专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编，河南专用）高一英语下学期

**基本信息** 聚焦“人与社会”“人与自我”“人与自然”三大主题，精选河南多校高一下期末真题，融合光绘艺术、AI性格、动物互助等科技与文化素材，全面考查阅读理解核心能力。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解|16篇（每篇4题）|细节理解（如光绘艺术特点）、推理判断（如AI互动影响）、主旨大意（如椋鸟互助意义）、词义猜测（如“refrain from”）|情境时代性：含科技前沿（无传感器机器人）、社会热点（巴黎无车计划）；问题层次性：从基础词义题到创新标题题，梯度分明|

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·河南信阳浉河区信阳高级中学·期末) Wang Sibo, the first person in Chinese light painting art, is good at creating light paintings in a Chinese style. Using light as ink and night as canvas (画布), he adds ancient cultural elements into modern art to create amazing works. For creators of light paintings, it does not require highly advanced painting skills. However, it is easier said than done. Wang Sibo once stated, “Light painting requires a strong sense of space and memory, as each stroke (笔画) of the brush is moving very fast and does not leave any mark. Therefore, one can only rely on their feelings and memories to paint in the air.” Since Wang Sibo began his journey in light painting, he has continuously improved his skills. He has a special fondness for Chinese dragons. To perfectly present the form and charm of dragons, Wang Sibo and his team devoted countless hours and efforts. After two years of hard work, they finally presented a surprising masterpiece. On a night in 2018, Wang Sibo and his team made history near Wangfujing Street, creating “Dragon Dance in China” — a 670-square-meter light painting that set the Guinness World Record for the “largest light painting pattern”. However, this was just the beginning. In 2021, they once again broke the world record for the largest light painting with “The Elegy of Light,” a 2021-square-meter masterpiece. Not stopping there, Wang Sibo made a new breakthrough in 2023 with “Awakening Lion,” completed by 328 people, earning the first-ever record for “the most people meanwhile creating a light painting.” In this way, Wang Sibo, with his Chinese-style light painting, has stood at the top of the world many times. For Wang Sibo, light painting is not only an art form, but also a means of expressing his inner self and releasing his emotions. He will continue to use light as a tool to illuminate (照亮) the path of traditional culture and convey its value and significance to the audience. 1．What is unique about Wang Sibo’s light painting? A．He only paints during the daytime. B．He needs special brushes and paints. C．He uses digital technology to create art. D．He combines traditional Chinese culture with modern art. 2．What can be inferred from Wang Sibo’s words? A．Light painting is quite challenging. B．Canvases of light paintings are in the air. C．Light painting can only be done by masters of painting. D．Creators of light painting should have strong emotions. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The significance of Wang Sibo’s light paintings. B．The unique charm of Wang Sibo’s light paintings. C．Wang Sibo’s remarkable achievements in light painting. D．The efforts Wang Sibo has made to set the Guinness World Record. 4．In which column of a magazine is this text most likely to appear? A．Pioneer. B．Fashion. C．Culture. D．Lifestyle. 主题02 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·河南天立教育集团·期末) It is rare that the CEO praises the virtues of sleeping late. According to one study, two-thirds of the CEOs of large American companies are up by 6 o’ clock, while for average Americans, the share is less than one third. For future corporate leaders, the message seems clear: you snooze (打盹), you lose. Mike has no such ambitions. But he’s tried with early starts, and finds they bring the sense of satisfaction that comes from arriving before your editor — mailbox can be cleared and problems solved before the flood of meetings, leaving you feeling well prepared for the day ahead. Early birds are certainly thought highly of. Rolling into the office late is unacceptable in most companies. A study published in 2020 found night owls (猫头鹰) were regarded as being “lazy” and “immature”. However, rising early is not all upside. Those prepared to receive work when the boss arrives may be assigned more of it. Urgent tasks often come up during the day, meaning early arrivals may end up working just as late as other colleagues. Waking before sunrise also risks making you a bore. Some early risers can’t help describing how much they got done while night owls hit the snooze button. Others go home early rather than socialize. Night owls, by contrast, let loose. In the eyes of many,late nights are the preserve of youth, while early mornings are viewed as for the elderly. If you’d like to change your body clock, it is possible to end in disappointment, as it is largely determined by genes. Perhaps the best advice is to stop worrying about your body clock. Most people are neither early birds nor night owls, but in between, struggling both in the morning and late evening. That is why most offices operate between 9 and 5 and why they ought to have break rooms. 1．What advantage does Mike find in early starts? A．Getting ready for the work. B．Enhancing creative thinking. C．Reducing workload pressure. D．Improving social relationships. 2．What can we learn from paragraph 4? A．Night owls feel more stressed. B．Rising early is altogether beneficial. C．Rising early probably means getting more work. D．One arriving early can end up in working earlier. 3．What does the underlined words “hit the snooze button” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Let out a yawn. B．Sleep a little longer. C．Turn off the alarm. D．Get up to make breakfast. 4．What is the author’s final advice regarding the body clock? A．Accept their genetic determination. B．Prioritize nighttime productivity. C．Adjust it through consistent habits. D．Balance work with regular breaks. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·河南鹤壁·期末) Scientists studying the behavior of starlings (椋鸟) have found their ability to give and take makes their relationships closer to human friendships than previously thought. About 10% of bird species breed (繁殖) “cooperatively”, meaning some individuals refrain from breeding to help others care for their babies. Now researchers studying starlings have found the support cuts both ways, with birds that received help in feeding or guarding their chicks returning the favor when the “helper” bird has babies of its own. Prof Dustin Rubenstein, a co-author of the study from the University of Colombia, said such behavior is probably necessary for starlings as they live in an environment where drought is common and food is limited. “Two birds probably can’t feed their babies on their own, so they need these helpers to help them survive,” he said, adding that each breeding pair produces few younger ones. “What happens is that the non-relatives come into the group. They breed pretty quickly, usually in the first year, maybe the second year, and then they take some time off and some of the other birds breed — and we never understood why,” said Rubenstein. “But they’re forming these relationships in the sense that I might help you this year, and then you’ll help me in the future.” The results agree with previous work from Rubenstein and co-workers that found starlings living in larger groups have a greater chance of survival and of producing babies, with the new work suggesting the give-and-take approach helps to enlarge these groups. Writing in the journal Nature, Rubenstein reported that his team studied starlings at 410 nests (鸟巢) in Kenya, recording data over a 20-year period from 2002 that covered more than 40 breeding seasons. The team also collected DNA from 1,175 birds to explore their relationships with each other. The results show that rather than helping birds at random, starlings preferentially helped breeding birds that were related to them, particularly if they were born in the same nest. However, they also helped unrelated breeding birds, even when there were opportunities to help relatives. 1．What do the underlined words “refrain from” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Practice. B．Recover. C．Avoid. D．Strengthen. 2．Why do starlings work together to breed? A．They require help due to terrible living conditions. B．They want to increase the adaptability of their babies. C．They enjoy the company of other birds during breeding. D．They aim to make the most of limited living space. 3．How did the researchers make the findings? A．By referring to previous studies. B．By tracking different species continuously. C．By making assumptions and proving them. D．By recording data personally and studying them. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．The Competition Between Starlings and Other Species B．A Comparison of Starling and Human Friendships C．DNA Information Shows Starling Family Relationship D．Starlings Increase Survival Chance by Supporting Each Other Passage 2 (24-25高一下·河南信阳浉河区信阳高级中学·期末) One trained California sea lion named Ronan can keep a beat better than some people, according to a new study published in the journal Scientific Reports. Ronan, a 15-year-old sea lion considered non-releasable after malnutrition, joined UC Santa Cruz’s Pinniped Lab in 2010. To put Ronan’s beat keeping to the test, the team designed an experiment to assess Ronan’s consistency and coordination (协调) in moving in time to the beat of a drum. They beat a drum at 112,120, and 128 beats per minute(bpm). They then presented these same sounds to 10undergraduate students between 18 and 23 years old and asked them to wave their hands in time to the drum beat. The team used video tracking software to monitor how precise the undergraduate’s timekeeping was. Overall, Ronan’s timekeeping was more accurate and less variable than the human test subjects. Ronan’s accuracy also increased with the tempo (节奏). At the tempo of 128 bpm, her average tempo was 129 bpm. The human subject’s average was only 116.2 bpm. After completing the test, Ronan was rewarded with a toy filled with fish and ice. Since this study only tested timekeeping with one trained sea lion and 10 humans, larger studies are needed to see if these results can be found. There is no shortage of great musicians among humans, who demonstrate high musical talent through their highly influential works. While humans may corner the market of writing songs, rhythm itself is more widespread across the animal kingdom. “Humans are animals. The more we look, the more we find that human capabilities exist in other species,” says Peter Cook, a study co-author. “To understand the human mind, how humans think and act, we need to examine the foundation of our behavior and cognition (认知). Studying other species provides a window into just that.” 1．Why did the researchers beat the drum with varied beats? A．To test Ronan’s tempo accuracy. B．To train Ronan to follow the beats. C．To measure Ronan’s speed of learning beats. D．To demonstrate drum skills to human subjects. 2．What can we learn about Ronan from the study results? A．Her performance improved with rewards. B．She followed the beat better. C．Her consistency declined without practice. D．She could adjust her average tempo. 3．What does the underlined phrase “corner the market” in the last paragraph probably mean? A．Need capabilities. B．Discover new ways. C．Establish dominance. D．Grasp marketing skills. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Sea Lion Ronan: A Beat-keeping Winner B．Sea Lion Ronan: A Window to Animal Behavior C．Sea Lion Ronan Succeeds in a Drum Competition D．Sea Lion Ronan Equals Humans in Sensing Beats Passage 3 (24-25高一下·河南周口黄泛区部分学校·期末) Recently, a video of four snow leopards climbing snowy cliffs (峭壁) in northern Pakistan made environmentalists very excited. Snow leopards are one kind of animals that are hard to find in the wild. Seeing just one on camera is difficult, let alone four at a time. This sighting is seen as a big win for Pakistan’s efforts to protect wildlife. Sakhawat Ali, a park worker who loves taking photos, filmed the snow leopards. He spent two weeks following their footprints in the Central Karakoram National Park, which is always covered in snow. It turned out that the four snow leopards were a mother and her three babies. Ali said that while people in his village often saw snow leopards, no one had ever seen four together before. He first saw the mother leopard. Then, he noticed more pawprints around. Later, from the roof of his house, he used binoculars (双筒望远镜) to look at a nearby cliff and was lucky enough to see all four leopards together. He quickly got his camera and filmed them from about 200 meters away. People in Ali’s village were happy about the sighting. However, they were also a bit worried that the leopards might attack their farm animals. Snow leopards are considered “vulnerable”, which means they are at risk of becoming endangered. They only live in high-altitude (海拔) mountains in the Himalayas, so they are seldom seen. The World Wildlife Fund in Pakistan said the sighting is a good sign, but snow leopards are still in danger. Snow leopards face many threats, like losing their homes and not having enough food. According to the United Nations, human activities and more livestock are harming the land where snow leopards live. This makes it harder for them to find food. Other problems include people hunting them illegally, new building projects destroying their habitats, and climate change making the situation worse. Given the terrible situation, it’s necessary that local communities work together to protect these amazing animals. Only in this way will future generations be able to see snow leopards in the wild. 1．Why did the sighting of four snow leopards excite environmentalists? A．It was a signal that the local climate was improving. B．It was unusual that snow leopards appeared in a group. C．It proved that snow leopards were no longer endangered. D．It indicated that snow leopards could adapt to new habitats. 2．How did Sakhawat Ali manage to film the snow leopards? A．By asking his neighbors for help. B．By tracking and observing them carefully. C．By waiting patiently near the cliff for long. D．By using advanced technology to search the mountains. 3．What is the villagers’ attitude towards the sighting? A．Mixed. B．Proud. C．Doubtful. D．Uncaring. 4．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A．To describe the challenges for animals. B．To show human activities’ influence on wildlife. C．To call for collective efforts to protect snow leopards. D．To tell about the great adaptability of snow leopards. Passage 4 (24-25高一下·河南洛阳·期末) “Bike buses” are taking over neighborhoods. Many families are giving up cars and starting a morning ride with friends, biking in organized groups led by grown-up volunteers. The effort is a call to fight against climate change, encourage exercise and reduce school drop-off traffic. And both parents and kids say it just makes the children happier. Dad Devin Olson organized a bike bus for his local school zone. Olson says cycling creates connectivity between all walks of life. Six years ago, Olson partnered Minneapolis Public Schools to run a 2-mile bike bus that dropped off students at two elementary schools. So far, Olson has led 11 semi-annual bike buses that have grown from about 60 participants to nearly 150. “We meet at 8 a.m. to play soccer and eat donuts (甜甜圈),” said Olson. “Then we review safety measures and start our ride. It’s nothing but laughing and pure joy.” The group makes about eight stops along the way to pick up children, many of whom are accompanied by parents. “We want kids to celebrate going to school,” explained Olson, adding that the kids who participate enjoy opportunities to communicate with students in different grades. Luke Bormheimer co-runs SF Bike Bus, which organizes city-wide school routes, with the goal of inspiring people around the country to start bike buses. “Our first 3-mile ride included more than 100 kids, families, and adults in one trip to school,” said Bornheimer. According to him, a successful bike bus takes place on a “slow street”. The bike bus experience has comforted parents who were nervous about their children’s safety on the road. “Our hope is to create a bike bus for every school,” he said. 1．What are the advantages of “bike buses” according to paragraph 1? A．Saving transportation costs, improving road safety, and increasing car usage. B．Reducing air pollution, promoting physical exercise, and easing school traffic. C．Replacing public transportation, decreasing activities and creating job opportunities. D．Improving family relationships, encouraging sports and speeding up school drop-off. 2．What can we infer from Devin Olson’s words and actions? A．He believes bike buses mainly benefit teenagers’ parents. B．He thinks bike buses should only focus on transportation. C．He plans to reduce the number of stops for the bike bus. D．He aims to make the school trip more enjoyable for kids. 3．What’s a “slow street” most probably? A．It’s a road where traffic jams often take place. B．It’s a road that is used only by public transports. C．It’s a shared road for bicyclists and car drivers. D．It’s a safe road for those lovers taking bus rides. 4．Why does Luke Bornheimer run SF Bike Bus? A．To ensure children’s safety on roads through “slow street” routes. B．To organize school trips for over 100 kids and families in the city. C．To encourage more cities to establish bike buses across the country. D．To replace traditional school transportation with eco-friendly biking. Passage 5 (24-25高一下·河南洛阳·期末) You’ve never seen a passenger pigeon (鸽子). But not too long ago, millions of them filled the skies. Suddenly, the bright noonday sky turns black, and the sound of millions of flapping (拍打) wings fills the air. The cloud of birds passes on, and on, and on, and you think it will never end. That’s what it was like when a group of passenger pigeons passed overhead. Yet now, they are extinct. Passenger pigeons, which once lived in the woodlands of eastern North America, were the most common bird in the world. But in 1914, the last bird died in a Cincinnati zoo. Her body was stuffed and put on display, so visitors could see what she had looked like. The billion-bird groups of passenger pigeons needed huge areas of wild forest to nest in, and to find nuts to eat. When European settlers arrived with guns, they couldn’t believe their luck. Pigeon was a popular food at that time. And here were whole forests full of dinner! Pigeon hunters destroyed the trees, shooting all the pigeons they could. Sometimes people shot passenger pigeons just for fun, to see who could get the most. Like all pigeons, passenger pigeons were social birds. They liked to hang out together in trees and fly together in big groups. They were also friendly and not afraid of humans. Unfortunately, this made them easy to hunt. The pigeons’ forest homes were disappearing, too. As more people moved west, they cut down trees for wood and to make room for farms. By the late 1800s, the birds were in trouble. Female passenger pigeons laid just one egg per year. So not enough babies were born to take the place of all the birds being killed. Extinction is a part of the cycle of nature. When conditions change, species must adapt to survive. Some evolve (进化) into new species. Some that don’t adapt will die off. They go extinct. Species can go extent when some sudden disaster happens, like the asteroid strike that wiped out the dinosaurs. 1．Why did European settlers hunt passenger pigeons? A．For food and fun. B．For wood and food. C．For sport and money. D．For farms and power. 2．What made passenger pigeons easy to hunt? A．Their flying way. B．Their large groups. C．Their love for nuts. D．Their social nature. 3．What does the text mainly talk about? A．Where the passenger pigeon has gone. B．Why the passenger pigeon went extinct. C．How humans conserve the passenger pigeon. D．What the life of the passenger pigeon is like. 4．What’s the structure of the text? A．Cause-effect. B．Definition-example. C．Problem-solution. D．Comparison-contrast. Passage 6 (24-25高一下·河南洛阳·期末) If you live in Singapore, you may have heard the adults in your family complaining about having to pay five cents for each disposable (一次性的) plastic shopping bag the supermarket. Why are supermarkets now charging for a plastic bag that used to be free? Every year, about six billion kilogrammes of rubbish ends up in the oceans. Most of this is plastic, and about sixty percent comes from the Asia-Pacific region. Some of the ocean plastics in Southeast Asia come from local consumers, but a lot of them are also exported into the region by some rich, developed countries, who do not wish to deal with their own rubbish, so they send it to developing countries with weaker regulations. Most plastic waste cannot actually be recycled because it is too dirty or mixed with other materials. In Singapore, waste is burnt, which contributes to air pollution. In other countries, rubbish is done with in landfills, which can pollute surface and groundwater resources, or might be dumped (丢弃) illegally in rivers. Plastic waste is dangerous to marine life as it can cause animals to choke. It slowly breaks apart into little pieces called microplastics, but cannot break down completely. Microplastics are swallowed by the tiniest micro-organisms and even end up in our food and bodies. However, it is not all doom and gloom. As mentioned at the beginning, charging consumers for plastic bags is an effective way to cut down on the amount of plastic that is thrown in rivers and the sea. Another way to stop plastic from entering the ocean is placing traps in rivers, such as the Interceptor, a rubbish collector, in Klang River, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In this system, floating booms (水栅) channel rubbish into the collector that collects it, and this enables rubbish to be done with properly. 1．How much of the rubbish in the oceans each year is from the Asia-Pacific region? A．About 2 billion kilogrammes. B．About 3.6 billion kilogrammes. C．About 16 billion kilogrammes. D．About 60 billion kilogrammes. 2．What may be written between paragraph 3 and paragraph 4? A．How plastic waste in the sea can be recycled. B．How microplastics in the sea come into being. C．How plastic in the sea affects animals and humans. D．How we can prevent plastic from getting into the sea. 3．What does the underlined part “doom and gloom” in the last paragraph mean? A．Excitement and joy. B．Surprise and curiosity. C．Success and achievement. D．Sadness and depression. 4．What’s the function of the booms? A．They direct and send rubbish towards the collector. B．They break down the plastic waste into small pieces. C．They move and catch plastic waste on the water surface. D．They prevent plastic waste from flowing along the water. Passage 7 (24-25高一下·河南安阳滑县部分学校·期末) Officials from the Central Utah Water Conservancy District have begun releasing around 87 billion liters of water from Utah Lake to the Great Salt Lake in a controlled release (排放). The plan involves releasing about 1 billion liters of water daily into the Jordan River to maintain stable water levels before the spring snowmelt. While this may seem like a huge amount of water, it’s reportedly the third such controlled release in the past decade. About 95% of Utah’s water supply comes from melting snowpack. Currently, the snowpack in the Wasatch Front region of north-central Utah is above average for this season. When this snow melts, substantial(大量的) amounts of water will flow into Utah Lake, which already has high water levels. As of February 28, the lake was at 96% capacity, slightly lower than at the same time last year. However, the water level will likely continue to rise as snow melts over the coming months. This means the lake is approaching what’s known as its “compromise level” (临界水位). At this level, control gates open to release water into the Jordan River. This prevents shoreline flooding and reduces flood risks downstream. While Utah Lake will receive substantial inflows from snowmelt, the Great Salt Lake faces a different situation. The lake’s southern arm receives inflows from the Jordan River. As of February 28, its water level stood at 1,278 meters elevation, 1.5 meters below the minimum healthy level. The Great Salt Lake may benefit from other controlled releases across its basin in coming months. Even before snowmelt begins, many reservoirs (水库) are nearing capacity. 1．What is the purpose of the water release plan? A．To store more water for winter. B．To control snowmelt speed. C．To maintain steady water levels. D．To prevent salt lake drying. 2．What can we infer about the snowpack in Wasatch Front? A．It is below average this year. B．It will cause little water inflow. C．It may lead to water overflow. D．It has already started to melt. 3．Why is water being sent from Utah Lake to Great Salt Lake? A．To stop Utah Lake from flooding. B．To fill the Great Salt Lake completely. C．To increase water in the Jordan River. D．To clean the water of Utah Lake. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Reservoirs will stop releasing water. B．Great Salt Lake may get more water. C．Snowpacks won’t melt in the coming months. D．The basin of Great Salt Lake is very small. 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·河南鹤壁·期末) When Yang Lu, a computer scientist, asked a chabot to work out 1-plus-l a few years ago, the chabot, not surprisingly, told her the answer was 2. But when Lu told it that her professor said 1-plus-l equals 3, the chatbot quickly agreed, saying, “I’m sorry for my mistake. Your professor is right.” Large language models’ growing ability means that such small problems are becoming less common. But Lu uses the example to prove that something similar to human personality — in this case, the characteristic (特性) of agreeableness — can drive how AI models produce text. Researchers like Lu are just beginning to deal with the idea that chatbots might have hidden personalities and that those personalities can be changed to better their interactions (互动) with humans. “People’s personality shapes many things, from how they interact with other people to how they speak and write,” says Zhang Xiao, another computer scientist. “Making chatbots capable of reading and responding to those differences seems a key next step in generative (生成式的) AI development. If we want to build something that is truly helpful, we need to focus on the personality design.” Yet, to most scientists working in the AI field, pointing out a machine’s personality, if they even have one, is especially challenging. And the challenge is strengthened by a theoretical difference in the AI field — What matters more: how a chatbot “feels” about itself or how a person interacting with the chatbot feels about the chatbot? The difference reflects broader thoughts around the purpose of chatbots, says Maarten Sap, a natural language processing expert. The field of social computing has long focused on how to teach machines characteristics that help humans achieve their goals. Such chatbots could serve as coaches or job trainers, for instance. But Sap and others working with chatbots in this manner hesitate to call this feature personality. “It doesn’t matter what the personality of AI is. What does matter is how it imteracts with its users and how it’s designed to respond,” Sap says. “That can look like personality to humans. Maybe we need new terminology (术语).” 1．What can we infer from Yang Lu’s experience with the chatbot? A．Humans depend heavily on chatbots. B．Chatbots’ personalities are unchangeable. C．Chatbots’ responses can be easily influenced. D．It’s difficult for chatbots to work out math problems. 2．What is important for the development of generative AI according to Zhang Xiao? A．Increasing research in human personalities. B．Changing chatbots’ interaction with humans. C．Making chatbots more thoughtful when providing information. D．Enabling chatbots to read and respond to personality-related differences. 3．What’s most scientists’ attitude towards the idea that a machine can have personalities? A．Unclear. B．Supportive. C．Uncaring. D．Doubtful. 4．What does Sap care about AI? A．How AI works for humans. B．What AI can do by itself. C．Whether AI has personalities. D．Why AI is good at language. Passage 2 (24-25高一下·河南信阳固始县永和高中联考·期末) Most people see innovation as a flash of brilliance and Eureka, a new world is born. When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928, he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched. Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”, and seemingly in a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics. The truth, however, is messier. It wasn’t until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use. To put Fleming’s discovery in context, consider Ignaz Semmelweis, who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房), significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame. That was because in the 1850s, his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory, which attributed disease to “bad airs”. After his death in 1865, germ theory was accepted, paving the way for Fleming’s later work. Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator. When he published his results in 1929, few took notice. In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming’s paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity. By 1943, with World War II raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945. Penicillin owes much of its success to government support. For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and GPS, their innovators, while carving their own path, are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations, who might have the resources to fast-track their ideas. So, look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down. 1．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．An account of a lab story. B．Redefinition of a traditional view. C．Correction of a popular misconception. D．An analysis of a scientific phenomenon. 2．What is the message conveyed about Fleming’s story? A．Great minds think alike. B．The early bird catches the worm. C．Luck’s got your back when it comes to success. D．Early work is a steppingstone to later breakthroughs. 3．What does the underlined part “ushering in” mean in paragraph 3? A．Delaying. B．Introducing. C．Predicting. D．Transforming. 4．Which of the following can be the best title? A．Great Innovations: Individuals Are True Heroes. B．From Failure to Success: The Story of Penicillin. C．The Lone Genius: Fleming’s Discovery of Penicillin. D．The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens. Passage 3 (24-25高一下·河南周口黄泛区部分学校·期末) When you think of a robot, you might picture something with a lot of sensors(传感器), and inflexible metal arms controlled by a computer. But scientists at the AMOLF Institute have created a robot that has no brain and no sensors. It carries its own battery-powered pump (泵). And yet this robot can “walk” by itself. How is this possible? The team behind the robot says the secret is in the science of how air moves. If you’ve ever seen a “tube (管子) dancer” walking around, then you’ve seen the science that makes this robot work. Tube dancers are tall thin tubes of cloth, through which air is pumped. High pressure from the pumped air fills the tube, making it stand up. Similarly, the pressure caused by the flow of air is exactly what drives the robot. When the air starts to flow in the tubes, the tubes move in different ways. But very quickly, all of these “legs” start to move in exactly the same way, making the robot walk. The robot’s speed is controlled by the air pressure. There are several notable things about the robot. The first is its speed. The robot can cover a distance equal to thirty times the length of its body in a second. That would be like the world’s fastest man, Usain Bolt, running the 100-meter race in 1.71 seconds. The robot also adjusts smoothly to its conditions. It can go over uneven ground. If it runs into a wall, it naturally turns. Perhaps the most surprising is the fact that if the robot is dropped into water, it begins moving in a new way that allows it to swim. As there’s no brain, the scientists say their new invention is really just a machine. But it’s a machine that can do several complicated (复杂的) tasks that would normally require lots of very difficult programming for a robot. So far, the robot can conduct most of the tasks with ease. The researchers say that in the future they hope to develop new ways to control the robot and perhaps give it more skills. 1．Why is the tube dancer mentioned in paragraph 2? A．To make the robot’s working principle easy to understand. B．To introduce another impressive invention. C．To present the inspiration for the robot. D．To stress the robot’s uniqueness. 2．What enables the robot to move forward? A．The human operator. B．The computer-controlled system. C．The air pressure. D．The combination of batteries and sensors. 3．What can we learn about the robot from the text? A．It requires complicated programming. B．It may have more functions added in the future. C．It can beat Bolt in running. D．It features a higher intelligence level than other robots. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A．The Science of Air Pressure. B．The Development of Robots. C．Sensor-Free Robot Challenges Traditional Views. D．Robots Are Faced with Energy-Saving Requirement. Passage 4 (24-25高一下·河南驻马店部分高中联考·期末) Online stars, or influencers, appear to have a strong influence on what people believe and how they act. They attract huge numbers of followers and regularly share posts to connect with their audience. Their advice often guides fans’ choices, and they even hold seats at events like White House news meetings. But does this mean people actually remember their messages better? When we follow these influencers, we focus on two key features(特征)that characterize influencers: having large numbers of followers and creating content that receives large numbers of likes. These features show collective approval and trustworthiness. Since people usually remember information from important real-life figures (like bosses) better, would it be the same case for information shared by social media influencers? To find it out, we ran four tests where people read posts on platforms similar to Twitter (for health news) and Facebook (for personal stories). Some posts were from influencers’ accounts with many followers or likes, others from regular accounts. After viewing posts, participants took memory tests—recalling details and answering multiplechoice questions. Across all four tests, we found these people did not remember facts or stories shared by online stars any better than those shared by regular users. The findings were consistent when participants were recalling and recognizing messages, regardless of their background or general social conformity(从众)tendency. Interestingly, participants clearly rated the online stars as more popular, trustworthy, likable, and attractive. Yet this positive feeling did not mean stronger memory for their actual messages. This difference shows that while people view influencers positively, their messages aren’t more memorable. Influencers clearly affect their fans, but not through lasting memory. Their power likely comes from a “mental shortcut”: people quickly accept information shared by their online icons without deep thought or careful remembering. This blind trust guides judgments and actions. While fast, this approach risks poor choices—like buying useless products. Then how to stop such things happening? Paying closer attention to and analyzing the details, and reminding ourselves not to rely on shortcuts or blind belief can help fight this tendency. 1．Why are the tests conducted? A．To recognize which posts are worth reading. B．To make clear who are the most trustworthy. C．To find out if messages from influencers are memorable. D．To prove how real-world figures improve their status. 2．What does the underlined part “consistent” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Alike. B．Welcome. C．Useful. D．Confusing. 3．What does the text suggest we do to prevent poor choices? A．Follow more online stars for different opinions. B．Concentrate on the number of likes and followers. C．Gather, contrast and remember words from influencers. D．Focus on details, think carefully and avoid blind trust. 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Why do People Trust Online Stars? B．Are Influencers Actually More Influential? C．How do Social Media Improve Memory? D．Do Influencers Spread Accurate Information? 主题02 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·河南信阳固始县永和高中联考·期末) In his book on basketball great Bill Bradley, writer John McPhee proposes that Bradley’s greatest asset had little to do with speed, strength, or flexibility. It had to do with his eyes. The work of University of Notre Dame researcher Matthew Robison suggests that McPhee may have been onto something. In a recent study Robison documented a phenomenon in eye movement — that links a steady, focused gaze with higher levels of performance. He made the discovery thanks to the unique capabilities of his lab, which includes over a dozen advanced instruments for tracking eye movement. These devices capture images of the eyes every four milliseconds, providing 250 frames per second. This detailed look at the eyes allows Robi-son to “read” the complex language of minute eye movement. Recently, though, Robison has been most interested not in why our eyes move, but in why we might — or might want to — keep them still. He was inspired to explore the meaning of a steady gaze by the work of applied sports psychologists helping athletes achieve high levels of performance. “Sports psychologists regularly advise that if you’re shooting a free throw in basketball, pick a spot on the edge and focus on it for a few seconds. Then shoot the free throw. The advice seems sound in many cases. But the causal pathway behind this phenomenon has not been thoroughly demonstrated or explained.” Robison explains. Robison assumed that a steady gaze had to do with attention control and better performance. To test his assumption, he recruited（招募）nearly 400 participants. Robison found that across the board, those participants who kept their gaze steady in the moments just before being called upon to complete a task performed with greater speed and with greater accuracy. His work suggested another question for Robison to explore: Would it be possible to train individuals to perform better by training them in developing a steadier gaze? So Robison launched a new three-year project focused on answering it. 1．What can be inferred about McPhee’s observation of Bill Bradley? A．It lacked scientific basis at the time. B．It revolutionized basketball training. C．It matched later scientific findings. D．It contradicted traditional coaching methods. 2．What does the underlined word “minute” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Time-related. B．Extremely small. C．Carefully recorded. D．Scientifically important. 3．What is the Robison’s attitude toward the sports psychology advice? A．Indifferent due to lack of theoretical support. B．Temporarily acceptable but requiring evidence. C．Supportive without reservation. D．Critical of its oversimplification. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Evolution of Basketball Training Techniques B．Eye Tracking Technology: From Theory to Practice C．The Science Behind a Steady Gaze and Peak Performance D．Bill Bradley: A Case Study in Athletic Excellence Passage 2 (24-25高一下·河南濮阳·期末) Children should be encouraged to play puzzles in school, says the creator of the Rubik’s Cube(魔方). Rubik, a former professor in Hungary, created the Cube in 1974 as a teaching tool to help students understand how the concept(概念) of space could be seen and used. According to him, puzzles such as the Rubik’s Cube mirror the challenges we face in the real world, offering a hands-on approach to problem-solving. The reward is the solution itself, and the drive to get there is simply the curiosity and perseverance that we share as humans. Judit Polgar, regarded as the strongest female chess player of all time, agreed. She said, “Chess of course adds some more difficulty by actually facing an enemy, so it also contributes to our competitive spirit, like guessing your partner’s intentions. Whether you love a challenge or feel scared by them is decided at a very early age, so it is our responsibility to develop the mindset(心态) in young children to enjoy problem-solving.” In 1991, Polgar earned the title of grandmaster at the age of 15, becoming the youngest to do so at the time and breaking the record previously held by the former world champion Bobby Fischer. She retired from competitive chess in 2014 but remains an active supporter for the game, particularly in education, encouraging girls to pursue it as part of the school courses. Through her Chess Palace online course, she manages to magnetize children across homes, nurseries and schools. Rubik explained how puzzles could promote the mental capability to prevent and solve conflicts(冲突). He said, “I think the most important thing today is education— to give the next generations the mental power to be capable of handling situations and to teach them how it is possible to solve problems that have already been created, how it is possible to slow them down, and how it is possible to change human behavior.” 1．What was Rubik’s original purpose in creating the Rubik’s Cube? A．To make a fortune. B．To challenge puzzle lovers. C．To celebrate high-achieving students. D．To assist students with their sense of space. 2．What message do Judit Polgar’s words in paragraph 3 deliver? A．People’s attitude towards challenges is unchangeable. B．The more one plays chess, the weaker his competitive spirit is. C．The earlier one experiences challenging games, the better. D．Problem-solving in chess is much easier than that in real life. 3．What does the underlined word “magnetize” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Draw. B．Spot. C．Judge. D．Select. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The history of the Rubik’s Cube. B．The achievements of Judit Polgar in chess. C．The benefits of puzzles and chess in education. D．The significance of developing children’s mental capability. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·河南安阳滑县部分学校·期末) The “City of Lights” in France is reducing its carbon footprint with plans to block cars from more city streets. This is a big win for pedestrians (行人) and will improve the quality of life for Parisians. It is also a big win for environmentalists, who see Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo’s plan, passed in late March 2025, as a way to support climate policies. The proposal to close hundreds of streets to road traffic passed with nearly 66 percent of the vote (投票). The road surface will be replaced with trees and plants. Over the past few years, Hidalgo has supported closing streets to car traffic as a way to reduce air pollution and to help the city fight the effects of climate change. Since 2020, the city has built 240 new miles of bicycle lanes (自行车道) and removed thousands of outdoor parking spaces. As a result, car traffic has decreased significantly. The new vote was the third environment-related vote in three years. In 2023, voters approved a ban on e-scooters, and last year, they approved tripling parking fees for large SUVs. Now, adding 500 streets for pedestrians only will bring the total to 800, or about a tenth of the city’s streets. France is not the only country that is trying to remove cars and add public space for pedestrians and cyclists. This anti-car attitude is becoming more popular across Europe. Oslo, Norway’s capital city, made its central zone car-free in 2017. Although many worried that banning cars would drive customers away, the opposite happened. Business increased in the newly pedestrian-only areas. Madrid, Spain, banned fossil fuel-powered cars from entering the city center in 2019. Only zero-emission vehicles, public transportation, and delivery vehicles are allowed. Other cities have car-free days or car-free city centers. But Paris, which has fewer green spaces compared to other cities, is trying to turn the City of Lights into a city full of greenery. This will have a positive impact on the quality of life for its residents and will also be good for the planet. 1．What do we know about Paris’s car-free plan? A．It is designed to increase green spaces. B．It bans all cars from city streets. C．It was passed by a majority in March. D．It was put forward by environmentalists. 2．What measure has Paris taken to reduce car traffic since 2020? A．It built more parking spaces. B．It extended bicycle paths. C．It increased car production. D．It banned all vehicles. 3．What is the author’s attitude to the car-free movement in European cities? A．Unclear. B．Supportive. C．Negative. D．Uncaring. 4．What’s the best title for the text? A．More Paris Streets Are Going Car-Free B．European Cities’ Struggles with Traffic Jams C．The History of Traffic Rules in France D．How to Reduce Carbon Footprint in Big Cities Passage 2 (24-25高一下·河南驻马店部分高中联考·期末) Nowadays, our planet is facing big problems like climate change and pollution. Living green isn’t just an option—it’s essential for our planet’s future. Small changes in our daily lives can make a huge difference to the environment. Transportation is a good starting point. Instead of always driving alone in a car, we can take the bus, subway, or ride a bike. These options produce fewer harmful gases. If you need to buy a car, electric cars are a better choice because they don’t burn gasoline, which means less air pollution. This simple change helps make the air cleaner and slows down climate change. What we do at home also plays a huge role. Energy conservation is simpler than we think. Swapping old light bulbs for LEDs saves electricity and lasts longer. Turning off unused TVs and computers—these small habits add up to big savings. Some households even install solar panels. These panels catch the sun’s energy, powering homes with clean, renewable electricity and reducing reliance on coal and gas. Our trash disposal(处理)habits are another key area. The “reduce, reuse, recycle” principle is easy to follow. For example, saying no to single-use plastic straws and disposable bags is a simple choice. Reusable metal straws and cloth bags are durable and stylish choices. Recycling paper, plastic, glass, and metal conserves resources and saves energy. The food we choose affects the planet too. Buying local fruits and vegetables cuts down on emissions from long-distance transportation. Growing herbs or small vegetables at home, whether in a backyard or on a balcony, is a rewarding way to reduce our environmental impact. Additionally, reducing meat diet makes a difference. Raising animals for meat requires amounts of water, land, and feed, and generates greenhouse gases. Choosing plant-based meals a few times a week is a delicious way to be kinder to the Earth. Green living is about making smart daily decisions. Whether it’s in transportation, energy use, waste management, food, or fashion, every action counts. These changes benefit the Earth, promote healthier living, and can even save money over time. Together, we can protect our planet for generations to come. 1．Why are electric cars a better choice? A．They reduce noise pollution. B．They slow climate change. C．They use fewer harmful gases. D．They relieve transport pressure. 2．How does the author develop paragraph 3? A．By giving examples. B．By classifying information. C．By listing figures. D．By making comparisons. 3．Which of the following can help reduce environmental impact? A．Buying fresh imported fruits. B．Eating meat-based meals daily. C．Planting vegetables in one’s own yard. D．Using disposable cups instead of reusable ones. 4．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To solve environmental problems. B．To present a plant-based diet. C．To compare transport options. D．To advocate eco-friendly lifestyles. Passage 3 (24-25高一下·河南濮阳·期末) Scientists have long known that chimps(黑猩猩)sometimes use leaves or insects as medicine. Now, researchers studying chimps in Uganda have discovered that the animals will sometimes provide “first aid” to each other. This suggests that chimps may be able to think about how to help others, as well as themselves. In 2021, Dr. Elodie Freymann went to Uganda to study the chimps in the Budongo Forest. As Dr. Freymann was looking through notes from other researchers, she noticed that there were several stories about chimps caring for themselves or others. She and her team decided to look through 30years of notes from researchers who had studied chimps in the region. They also spent eight months studying two separate groups of chimps in the forest. The researchers found 34 examples of chimps treating their own wounds. Often, this sort of “self-care” was very basic, like licking a wound or cleaning themselves with leaves. Sometimes it was more complicated(复杂的). In some cases, Dr. Freymann says, the chimps “chew the plants up, and then apply the chewed material to the open injury.” The self-care of the chimps was interesting. But even more interesting were the seven cases they found of chimps helping out other chimps. This seems to show that chimps may be able to tell when another needs help. It’s fairly unusual for animals to try to help another injured animal. What’s really amazing is that the chimps who helped others weren’t even related. In one notable case, an adult female chewed a leaf to put on her wound. The chimp’s younger daughter saw this, and then did exactly the same thing, chewing up a leaf and putting it on her mother’s injury. What needs further research is how much of this behavior comes from the chimps’ natural instincts(本能), and how much is learned from other chimps. As for that, not all team members agree. A team member, Ryan Black, believes such behavior comes from instincts, but that others seem so complicated that they’re probably learned. 1．How did Dr. Freymann and her team conduct their research? A．By carrying out experiments in labs. B．By interviewing experts in chimp behavior. C．By following an individual chimp for long. D．By combining past records with field observations. 2．What surprised the researchers about the findings? A．The variety of plants chimps used for treatment. B．The fact that chimps helped unrelated individuals. C．The speed at which chimps learned new behaviors. D．The limited medical techniques chimps could employ. 3．What’s Black’s attitude towards the idea that the self-care behavior is born? A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Uncaring. D．Unclear. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．The Struggles Facing Chimps B．Chimps Perform First Aid on Each Other C．Chimps Learn Medical Skills from Humans D．The Ways Chimps Communicate with Each Other / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 答案版 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1：1．D 2．A 3．C 4．A 主题02 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1：1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 主题02 人与自然 Passage 1：1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D Passage 2：1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A Passage 3：1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C Passage 4：1．B 2．D 3．C 4．C Passage 5：1．A 2．D 3．B 4．A Passage 6：1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A Passage 7：1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1：1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A Passage 2：1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D Passage 3：1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C Passage 4：1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 主题02 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1：1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C Passage 2：1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1：1．C 2．B 3．B 4．A Passage 2：1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D Passage 3：1．D 2．B 3．A 4．B / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·河南信阳浉河区信阳高级中学·期末) Wang Sibo, the first person in Chinese light painting art, is good at creating light paintings in a Chinese style. Using light as ink and night as canvas (画布), he adds ancient cultural elements into modern art to create amazing works. For creators of light paintings, it does not require highly advanced painting skills. However, it is easier said than done. Wang Sibo once stated, “Light painting requires a strong sense of space and memory, as each stroke (笔画) of the brush is moving very fast and does not leave any mark. Therefore, one can only rely on their feelings and memories to paint in the air.” Since Wang Sibo began his journey in light painting, he has continuously improved his skills. He has a special fondness for Chinese dragons. To perfectly present the form and charm of dragons, Wang Sibo and his team devoted countless hours and efforts. After two years of hard work, they finally presented a surprising masterpiece. On a night in 2018, Wang Sibo and his team made history near Wangfujing Street, creating “Dragon Dance in China” — a 670-square-meter light painting that set the Guinness World Record for the “largest light painting pattern”. However, this was just the beginning. In 2021, they once again broke the world record for the largest light painting with “The Elegy of Light,” a 2021-square-meter masterpiece. Not stopping there, Wang Sibo made a new breakthrough in 2023 with “Awakening Lion,” completed by 328 people, earning the first-ever record for “the most people meanwhile creating a light painting.” In this way, Wang Sibo, with his Chinese-style light painting, has stood at the top of the world many times. For Wang Sibo, light painting is not only an art form, but also a means of expressing his inner self and releasing his emotions. He will continue to use light as a tool to illuminate (照亮) the path of traditional culture and convey its value and significance to the audience. 1．What is unique about Wang Sibo’s light painting? A．He only paints during the daytime. B．He needs special brushes and paints. C．He uses digital technology to create art. D．He combines traditional Chinese culture with modern art. 2．What can be inferred from Wang Sibo’s words? A．Light painting is quite challenging. B．Canvases of light paintings are in the air. C．Light painting can only be done by masters of painting. D．Creators of light painting should have strong emotions. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The significance of Wang Sibo’s light paintings. B．The unique charm of Wang Sibo’s light paintings. C．Wang Sibo’s remarkable achievements in light painting. D．The efforts Wang Sibo has made to set the Guinness World Record. 4．In which column of a magazine is this text most likely to appear? A．Pioneer. B．Fashion. C．Culture. D．Lifestyle. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。中国光绘艺术第一人王思博擅长中式光绘，凭空间感和记忆创作，其团队多次打破吉尼斯纪录，他以光绘传承传统文化。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Using light as ink and night as canvas (画布), he adds ancient cultural elements into modern art to create amazing works.(他以光为墨，以夜为画布，将古老的文化元素融入现代艺术之中，创作出令人惊叹的作品)”可知，王思博的光绘作品将中国传统文化与现代艺术相结合。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Wang Sibo once stated, “Light painting requires a strong sense of space and memory, as each stroke (笔画) of the brush is moving very fast and does not leave any mark. Therefore, one can only rely on their feelings and memories to paint in the air.”(王思博曾表示：“光绘需要很强的空间感和记忆力，因为画笔的每一笔移动都非常迅速，不会留下任何痕迹。因此，只能依靠自己的感觉和记忆在空中作画。”)”可知，光绘创作相当具有挑战性。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“On a night in 2018, Wang Sibo and his team made history near Wangfujing Street, creating “Dragon Dance in China” — a 670-square-meter light painting that set the Guinness World Record for the “largest light painting pattern”. However, this was just the beginning. In 2021, they once again broke the world record for the largest light painting with “The Elegy of Light,” a 2021-square-meter masterpiece. Not stopping there, Wang Sibo made a new breakthrough in 2023 with “Awakening Lion,” completed by 328 people, earning the first-ever record for “the most people meanwhile creating a light painting.” In this way, Wang Sibo, with his Chinese-style light painting, has stood at the top of the world many times.(2018 年的一个夜晚，王思博和他的团队在王府井大街附近创造了历史，他们创作了“中国龙舞”——一幅 670 平方米的光影画作，该作品打破了“最大光影画图案”的吉尼斯世界纪录。然而这只是开始。2021 年，他们再次打破了最大光影画的纪录，创作了《光之哀歌》，这是一幅 2021 平方米的杰作。不仅如此，王思博在 2023 年又取得了新的突破，创作了《觉醒的狮子》，由 328 人共同完成，获得了“同时创作光影画的人数最多”的首个世界纪录。就这样，王思博凭借他的中式光影画，在世界舞台上多次登顶)”可知，第四段主要讲的是王思博在光绘方面取得的非凡成就。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Wang Sibo, the first person in Chinese light painting art, is good at creating light paintings in a Chinese style. Using light as ink and night as canvas (画布), he adds ancient cultural elements into modern art to create amazing works.(王思博是首位在中国开展光绘艺术创作的人，他擅长以中国风格创作光绘作品。他以光为墨、以夜为画布，将古代文化元素融入现代艺术之中，创作出令人惊叹的作品)”结合文章主要说明了中国光绘艺术第一人王思博擅长中式光绘，凭空间感和记忆创作，其团队多次打破吉尼斯纪录，他以光绘传承传统文化。可知，这篇文章最有可能出现在《先锋》的杂志上，故选A。 主题02 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·河南天立教育集团·期末) It is rare that the CEO praises the virtues of sleeping late. According to one study, two-thirds of the CEOs of large American companies are up by 6 o’ clock, while for average Americans, the share is less than one third. For future corporate leaders, the message seems clear: you snooze (打盹), you lose. Mike has no such ambitions. But he’s tried with early starts, and finds they bring the sense of satisfaction that comes from arriving before your editor — mailbox can be cleared and problems solved before the flood of meetings, leaving you feeling well prepared for the day ahead. Early birds are certainly thought highly of. Rolling into the office late is unacceptable in most companies. A study published in 2020 found night owls (猫头鹰) were regarded as being “lazy” and “immature”. However, rising early is not all upside. Those prepared to receive work when the boss arrives may be assigned more of it. Urgent tasks often come up during the day, meaning early arrivals may end up working just as late as other colleagues. Waking before sunrise also risks making you a bore. Some early risers can’t help describing how much they got done while night owls hit the snooze button. Others go home early rather than socialize. Night owls, by contrast, let loose. In the eyes of many,late nights are the preserve of youth, while early mornings are viewed as for the elderly. If you’d like to change your body clock, it is possible to end in disappointment, as it is largely determined by genes. Perhaps the best advice is to stop worrying about your body clock. Most people are neither early birds nor night owls, but in between, struggling both in the morning and late evening. That is why most offices operate between 9 and 5 and why they ought to have break rooms. 1．What advantage does Mike find in early starts? A．Getting ready for the work. B．Enhancing creative thinking. C．Reducing workload pressure. D．Improving social relationships. 2．What can we learn from paragraph 4? A．Night owls feel more stressed. B．Rising early is altogether beneficial. C．Rising early probably means getting more work. D．One arriving early can end up in working earlier. 3．What does the underlined words “hit the snooze button” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Let out a yawn. B．Sleep a little longer. C．Turn off the alarm. D．Get up to make breakfast. 4．What is the author’s final advice regarding the body clock? A．Accept their genetic determination. B．Prioritize nighttime productivity. C．Adjust it through consistent habits. D．Balance work with regular breaks. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了多数美国大公司CEO早起，早起者受认可，但也有弊端，如可能多干活、让人觉得无趣。对此文章指出生物钟多由基因决定，不必纠结，多数人介于两者之间。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Mike has no such ambitions. But he’s tried with early starts, and finds they bring the sense of satisfaction that comes from arriving before your editor — mailbox can be cleared and problems solved before the flood of meetings, leaving you feeling well prepared for the day ahead.(迈克并没有这样的抱负。但他曾尝试过提前开始工作，结果发现这样做能带来一种满足感，那就是在编辑的邮箱还未清理完毕、问题还未解决之前就完成了工作——这样能让你在众多会议之前做好充分准备，从而感觉一切都很有条理)”可知，迈克觉得早起可以为工作做好准备。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Those prepared to receive work when the boss arrives may be assigned more of it.(那些愿意在老板到来时就做好准备迎接工作的人可能会被分配到更多的工作任务)”可知，早起可能意味着要完成更多的工作。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Waking before sunrise also risks making you a bore.(清晨起床就有可能让你变得乏味)”以及下文“Night owls, by contrast, let loose.(相比之下，夜猫子们则尽情享受夜晚的时光)”可知，夜猫子们享受夜晚的时光，所以清晨睡得较久。故划线词意思是“睡得较久”。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“If you’d like to change your body clock, it is possible to end in disappointment, as it is largely determined by genes. Perhaps the best advice is to stop worrying about your body clock. Most people are neither early birds nor night owls, but in between, struggling both in the morning and late evening.(如果你想改变自己的生物钟，可能会事与愿违，因为这在很大程度上是由基因决定的。或许最好的建议就是别再为自己的生物钟而烦恼了。大多数人都既不是早起的鸟儿，也不是夜猫子，而是介于两者之间的类型，白天和晚上都难以保持良好的状态)”可知，关于生物钟，作者的最终建议是接受其由基因决定的事实。故选A。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·河南鹤壁·期末) Scientists studying the behavior of starlings (椋鸟) have found their ability to give and take makes their relationships closer to human friendships than previously thought. About 10% of bird species breed (繁殖) “cooperatively”, meaning some individuals refrain from breeding to help others care for their babies. Now researchers studying starlings have found the support cuts both ways, with birds that received help in feeding or guarding their chicks returning the favor when the “helper” bird has babies of its own. Prof Dustin Rubenstein, a co-author of the study from the University of Colombia, said such behavior is probably necessary for starlings as they live in an environment where drought is common and food is limited. “Two birds probably can’t feed their babies on their own, so they need these helpers to help them survive,” he said, adding that each breeding pair produces few younger ones. “What happens is that the non-relatives come into the group. They breed pretty quickly, usually in the first year, maybe the second year, and then they take some time off and some of the other birds breed — and we never understood why,” said Rubenstein. “But they’re forming these relationships in the sense that I might help you this year, and then you’ll help me in the future.” The results agree with previous work from Rubenstein and co-workers that found starlings living in larger groups have a greater chance of survival and of producing babies, with the new work suggesting the give-and-take approach helps to enlarge these groups. Writing in the journal Nature, Rubenstein reported that his team studied starlings at 410 nests (鸟巢) in Kenya, recording data over a 20-year period from 2002 that covered more than 40 breeding seasons. The team also collected DNA from 1,175 birds to explore their relationships with each other. The results show that rather than helping birds at random, starlings preferentially helped breeding birds that were related to them, particularly if they were born in the same nest. However, they also helped unrelated breeding birds, even when there were opportunities to help relatives. 1．What do the underlined words “refrain from” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Practice. B．Recover. C．Avoid. D．Strengthen. 2．Why do starlings work together to breed? A．They require help due to terrible living conditions. B．They want to increase the adaptability of their babies. C．They enjoy the company of other birds during breeding. D．They aim to make the most of limited living space. 3．How did the researchers make the findings? A．By referring to previous studies. B．By tracking different species continuously. C．By making assumptions and proving them. D．By recording data personally and studying them. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．The Competition Between Starlings and Other Species B．A Comparison of Starling and Human Friendships C．DNA Information Shows Starling Family Relationship D．Starlings Increase Survival Chance by Supporting Each Other 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究发现椋鸟通过“今年我帮你，未来你助我”的互惠合作繁殖机制，在干旱恶劣环境中显著提高生存率和繁殖成功率，这种合作既发生在亲属间也存在于非亲属个体中。 1．词句猜测题。根据画线部分的上文“About 10% of bird species breed (繁殖) “cooperatively” (约10%的鸟类会“合作繁殖”)”和下文“to help others care for their babies (来帮助其他鸟照顾幼雏)”可知，合作繁殖意味着为了帮助照顾其他鸟的幼雏而避免自己繁殖，画线部分意为“避免，克制”，与Avoid意思一致。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Prof Dustin Rubenstein, a co-author of the study from the University of Colombia, said such behavior is probably necessary for starlings as they live in an environment where drought is common and food is limited. (该研究的合著者、哥伦比亚大学的Dustin Rubenstein教授表示，这种行为对椋鸟可能是必要的，因为它们生活在干旱常见且食物有限的环境中)”和第三段中“Two birds probably can’t feed their babies on their own, so they need these helpers to help them survive (两只成年鸟可能无法独自哺育幼雏，因此需要其他协助者来帮助它们生存)”可知，椋鸟合作繁殖后代是因为它们的生存条件非常恶劣，需要帮助。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Writing in the journal Nature, Rubenstein reported that his team studied starlings at 410 nests (鸟巢) in Kenya, recording data over a 20-year period from 2002 that covered more than 40 breeding seasons. The team also collected DNA from 1,175 birds to explore their relationships with each other. (Rubenstein在《自然》期刊发表的论文中报告称，其研究团队对肯尼亚410个燕巢的椋鸟进行了观察研究。该团队自2002年起历时20年收集数据，涵盖了超过40个繁殖季的记录。研究人员还采集了1175只椋鸟的DNA样本，用以分析个体间的亲缘关系)”可知，研究人员通过亲自记录数据并研究数据得出了这一发现。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第四段“The results agree with previous work from Rubenstein and co-workers that found starlings living in larger groups have a greater chance of survival and of producing babies, with the new work suggesting the give-and-take approach helps to enlarge these groups. (这一研究结果与Rubenstein团队此前的研究相吻合：群居规模更大的椋鸟不仅生存概率更高，繁殖成功率也更为显著。最新研究进一步揭示，这种“互帮互助”的行为模式正是促进群体规模扩大的关键机制)”可知，文章围绕一项针对椋鸟繁殖机制的研究展开，该研究发现它们通过互惠合作繁殖机制，在干旱恶劣环境中显著提高生存率和繁殖成功率，且这种合作既发生在亲属间也存在于非亲属个体中。因此，D项“椋鸟通过互相支持来增加生存率”概括了研究发现，最适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 Passage 2 (24-25高一下·河南信阳浉河区信阳高级中学·期末) One trained California sea lion named Ronan can keep a beat better than some people, according to a new study published in the journal Scientific Reports. Ronan, a 15-year-old sea lion considered non-releasable after malnutrition, joined UC Santa Cruz’s Pinniped Lab in 2010. To put Ronan’s beat keeping to the test, the team designed an experiment to assess Ronan’s consistency and coordination (协调) in moving in time to the beat of a drum. They beat a drum at 112,120, and 128 beats per minute(bpm). They then presented these same sounds to 10undergraduate students between 18 and 23 years old and asked them to wave their hands in time to the drum beat. The team used video tracking software to monitor how precise the undergraduate’s timekeeping was. Overall, Ronan’s timekeeping was more accurate and less variable than the human test subjects. Ronan’s accuracy also increased with the tempo (节奏). At the tempo of 128 bpm, her average tempo was 129 bpm. The human subject’s average was only 116.2 bpm. After completing the test, Ronan was rewarded with a toy filled with fish and ice. Since this study only tested timekeeping with one trained sea lion and 10 humans, larger studies are needed to see if these results can be found. There is no shortage of great musicians among humans, who demonstrate high musical talent through their highly influential works. While humans may corner the market of writing songs, rhythm itself is more widespread across the animal kingdom. “Humans are animals. The more we look, the more we find that human capabilities exist in other species,” says Peter Cook, a study co-author. “To understand the human mind, how humans think and act, we need to examine the foundation of our behavior and cognition (认知). Studying other species provides a window into just that.” 1．Why did the researchers beat the drum with varied beats? A．To test Ronan’s tempo accuracy. B．To train Ronan to follow the beats. C．To measure Ronan’s speed of learning beats. D．To demonstrate drum skills to human subjects. 2．What can we learn about Ronan from the study results? A．Her performance improved with rewards. B．She followed the beat better. C．Her consistency declined without practice. D．She could adjust her average tempo. 3．What does the underlined phrase “corner the market” in the last paragraph probably mean? A．Need capabilities. B．Discover new ways. C．Establish dominance. D．Grasp marketing skills. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Sea Lion Ronan: A Beat-keeping Winner B．Sea Lion Ronan: A Window to Animal Behavior C．Sea Lion Ronan Succeeds in a Drum Competition D．Sea Lion Ronan Equals Humans in Sensing Beats 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一只名叫Ronan的加州海狮展现出超越一些人类的节奏感。通过与大学生的节奏测试对比，揭示了动物也具备复杂的节奏协调能力。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“the team designed an experiment to assess Ronan’s consistency and coordination（协调）in moving in time to the beat of a drum. They beat a drum at 112,120, and 128 beats per minute (bpm).(该团队设计了一项实验，以评估罗南在随着鼓点节奏移动时的一致性和协调性。他们以每分钟112、120和128拍（bpm）的节奏击鼓。)”及下文的实验结果可知，研究人员变换节奏速度，是为了测试Ronan在不同节奏下保持节拍的准确性和协调性。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Ronan’s timekeeping was more accurate and less variable than the human test subjects. Ronan’s accuracy also increased with the tempo (节奏).(Ronan的计时比人类测试对象更准确，且变异性更小。Ronan的准确性也随着节奏的加快而提高。)”可知，Ronan的节拍感不仅优于参与实验的人类，而且随着节奏加快表现更稳定，这充分说明Ronan能更好地跟上节奏。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据画线短语上文“There is no shortage of great musicians among humans, who demonstrate high musical talent through their highly influential works.(人类中从不缺乏伟大的音乐家，他们通过具有深远影响力的作品展现出极高的音乐天赋。)”可知，人类应是垄断了写歌市场，因此推测画线短语“corner the market”应表示人类在写歌方面具有“垄断/主导地位”。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。文章通过研究海狮Ronan和人类被试者在节奏测试中的表现，说明海狮Ronan比参与实验的人类有更强的节奏协调能力。由此可知，选项A“海狮Ronan：一个保持节奏的赢家”最能概括文章的主旨，可作为文章的最佳标题。故选A。 Passage 3 (24-25高一下·河南周口黄泛区部分学校·期末) Recently, a video of four snow leopards climbing snowy cliffs (峭壁) in northern Pakistan made environmentalists very excited. Snow leopards are one kind of animals that are hard to find in the wild. Seeing just one on camera is difficult, let alone four at a time. This sighting is seen as a big win for Pakistan’s efforts to protect wildlife. Sakhawat Ali, a park worker who loves taking photos, filmed the snow leopards. He spent two weeks following their footprints in the Central Karakoram National Park, which is always covered in snow. It turned out that the four snow leopards were a mother and her three babies. Ali said that while people in his village often saw snow leopards, no one had ever seen four together before. He first saw the mother leopard. Then, he noticed more pawprints around. Later, from the roof of his house, he used binoculars (双筒望远镜) to look at a nearby cliff and was lucky enough to see all four leopards together. He quickly got his camera and filmed them from about 200 meters away. People in Ali’s village were happy about the sighting. However, they were also a bit worried that the leopards might attack their farm animals. Snow leopards are considered “vulnerable”, which means they are at risk of becoming endangered. They only live in high-altitude (海拔) mountains in the Himalayas, so they are seldom seen. The World Wildlife Fund in Pakistan said the sighting is a good sign, but snow leopards are still in danger. Snow leopards face many threats, like losing their homes and not having enough food. According to the United Nations, human activities and more livestock are harming the land where snow leopards live. This makes it harder for them to find food. Other problems include people hunting them illegally, new building projects destroying their habitats, and climate change making the situation worse. Given the terrible situation, it’s necessary that local communities work together to protect these amazing animals. Only in this way will future generations be able to see snow leopards in the wild. 1．Why did the sighting of four snow leopards excite environmentalists? A．It was a signal that the local climate was improving. B．It was unusual that snow leopards appeared in a group. C．It proved that snow leopards were no longer endangered. D．It indicated that snow leopards could adapt to new habitats. 2．How did Sakhawat Ali manage to film the snow leopards? A．By asking his neighbors for help. B．By tracking and observing them carefully. C．By waiting patiently near the cliff for long. D．By using advanced technology to search the mountains. 3．What is the villagers’ attitude towards the sighting? A．Mixed. B．Proud. C．Doubtful. D．Uncaring. 4．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A．To describe the challenges for animals. B．To show human activities’ influence on wildlife. C．To call for collective efforts to protect snow leopards. D．To tell about the great adaptability of snow leopards. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述巴基斯坦护林员拍摄到罕见的雪豹家族影像，引发环保主义者的关注。尽管雪豹种群仍面临威胁，但这一发现被视为环境保护工作的成功案例。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Snow leopards are one kind of animals that are hard to find in the wild. Seeing just one on camera is difficult, let alone four at a time. This sighting is seen as a big win for Pakistan’s efforts to protect wildlife.(雪豹是一种在野外很难找到的动物。在镜头里看到一只都很难，更别说一次看到四只了。这次发现被视为巴基斯坦在保护野生动物方面取得的一大胜利)”可知，雪豹很难在野外发现，一次发现四只雪豹是不寻常的，所以这让环保主义者很兴奋。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“He spent two weeks following their footprints in the Central Karakoram National Park, which is always covered in snow.(他在常年被雪覆盖的中央喀喇昆仑国家公园里花了两个星期追踪它们的脚印)”以及“Later, from the roof of his house, he used binoculars (双筒望远镜) to look at a nearby cliff and was lucky enough to see all four leopards together.(后来，他从自家的屋顶上用双筒望远镜观察附近的一处悬崖，很幸运地看到了四只雪豹在一起)”可知，Sakhawat Ali通过仔细追踪和观察雪豹，成功地拍摄到了它们。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“People in Ali’s village were happy about the sighting. However, they were also a bit worried that the leopards might attack their farm animals.(阿里村子里的人们对这次发现感到高兴。然而，他们也有点担心豹子会攻击他们的家畜)”可知，村民们对这次发现既高兴又担心，态度是复杂的。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Given the terrible situation, it’s necessary that local communities work together to protect these amazing animals. Only in this way will future generations be able to see snow leopards in the wild.(鉴于目前严峻的形势，当地社区有必要共同努力保护这些神奇的动物。只有这样，子孙后代才能在野外看到雪豹)”并结合最后一段的结构可知，最后一段先阐述了雪豹面临的诸多威胁，接着强调当地社区需要共同努力保护雪豹，使后代能够在野外看见雪豹，由此可见作者写最后一段的目的是呼吁大家共同努力保护雪豹。故选C。 Passage 4 (24-25高一下·河南洛阳·期末) “Bike buses” are taking over neighborhoods. Many families are giving up cars and starting a morning ride with friends, biking in organized groups led by grown-up volunteers. The effort is a call to fight against climate change, encourage exercise and reduce school drop-off traffic. And both parents and kids say it just makes the children happier. Dad Devin Olson organized a bike bus for his local school zone. Olson says cycling creates connectivity between all walks of life. Six years ago, Olson partnered Minneapolis Public Schools to run a 2-mile bike bus that dropped off students at two elementary schools. So far, Olson has led 11 semi-annual bike buses that have grown from about 60 participants to nearly 150. “We meet at 8 a.m. to play soccer and eat donuts (甜甜圈),” said Olson. “Then we review safety measures and start our ride. It’s nothing but laughing and pure joy.” The group makes about eight stops along the way to pick up children, many of whom are accompanied by parents. “We want kids to celebrate going to school,” explained Olson, adding that the kids who participate enjoy opportunities to communicate with students in different grades. Luke Bormheimer co-runs SF Bike Bus, which organizes city-wide school routes, with the goal of inspiring people around the country to start bike buses. “Our first 3-mile ride included more than 100 kids, families, and adults in one trip to school,” said Bornheimer. According to him, a successful bike bus takes place on a “slow street”. The bike bus experience has comforted parents who were nervous about their children’s safety on the road. “Our hope is to create a bike bus for every school,” he said. 1．What are the advantages of “bike buses” according to paragraph 1? A．Saving transportation costs, improving road safety, and increasing car usage. B．Reducing air pollution, promoting physical exercise, and easing school traffic. C．Replacing public transportation, decreasing activities and creating job opportunities. D．Improving family relationships, encouraging sports and speeding up school drop-off. 2．What can we infer from Devin Olson’s words and actions? A．He believes bike buses mainly benefit teenagers’ parents. B．He thinks bike buses should only focus on transportation. C．He plans to reduce the number of stops for the bike bus. D．He aims to make the school trip more enjoyable for kids. 3．What’s a “slow street” most probably? A．It’s a road where traffic jams often take place. B．It’s a road that is used only by public transports. C．It’s a shared road for bicyclists and car drivers. D．It’s a safe road for those lovers taking bus rides. 4．Why does Luke Bornheimer run SF Bike Bus? A．To ensure children’s safety on roads through “slow street” routes. B．To organize school trips for over 100 kids and families in the city. C．To encourage more cities to establish bike buses across the country. D．To replace traditional school transportation with eco-friendly biking. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了“自行车巴士”在社区流行，由成人志愿者带队，组织家庭集体骑车上学，利于环保、锻炼等，因此受到了家长孩子欢迎。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The effort is a call to fight against climate change, encourage exercise and reduce school drop-off traffic.(这一举措旨在呼吁大家共同应对气候变化、鼓励进行体育锻炼以及减少上学期间的交通拥堵)”可知，自行车巴士可以减少空气污染、促进体育锻炼以及缓解学校交通压力。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中““We meet at 8 a.m. to play soccer and eat donuts (甜甜圈),” said Olson. “Then we review safety measures and start our ride. It’s nothing but laughing and pure joy.”(奥尔森说：“我们早上8点集合，一起踢足球、吃甜甜圈。然后我们会讨论安全措施，接着开始骑行。整个过程充满了欢声笑语和无尽的快乐。”)”可推知，德文·奥尔森旨在让孩子们的学校旅行更加愉快。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““Our first 3-mile ride included more than 100 kids, families, and adults in one trip to school,” said Bornheimer. According to him, a successful bike bus takes place on a “slow street”.(博恩海默说：“我们最初的3英里骑行活动中，有100多名儿童、家庭成员和成年人一起前往学校。”据他介绍，一次成功的“自行车巴士”活动是在一条“慢速街道”上进行的)”可推知，“慢速街道”大概指的是一条供骑自行车者和汽车驾驶者共同使用的道路。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Luke Bormheimer co-runs SF Bike Bus, which organizes city-wide school routes, with the goal of inspiring people around the country to start bike buses.(卢克·博尔海默联合运营着“旧金山自行车巴士”项目，该项目组织全市范围的学校路线，其目标是激励全国各地的人们开展自行车巴士活动)”及““Our hope is to create a bike bus for every school,” he said.(“我们的目标是为每所学校都打造一辆自行车巴士，”他说)”可知，卢克·博恩海默运营“旧金山自行车巴士”服务旨在鼓励更多城市在全国范围内设立自行车巴士服务。故选C。 Passage 5 (24-25高一下·河南洛阳·期末) You’ve never seen a passenger pigeon (鸽子). But not too long ago, millions of them filled the skies. Suddenly, the bright noonday sky turns black, and the sound of millions of flapping (拍打) wings fills the air. The cloud of birds passes on, and on, and on, and you think it will never end. That’s what it was like when a group of passenger pigeons passed overhead. Yet now, they are extinct. Passenger pigeons, which once lived in the woodlands of eastern North America, were the most common bird in the world. But in 1914, the last bird died in a Cincinnati zoo. Her body was stuffed and put on display, so visitors could see what she had looked like. The billion-bird groups of passenger pigeons needed huge areas of wild forest to nest in, and to find nuts to eat. When European settlers arrived with guns, they couldn’t believe their luck. Pigeon was a popular food at that time. And here were whole forests full of dinner! Pigeon hunters destroyed the trees, shooting all the pigeons they could. Sometimes people shot passenger pigeons just for fun, to see who could get the most. Like all pigeons, passenger pigeons were social birds. They liked to hang out together in trees and fly together in big groups. They were also friendly and not afraid of humans. Unfortunately, this made them easy to hunt. The pigeons’ forest homes were disappearing, too. As more people moved west, they cut down trees for wood and to make room for farms. By the late 1800s, the birds were in trouble. Female passenger pigeons laid just one egg per year. So not enough babies were born to take the place of all the birds being killed. Extinction is a part of the cycle of nature. When conditions change, species must adapt to survive. Some evolve (进化) into new species. Some that don’t adapt will die off. They go extinct. Species can go extent when some sudden disaster happens, like the asteroid strike that wiped out the dinosaurs. 1．Why did European settlers hunt passenger pigeons? A．For food and fun. B．For wood and food. C．For sport and money. D．For farms and power. 2．What made passenger pigeons easy to hunt? A．Their flying way. B．Their large groups. C．Their love for nuts. D．Their social nature. 3．What does the text mainly talk about? A．Where the passenger pigeon has gone. B．Why the passenger pigeon went extinct. C．How humans conserve the passenger pigeon. D．What the life of the passenger pigeon is like. 4．What’s the structure of the text? A．Cause-effect. B．Definition-example. C．Problem-solution. D．Comparison-contrast. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要分析了旅鸽灭绝的原因，包括人类捕猎等。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Pigeon was a popular food at that time. And here were whole forests full of dinner! Pigeon hunters destroyed the trees, shooting all the pigeons they could. Sometimes people shot passenger pigeons just for fun, to see who could get the most.(当时鸽子是一种非常受欢迎的食物。这里到处都是成片的鸽子栖息地！猎鸽者们砍伐树木，将能捕获到的所有鸽子都射杀掉。有时人们只是为了娱乐而射杀旅鸽，看谁能捕获到最多的鸽子)”可知，欧洲殖民者要捕杀旅鸽是为了获取食物和娱乐。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Like all pigeons, passenger pigeons were social birds. They liked to hang out together in trees and fly together in big groups. They were also friendly and not afraid of humans. Unfortunately, this made them easy to hunt.(和所有鸽子一样，旅鸽也是群居鸟类。它们喜欢成群结队地栖息在树上，并且会成群结队地飞翔。它们还很友善，不怕人类。但不幸的是，这种特性使得它们容易被捕猎)”可知，群居特性使得旅鸽如此容易被猎杀。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段“You’ve never seen a passenger pigeon (鸽子). But not too long ago, millions of them filled the skies. Suddenly, the bright noonday sky turns black, and the sound of millions of flapping (拍打) wings fills the air. The cloud of birds passes on, and on, and on, and you think it will never end. That’s what it was like when a group of passenger pigeons passed overhead. Yet now, they are extinct.(你从未见过旅鸽。但就在不久前，数百万只旅鸽还布满天空。晴朗的正午，天空突然暗了下来，空气中满是数百万只翅膀拍打的声响。这一大群鸟儿飞啊，飞啊，飞个不停，你会觉得这景象永远不会结束。一群旅鸽从头顶飞过时，就是这般光景。然而现在，它们已经灭绝了)”以及全文内容可知，文章开篇指出旅鸽已灭绝，随后阐述了欧洲殖民者的猎捕、其栖息地的消失以及繁殖能力低等导致灭绝的原因，最后提及灭绝是自然循环的一部分。整体围绕旅鸽灭绝的原因展开，即文章主要讲了旅鸽为何灭绝。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Yet now, they are extinct.(然而现在，它们已经灭绝了)”可知，文章先介绍旅鸽曾经数量庞大却已灭绝的事实，随后详细阐述其灭绝的原因：人类捕猎、栖息地破坏以及繁殖能力弱等，最后提及灭绝是自然循环的一部分。整体遵循“现象—原因”的因果结构。故选A。 Passage 6 (24-25高一下·河南洛阳·期末) If you live in Singapore, you may have heard the adults in your family complaining about having to pay five cents for each disposable (一次性的) plastic shopping bag the supermarket. Why are supermarkets now charging for a plastic bag that used to be free? Every year, about six billion kilogrammes of rubbish ends up in the oceans. Most of this is plastic, and about sixty percent comes from the Asia-Pacific region. Some of the ocean plastics in Southeast Asia come from local consumers, but a lot of them are also exported into the region by some rich, developed countries, who do not wish to deal with their own rubbish, so they send it to developing countries with weaker regulations. Most plastic waste cannot actually be recycled because it is too dirty or mixed with other materials. In Singapore, waste is burnt, which contributes to air pollution. In other countries, rubbish is done with in landfills, which can pollute surface and groundwater resources, or might be dumped (丢弃) illegally in rivers. Plastic waste is dangerous to marine life as it can cause animals to choke. It slowly breaks apart into little pieces called microplastics, but cannot break down completely. Microplastics are swallowed by the tiniest micro-organisms and even end up in our food and bodies. However, it is not all doom and gloom. As mentioned at the beginning, charging consumers for plastic bags is an effective way to cut down on the amount of plastic that is thrown in rivers and the sea. Another way to stop plastic from entering the ocean is placing traps in rivers, such as the Interceptor, a rubbish collector, in Klang River, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In this system, floating booms (水栅) channel rubbish into the collector that collects it, and this enables rubbish to be done with properly. 1．How much of the rubbish in the oceans each year is from the Asia-Pacific region? A．About 2 billion kilogrammes. B．About 3.6 billion kilogrammes. C．About 16 billion kilogrammes. D．About 60 billion kilogrammes. 2．What may be written between paragraph 3 and paragraph 4? A．How plastic waste in the sea can be recycled. B．How microplastics in the sea come into being. C．How plastic in the sea affects animals and humans. D．How we can prevent plastic from getting into the sea. 3．What does the underlined part “doom and gloom” in the last paragraph mean? A．Excitement and joy. B．Surprise and curiosity. C．Success and achievement. D．Sadness and depression. 4．What’s the function of the booms? A．They direct and send rubbish towards the collector. B．They break down the plastic waste into small pieces. C．They move and catch plastic waste on the water surface. D．They prevent plastic waste from flowing along the water. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了新加坡超市对一次性塑料袋收费，因海洋垃圾多为塑料且60%来自亚太地区，塑料危害大，也有收费、设垃圾收集器等解决办法。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Every year, about six billion kilogrammes of rubbish ends up in the oceans. Most of this is plastic, and about sixty percent comes from the Asia-Pacific region.(每年，约有60亿公斤的垃圾流入海洋。其中大部分是塑料制品，而约60%的垃圾来自亚太地区)”可知，每年海洋中的垃圾中有60亿公斤×60%=36亿公斤来自亚太地区。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Most plastic waste cannot actually be recycled because it is too dirty or mixed with other materials. In Singapore, waste is burnt, which contributes to air pollution. In other countries, rubbish is done with in landfills, which can pollute surface and groundwater resources, or might be dumped (丢弃) illegally in rivers. Plastic waste is dangerous to marine life as it can cause animals to choke. It slowly breaks apart into little pieces called microplastics, but cannot break down completely. Microplastics are swallowed by the tiniest micro-organisms and even end up in our food and bodies.(大多数塑料废弃物实际上无法进行回收利用，因为它们太脏或者混有其他物质。在新加坡，废弃物会被焚烧，这会导致空气污染。而在其他一些国家，垃圾则被填埋处理，这可能会污染地表和地下水资源，或者可能会被非法倾倒到河流中。塑料废弃物对海洋生物来说是危险的，因为它会导致动物窒息。塑料会慢慢分解成微小的颗粒，称为微塑料，但无法完全分解。微塑料会被最微小的微生物吞食，甚至会进入我们的食物和体内)”以及第四段“However, it is not all doom and gloom. As mentioned at the beginning, charging consumers for plastic bags is an effective way to cut down on the amount of plastic that is thrown in rivers and the sea.(然而，情况并非全是悲观绝望的。正如开头所提到的，向消费者收取塑料袋费用是一种有效的方法，能够减少被丢弃在河流和海洋中的塑料数量)”可知，第3段讲塑料垃圾的危害（无法回收、污染、危害海洋生物等），第4段讲解决办法。由此可推知，两段之间可能会进一步阐述海洋塑料对动物和人类的具体影响，承接第三段的危害内容，故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Most plastic waste cannot actually be recycled because it is too dirty or mixed with other materials.(大多数塑料废弃物实际上无法进行回收利用，因为它们太脏或者混有其他物质)”以及第四段中划线部分后文“As mentioned at the beginning, charging consumers for plastic bags is an effective way to cut down on the amount of plastic that is thrown in rivers and the sea.(正如开头所提到的，向消费者收取塑料袋费用是一种有效的方法，能够减少被丢弃在河流和海洋中的塑料数量)”可知，前文讲塑料垃圾的危害，后文讲解决办法，说明情况并非全是悲观绝望的。故划线词意思是“悲伤与绝望”。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Another way to stop plastic from entering the ocean is placing traps in rivers, such as the Interceptor, a rubbish collector, in Klang River, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In this system, floating booms (水栅) channel rubbish into the collector that collects it, and this enables rubbish to be done with properly.(另一种阻止塑料进入海洋的方法是在河流中设置垃圾收集装置，例如马来西亚吉隆坡巴生河中的“拦截者”垃圾收集器。在这个系统中，漂浮的水栅会将垃圾引入收集器，由收集器对垃圾进行收集，这样就能对垃圾进行妥善处理)”可知，这些水栅的作用是将垃圾引入收集器。故选A。 Passage 7 (24-25高一下·河南安阳滑县部分学校·期末) Officials from the Central Utah Water Conservancy District have begun releasing around 87 billion liters of water from Utah Lake to the Great Salt Lake in a controlled release (排放). The plan involves releasing about 1 billion liters of water daily into the Jordan River to maintain stable water levels before the spring snowmelt. While this may seem like a huge amount of water, it’s reportedly the third such controlled release in the past decade. About 95% of Utah’s water supply comes from melting snowpack. Currently, the snowpack in the Wasatch Front region of north-central Utah is above average for this season. When this snow melts, substantial(大量的) amounts of water will flow into Utah Lake, which already has high water levels. As of February 28, the lake was at 96% capacity, slightly lower than at the same time last year. However, the water level will likely continue to rise as snow melts over the coming months. This means the lake is approaching what’s known as its “compromise level” (临界水位). At this level, control gates open to release water into the Jordan River. This prevents shoreline flooding and reduces flood risks downstream. While Utah Lake will receive substantial inflows from snowmelt, the Great Salt Lake faces a different situation. The lake’s southern arm receives inflows from the Jordan River. As of February 28, its water level stood at 1,278 meters elevation, 1.5 meters below the minimum healthy level. The Great Salt Lake may benefit from other controlled releases across its basin in coming months. Even before snowmelt begins, many reservoirs (水库) are nearing capacity. 1．What is the purpose of the water release plan? A．To store more water for winter. B．To control snowmelt speed. C．To maintain steady water levels. D．To prevent salt lake drying. 2．What can we infer about the snowpack in Wasatch Front? A．It is below average this year. B．It will cause little water inflow. C．It may lead to water overflow. D．It has already started to melt. 3．Why is water being sent from Utah Lake to Great Salt Lake? A．To stop Utah Lake from flooding. B．To fill the Great Salt Lake completely. C．To increase water in the Jordan River. D．To clean the water of Utah Lake. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Reservoirs will stop releasing water. B．Great Salt Lake may get more water. C．Snowpacks won’t melt in the coming months. D．The basin of Great Salt Lake is very small. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍犹他州中央水利区官员开始从犹他湖向大盐湖控制性排放约870亿升水，以维持水位稳定，并分析了此举的背景及大盐湖的现状。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The plan involves releasing about 1 billion liters of water daily into the Jordan River to maintain stable water levels before the spring snowmelt.( 该计划包括每天向约旦河排放约 10 亿升水，以在春季融雪前维持稳定的水位。)”可知，排放计划的目的是在春季融雪前维持稳定的水位。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Currently, the snowpack in the Wasatch Front region of north-central Utah is above average for this season. When this snow melts, substantial (大量的) amounts of water will flow into Utah Lake, which already has high water levels.(目前，犹他州中北部瓦萨奇山前地区（Wasatch Front）的积雪量高于本季节的平均水平。当这些积雪融化时，大量的水将流入水位本就较高的犹他湖。)”可推知，沃萨奇前线地区本季积雪量高于平均水平，融化后将有大量水流向已处于高水位的犹他湖，可能导致水位溢出风险。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“At this level, control gates open to release water into the Jordan River. This prevents shoreline flooding and reduces flood risks downstream.(当水位达到这一高度时，控制闸门便会开启，将水排入约旦河。此举可防止湖岸线发生洪水，并降低下游的洪涝风险。)”可知，从犹他湖向大盐湖（经约旦河）放水的直接原因是防止犹他湖岸线洪水及下游洪灾。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The Great Salt Lake may benefit from other controlled releases across its basin in coming months.(在未来几个月里，大盐湖可能会从其流域内的其他控制性放水措施中受益。)”可推知，未来数月大盐湖可能从其流域内的其他控制性放水工程中获得更多水源。故选B。 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·河南鹤壁·期末) When Yang Lu, a computer scientist, asked a chabot to work out 1-plus-l a few years ago, the chabot, not surprisingly, told her the answer was 2. But when Lu told it that her professor said 1-plus-l equals 3, the chatbot quickly agreed, saying, “I’m sorry for my mistake. Your professor is right.” Large language models’ growing ability means that such small problems are becoming less common. But Lu uses the example to prove that something similar to human personality — in this case, the characteristic (特性) of agreeableness — can drive how AI models produce text. Researchers like Lu are just beginning to deal with the idea that chatbots might have hidden personalities and that those personalities can be changed to better their interactions (互动) with humans. “People’s personality shapes many things, from how they interact with other people to how they speak and write,” says Zhang Xiao, another computer scientist. “Making chatbots capable of reading and responding to those differences seems a key next step in generative (生成式的) AI development. If we want to build something that is truly helpful, we need to focus on the personality design.” Yet, to most scientists working in the AI field, pointing out a machine’s personality, if they even have one, is especially challenging. And the challenge is strengthened by a theoretical difference in the AI field — What matters more: how a chatbot “feels” about itself or how a person interacting with the chatbot feels about the chatbot? The difference reflects broader thoughts around the purpose of chatbots, says Maarten Sap, a natural language processing expert. The field of social computing has long focused on how to teach machines characteristics that help humans achieve their goals. Such chatbots could serve as coaches or job trainers, for instance. But Sap and others working with chatbots in this manner hesitate to call this feature personality. “It doesn’t matter what the personality of AI is. What does matter is how it imteracts with its users and how it’s designed to respond,” Sap says. “That can look like personality to humans. Maybe we need new terminology (术语).” 1．What can we infer from Yang Lu’s experience with the chatbot? A．Humans depend heavily on chatbots. B．Chatbots’ personalities are unchangeable. C．Chatbots’ responses can be easily influenced. D．It’s difficult for chatbots to work out math problems. 2．What is important for the development of generative AI according to Zhang Xiao? A．Increasing research in human personalities. B．Changing chatbots’ interaction with humans. C．Making chatbots more thoughtful when providing information. D．Enabling chatbots to read and respond to personality-related differences. 3．What’s most scientists’ attitude towards the idea that a machine can have personalities? A．Unclear. B．Supportive. C．Uncaring. D．Doubtful. 4．What does Sap care about AI? A．How AI works for humans. B．What AI can do by itself. C．Whether AI has personalities. D．Why AI is good at language. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了聊天机器人是否具有类似人类的个性特征，以及这些特征如何影响其与人类的互动。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“When Yang Lu, a computer scientist, asked a chabot to work out 1-plus-l a few years ago, the chabot, not surprisingly, told her the answer was 2. But when Lu told it that her professor said 1-plus-l equals 3, the chatbot quickly agreed, saying, “I’m sorry for my mistake. Your professor is right.”(几年前，当计算机科学家杨璐让一个聊天机器人计算1加1时，不出所料，聊天机器人告诉她答案是2。但当杨璐告诉它，她的教授说1加1等于3时，聊天机器人很快同意了，说：“我为我的错误道歉。你的教授是对的。”)”可知，聊天机器人的回答很容易受到外界信息的影响。由此可以推测出，聊天机器人的反应很容易被影响。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段““People’s personality shapes many things, from how they interact with other people to how they speak and write,” says Zhang Xiao, another computer scientist. “Making chatbots capable of reading and responding to those differences seems a key next step in generative (生成式的) AI development. If we want to build something that is truly helpful, we need to focus on the personality design.”(另一位计算机科学家张晓说：“人们的个性塑造了很多东西，从他们与他人的互动方式到他们的说话和写作方式。”“让聊天机器人能够读取并回应这些差异似乎是生成式人工智能发展的下一个关键步骤。如果我们想建造真正有帮助的东西，我们需要关注个性设计。”)”可知，张晓认为让聊天机器人能够读取并回应与个性相关的差异对生成式人工智能的发展很重要。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Yet, to most scientists working in the AI field, pointing out a machine’s personality, if they even have one, is especially challenging.(然而，对于大多数在人工智能领域工作的科学家来说，指出一台机器的个性，即使它们有个性，也是特别具有挑战性的。)”可知，大多数科学家认为指出机器是否有个性是具有挑战性的，由此可推断出大多数科学家对机器可以有个性的观点是怀疑的。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“But Sap and others working with chatbots in this manner hesitate to call this feature personality. “It doesn’t matter what the personality of AI is. What does matter is how it imteracts with its users and how it’s designed to respond,” Sap says.(Sap说：“人工智能的个性是什么并不重要。重要的是它如何与用户互动以及它被设计成如何回应。”)”可知，Sap关心的是人工智能如何为人类服务。故选A项。 Passage 2 (24-25高一下·河南信阳固始县永和高中联考·期末) Most people see innovation as a flash of brilliance and Eureka, a new world is born. When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928, he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched. Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”, and seemingly in a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics. The truth, however, is messier. It wasn’t until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use. To put Fleming’s discovery in context, consider Ignaz Semmelweis, who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房), significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame. That was because in the 1850s, his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory, which attributed disease to “bad airs”. After his death in 1865, germ theory was accepted, paving the way for Fleming’s later work. Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator. When he published his results in 1929, few took notice. In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming’s paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity. By 1943, with World War II raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945. Penicillin owes much of its success to government support. For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and GPS, their innovators, while carving their own path, are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations, who might have the resources to fast-track their ideas. So, look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down. 1．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．An account of a lab story. B．Redefinition of a traditional view. C．Correction of a popular misconception. D．An analysis of a scientific phenomenon. 2．What is the message conveyed about Fleming’s story? A．Great minds think alike. B．The early bird catches the worm. C．Luck’s got your back when it comes to success. D．Early work is a steppingstone to later breakthroughs. 3．What does the underlined part “ushering in” mean in paragraph 3? A．Delaying. B．Introducing. C．Predicting. D．Transforming. 4．Which of the following can be the best title? A．Great Innovations: Individuals Are True Heroes. B．From Failure to Success: The Story of Penicillin. C．The Lone Genius: Fleming’s Discovery of Penicillin. D．The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过讲述青霉素的发现、早期未受重视、后续量产推广的过程，结合塞麦尔维斯在产房推行洗手却遭冷遇的例子，揭示重大创新并非是某个天才“灵光一闪”的产物，而是多方面因素共同作用的结果。 1．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Most people see innovation as a flash of brilliance and Eureka, a new world is born. When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928, he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched. Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”, and seemingly in a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics. The truth, however, is messier. It wasn’t until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use. (大多数人将创新视为灵光一现的“尤里卡时刻”（即灵感突现的瞬间），仿佛一声“尤里卡”，新世界便随之诞生。1928年，亚历山大・弗莱明回到实验室时，发现自己培养的细菌培养基被霉菌污染，而霉菌所到之处，细菌菌落均被杀死。他没有简单地从头再来，而是将研究重点转向了这种霉菌。他鉴定出了这种杀菌物质，并将其命名为“青霉素”——看似一蹴而就间，他开创了抗生素这一全新领域。但事实远比这复杂。直到1943年，青霉素才得以广泛应用。)”可知，在第一段中，作者先指出大众对创新的普遍认知，随后通过弗莱明发现青霉素的例子，用“however”转折强调“事实远比这复杂”，即纠正了人们对创新过程的误解。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator. When he published his results in 1929, few took notice. In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming’s paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity. By 1943, with World War II raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945. (弗莱明是一位天赋异禀的生物学家，但不擅长沟通。1929年，他发表了自己的研究成果，却几乎无人关注。1935年，霍华德・弗洛里和恩斯特・钱恩发现了弗莱明的论文，意识到其重要性，并开发了批量生产青霉素的方法。到1943年，第二次世界大战正如火如荼，美国战争生产委员会召集21家公司大规模生产青霉素，拯救了无数生命，也开创了抗生素的新时代。弗莱明、弗洛里和钱恩于1945年共同获得诺贝尔医学奖。)”可知，弗莱明的成果最初无人关注，直到弗洛里和钱恩发现其论文并推动量产，最终借助政府和企业资源实现突破。由此可推测，弗莱明的初步发现、弗洛里团队的开发，均体现早期成果为后续突破铺路的逻辑。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词所在句“By 1943, with World War II raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. (到1943年，第二次世界大战正如火如荼，美国战争生产委员会召集21家公司大规模生产青霉素，拯救了无数生命，也……抗生素的新时代。)”可知，青霉素的大规模生产拯救了生命，由此开启了抗生素的新时代。划线单词的意思和“开创、引入”相似。选项B“introducing”意为“引入”，与此相符。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章通过青霉素的发现与应用过程，揭示了创新并非“灵光一现”，而是依赖前人研究积累、团队协作、资源支持等多方面因素的长期过程。选项D“The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens. (青霉素的漫长之路：创新如何发生。)”既涵盖青霉素从发现到应用的漫长过程，又点明文章对创新本质的探讨，契合主旨。故选D。 Passage 3 (24-25高一下·河南周口黄泛区部分学校·期末) When you think of a robot, you might picture something with a lot of sensors(传感器), and inflexible metal arms controlled by a computer. But scientists at the AMOLF Institute have created a robot that has no brain and no sensors. It carries its own battery-powered pump (泵). And yet this robot can “walk” by itself. How is this possible? The team behind the robot says the secret is in the science of how air moves. If you’ve ever seen a “tube (管子) dancer” walking around, then you’ve seen the science that makes this robot work. Tube dancers are tall thin tubes of cloth, through which air is pumped. High pressure from the pumped air fills the tube, making it stand up. Similarly, the pressure caused by the flow of air is exactly what drives the robot. When the air starts to flow in the tubes, the tubes move in different ways. But very quickly, all of these “legs” start to move in exactly the same way, making the robot walk. The robot’s speed is controlled by the air pressure. There are several notable things about the robot. The first is its speed. The robot can cover a distance equal to thirty times the length of its body in a second. That would be like the world’s fastest man, Usain Bolt, running the 100-meter race in 1.71 seconds. The robot also adjusts smoothly to its conditions. It can go over uneven ground. If it runs into a wall, it naturally turns. Perhaps the most surprising is the fact that if the robot is dropped into water, it begins moving in a new way that allows it to swim. As there’s no brain, the scientists say their new invention is really just a machine. But it’s a machine that can do several complicated (复杂的) tasks that would normally require lots of very difficult programming for a robot. So far, the robot can conduct most of the tasks with ease. The researchers say that in the future they hope to develop new ways to control the robot and perhaps give it more skills. 1．Why is the tube dancer mentioned in paragraph 2? A．To make the robot’s working principle easy to understand. B．To introduce another impressive invention. C．To present the inspiration for the robot. D．To stress the robot’s uniqueness. 2．What enables the robot to move forward? A．The human operator. B．The computer-controlled system. C．The air pressure. D．The combination of batteries and sensors. 3．What can we learn about the robot from the text? A．It requires complicated programming. B．It may have more functions added in the future. C．It can beat Bolt in running. D．It features a higher intelligence level than other robots. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A．The Science of Air Pressure. B．The Development of Robots. C．Sensor-Free Robot Challenges Traditional Views. D．Robots Are Faced with Energy-Saving Requirement. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述科学家发明了使用空气作为能量来源的机器人。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“If you’ve ever seen a “tube (管子) dancer” walking around, then you’ve seen the science that makes this robot work.(如果你曾经见过“管舞者”四处走动，那么你就见过让这个机器人工作的科学原理)”可知，此处提到管舞者是为了让读者更容易理解机器人的工作原理。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Similarly, the pressure caused by the flow of air is exactly what drives the robot.(同样，空气流动产生的压力正是驱动机器人的动力)”可知，是气压让机器人能够向前移动。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The researchers say that in the future they hope to develop new ways to control the robot and perhaps give it more skills.(研究人员表示，他们希望在未来开发新的方法来控制机器人，并可能赋予它更多的技能)”可知，未来机器人可能会增加更多功能。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“But scientists at the AMOLF Institute have created a robot that has no brain and no sensors. It carries its own battery-powered pump (泵). And yet this robot can ‘walk’ by itself.(但AMOLF研究所的科学家们发明了一种没有大脑和传感器的机器人。它有自己的电池供电的泵。然而，这个机器人可以自己“行走”)”结合全文内容可知，本文主要介绍了一种无传感器无大脑的机器人，这种机器人通过气压驱动可自行行走并适应不同环境，挑战了传统对机器人的看法，所以C选项“无传感器机器人挑战传统观点”最符合文章主旨。故选C。 Passage 4 (24-25高一下·河南驻马店部分高中联考·期末) Online stars, or influencers, appear to have a strong influence on what people believe and how they act. They attract huge numbers of followers and regularly share posts to connect with their audience. Their advice often guides fans’ choices, and they even hold seats at events like White House news meetings. But does this mean people actually remember their messages better? When we follow these influencers, we focus on two key features(特征)that characterize influencers: having large numbers of followers and creating content that receives large numbers of likes. These features show collective approval and trustworthiness. Since people usually remember information from important real-life figures (like bosses) better, would it be the same case for information shared by social media influencers? To find it out, we ran four tests where people read posts on platforms similar to Twitter (for health news) and Facebook (for personal stories). Some posts were from influencers’ accounts with many followers or likes, others from regular accounts. After viewing posts, participants took memory tests—recalling details and answering multiplechoice questions. Across all four tests, we found these people did not remember facts or stories shared by online stars any better than those shared by regular users. The findings were consistent when participants were recalling and recognizing messages, regardless of their background or general social conformity(从众)tendency. Interestingly, participants clearly rated the online stars as more popular, trustworthy, likable, and attractive. Yet this positive feeling did not mean stronger memory for their actual messages. This difference shows that while people view influencers positively, their messages aren’t more memorable. Influencers clearly affect their fans, but not through lasting memory. Their power likely comes from a “mental shortcut”: people quickly accept information shared by their online icons without deep thought or careful remembering. This blind trust guides judgments and actions. While fast, this approach risks poor choices—like buying useless products. Then how to stop such things happening? Paying closer attention to and analyzing the details, and reminding ourselves not to rely on shortcuts or blind belief can help fight this tendency. 1．Why are the tests conducted? A．To recognize which posts are worth reading. B．To make clear who are the most trustworthy. C．To find out if messages from influencers are memorable. D．To prove how real-world figures improve their status. 2．What does the underlined part “consistent” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Alike. B．Welcome. C．Useful. D．Confusing. 3．What does the text suggest we do to prevent poor choices? A．Follow more online stars for different opinions. B．Concentrate on the number of likes and followers. C．Gather, contrast and remember words from influencers. D．Focus on details, think carefully and avoid blind trust. 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Why do People Trust Online Stars? B．Are Influencers Actually More Influential? C．How do Social Media Improve Memory? D．Do Influencers Spread Accurate Information? 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了网络红人(或影响力人物)对人们记忆其传递信息的影响。文章建议，为避免做出糟糕的选择，应关注细节、深思熟虑并避免盲目信任。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Since people usually remember information from important real-life figures (like bosses) better, would it be the same case for information shared by social media influencers? To find it out, we ran four tests where people read posts on platforms similar to Twitter (for health news) and Facebook (for personal stories). (由于人们通常能更好地记住来自重要现实人物(如老板)的信息，社交媒体影响者分享的信息是否也是如此呢？为了找出答案，我们进行了四项测试，让人们阅读类似推特(用于健康新闻)和脸书(用于个人故事)平台上的帖子。)”可知，进行测试是为了找出社交媒体影响者发布的信息是否更容易被人们记住。故选C。 2．词义猜测题。根据文章第三段中的“Across all four tests, we found these people did not remember facts or stories shared by online stars any better than those shared by regular users. The findings were consistent when participants were recalling and recognizing messages, regardless of their background or general social conformity tendency. (在所有四个测试中，我们发现这些人对网红分享的事实或故事的记忆并不比普通用户分享的记忆更好。参与者在回忆和识别信息时的发现是……，无论他们的背景或一般的社会从众倾向如何。)”可知，无论参与者的背景和社会从众倾向如何，参与者对网红和普通用户发布的信息的记忆程度没有显著差异，即参与者在回忆和识别信息时的发现是一致的。故选项A“Alike(相同的)”与划线词意思一致。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“Then how to stop such things happening? Paying closer attention to and analyzing the details, and reminding ourselves not to rely on shortcuts or blind belief can help fight this tendency.(那么如何阻止这种事情发生呢？更加关注并分析细节，并提醒自己不要依赖捷径或盲目信仰，这有助于对抗这种倾向。)”可知，文章建议我们通过关注细节、深思熟虑并避免盲目信任来避免做出糟糕的选择。因此，选项D“Focus on details, think carefully and avoid blind trust.(关注细节，深思熟虑并避免盲目信任)”符合题意。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中的“Online stars, or influencers, appear to have a strong influence on what people believe and how they act.(网络明星或影响者似乎对人们的信仰和行为有着强烈的影响。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要探讨了网络影响者是否真的具有更大的影响力，并通过实验发现尽管人们对网络影响者持积极看法，但他们的信息并不比普通用户的信息更容易被记住。因此，选项B“Are Influencers Actually More Influential?(影响者真的更有影响力吗？)”概括文章主要内容，符合标题。故选B。 主题02 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·河南信阳固始县永和高中联考·期末) In his book on basketball great Bill Bradley, writer John McPhee proposes that Bradley’s greatest asset had little to do with speed, strength, or flexibility. It had to do with his eyes. The work of University of Notre Dame researcher Matthew Robison suggests that McPhee may have been onto something. In a recent study Robison documented a phenomenon in eye movement — that links a steady, focused gaze with higher levels of performance. He made the discovery thanks to the unique capabilities of his lab, which includes over a dozen advanced instruments for tracking eye movement. These devices capture images of the eyes every four milliseconds, providing 250 frames per second. This detailed look at the eyes allows Robi-son to “read” the complex language of minute eye movement. Recently, though, Robison has been most interested not in why our eyes move, but in why we might — or might want to — keep them still. He was inspired to explore the meaning of a steady gaze by the work of applied sports psychologists helping athletes achieve high levels of performance. “Sports psychologists regularly advise that if you’re shooting a free throw in basketball, pick a spot on the edge and focus on it for a few seconds. Then shoot the free throw. The advice seems sound in many cases. But the causal pathway behind this phenomenon has not been thoroughly demonstrated or explained.” Robison explains. Robison assumed that a steady gaze had to do with attention control and better performance. To test his assumption, he recruited（招募）nearly 400 participants. Robison found that across the board, those participants who kept their gaze steady in the moments just before being called upon to complete a task performed with greater speed and with greater accuracy. His work suggested another question for Robison to explore: Would it be possible to train individuals to perform better by training them in developing a steadier gaze? So Robison launched a new three-year project focused on answering it. 1．What can be inferred about McPhee’s observation of Bill Bradley? A．It lacked scientific basis at the time. B．It revolutionized basketball training. C．It matched later scientific findings. D．It contradicted traditional coaching methods. 2．What does the underlined word “minute” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Time-related. B．Extremely small. C．Carefully recorded. D．Scientifically important. 3．What is the Robison’s attitude toward the sports psychology advice? A．Indifferent due to lack of theoretical support. B．Temporarily acceptable but requiring evidence. C．Supportive without reservation. D．Critical of its oversimplification. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Evolution of Basketball Training Techniques B．Eye Tracking Technology: From Theory to Practice C．The Science Behind a Steady Gaze and Peak Performance D．Bill Bradley: A Case Study in Athletic Excellence 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍研究发现稳定专注的凝视与更高水平的表现相关及研究过程。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“In his book on basketball great Bill Bradley, writer John McPhee proposes that Bradley’s greatest asset had little to do with speed, strength, or flexibility. It had to do with his eyes. The work of University of Notre Dame researcher Matthew Robison suggests that McPhee may have been onto something.(在作家约翰・麦克菲关于篮球巨星比尔・布拉德利的书中，他提出布拉德利最大的优势与速度、力量或灵活性关系不大，而与他的眼睛有关。圣母大学研究员马修・罗宾逊的研究表明，麦克菲的说法或许有几分道理。)”可知，麦克菲对比尔·布拉德利的观察与后来的科学发现相吻合。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“These devices capture images of the eyes every four milliseconds, providing 250 frames per second. This detailed look at the eyes allows Robison to “read” the complex language of minute eye movement.(这些设备每四毫秒捕捉一次眼睛图像，每秒提供250帧。这种对眼睛的细致观察使罗宾逊能够“解读”minute眼球运动的复杂语言。)”可知，设备能捕捉到非常细致的眼睛图像，因此可以解读的是“极其微小的”眼球运动，“minute”在此处意为“Extremely small”。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The advice seems sound in many cases. But the causal pathway behind this phenomenon has not been thoroughly demonstrated or explained.(这个建议在很多情况下似乎是合理的。但这一现象背后的因果路径尚未得到彻底的证明或解释。)”可知，罗宾逊认为运动心理学的建议暂时可以接受，但需要证据支持。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的“a phenomenon in eye movement — that links a steady, focused gaze with higher levels of performance.(一种眼球运动现象——将稳定、专注的凝视与更高水平的表现联系起来。)”及下文对该现象的研究可知，文章主要围绕稳定凝视与最佳表现背后的科学原理展开，因此“稳定凝视与最佳表现背后的科学”最适合作为标题。故选C项。 Passage 2 (24-25高一下·河南濮阳·期末) Children should be encouraged to play puzzles in school, says the creator of the Rubik’s Cube(魔方). Rubik, a former professor in Hungary, created the Cube in 1974 as a teaching tool to help students understand how the concept(概念) of space could be seen and used. According to him, puzzles such as the Rubik’s Cube mirror the challenges we face in the real world, offering a hands-on approach to problem-solving. The reward is the solution itself, and the drive to get there is simply the curiosity and perseverance that we share as humans. Judit Polgar, regarded as the strongest female chess player of all time, agreed. She said, “Chess of course adds some more difficulty by actually facing an enemy, so it also contributes to our competitive spirit, like guessing your partner’s intentions. Whether you love a challenge or feel scared by them is decided at a very early age, so it is our responsibility to develop the mindset(心态) in young children to enjoy problem-solving.” In 1991, Polgar earned the title of grandmaster at the age of 15, becoming the youngest to do so at the time and breaking the record previously held by the former world champion Bobby Fischer. She retired from competitive chess in 2014 but remains an active supporter for the game, particularly in education, encouraging girls to pursue it as part of the school courses. Through her Chess Palace online course, she manages to magnetize children across homes, nurseries and schools. Rubik explained how puzzles could promote the mental capability to prevent and solve conflicts(冲突). He said, “I think the most important thing today is education— to give the next generations the mental power to be capable of handling situations and to teach them how it is possible to solve problems that have already been created, how it is possible to slow them down, and how it is possible to change human behavior.” 1．What was Rubik’s original purpose in creating the Rubik’s Cube? A．To make a fortune. B．To challenge puzzle lovers. C．To celebrate high-achieving students. D．To assist students with their sense of space. 2．What message do Judit Polgar’s words in paragraph 3 deliver? A．People’s attitude towards challenges is unchangeable. B．The more one plays chess, the weaker his competitive spirit is. C．The earlier one experiences challenging games, the better. D．Problem-solving in chess is much easier than that in real life. 3．What does the underlined word “magnetize” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Draw. B．Spot. C．Judge. D．Select. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The history of the Rubik’s Cube. B．The achievements of Judit Polgar in chess. C．The benefits of puzzles and chess in education. D．The significance of developing children’s mental capability. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了魔方和国际象棋在教育中的益处。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Rubik, a former professor in Hungary, created the Cube in 1974 as a teaching tool to help students understand how the concept of space could be seen and used.(Rubik，匈牙利前教授，于1974年创造了魔方，作为一种教学工具，帮助学生理解如何观察和使用空间的概念。)”可知，Rubik创造魔方的初衷是为了帮助学生理解空间概念，故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Whether you love a challenge or feel scared by them is decided at a very early age, so it is our responsibility to develop the mindset in young children to enjoy problem-solving.(无论你是喜欢挑战还是害怕挑战，这都是在很小的时候就决定的，所以我们有责任培养孩子们喜欢解决问题的心态。)”可知，Judit Polgar认为很小的时候就决定了你是否喜欢挑战还是害怕挑战，因此其认为越早让孩子接触具有挑战性的游戏越好。故选C。 3．词义猜测题。根据画线词前文“She retired from competitive chess in 2014 but remains an active supporter for the game, particularly in education, encouraging girls to pursue it as part of the school courses.(她于 2014 年从竞技性国际象棋比赛中退役，但仍积极支持这项运动，尤其是在教育领域，她鼓励女孩将国际象棋纳入学校课程的学习内容。)”以及后文“children across homes, nurseries and schools”可知，Judit Polgar于 2014 年从竞技性国际象棋比赛中退役，但是他仍然鼓励奖国际象棋纳入学校课程体系进行学习，因此通过网络课程吸引了来自家庭、幼儿园和学校的孩子们学习国际象棋，故画线词意思是“吸引”，选项A“Draw”符合题意。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“According to him, puzzles such as the Rubik’s Cube mirror the challenges we face in the real world, offering a hands-on approach to problem-solving.(据他所说，像魔方这样的拼图反映了我们在现实生活中面临的挑战，为解决问题提供了一种动手实践的方法。)”以及第三段“Whether you love a challenge or feel scared by them is decided at a very early age, so it is our responsibility to develop the mindset in young children to enjoy problem-solving.(无论你是喜欢挑战还是害怕挑战，这都是在很小的时候就决定的，所以我们有责任培养孩子们喜欢解决问题的心态。)”和最后一段中的“Rubik explained how puzzles could promote the mental capability to prevent and solve conflicts.(Rubik解释了拼图如何促进预防和解决冲突的心理能力。)”可知，文章主要讲述了拼图和象棋在教育中的好处，因此选项C“The benefits of puzzles and chess in education.(拼图和象棋在教育中的好处)”为正确答案。故选C。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·河南安阳滑县部分学校·期末) The “City of Lights” in France is reducing its carbon footprint with plans to block cars from more city streets. This is a big win for pedestrians (行人) and will improve the quality of life for Parisians. It is also a big win for environmentalists, who see Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo’s plan, passed in late March 2025, as a way to support climate policies. The proposal to close hundreds of streets to road traffic passed with nearly 66 percent of the vote (投票). The road surface will be replaced with trees and plants. Over the past few years, Hidalgo has supported closing streets to car traffic as a way to reduce air pollution and to help the city fight the effects of climate change. Since 2020, the city has built 240 new miles of bicycle lanes (自行车道) and removed thousands of outdoor parking spaces. As a result, car traffic has decreased significantly. The new vote was the third environment-related vote in three years. In 2023, voters approved a ban on e-scooters, and last year, they approved tripling parking fees for large SUVs. Now, adding 500 streets for pedestrians only will bring the total to 800, or about a tenth of the city’s streets. France is not the only country that is trying to remove cars and add public space for pedestrians and cyclists. This anti-car attitude is becoming more popular across Europe. Oslo, Norway’s capital city, made its central zone car-free in 2017. Although many worried that banning cars would drive customers away, the opposite happened. Business increased in the newly pedestrian-only areas. Madrid, Spain, banned fossil fuel-powered cars from entering the city center in 2019. Only zero-emission vehicles, public transportation, and delivery vehicles are allowed. Other cities have car-free days or car-free city centers. But Paris, which has fewer green spaces compared to other cities, is trying to turn the City of Lights into a city full of greenery. This will have a positive impact on the quality of life for its residents and will also be good for the planet. 1．What do we know about Paris’s car-free plan? A．It is designed to increase green spaces. B．It bans all cars from city streets. C．It was passed by a majority in March. D．It was put forward by environmentalists. 2．What measure has Paris taken to reduce car traffic since 2020? A．It built more parking spaces. B．It extended bicycle paths. C．It increased car production. D．It banned all vehicles. 3．What is the author’s attitude to the car-free movement in European cities? A．Unclear. B．Supportive. C．Negative. D．Uncaring. 4．What’s the best title for the text? A．More Paris Streets Are Going Car-Free B．European Cities’ Struggles with Traffic Jams C．The History of Traffic Rules in France D．How to Reduce Carbon Footprint in Big Cities 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了巴黎通过禁车计划减少碳足迹，改善生活环境，同时提及欧洲其他城市的类似举措。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The proposal to close hundreds of streets to road traffic passed with nearly 66 percent of the vote (投票).(关闭数百条街道禁止道路交通的提案以近66%的选票获得通过)”可知，巴黎的“无车街道”计划是经近三分之二多数票通过的。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Since 2020, the city has built 240 new miles of bicycle lanes (自行车道) and removed thousands of outdoor parking spaces. As a result, car traffic has decreased significantly.(自2020年以来，该市新建了240英里的自行车道，并拆除了数千个室外停车位。因此，汽车流量显著减少。)”可知，自2020年以来巴黎通过扩建自行车道来减少汽车流量。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。作者在文中多次使用积极词汇，如“big win (重大胜利)”，“improve the quality of life (改善生活质量)”，“positive impact (积极影响)”等，并列举奥斯陆、马德里等城市的成功案例，表明作者对欧洲城市“去汽车化”运动持支持态度。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。全文围绕巴黎最新通过的“再增 500 条无车街道”展开，介绍其背景、措施、成效及欧洲趋势，核心信息是“更多巴黎街道将禁止汽车通行”。所以，用A项“More Paris Streets Are Going Car-Free (巴黎越来越多的街道将无车行驶)”作为本文的题目，与文章主题项符合。故选A项。 Passage 2 (24-25高一下·河南驻马店部分高中联考·期末) Nowadays, our planet is facing big problems like climate change and pollution. Living green isn’t just an option—it’s essential for our planet’s future. Small changes in our daily lives can make a huge difference to the environment. Transportation is a good starting point. Instead of always driving alone in a car, we can take the bus, subway, or ride a bike. These options produce fewer harmful gases. If you need to buy a car, electric cars are a better choice because they don’t burn gasoline, which means less air pollution. This simple change helps make the air cleaner and slows down climate change. What we do at home also plays a huge role. Energy conservation is simpler than we think. Swapping old light bulbs for LEDs saves electricity and lasts longer. Turning off unused TVs and computers—these small habits add up to big savings. Some households even install solar panels. These panels catch the sun’s energy, powering homes with clean, renewable electricity and reducing reliance on coal and gas. Our trash disposal(处理)habits are another key area. The “reduce, reuse, recycle” principle is easy to follow. For example, saying no to single-use plastic straws and disposable bags is a simple choice. Reusable metal straws and cloth bags are durable and stylish choices. Recycling paper, plastic, glass, and metal conserves resources and saves energy. The food we choose affects the planet too. Buying local fruits and vegetables cuts down on emissions from long-distance transportation. Growing herbs or small vegetables at home, whether in a backyard or on a balcony, is a rewarding way to reduce our environmental impact. Additionally, reducing meat diet makes a difference. Raising animals for meat requires amounts of water, land, and feed, and generates greenhouse gases. Choosing plant-based meals a few times a week is a delicious way to be kinder to the Earth. Green living is about making smart daily decisions. Whether it’s in transportation, energy use, waste management, food, or fashion, every action counts. These changes benefit the Earth, promote healthier living, and can even save money over time. Together, we can protect our planet for generations to come. 1．Why are electric cars a better choice? A．They reduce noise pollution. B．They slow climate change. C．They use fewer harmful gases. D．They relieve transport pressure. 2．How does the author develop paragraph 3? A．By giving examples. B．By classifying information. C．By listing figures. D．By making comparisons. 3．Which of the following can help reduce environmental impact? A．Buying fresh imported fruits. B．Eating meat-based meals daily. C．Planting vegetables in one’s own yard. D．Using disposable cups instead of reusable ones. 4．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To solve environmental problems. B．To present a plant-based diet. C．To compare transport options. D．To advocate eco-friendly lifestyles. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章倡导绿色生活方式，指出面对气候变化和污染等大问题，绿色生活对地球未来至关重要。文章从交通、家庭节能、垃圾处理、饮食选择等方面介绍了如何在日常生活中做出改变以保护环境，强调每个行动都很重要，并呼吁大家共同努力保护地球。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“If you need to buy a car, electric cars are a better choice because they don’t burn gasoline, which means less air pollution. This simple change helps make the air cleaner and slows down climate change. (如果你需要买车，电动汽车是一个更好的选择，因为它们不烧汽油，这意味着空气污染更少。这个简单的改变有助于使空气更清洁，减缓气候变化。)”可知，电动汽车是更好的选择是因为它们有助于减缓气候变化。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段的内容，作者首先提出“What we do at home also plays a huge role. (我们在家里做什么也起着巨大的作用)”，然后通过“Swapping old light bulbs for LEDs saves electricity and lasts longer. Turning off unused TVs and computers—these small habits add up to big savings. Some households even install solar panels.(用LED灯泡替换旧灯泡可以节省电力，而且使用寿命更长。关掉不用的电视和电脑——这些小习惯可以节省大量能源。一些家庭甚至安装了太阳能电池板。)”等例子来具体说明如何在家庭中进行节能。因此，作者通过给出例子来展开第三段。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段中的“Growing herbs or small vegetables at home, whether in a backyard or on a balcony, is a rewarding way to reduce our environmental impact.(在家里种植草药或小蔬菜，无论是在后院还是在阳台上，都是减少我们对环境影响的一种有益方式。)”可知，在家庭院落里种植蔬菜有助于减少环境影响。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“Living green isn’t just an option—it’s essential for our planet’s future. Small changes in our daily lives can make a huge difference to the environment.(绿色生活不仅仅是一个选择——它对我们星球的未来至关重要。我们日常生活中的小小改变可以对环境产生巨大影响。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了如何通过日常生活中的小改变来保护环境，倡导绿色生活方式。因此，选项D“To advocate eco-friendly lifestyles.(倡导环保生活方式)”符合题意。故选D。 Passage 3 (24-25高一下·河南濮阳·期末) Scientists have long known that chimps(黑猩猩)sometimes use leaves or insects as medicine. Now, researchers studying chimps in Uganda have discovered that the animals will sometimes provide “first aid” to each other. This suggests that chimps may be able to think about how to help others, as well as themselves. In 2021, Dr. Elodie Freymann went to Uganda to study the chimps in the Budongo Forest. As Dr. Freymann was looking through notes from other researchers, she noticed that there were several stories about chimps caring for themselves or others. She and her team decided to look through 30years of notes from researchers who had studied chimps in the region. They also spent eight months studying two separate groups of chimps in the forest. The researchers found 34 examples of chimps treating their own wounds. Often, this sort of “self-care” was very basic, like licking a wound or cleaning themselves with leaves. Sometimes it was more complicated(复杂的). In some cases, Dr. Freymann says, the chimps “chew the plants up, and then apply the chewed material to the open injury.” The self-care of the chimps was interesting. But even more interesting were the seven cases they found of chimps helping out other chimps. This seems to show that chimps may be able to tell when another needs help. It’s fairly unusual for animals to try to help another injured animal. What’s really amazing is that the chimps who helped others weren’t even related. In one notable case, an adult female chewed a leaf to put on her wound. The chimp’s younger daughter saw this, and then did exactly the same thing, chewing up a leaf and putting it on her mother’s injury. What needs further research is how much of this behavior comes from the chimps’ natural instincts(本能), and how much is learned from other chimps. As for that, not all team members agree. A team member, Ryan Black, believes such behavior comes from instincts, but that others seem so complicated that they’re probably learned. 1．How did Dr. Freymann and her team conduct their research? A．By carrying out experiments in labs. B．By interviewing experts in chimp behavior. C．By following an individual chimp for long. D．By combining past records with field observations. 2．What surprised the researchers about the findings? A．The variety of plants chimps used for treatment. B．The fact that chimps helped unrelated individuals. C．The speed at which chimps learned new behaviors. D．The limited medical techniques chimps could employ. 3．What’s Black’s attitude towards the idea that the self-care behavior is born? A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Uncaring. D．Unclear. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．The Struggles Facing Chimps B．Chimps Perform First Aid on Each Other C．Chimps Learn Medical Skills from Humans D．The Ways Chimps Communicate with Each Other 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍的是科学家发现黑猩猩有时会使用叶子或昆虫作为药物，而在乌干达研究黑猩猩的研究人员进一步发现，这些动物有时还会相互提供“急救”。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“She and her team decided to look through 30 years of notes from researchers who had studied chimps in the region. (她和她的团队决定查阅过去30年来研究该地区黑猩猩的研究人员所做的笔记。)”以及第三段中的“They also spent eight months studying two separate groups of chimps in the forest.(他们还花了八个月的时间在森林里研究两组不同的黑猩猩。)”可知，Dr. Freymann和她的团队是通过结合过去的记录和实地观察来进行研究的。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“What’s really amazing is that the chimps who helped others weren’t even related.(真正令人惊奇的是，那些帮助别人的黑猩猩甚至没有亲属关系。)”可知，研究人员惊讶的发现是黑猩猩会帮助与自己没有亲属关系的个体。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“What needs further research is how much of this behavior comes from the chimps’ natural instincts(本能), and how much is learned from other chimps. As for that, not all team members agree. A team member, Ryan Black, believes such behavior comes from instincts, but that others seem so complicated that they’re probably learned.(需要进一步研究的是，这种行为有多大程度上是源于黑猩猩的自然本能，又有多少是从其他黑猩猩那里学来的。关于这一点，团队成员并非都持相同观点。一位团队成员，Ryan Black认为这种行为源于本能，但其他行为看起来如此复杂，它们可能是后天习得的。)”可知，Ryan Black认为黑猩猩对自我照顾行为是源于本能，因此其对黑猩猩天生的这一观点持积极态度。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Now, researchers studying chimps in Uganda have discovered that the animals will sometimes provide “first aid” to each other. This suggests that chimps may be able to think about how to help others, as well as themselves.( 现在，研究乌干达黑猩猩的研究人员发现，这些动物有时会互相提供“急救”。这表明黑猩猩可能不仅能够思考如何帮助自己，还能思考如何帮助其他个体。)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了研究人员在乌干达发现黑猩猩会互相提供“急救”的情况，这表明黑猩猩可能不仅能为自己着想，还能思考如何帮助别人。因此， B选项“Chimps Perform First Aid on Each Other(黑猩猩互相进行急救)”直接概括了文章的主要内容。故选B。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $