解题。根据第六段中“Examples include linking an area of disused farmland in Merseyside, England, to a nearby area of forest. There are also plans to link two areas of protected land that are 10 miles apart in England’s Shropshire Hills.(例如，将英格兰默西塞德郡的一片废弃农田与附近的一片森林连接起来。此外，还计划将英格兰什罗普郡山（Shropshire Hills）相隔10英里的两个保护区连接起来)”可知，这些例子表明国民托管组织将连接较小的土地区域来创造新景观。故选A项。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开篇就指出国民托管组织为庆祝成立130周年宣布创建自然景观的计划，后面围绕该计划的目标（如增加自然区域、连接破碎自然区域等）、对生态环境的作用（如应对气候变化、改善土壤等）以及实施方式（与农民和土地所有者合作等）展开，所以文章主要是关于该组织恢复自然的计划。故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·四川雅安·期末）Painting rooftops white or covering them with a reflective coating is the most effective method of keeping the air temperature down in a city like London during a heatwave. These "cool roofs” should perform better than solar panels, green roofs or adding more trees at ground level. Oscar Brousse at University College London and his colleagues ran climate simulations (模拟) to see how London's temperature during the two hottest days of summer in 2018 would have changed if the city had made widespread use of cooling measures, from cool roofs to air conditioning, along with solar panels, which have a cooling effect. Temperatures that summer peaked at 35.6℃. Cool roofs outperformed all the other interventions, the team found, lowering average outdoor temperatures in the city over the two-day period by 1.2℃, and by as much as 2℃ in certain locations with roofs painted white. By comparison, additional tree cover only curbed air temperatures by about 0.3℃, while solar panels cut them by 0.5℃. The study also found that widespread use of air conditioning might keep internal temperatures cool, but would boost outdoor air temperatures by up to 1℃ in parts of central London. “For London, what worked the most for reducing outdoor temperatures at a pedestrian level was the cool roofs,” says Brousse. Although the study uses only two days of data for the simulations, Brousse says it is broadly in line with similar published research. Placing reflective coatings or lightening roof surfaces across London would be a relatively easy and low-cost climate adaptation, he says. “I see barely any reason not to start doing it wisely.” There are reasons beyond cooling to apply other technologies too, though, he says. Trees and green roofs can boost biodiversity and resident well-being, for example, while solar panels provide clean power. A 2023 report by the Greater London Authority suggested that cool roofs may become an increasing policy focus for city officials as summer temperatures rise because of climate change. “With temperatures in London projected to increase, and with more occurrences of heatwaves, reflective roofs are likely to be a key component of climate adaptation strategy,” the report says. 17．Which is the best way to cool the temperature in the city during the hottest days? A．Cool roofs. B．Air conditioning. C．Solar panels. D．More trees. 18．What does the underlined word “curb” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Add. B．Decrease. C．Increase. D．Remove. 19．What is the feature of cool roofs? A．They are cost-efficient. B．They can boost biodiversity. C．They can produce clean energy. D．They can completely lower the temperatures. 20．Which word can best describe the future of cool roofs in London? A．Uncertain. B．Limited. C．Promising. D．Hopeless. 【答案】17．A 18．B 19．A 20．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了凉爽屋顶是城市降温最有效方法及相关研究和前景。 17．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Painting rooftops white or covering them with a reflective coating is the most effective method of keeping the air temperature down in a city like London during a heatwave.(在热浪期间，将屋顶涂成白色或用反光涂层覆盖屋顶是降低伦敦等城市气温的最有效方法)”以及第三段中“Cool roofs outperformed all the other interventions, the team found, lowering average outdoor temperatures in the city over the two-day period by 1.2℃, and by as much as 2℃ in certain locations with roofs painted white.(研究团队发现，冷却屋顶的表现优于所有其他干预措施，在为期两天的监测期内，该市平均室外气温降低了1.2℃，而在一些屋顶被漆成白色的地方，气温降幅更是高达2℃)”可知，在热浪期间，冷却屋顶是给城市降温的最佳方式。故选A。 18．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Cool roofs outperformed all the other interventions, the team found, lowering average outdoor temperatures in the city over the two-day period by 1.2℃, and by as much as 2℃ in certain locations with roofs painted white. By comparison, additional tree cover only curbed air temperatures by about 0.3℃.(研究小组发现，冷却屋顶的表现优于所有其他干预措施，在两天的时间里，该市平均室外温度降低了1.2℃，而在一些屋顶被漆成白色的地方，室外温度降低了2℃。相比之下，额外的树木覆盖仅使气温curbed约0.3℃)”可知，冷却屋顶降温效果更好，此处是将冷却屋顶和增加树木覆盖的降温效果进行对比，由此可推测出，增加树木覆盖只能使气温“降低”约0.3℃，curbed意为“降低”，与Decrease意思相近。故选B。 19．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Placing reflective coatings or lightening roof surfaces across London would be a relatively easy and low-cost climate adaptation, he says.(他说，在整个伦敦放置反光涂层或减轻屋顶表面将是一种相对简单且低成本的气候适应方式)”可知，冷却屋顶的特点是成本效益高。故选A。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““With temperatures in London projected to increase, and with more occurrences of heatwaves, reflective roofs are likely to be a key component of climate adaptation strategy,” the report says.(该报告称：“随着伦敦气温预计将上升，且热浪天气愈发频繁，反光屋顶很可能成为气候适应战略的关键组成部分。”)”可知，随着伦敦气温预计上升，热浪发生频率增加，反光屋顶很可能成为气候适应战略的关键组成部分，由此可推测出，冷却屋顶在伦敦的未来是“有希望的”。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·山东滨州·期末）Each year, more than 1.2 billion smartphones are produced globally. Producing them not only consumes valuable natural resources but also releases a significant amount of CO2 into the atmosphere. With rapid tech development, users replace their still-functional phones on average every 2 to 3 years. At best, old devices are recycled; at worst, they end up in landfills. Researchers from the University of Tartu have an alternative solution. Instead of discarding old smartphones, scientists have transformed them into miniature data centers. “Innovation often begins with a new way of thinking about the old, re-imagining its role in shaping the future,” explained Huber Flores, Associate Professor of Pervasive Computing. They demonstrated that old smartphones can be successfully repurposed into tiny data centers capable of efficiently processing and storing data. They also found that building such a data center is remarkably inexpensive — around 8 euros per device. In the first stage of the project, the researchers removed the phones’ batteries and replaced them with external power sources to reduce the risk of chemical leakage. Then, four phones were connected together, fitted with 3D-printed casings (外壳) and holders, and turned into a working prototype ready to be reused. The prototype was then tested underwater, where it participated in marine life monitoring by helping to count different sea species. Normally, these kinds of tasks require a diver to record a video and bring it to the surface for analysis. But with the prototype, the whole process was done automatically underwater. These tiny data centers have a wide range of applications. For example, they could be used in urban environments like bus stops to collect real-time data on the number of passengers, which could then be used to optimize public transportation networks. The team’s results show that old electronics can be given a new purpose, contributing to the development of more environmentally friendly and sustainable digital solutions. As Associate Professor Ulrich Norbisrath said, “Sustainability is not just about preserving the future — it’s about re-imagining the present, where yesterday’s devices become tomorrow’s opportunities.” 21．What does paragraph l mainly convey? A．The necessity to dispose of old smartphones. B．The consumption habits of smartphone users. C．The difficulty in recycling old smartphones. D．The importance of saving natural resources. 22．What does the underlined word “repurposed” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Recycled into raw materials. B．Adapted for a new function. C．Resold at a lower price. D．Upgraded to advanced versions. 23．What can the new devices be used for according to the text? A．Assisting divers to record videos. B．Monitoring air pollution in cities. C．Arranging bus schedules in cities. D．Counting marine species underwater. 24．What can be the best title for the text? A．Smartphones: An Increasing Environmental Burden. B．3D-Printing Technology: Empowering Old Smartphones. C．From Landfills to Data Centers: The Future of E-Waste. D．Underwater Technology: Revolutionizing Marine Monitoring. 【答案】21．A 22．B 23．D 24．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了塔尔图大学的研究人员研究将旧手机改造为微型数据中心，表明这一方法可行且具有环保价值。 21．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“With rapid tech development, users replace their still-functional phones on average every 2 to 3 years. At best, old devices are recycled; at worst, they end up in landfills. (随着科技的快速发展，用户平均每2至3年就会更换一次仍能正常使用的手机。在理想情况下，旧手机会被回收利用；而在最糟糕的情况下，它们最终会被填埋处理)”可知，第一段通过数据和对比，突出处理旧智能手机的必要性。故选A项。 22．词句猜测题。根据画线词的下文“tiny data centers capable of efficiently processing and storing data (能够高效处理和存储数据的微型数据中心)”可知，旧手机新的用途是作为微型数据中心，因此画线词意为“改造为新功能”。故选B项。 23．细节理解题。根据第五段中“The prototype was then tested underwater, where it participated in marine life monitoring by helping to count different sea species. (该原型机随后在水下进行了测试，通过协助统计不同海洋物种的数量，参与了海洋生物监测工作)”可知，新设备被用于在水下统计海洋物种。故选D项。 24．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“At best, old devices are recycled; at worst, they end up in landfills. (在理想情况下，旧手机会被回收利用；而在最糟糕的情况下，它们最终会被填埋处理)”和第二段中“Instead of discarding old smartphones, scientists have transformed them into miniature data centers. (科学家们并未丢弃旧手机，而是将其改造成了微型数据中心)”可知，文章首先提出旧手机处理的问题，再介绍研究人员探索的将旧手机改造为微型数据中心的解决方法，表明其可行且具有环保价值。因此，C项“从填埋场到数据中心：电子垃圾的未来”覆盖了核心方案和问题本质，最适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自我：生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C Passage 2 【答案】5．C 6．A 7．D 8．D Passage 3 【答案】9．C 10．D 11．B 12．C 主题02 人与社会：文化、社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．A Passage 2 【答案】5．D 6．B 7．A 8．A Passage 3 【答案】9．B 10．C 11．D 12．A 主题03 人与自然：环境与探索 Passage 1 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A Passage 2 【答案】5．B 6．B 7．C 8．D Passage 3 【答案】9．D 10．A 11．C 12．A 主题01 人与自我：生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】13．D 14．D 15．B 16．A Passage 2 【答案】21．B 22．D 23．B 24．C Passage 3 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 主题02 人与社会：文化、社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 【答案】13．A 14．B 15．B 16．D Passage 2 【答案】17．B 18．C 19．D 20．C Passage 3 【答案】21．B 22．D 23．B 24．D 主题03 人与自然：环境与探索 Passage 1 【答案】13．B 14．B 15．A 16．D Passage 2 【答案】17．A 18．B 19．A 20．C Passage 3 【答案】21．A 22．B 23．D 24．C / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $