专题03 阅读理解 说明文（期末真题汇编，山东专用）高二英语下学期

**基本信息** 高二下期末英语阅读理解说明文汇编，涵盖人与社会、自我、自然三大主题，精选山东多地市期末真题，素材贴近科技前沿（如可穿戴设备健康影响）、社会热点（共享出行不平等）及生活实践（办公室健身），问题设计梯度分明，有效检测语言能力与思维品质。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解（说明文）|约50题|细节理解（如共享出行服务对象）、词义猜测（如“ubiquitous”）、推理判断（如咖啡与肠道菌关系）、主旨大意（如动物与人类相似性研究）|情境时代性（2024巴黎奥运会攀岩路线设计、“5分钟快充锻炼”趋势）；问题层次分明（基础题占60%，推理与概括题占40%）；汇编来源为山东菏泽、青岛等地市期末真题，适配高二学业水平要求|

专题03 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东菏泽·期末） Walking around large cities in Europe and the United States, you’d be forgiven for thinking that we’re living in a world of affordable and effortless mobility for all, with the smartphone in your pocket, with a variety of shared mobility — shared bikes and electric cars, and an Uber or Lyft never more than five minutes away. However, the access to shared mobility isn’t equal. If you’re disabled or elderly, living in a low-income area — or without a smartphone or credit card, using these shared mobility services becomes a lot more difficult. They tend to gather in urban areas, and are often inaccessible to people with reduced mobility or those traveling with young children needing child seats. To be most effective, it needs to include everyone. For-profit shared mobility providers have largely failed to deliver on this. But projects are finding creative solutions to reach underserved communities. The local governments have provided funds for low-income residents, which have shown promise in increasing the use of shared mobility while decreasing the use of personal vehicles. Nonprofit Shared Mobility Inc. in New York launched The E-Bike Library model helping underserved community set up e-bike libraries. Carshares, bikeshares and the like are a positive for the environment. They could be a key part of a more sustainable transportation system. On-demand shared mobility could reduce the number of vehicles in some cities by 90 percent and cut transportation emissions by 50 percent — but only if it largely replaces private car use. “The car has to be a guest, not the main actor,” says Luis Martinez, who coauthored a paper on shared mobility and sustainability in the 2024 Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 1. What problem does shared mobility face? A. Safety risks for electric cars. B. Unequal access for certain groups. C. High costs in most communities. D. Lack of smartphone apps for old people. 2. What have local governments done to help underserved communities?​ A. Offered free rides.​ B. Set up e-bike libraries.​ C. Provided financial support. D. Increased shared mobility prices. 3. What does Luis Martinez suggest about shared mobility? A. It should be a guest. B. It needs further study. C. It will replace private cars. D. It should be encouraged. Passage 2 （24-25学年高二下·山东青岛·期末） At the Paris 2024 Olympics, sport climbing featured two medal events for men and women: Speed and a combined Boulder & Lead event. Behind the scenes, there is a crucial but often unseen figure — Martin Hammerer, head of the experienced team responsible for the Lead routes, who has been setting routes internationally since 2007. “The actual design took place at the climbing wall. The International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC) pre-selected the material, which we then used to set the routes,” Hammerer explained when asked about his work in Paris. “We started with the finals — which was the highlight — and worked backward to the semi-finals. After completing a route, we photographed it, removed and stored the holds for later use.” The focus for the routesetters is to offer a challenging but also fair competition. Routes for the combined Boulder & Lead event were carefully designed to ensure that specialists in one discipline didn’t have an unfair advantage. “Our aim is to offer a balanced competition,” Hammerer said. “For the podiums (领奖台), the athletes have to be really strong in both disciplines.” Routesetting relies heavily on the team’s creativity. The style has changed over the past 15 years, with today’s routes looser and more dynamic. “The materials and structures have also changed greatly,” Hammerer said. “Every season we adapt to the athletes anew.” Routesetting used to be quite independent and greatly influenced climbing style. “But now, federations set training routes for athletes. When we see this on social media, we get new input for our work,” Hammerer reflected. As Hammerer once said, “Climbers evolve, and so must we.” He continues to shape the future of climbing — one route, one challenge, one story at a time. 1. What does Hammerer do? A. He competes in sport climbing events. B. He coaches athletes for the Olympics. C. He designs routes for sport climbing. D. He judges climbing competitions. 2. What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The materials used for route setting. B. The process of setting climbing routes. C. The criteria for routes of varied levels. D. The location selected for route setting. 3. How did Hammerer’s team achieve their aim? A. By balancing innovation and adaptation. B. By sticking to federations’ training routes. C. By promoting their concept through social media. D. By disciplining themselves to follow strict guidelines. 4. What message does Hammerer convey in the last paragraph? A. Practice makes perfect. B. Change is the only constant. C. Slow and steady wins the race. D. Actions speak louder than words. Passage 3 （24-25学年高二下·山东青岛·期末） Whether in busy cities or small towns, people from all walks of life enjoy a cup of coffee as part of their daily routine. The thought of a steaming cup of coffee helps to pull many people worldwide out of bed in the morning. Scientists have consistently linked this ubiquitous drink to lowered risks for illnesses such as heart disease, colon cancer and type 2 diabetes. But its effects on the gut microbiome (肠道菌群) are largely unknown. Researchers from Harvard University examined samples from over 20, 000 participants who tracked their daily coffee intake. They discovered that regular coffee consumption has a connection to the growth of a specific gut bacterium (细菌) . “We don’t know much about this bug, but we can place it as likely a good one, ” said Peter Belenky, a microbiologist at Brown University, who was not involved in the study. In the largest-ever study, coffee intake was found to increase the number of certain types of bacteria in the gut, but the connection with Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus (溶糖劳森乳杆菌) was the strongest. When coffee was added to lab dishes containing this bacterium, it grew faster. “It’s rare to find such a strong and clear link, ” said Mingyang Song, a co-senior author of the study from Harvard University. To understand the role of this bacterium in the gut, the researchers looked at substances in the blood of hundreds of participants. They found that higher levels of quinic acid, which can help reduce inflammation (炎症) , were strongly related to the growth of L. asaccharolyticus. The same was true for hippurate, a substance that shows a more diverse gut microbiome and better gut health. Based on these results, the scientists are now trying to connect these bacteria and related substances to overall health. Song explained, “This could help us understand if the bacteria are really behind the health benefits of coffee. ” Analyzing large datasets from many people is a good way to explore the links between what we eat and drink and the bacteria in our gut. Belenky said, “This study might pave the way for a new approach to food research. ” 1. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” probably mean? A. Popular. B. Expensive. C. Dangerous. D. Unique. 2. What did Harvard researchers find in their study? A. Which coffee impacts the gut microbiome. B. Drinking coffee contains some gut bacteria. C. Coffee consumption reduces heart disease risk. D. Coffee intake is linked to a certain gut bacterium. 3. Why did the researchers analyze the blood samples? A. To identify other new types of bacteria. B. To prove that coffee reduces inflammation. C. To know how the bacterium works in the gut. D. To develop treatments for gut-related diseases. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. What Effect Coffee Has on People? B. Link Coffee to the Gut Microbiome C. New Approach Applied to Food Study D. Coffee Boosts Beneficial Gut Bacterium Passage 4 （24-25学年高二下·山东日照·期末） Hard-pressed office workers in China are adding exercise into their work day by jogging with laptops, lifting lunch packs, doing office chair Pilates. The practice, known as “5-minute quick-charge workout”, has become all the rage across the mainland. In early July, an internet user posted a picture on Xiaohongshu of a colleague engaging in a quick-charge workout while waiting for the lift, and titled it, “Office workers have their own gym.” The image shows a woman with a lunch delivery bag in one hand and a canvas bag in the other, which she was using in place of dumbbells and lifting them repeatedly while waiting. She also had several food delivery bags tied around her waist, adding weight to her workout. The colleague called her a genius, saying, “She always volunteers to bring lunch for everyone from downstairs, describing the trip as a weighted workout.” “Since she sits in the office all day with no time to go to the gym, she manages to have a quick workout while carrying takeaway or waiting for the lift, thus saving on gym fees,” the colleague said. Chang, a copywriter from Zhejiang province, shared her exercise approach with Jiupai News. She jogs to the subway station while carrying her laptop. “My computer is a bit heavy, so it feels like weight training,” she said. “I’m afraid I will not stick with it and waste my money,” she said. “A 5-minute quick-charge workout is more manageable for us office workers who often work overtime and do not have much spare time. Also, it energizes me during work when I’m tired,” Chang added. She also said that the bursts of exercise are beneficial to her psychological health because they help “release some negative emotions” throughout the day. Others have been sharing their speedy fitness routines online. “Yes, my workout is picking up packages for my boss. When it gets heavy, I think of it as arm training,” one person said. Another said they have a daily sprint to work, “I run 800 meters in three minutes every day to clock in on time. Lately, it feels so easy.” 1. What does the underlined phrase “all the rage” mean in paragraph 1? A. Highly expected. B. Widely popular. C. Extremely typical. D. Commonly arranged. 2. What do we know about the woman mentioned in paragraph 2? A. She abandons working out in a gym. B. She often orders lunch for her colleagues. C. She innovatively exercises during her work day. D. She enjoys doing voluntary work in her community. 3. What is a benefit of a 5-minute quick-charge workout according to Chang? A. It enhances creativity at work. B. It contributes to a peaceful mind. C. It helps improve time management skills. D. It promotes physical and mental well-being. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. Office Workouts Boost Your Mood. B. 5-minute Bodybuilding Saves Time. C. Office Quick-charge Fitness: A Creative Trend. D. Lunch Pack Delivery: A Practical Exercise Approach. Passage 5 （24-25学年高二下·山东泰安·期末） Many people believe that dogs resemble (相像) their owners in both looks and behavior — and research now supports this idea. Interestingly, the resemblance between the two often increases over time. However, not every dog-human match works well. For example, about onethird of guide dogs are returned because they don’t get along with their assigned owners. To reduce such mismatches, researchers in Germany are studying what makes a successful dog-owner relationship. Their findings confirm that dogs often share physical and personality characteristics with their owners. “We want to understand what makes a good match between a person and a dog,” says researcher Yana Bender. “First, we need to explore whether they are generally more similar or different.” Writing in the journal Personality and Individual Differences, Bender and her team reviewed existing studies. They found that some similarities are visible: women with short hair tend to prefer dogs with short ears, while those with long hair often choose long-eared breeds. Beyond appearance, personalities often match too. Introverted (内向的) owners are more likely to have shy or nervous dogs, while careful, organized people tend to have dogs that are easier to train and more active. Psychologists have long known that people feel more comfortable with those who look or act like them—and this seems to apply to pets as well. For example, women may see dogs that match their own features as more intelligent or friendly. However, personality matching goes deeper than physical appearance or initial choice. A dog’s behavior may change over time under the influence of its owner’s mood — and the opposite is also true. A nervous owner might cause their dog to become more anxious, while an anxious dog could increase its owner’s stress. In conclusion, dogs and their owners often grow to resemble each other not just by choice, but through ongoing interaction. Understanding this could lead to better dog-owner pairings in the future. 1. Why are guide dogs mentioned in paragraph 1? A. To suggest that guide dogs require special training. B. To show that not all dogs and humans are best friends. C. To prove that dogs can resemble their owners in behavior. D. To illustrate that not all dog-human matches are successful. 2. Which example shows similarity between owners and dogs? A. Nervous owners have active dogs. B. Organized owners have quiet dogs. C. Intelligent women choose lazy dogs. D. Short-haired women like short-eared dogs. 3. What can we learn from paragraph 5? A. Nervous owners make dogs anxious quickly. B. Dog behavior changes without owners’ influence. C. Owners and dogs influence each other’s emotions. D. Physical appearance matters more than personality. 4. What can we infer from the passage? A. Dogs’ behavior has little influence on owners’ moods. B. Resemblance between dogs and owners decreases over time. C Initial choices determine long-term dog-owner relationships. D. Understanding how resemblance forms helps create better pairings. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东聊城·期末） Suppose you’re looking ahead to your evenings as a chance to catch up on the latest TV series or televised sport. Nothing looks more attractive to you than your couch (沙发). In the back of your mind, though, runs the possibility of using that time to figure out how to complete the home craft project. That project so far has become so complicated that it will take you at least an hour of watching instructional videos to complete it. You know that you’d feel proud of yourself if you got it done. However, the couch’s temptation becomes too hard to resist, and so the project will have to be abandoned. According to California State University’s Max Alberhasky, your situation is a typical example of what’s called the “happiness paradox”. Simply stated, this is the tendency for people to choose a leisure activity that requires very little effort even though they know that a true mood boost would come from applying their skills. Put somewhat differently, when you’ re looking at how to spend your leisure time right in the moment, you’ re less likely to consider the long- term consequences of your decision. In one experiment conducted in the lab, undergraduates participated in either the high- skill activity of playing the online game “2048” (where you build chains of sums) or the low- skill activity of playing “Plinko” (a game based merely on luck). Participants playing the “2048” game reported being happier and finding more meaning in the activity than the “Plinko” players did. You know now why the cough looks so inviting compared to the halfway- done home project that just seems like it will be too hard and, hence, not very attractive. You can only pull yourself away from what will eventually be a less beneficial choice if you project yourself into the future and think about how good you’ll feel when it’s done and you can stand back and admire your work. 1. Why do we tend to give up the home craft project? A. We seek instant pleasures. B. We prefer rewarding tasks. C. We usually ignore easy activities. D. We focus on long-term interests. 2. What may cause the “happiness paradox”? A. Not realizing a job’s value. B. Not finding a worthwhile job. C. Escaping from boring tasks. D. Escaping from demanding tasks. 3. What can we infer from the experiment in paragraph 4? A. High- skill activities are more popular. B. Low- skill activities are more interesting. C. Higher level of difficulty leads to more fun. D. Lower level of difficulty results in more benefits. 4. What does the author advise us to do in the last paragraph? A. Realise potential rewards. B. Keep improving ourselves. C. Have a passion for our job. D. Find pleasure in the process. Passage 2 （24-25学年高二下·山东济南·期末） When traveling to a new country, there is so much to see and do. Nobody wants to spend their whole trip sleeping or feeling exhausted. Luckily, there are ways to drive away the ZZZs and make the most of your travel. New research from Arizona State University, links exercise with the body’s internal clock, opening the possibility of treating jet lag (时差反应) with a workout. Both traveling to a different time zone and staying up late at night can severely disturb the body’s internal clock, including making the body release the sleep-causing chemical melatonin (祖国素) at a time when people want to stay awake. When the internal master clock isn’t in line with the external clock of your destination, it creates a mismatch of all your body rhythms. That’s what lies at the heart of jet lag. The researchers of the study used the level of melatonin released by the body to explore the effects of exercise on body’s internal clock. First, researchers measured the melatonin levels of 99 participants throughout the day to establish a baseline. Then, the participants were asked to exercise for an hour for three days in a row at different times, and their melatonin levels were monitored. The researchers noted shifts in the melatonin levels of participants: correlated with their activity level. The study uncovered that morning (7 a, m,) or afternoon (1-4 p. m.) works shifted the internal clock forward, while evening (7-10 p. m.) exercise shifted it backward. “This is the first study to compare exercise’s effects on the body clock, and could open up the possibility of using exercise to help reduce the negative effects of jet lag and shift work.” Shawn, the lead researcher said. For west-to-east travel, evening exercise can get rid of time zone shifts. For east-to-west travel, morning or afternoon workouts are beneficial. Exercise pushes your internal clock forward or backwards by regulating the amount of melatonin. Walking or cycling are great ways to see the sites, when traveling, while getting jet-lag beating exercise. So, pack your running shoes for your next trip! 1. What is the key factor causing jet lag according to the text? A. Low melatonin. B. Shortened sleeping. C. Long travel tiredness. D. Body rhythm disorder. 2. How did researchers get the result? A. By doing observations. B. By undertaking surveys. C. By making comparisons. D. By integrating experience. 3. What does Shawn think of the study? A. Overrated. B. Pathbreaking. C. Unrealistic. D. Conclusive. 4. Which exercise suits travelers flying from China to Canada? A. Morning jogging. B. Evening swimming. C. Mid-night cycling. D. Random-time walking. Passage 3 （24-25学年高二下·山东德州·期末） In an era when the average person checks their smartphone nearly 144 times a day, devoting oneself to a lengthy novel or complex piece of literature has become uncommon. The digital revolution(革命), while bringing easy access to information, has degraded our capacity for deep reading. Deep reading is more than just processing words on a page. It’s an experience that involves critical thinking, empathy, and knowledge exploration. This form of reading allows individuals to engage with complex ideas and connect emotionally with texts. Historically, deep reading has been instrumental in education and personal development, cultivating a person capable of critical thought and innovation. In a digital age, the way we consume information has dramatically changed. For instance, social media platforms are designed to catch our attention through endless browsing and bite-sized content. This design can weaken our patience for longer, more demanding texts. A study from Microsoft Corp. suggested that the human attention span has decreased from 12 seconds in 2000 to about 8 seconds today, highlighting how digital media affects our ability to concentrate. In the digital landscape, attention has become what companies compete for, often employing strategies that disturb our attention span. Notices, advertisements, and big data-based content make it difficult for readers to find the uninterrupted time necessary for deep reading. Our brains are remarkably adaptable, and the way we process information can change with our habits. Neuroscientists(神经系统科学家)have found that regular internet use can rewire neural pathways, favoring quick decision-making and surface processing over deep thinking. The Internet encourages rapid, distracted sampling of small bits of information from many sources—a mode of thinking that is contrary to deep reading. The decline in deep reading doesn’t just affect individual cognition (认知). It has broader societal consequences. In education, students used to surface-level reading may struggle with texts that require analysis and critical thinking. This trend can lead to a workforce less prepared for jobs that demand deep understanding and problem-solving skills. 1. Why does deep reading matter according to paragraph 2? A. It enhances reflective ability. B. It simplifies knowledge exploration. C. It accelerates information processing. D. It encourages social media engagement. 2. Why do companies apply data-driven business strategies? A. To boost educational content. B. To create better reading environments. C. To encourage uninterrupted reading sessions. D. To compete for attention in the digital landscape. 3. What problem arises from declining deep reading? A. Reduction in social cognition. B. Overuse of digital texts. C. Difficulty in critical analysis. D. Shortage of learning resources. 4. Which is the most suitable title for the passage? A. Deep Reading: A Lost Art in the Digital Age. B. The Forgotten Skill: Deep Reading in Education. C. Digital Revolution: Changing the Way We Learn. D. Information Revolution: Simplifying Knowledge. Passage 4 （24-25学年高二下·山东临沂·期末） Learning how to regulate negative emotions like anxiety could ease chronic (慢性的) pain. Scientists have found that a form of therapy (疗法) that partly focuses on tolerating pain relieved ongoing discomfort more effectively than existing treatments. “Chronic pain is more than a sensory experience; it’s incredibly emotional,” says Nell Norman-Nott at the University of New South Wales, Australia. “We see increased levels of anxiety and depression in up to about 80 percent of people with chronic pain.” This leads to a “vicious cycle”, where pre-pain increases negative emotions, which then worsen pain, she says. To see if they could break the cycle, Norman-Nott and her team used a programme that focused on mindfulness, emotion regulation and pain tolerance. Eighty-nine people with chronic pain, lasting 16 years on average, were randomised to receive either the programme, delivered by a therapist through an eight-week online course, while continuing with any treatments they were already receiving, such as medication or physical therapy, or to just continue with their usual treatment. Nine weeks later, those in the therapy group experienced an improvement in emotional regulation of about 5 points more than those in the control group. The intensity of their pain also started to lessen at week 9, and by 21 weeks they experienced significantly less pain than those in the control group. “I think that’s interesting and promising,” says Benedict Alter at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It could also help people with limited access to inperson care, he says. “It’s great that they did this as internet-based. It’s a huge problem that there are small numbers of providers who do therapy, and they tend to be in urban areas.” Exactly how the therapy reduces pain is unclear, says Alter, but “at any given pain intensity, if you had better emotional regulation, people’s overall lives would be better: less suffering, less functional limitation. I think pain intensity decreases as everything gets better.” The mechanism could be uncovered in larger studies, he says. 1. What does “vicious cycle” refer to? A. People with chronic pain are increasing. B. Regulating negative emotions eases chronic pain. C. Chronic pain and negative emotions worsen each other. D. The new therapy is more effective than existing treatments. 2. How did Norman-Nott’s team prove the therapy’s effectiveness? A. By observing the usual treatment. B. By contrasting week 9 and week 21 results. C. By stopping usual treatments for participants. D. By comparing therapy and control group results. 3. Why is the therapy “promising” according to Benedict Alter? A. It provides training to the urban therapists. B. It focuses on in-person therapy improvements. C. It aids those with limited in-person care access. D. It equips patients in rural areas with internet skills. 4. What might the future studies focus on? A. Investigating how the therapy reduces pain. B. Comparing online therapy with in-person care. C. Analyzing the effects of the eight-week course. D. Testing the therapy on patients with intense pain. Passage 5 （24-25学年高二下·山东莱州·期末） Wearable trackers and monitors (such as smart watches) are increasingly popular and sophisticated. Wearables are playing an increasing role in managing and detecting conditions like atrial fibrillation (心房颤动), the most common heart rhythm problem. For many people, the sense that they are receiving reliable, objective and personalized health data can encourage feelings of confidence, safety and assurance, especially when combined with symptom trackers or patient diaries. This may allow patients to self-manage their condition at home with their families, rather than spending time in hospital — reducing anxiety and stress. In a clinical setting, data may also encourage patients to take part in shared decision-making. Interpreting health data together with doctors or other health-care professionals, they can develop goals and action plans, including when to seek help, and when to go to hospital. Patients who understand their condition tend to report fewer atrial fibrillation symptoms. However, a study examined the behavior and well-being of 172 people with atrial fibrillation over a nine-month period. It found the 83 people who used wearable to monitor their condition were more worried about their symptoms and treatment, with one in five experiencing “intense anxiety”. Chronic anxiety can contribute to stress, burnout and poor physical health, which in turn can exacerbate (加剧) heart conditions. Some people also describe being a “prisoner of the numbers”. They feel they “need to keep checking the device to know how they were doing, leading to the device dominating their lives”. The volume and frequency of notifications (通知), alarms and vibrations from wearable devices can be overwhelming and make people worry about their health. Information overload can also discourage self-management, with notifications instead prompting people to seek health advice more often than they otherwise would. It’s a catch-22 situation: The wearable device may help you better manage your chronic heart condition, but wearing it could make you anxious — which is bad for those conditions. 1. What is the main idea of the second paragraph? A. Usage of personalized health data. B. Benefits of wearing wearables. C. How to manage health condition at home. D. When to seek medical attention. 2. What can we infer from the study? A. About 89 people were healthy. B. Wearables monitor people’s condition accurately. C. About 35 people experienced intense anxiety. D. Wearables can make people’s condition worse. 3. What does the underlined phrase “ a catch-22 situation” in paragraph 5 mean? A. A dilemma. B. A reality. C. A category. D. A phenomenon. 4. What might be a suitable title for the text? A. Digital Devices Are Irreplaceable in Life B. Being Monitored Is Good for Our Health C. Wearables Are Like the Coin with Two Sides D. Wearables Lead People to be More Anxious 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东日照·期末） Eating herbs and spices could be the key to preventing mosquitoes from biting, a study suggests. Experts from Johns Hopkins University set up a complicated trial in an ice rink-sized testing field in Zambia to find out which people are most appealing to mosquitoes. In one experiment the team asked six people to sleep in single-person tents which had a pipe pumping out the nightly smell of the occupant onto a monitored mosquito landing platform. They found that the mosquitoes were consistently drawn to the smells of people giving off more carboxylic acids (羧酸), but were beaten back by a person who had raised levels of eucalyptol (桉树精油). Eucalyptol, a fragrant component of many plants, is a common ingredient in toothpaste and mouthwash. Dr. Conor McMeniman, assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University, said, “Our study reflects that high levels of eucalyptol in your body scent may make you less attractive to mosquitoes.” Interestingly, all humans whose body scent analyzed in this study seemed to send out some eucalyptol. However, the person that was least attractive to mosquitoes had higher amounts of the chemical. This person likely obtained this compound from plant-based foods in their diet; but it is also possible that it could also have been from external products as eucalyptol is also a common ingredient in toothpaste and mouthwash. Experts think that as well as producing a strong unpleasant smell, eucalyptol may also act as a deodorizing agent (除臭剂) which neutralizes or masks the other chemicals that attract mosquitoes. “Most studies of mosquito preference have been performed in laboratory settings that do not represent how the insects act in the wild,” Dr. McMeniman said. Each night, the researchers released 200 hungry mosquitoes into the field and monitored their activity using motion cameras. Dr. McMeniman said, “To definitively conclude that high levels of eucalyptol in one’s diet would drive mosquitoes away, it would require a clinical trial with larger numbers of human volunteers which we didn’t perform here.” 1. What does Johns Hopkins University’s experiment focus on? A. Mosquitoes’ preference for humans’ body smell. B. Effects of different chemicals on people’s energy. C. Significance of tents in keeping mosquitoes away. D. Links between men’s sleep patterns and mosquitoes. 2. What is stressed about eucalyptol in paragraph 3? A. Its function. B. Its application. C. Its features. D. Its ingredients. 3. What can be inferred about the people least attractive to mosquitoes? A. They may have prepared toilet water. B. They may have applied heavy make-up. C. They may have bought a deodorizing agent. D. They may have used products with eucalyptol. 4. What does Dr. McMeniman imply in the last paragraph? A. Previous experiments contradict current findings. B. The role of eucalyptol intake needs further proof. C. The number of wild mosquitoes is underestimated. D. Lab studies are restricted to mosquitoes’ distribution. Passage 2 （24-25学年高二下·山东威海·期末） One cold autumn afternoon, in a forest outside the tiny village of Hümmel, I went for a walk with the German forester Peter Wohlleben. Wohlleben had been managing the forest for almost three decades, and he had cared for it with unusual gentleness. Each tree is cut individually and removed using horses, rather than heavy machinery, to avoid damaging underground networks of roots and fungi that allow trees to exchange resources and chemical signals. He has created additional income for the forest by leading tours and teaching courses, etc. He has long insisted that people around the world could and should manage their forests likewise. Until a few years ago, virtually no one was listening. To make his views and his know-how widely known, Wohlleben began writing books. However, his first fifteen reached a modest audience. The turning point came in 2015 with his sixteenth book, The Hidden Life of Trees. Inspired by the walking tours like the one that Wohlleben was leading me on, he shifted the tone in this book — from technical writing to a warm, story-like style. He said, “The people I guided through the forest — they were hard trainers. When I talked in a way that wasn’t interesting, they would begin talking with each other.” So he adopted a cheerful and friendly tone — like a kind uncle telling fairy tales, full of warmth and a sense of wonder. And it struck a chord: The Hidden Life of Trees has sold more than a million copies in Germany alone, and more than three million worldwide. Near the end of our walk, Wohlleben showed me a C-shaped stump (树桩). It had been cut down at least fifty years ago, and yet, somehow, it was still alive. The tree’s roots, many of which grew above the soil, were visibly connected to a nearby tree. To Wohlleben, this was proof of the remarkable mutuality of trees — that they will continue caring for nearby trees even after their death. 1. Why does Wohlleben use horses to remove trees? A. To get around easily. B. To keep the old tradition alive. C. To reduce equipment costs. D. To protect underground roots and fungi. 2. What makes The Hidden Life of Trees more popular than Wohlleben’s earlier books? A. It is well advertised. B. It is easy and fun to read. C. It offers scientific knowledge. D. It explores human-nature bond. 3. Which can best replace the underlined “mutuality”? A. Adaptation. B. Growth. C. Connection. D. Lifespan. 4. What might be a suitable title? A. The Secret Language of Trees B. How a Book Changed Forestry C. A Forest Walk with Wohlleben D. Wohlleben and His Forest Message Passage 3 （24-25学年高二下·山东济宁·期末） Several species have fascinated observers with their abilities to skip side-to-side on the water as if it were land. One such species native to Virginia is the cricket frog. Jake Socha, a professor at Virginia Tech, leads a research team that studies the cricket frog’s unique ability to “skitter”, another name for jumping multiple times in succession. “Skittering is not actually a well-defined word for this behavior — one naturalist used it in 1949, and since then, it’s been used for this type of motion,” Socha says. “Part of this research is not only to study this behavior in cricket frogs, but to try and give ‘skittering’ a more precise, scientific definition.” The popular opinion holds that cricket frogs freely jump about with only their feet penetrating the water’s surface. However, Socha’s recordings showed a different picture. Researchers found that the frogs actually sink with each jump. The misunderstanding that cricket frogs have previously appeared to skip across the water when viewed by eye is largely because of their rapid motion. The team used a 20-gallon glass tank and released the frogs into it. High speed cameras were positioned from the side of the glass tank to document the action above and below the water’ s surface. As the frogs skipped, the team captured (拍摄) their getaway. Their movements might more accurately be called “porpoising” after the movement that a dolphin uses: jumping into the air from beneath the surface of the water. By observing them in slow motion, team members broke each jump cycle down to: ●Takeoff, from an underwater position ●Aerial, or time in the air following a jump ●Re-entry, back into the water ●Recovery, resetting for the next jump Understanding skittering is an important discovery for biology, but it holds other keys as well. This discovery provides a new physical basis for the future of bio-inspired robotics, where devices can draw inspiration from nature to use well-tested methods that frogs have been using for centuries. 1. What is the primary goal of Jake Socha’ s research about cricket frogs? A. To define their moving routes. B. To confirm their documented behavior. C. To better interpret their jumps. D. To create bio-inspired robots like them. 2. What does the underlined word “penetrating” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Resting upon. B. Sliding over. C. Sticking on. D. Cutting through. 3. What do researchers focus on when filming cricket frogs? A. Categorizing their risky behaviors. B. Measuring their quick speed. C. Observing the height of their jumps. D. Tracking their sinking actions. 4. What does the last paragraph mainly discuss concerning the research? A. Its broader significance. B. Its key challenges. C. Its potential limitations. D. Its theoretical sources. 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东滕州·期末） Seasonality is a big part of business. For some industries, seasonal patterns are a defining feature. Agriculture is one obvious example; tourism another. Western toymakers notch up a huge proportion of their annual sales during Christmas. Construction is harder during cold weather, when that industry employs fewer people. Firms less obviously tied to the seasons can still be deeply affected by them, as a recent review by Ian Hohm of the University of British Columbia makes clear. An analysis of social-media posts on the Internet found that dieting-related posts peak in the spring, as the season of body dysmorphia (变形) approaches. Even when overall demand doesn’t vary greatly between the seasons, preterences change. Beef-eaters buy roasts in the slow-cooking winter season and plump for steaks during the summer months. Starbucks is among those firms that make seasonality a marketing event. The pumpkin-spiced latte is a reliable sign that autumn is on its way, along with falling leaves. Seasonality also leaves a less obvious imprint (印记) inside organisations. This week, with so many bosses stuck on a mountain for the World Economic Forum’s annual meeting in Davos, productive employees can get on with some work and lazy ones can relax. School holidays offer an obvious form of seasonality, when employees without children are upset that they are covering for colleagues on holiday, and colleagues on holiday are upset that they have children. Pay decisions are seasonal events, too. The time when employees find out their salary rises and bonuses sets off disappointment and happiness in all workplaces. In some, they are more like tsunamis. The actual date on which bonuses are paid matters too — once the money is safely put in the bank, people are more likely to move jobs. There are other forms of corporate seasonality. While there isn’t much research on the impact of seasonality within firms, it’s certain that they have their own annual rhythms. 1. Why do people focus on dieting in spring posts according to the analysis? A. They want to take time to get refreshed in spring. B. They fear the summer heat will ruin their health. C. They fear summer will reveal their body shapes. D. They suffer a lack of proper food during winter. 2. What does the underlined part “plump for” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Throw away. B. Decide on. C. Rule out. D. Turn up. 3. What troubles childless employees during school holidays? A. Being unable to relax in the absence of the boss. B. Staying in step with the change of the seasons. C. Accompanying the children of their colleagues. D. Sharing the work of the employees with children. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Companies Have Their Own Seasonal Rhythms B. School Holidays Have an Effect on Companies C. Corporate Seasonality Has Vast Social Effect D. Employees Must Watch Beyond the Seasons Passage 2 （24-25学年高二下·山东滕州·期末） To build a prosperous (繁荣的) society, a fundamental understanding of the modern economy as a driving force in today’s world is essential. What kind of prosperity have we achieved so far? The widespread definition of prosperity focuses on economic power and growth as measures of success. Let’s take a look at history. The Second Industrial Revolution enabled mass production and created a sufficient supply of goods. This has greatly increased the importance of money in its role as “a store of value, ” and “a medium of exchange. ”As a result, we have pursued economic power as the only indicator of prosperity, such as GDP. Waves of globalization and technological evolution have promoted overall economic growth, but have allowed the few who are strong to achieve greater power while exploiting the many who are weak. Consequently, inequality has worsened, and disunity has intensified. The path to a truly prosperous world requires a shift in focus towards the most suitable happiness for all, in addition to economic power. Defining happiness, however, is a complex task. What makes people happy? The degree to which the same thing creates happiness differs from person to person. Happiness is subjective and complicated. This is a world of “multiple values” where each of us determines worth as opposed to “one fixed price” based merely on an economic perspective. Individuals shouldn’t be defined by a single identity or role but by multidimensional nature as well as multiple roles making independent choices and taking actions for their happiness in different aspects. Businesses must be pioneers in pursuing not only economic growth but also the happiness of all citizens of society. Companies can contribute through the pursuit of social value as well as economic profit. At the heart of this lies “purpose”. A company’s purpose defines the value it brings to society. The true worth of a company should be determined not just by the return s it creates for shareholders but by the value it creates for society as a whole. 1. What is the author’s attitude to the widely accepted standard of prosperity? A. Indifferent. B. Critical. C. Uncertain. D. Approving. 2. What is the side effect of technological evolution? A. The slower economic growth speed. B. The sharp reduction of job opportunities. C. The enlarged gap between the rich and the poor. D. The increasing conflict between different nations. 3. Which statement will the author agree with according to the passage? A. Happiness is changeable and beyond control. B. Happiness largely depends on economic power. C. The pursuit of profit determines a company’s true worth. D. A prosperous world should be measured by multiple values. 4. Who are the main intended readers of the text? A. Social psychologists. B. Enterprise administrators. C. School educators. D. Technological researchers. Passage 3 （24-25学年高二下·山东潍坊·期末） When you picture a zoo, what do you see? A lone bear in a concrete cage, pacing aimlessly in front of tourists? Or a group of volunteers, trying desperately to clean the body of the giant panda? The role of zoos is unclear at first thought. On the one hand, funding from zoos comes from visitors and donors, so to attract the public, zoos must put on a good show. On the other hand, there is a growing cry to protect the animal kingdom from conservation-concerned individuals. That puts zoos in a dilemma. London Zoo, which opened to members in 1828 as the first scientific zoo, opened its doors to the public 19 years later as it was not receiving sufficient funding. However, when the environmental movement was born in the late 20th Century, London Zoo began to change its focus. In the same year when the IUCN Red List was first published, London Zoo worked with Phoenix Zoo on a cooperative programme to boost Arabian oryx (大羚羊) numbers. London Zoo soon became the model on how to run a zoo that can satisfy both its visitors and its inhabitants. Some zoos did not follow suit. The reputation of SeaWorld declined, following the documentary Blackfish, an exposure on SeaWorld’s poor treatment of their killer whales. It is clear from their website that sea creatures’ wellbeing and conservation are not SeaWorld’s priority. They are happy to advertise their sea lion shows and penguin petting experiences, but their conservation “mission” is tucked neatly into a dusty corner of the website. Knowing that places such as SeaWorld may not provide the best care for their animals, we continue to give them our money. However, we should not stop visiting zoos. Zoos are essential to our education. Zoos are outdoors, soul-lifting, and in need of footfall to remain open and serving the animal kingdom. So research zoos before you visit them. Only pay for tickets to zoos that commit to conservation, aim to educate rather than entertain and have high animal welfare standards. Do not tolerate any less. Celebrate zoos which do it right. 1. What leads to the dilemma in paragraph 1? A. The protest from volunteers. B. The competition among zoos. C. The pressure from funding and conservation. D. The conflict between visitors and zoo keepers. 2. Why is London Zoo mentioned? A. To give an example. B. To introduce an opinion. C. To make a prediction. D. To recommend a destination. 3. What does the underlined word “tucked” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Written. B. Divided. C. Hidden. D. Combined. 4. What does the author suggest visitors do in the last paragraph? A. Celebrate the animal shows. B. Fund the poorly-managed zoos. C. Recognize zoos devoted to protection. D. Increase their visits to different zoos. Passage 4 （24-25学年高二下·山东五莲·期末） Recently, a friend asked for help with a tricky problem: they were staging a play, and the script had a large number of characters. They didn’t want to hire an actor for each role, and while they could double up, they would run into problems if the same actor were playing two characters in a scene. Luckily, I was the right person to come to for help. There’s a versatile (通用的) piece of maths — graph colouring — that’s effective at solving many such problems, from casting a play to timetable scheduling. Mathematicians are often particularly interested in graph colouring, which involves assigning a colour to each point of a graph-networks of points joined by lines, so that any two point s joined with a line are assigned different colours. Finding the minimum number of colours needed to do this can tell us something useful about the graph’s structure. For example, a graph with a triangle of points all joined to a fourth point in the centre will need at least four colours to fill it in. One of my favourite uses of graph colouring is in scheduling problems: imagine a set of students, with a shared set of classes. We can draw a graph, indicating each class by a point, and join two points if those classes have any students taking both (so they can’t happen at the same time). Then, we find a way to colour the graph using the fewest possible colours. The minimum number of colours will tell us how many timetables periods we will need: each colour represents a set of classes with no overlap in students, so they can all happen simultaneously (同时地). This may tell you how I solved my friend’s problem: I suggested they draw a graph, represent each character with a point, and join two characters with a line if they appeared in any scenes together. Colouring this graph minimally then told them exactly how many actors they would need to stage the play. Another victory for maths — on with the show! 1. What worried the author’s friend most? A. The lack of towering actors. B. The numerous scene changes. C. The tight budget for costumes. D. The scene conflicts of the same actor. 2. Which of the following best illustrates the example in paragraph 2? B: Blue G: Green R: Red Y: Yellow A. B. C. D. 3. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 3? A. Clarify an assumption. B. Present an application. C. Introduce an approach. D. Analyze a phenomenon. 4. How does the author sound in the last paragraph? A. Proud. B. Serious. C. Hesitant. D. Authoritative. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东青岛·期末） I highly recommend Antifragile to any student or practitioner of business management, risk management, or anyone with a curious mind and a keen interest in understanding complex human systems. The book delves into various subjects, including education, politics, economics, health, business, science, and risk, providing valuable insights and a deeper understanding of these complex topics. Antifragile builds on the ideas presented in Nassim Taleb’s earlier books, The Black Swan and Fooled by Randomness. In The Black Swan, the focus was on the extreme impact of rare events and the limitations of human predictions and forecasting. Fooled by Randomness emphasizes the role of randomness and luck in life and business outcomes as well as the difficulty of distinguishing between actual skill and luck. While those books focus on “black swans” — rare and unpredictable events that have a significant impact, Antifragile further discusses the idea of antifragility and offers solutions to identify, build and benefit from antifragility in every aspect of life. One of the main new topics addressed in Antifragile is that some systems and individuals benefit from stressors and disruptions (干扰) while others are harmed by them. Taleb defines complex systems as systems composed of interconnected and interdependent parts that exhibit nonlinear (非线性) behavior. These systems are characterized by high uncertainty, volatility (波动性), and non-predictability and are often difficult to understand and control. Besides, Taleb defines complexity as the property of a system that makes it hard to predict its behaviour or outcomes based on knowledge of its parts. He argues that complexity emerges from the interactions and relationships between the parts of a system and that it is a fundamental characteristic of many natural and human-made systems, including economies, societies, and ecosystems. Overall, Antifragile is a thought-provoking and influential work that challenges readers to rethink their assumptions about resilience and stability. 1. Why does the author highly recommend the book Antifragile? A. It provides practical tips for student and practitioner readers. B. It concentrates on business and risk management strategies. C. It offers deep insights into complexity across diverse fields. D. It simplifies complex topics into understandable summaries. 2. What is the relationship between Antifragile and Taleb’s earlier books? A. It contradicts their ideas. B. It expands on their perspectives. C. It disputes their concepts. D. It addresses comparable subjects. 3. What is a characteristic of complex systems according to Taleb? A. Stable outcomes. B. Straightforward interactions. C. Absolute certainty. D. Significant unpredictability. 4. What is the tone of the passage? A. Dismissive. B. Neutral. C. Skeptical. D. Enthusiastic. Passage 2 （24-25学年高二下·山东淄博·期末） Researchers at UNSW Sydney created PainWaive-a game that teaches users to control faulty brain activity causing long-lasting nerve pain, offering a home-based alternative to opioid (阿片类药物) painkillers. . A study led by Professors Gustin and Hesam-Shariati from UNSW Sydney’s Neuro Recovery Research Hub, published in the Journal of Pain, tested the technology. Four participants wore EEG headsets (measuring brainwaves) while playing interactive games for four weeks, with the app responding in real time to changes in brainwave patterns. “Participants received headsets and tablets preloaded with the game. They were also given tips for different mental strategies. Data was sent remotely. After brief training, users operated the system on their own. “They felt empowered managing pain at home,” said Hesam-Shariati. The Pain Waive project builds on Professor Sylvia Gustin’s ground-breaking research into changes in the brain’s thalamus — a central relay center in the brain — associated with nerve pain. Three out of four participants showed significant reductions in pain. Overall, the pain relief was comparable to or greater than that offered by opioids. “Restrictions in the study’s size, design and duration limit our ability to generalise the findings or rule out placebo (安慰剂) effects. But the results we’ve seen are exciting and give us confidence to move to the next stage,” noted Dr. Hesam-Shariati. Initially, the team planned to use existing commercial EEG systems, but they were either too expensive or didn’t meet the quality needed to deliver the project. Instead, they developed their own. Thanks to 3D printing, headset costs dropped to $300 vs $1,000-$20,000 for standard systems. Gustin stated, “This technology could provide affordable home pain care, especially where treatments-are scarce.” The researchers are now calling for participants to register their interest in two upcoming trials: the Spinal (脊柱的) Pain Trial, investigating its potential to reduce long-lasting spinal pain, and the StoPain Trial, exploring its use in treating the pain in people with a spinal injury. 1. What can be inferred about the PainWaive headset? A. It is more effective yet too costly. B. It values affordability more than quality. C. It requires constant professional supervision. D. It can be operated independently after training. 2. How does PainWaive’s pain relief effect compare to opioids? A. Similar or better. B. Slightly less effective. C. Consistently superior. D. Not yet measurable. 3. Why does the author mention the reduced cost of the headset? A. To criticize the high prices of medical equipment. B. To highlight the role of 3D printing in mental health. C. To emphasize improved accessibility of the technology. D. To compare production costs with commercial EEG systems. 4. What is the researchers’ suggestion about? A. Funding sources for ongoing research. B. Future applications of the technology. C. Potential risks for spinal injury patients. D. Commercial availability of Pain Waive. Passage 3 （24-25学年高二下·山东莱州·期末） Nowadays, social media is widely used by millions of people to connect and share their lives. However, research suggests that excessive (过度) use of social media may lead to mental health issues like depression and anxiety. One behavior that researchers have focused on recently is photo editing, which involves altering one’s appearance in pictures before posting them on social media. While some studies have suggested that photo editing is linked to negative outcomes such as seeing oneself as an object and having low self-esteem, the relationship between these factors is not well understood. Phillip Ozimek and his colleagues conducted a study with 403 young adults recruited through social media platforms to investigate the potential risks associated with photo editing on social media. Participants completed an online survey that included questions about their social media use, photo editing behavior, self-perception as an object, comparisons of physical appearance, self-esteem (自尊), and other relevant factors. To measure photo editing behavior, participants reported how often they edited their selfies before posting them on social media. To assess self-perception as an object and comparisons of physical appearance, participants answered questions about how much they monitored their bodies and compared themselves to others' looks. Finally, participants’ self-esteem was measured using a questionnaire that evaluated their overall sense of self-worth. The data showed that higher levels of photo editing were associated with increased self-perception as an object and more comparisons of physical appearance among young adults. These factors, in turn, were related to lower self-esteem. The researchers suggested that photo editing behavior may contribute to feelings of self-perception as an object and basing one’s worth on appearance, especially among vulnerable groups like teenagers. They emphasized the need for further research to explore the impact of photo editing on mental health outcomes and understand why people engage in this behavior. Although the study had some limitations, as acknowledged by Ozimek and his colleagues highlighted the importance of considering overall social media use and specific behaviors like photo editing when studying the relationship between social media and mental health outcomes. Interventions (干预) aimed at reducing excessive social media use or promoting healthier engagement with social media could have positive effects on the mental well-being of young people. 1. What were the participants asked to do in the study? A. Fill in a questionnaire about self-worth. B. Compare their looks with others. C. Edit their selfies before posting. D. See themselves as an object. 2. What does the word “vulnerable” in paragraph 6 mean? A. Hardly protected. B. Particularly strong. C. Easily influenced. D. Mostly independent. 3. From the passage, what can we infer? A. The higher levels of photo editing, the higher self-esteem. B. Reducing the overuse of social media might be beneficial to well-being. C. Photo editing is the only behavior that affects mental health on social media. D. The study has completely worked out the problem of the overuse of social media. 4. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To introduce the popularity of social media. B. To explain the detailed process of a study on photo editing. C. To show teenagers are the most vulnerable group in using social media. D. To explore the relationship between photo editing and negative mental states. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东泰安·期末） Climate change is causing the oceans to get warmer and more acidic, making it harder for corals to build and maintain their mineral skeletons (骨骼). Eventually, coral reefs will literally start to dissolve (溶解). It’s a sad story, but one with a surprising silver lining. Research presented this week shows dissolving coral will slow climate change, by boosting the oceans’ ability to take in carbon dioxide (CO₂) out of the atmosphere. By the end of the century, the oceans could be absorbing up to 400 megatons (兆吨) of additional carbon per year. That’s more than the annual emissions of Australia or the United Kingdom. Corals build their skeletons from calcium carbonate by pulling carbonate ions (碳酸根离子) from seawater. But more CO₂ in the air drives more of the gas into the ocean, making it more acidic and reducing carbonate ions. This makes it harder for coral reefs to grow and may eventually lead to coral dissolution. Dissolving calcium carbonate reduces acidity more than it releases carbon, restoring ocean pH and increasing its carbon absorption. Alban Planchat, a climate scientist, and his colleagues used a computer model to see what would happen to coral reefs and the effects of coral dissolution on ocean carbon cycling as the world warms. They tested multiple climate cases, ranging from more optimistic cases in which carbon emissions eventually decline to pessimistic cases in which humanity doesn’t reduce emissions at all. Results showed that even in moderate cases, coral reefs are expected to decline, but this process could help trap carbon in the ocean. By 2300, an extra 110,000 megatons of carbon could be stored. For Planchat, the result is a clear reminder that the climate and biodiversity crises are connected, but are not identical. Even if dead reefs would help a bit with climate change, losing them would destroy vital ecosystems that host about 25% of marine species. If he had to choose, Planchat thinks the biodiversity crisis needs more attention. “We always talk about the carbon footprint for everything,” he says. “It’s necessary, but we also have to take into account the biodiversity.” 1. What does the underlined phrase “a surprising silver lining” probably mean in paragraph 1? A. An obvious drawback. B. A hidden danger. C. An unexpected bright side. D. A temporary solution. 2. What directly prevents corals from building mineral skeletons? A. More CO2 escapes into the air. B. Acidic water decreases carbonate ions. C. Coral skeletons stop producing calcium. D. Warmer water destroys coral skeletons. 3. What do Planchat’s models suggest about coral dissolution? A. It is unlikely to happen this century. B. It might help oceans trap more carbon. C. It can slow down ocean carbon cycling. D. It will cause an increase of marine species. 4. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To suggest ways to slow down global warming. B. To call for more research about coral dissolution. C. To explain the reason why ocean becomes acidic. D. To show how coral reefs may help absorb carbon. Passage 2 （24-25学年高二下·山东烟台·期末） Katherine Rundell’s follow-up to 2023’s Impossible Creatures—a novel that sees two children trying to protect “the world’s last magical place”, which is home to all manner of imaginary beings—goes hand in hand with the previous one. But rather than a fantasy story, Vanishing Treasures is a nonfiction survey of some of the seemingly impossible creatures who call our planet home. As the title suggests, many of our neighbors are disappearing at an alarming rate mostly due to humanity’s irresistible greed and desire to dominate whatever is beautiful and rare. In this book, Katherine Rundell takes us on a tour of the world’s most awe-inspiring animals currently facing extinction. She combines history and personal experiences with a vivid storytelling style. Her own observations and interactions color her description of each animal in an accessible way, which is as enjoyable to read as the facts. Having witnessed the Amur leopard’s stealthy approach to its victim while tracking it, Rundell writes, “The leopard glides through the underbrush like a shadow, its powerful muscles working in perfect harmony with the silence of the forest. Each step is a silent promise of both beauty and danger.” The book unfolds a wealth of wonders. The seahorse couples meet each morning for a dance, changing colors before going their separate ways. The wood frog survives winter by allowing itself to freeze solid, its heartbeat slowing until it stops altogether. When spring comes, the heart kick-starts itself naturally back to life. Regrettably, these extraordinary animals are each on the border of extinction. This brilliant essay collection focusing on 23 unusual and underappreciated creatures serves as a forceful call insisting we re-envision the world around us—to truly recognize the fascinating animals, along with their hidden histories and remarkable capabilities and above all, to treasure the immeasurable fortune of inhabiting the same ground as such disappearing treasures. Beautifully illustrated, and full of intellect, Vanishing Treasures is a chance to be awestruck and lovestruck, to engage with the world’s beauty and its delicate nature and its strangeness. 1. What do we know about the creatures in Rundell’s new novel? A. They’re extinct species. B. They’re fictional but magical. C. They inhabit different planets. D. They’re real but endangered. 2. What does the underlined word “stealthy” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Secretive. B. Hesitant. C. Awkward. D. Obvious. 3. Why does the author mention the seahorse couples and the wood frog? A. To reveal animals’ bonds. B. To prove animals’ adaptability. C. To indicate animals’ amazing features. D. To contrast animals’ survival skills 4. What is Vanishing Treasures aimed at? A. Driving environmental actions. B. Sharing personal adventures. C. Resolving human-animal conflicts. D. Promoting ecological appreciation. Passage 3 （24-25学年高二下·山东枣庄·期末） Have you ever noticed how highway traffic often comes to a stop for no clear reason? Surprisingly, ants — tiny as they are — have mastered the art of avoiding such jams. Scientists are studying their strategies to help design smarter self-driving car systems. When roads get crowded, human drivers tend to brake suddenly, creating ripple effects that freeze traffic — like water turning to ice. Ants, however, keep moving smoothly even in extreme crowds. A study reveals their secret: They travel in small groups of 3-20, maintaining steady speeds and spacing without trying to overtake each other. Unlike ants, human drivers often act selfishly — changing lanes abruptly — which worsens traffic for everyone. Researchers suggest autonomous cars could mimic ants by sharing data to maintain safe distances and constant speeds, similar to how ants use chemical signals to coordinate (协调) without a central leader. Ant colonies also adapt flexibly. Their trails widen when busy, and they even crawl on tunnel ceilings to avoid congestion. Scientists propose that smart vehicles could use similar distributed decision-making to prevent bottlenecks. “Ants don’t need a commander; they cooperate through simple local interactions,” explains a biologist. Of course, ants have unique advantages. They can physically merge (挤在一起) when crowded and reshape their environment — skills beyond current technology. For now, drivers can adopt a simple ant-inspired tip: Keep enough distance from the car ahead. This small buffer helps absorb sudden stops and prevents “phantom jams” caused by braking waves. While future self-driving cars may fully copy ant-like coordination, today’s lesson is clear: Smooth traffic isn’t about rushing — it’s about working together. By prioritizing the group over individual speed, both humans and machines could finally outsmart the jam. 1. Why are scientists studying the ants’ traffic strategies? A. To analyze the reasons for traffic jam. B. To highlight ants’ anti-jam abilities. C. To improve self-driving car systems. D. To compare ants with human drivers. 2. What is the ants’ secret of avoiding traffic jams? A. Overtaking others if possible. B. Moving in well-coordinated teams. C. Slowing down when crowded. D. Following a central commander. 3. What does the underlined word “buffer” refer to in Paragraph 5? A. Distance. B. Technique. C. Creature. D. Lesson. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s the next? C. Where to go? D. Who to Blame? / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东菏泽·期末） Walking around large cities in Europe and the United States, you’d be forgiven for thinking that we’re living in a world of affordable and effortless mobility for all, with the smartphone in your pocket, with a variety of shared mobility — shared bikes and electric cars, and an Uber or Lyft never more than five minutes away. However, the access to shared mobility isn’t equal. If you’re disabled or elderly, living in a low-income area — or without a smartphone or credit card, using these shared mobility services becomes a lot more difficult. They tend to gather in urban areas, and are often inaccessible to people with reduced mobility or those traveling with young children needing child seats. To be most effective, it needs to include everyone. For-profit shared mobility providers have largely failed to deliver on this. But projects are finding creative solutions to reach underserved communities. The local governments have provided funds for low-income residents, which have shown promise in increasing the use of shared mobility while decreasing the use of personal vehicles. Nonprofit Shared Mobility Inc. in New York launched The E-Bike Library model helping underserved community set up e-bike libraries. Carshares, bikeshares and the like are a positive for the environment. They could be a key part of a more sustainable transportation system. On-demand shared mobility could reduce the number of vehicles in some cities by 90 percent and cut transportation emissions by 50 percent — but only if it largely replaces private car use. “The car has to be a guest, not the main actor,” says Luis Martinez, who coauthored a paper on shared mobility and sustainability in the 2024 Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 1. What problem does shared mobility face? A. Safety risks for electric cars. B. Unequal access for certain groups. C. High costs in most communities. D. Lack of smartphone apps for old people. 2. What have local governments done to help underserved communities?​ A. Offered free rides.​ B. Set up e-bike libraries.​ C. Provided financial support. D. Increased shared mobility prices. 3. What does Luis Martinez suggest about shared mobility? A. It should be a guest. B. It needs further study. C. It will replace private cars. D. It should be encouraged. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了共享出行在表面便利下存在的获取不平等问题、解决措施以及共享出行在可持续发展中的作用。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“However, the access to shared mobility isn’t equal. If you’re disabled or elderly, living in a low-income area — or without a smartphone or credit card, using these shared mobility services becomes a lot more difficult.(然而，共享出行的机会并不平等。如果你是残疾人或老年人，生活在低收入地区，或者没有智能手机或信用卡，使用这些共享出行服务就会变得更加困难。)”可知，共享出行面临某些群体的获取机会不平等的问题。故选B。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“The local governments have provided funds for low-income residents, which have shown promise in increasing the use of shared mobility while decreasing the use of personal vehicles.(地方政府为低收入居民提供了资金，这在增加共享出行的使用同时减少个人车辆的使用方面显示出了希望)”可知，地方政府为帮助得不到充分服务的社区提供了财政支持。故选C。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘The car has to be a guest, not the main actor,’ says Luis Martinez, who coauthored a paper on shared mobility and sustainability in the 2024 Annual Review of Environment and Resources. (‘汽车必须是一个客人，而不是主角，’Luis Martinez说，他与他人合著了一篇关于共享出行和可持续性的论文，发表在2024年《环境与资源年度评论》上)”可知，Luis Martinez认为汽车必须是一个客人，而不是主角，也就是说，他建议应该鼓励共享出行，减少私家车的使用。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二下·山东青岛·期末） At the Paris 2024 Olympics, sport climbing featured two medal events for men and women: Speed and a combined Boulder & Lead event. Behind the scenes, there is a crucial but often unseen figure — Martin Hammerer, head of the experienced team responsible for the Lead routes, who has been setting routes internationally since 2007. “The actual design took place at the climbing wall. The International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC) pre-selected the material, which we then used to set the routes,” Hammerer explained when asked about his work in Paris. “We started with the finals — which was the highlight — and worked backward to the semi-finals. After completing a route, we photographed it, removed and stored the holds for later use.” The focus for the routesetters is to offer a challenging but also fair competition. Routes for the combined Boulder & Lead event were carefully designed to ensure that specialists in one discipline didn’t have an unfair advantage. “Our aim is to offer a balanced competition,” Hammerer said. “For the podiums (领奖台), the athletes have to be really strong in both disciplines.” Routesetting relies heavily on the team’s creativity. The style has changed over the past 15 years, with today’s routes looser and more dynamic. “The materials and structures have also changed greatly,” Hammerer said. “Every season we adapt to the athletes anew.” Routesetting used to be quite independent and greatly influenced climbing style. “But now, federations set training routes for athletes. When we see this on social media, we get new input for our work,” Hammerer reflected. As Hammerer once said, “Climbers evolve, and so must we.” He continues to shape the future of climbing — one route, one challenge, one story at a time. 1. What does Hammerer do? A. He competes in sport climbing events. B. He coaches athletes for the Olympics. C. He designs routes for sport climbing. D. He judges climbing competitions. 2. What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The materials used for route setting. B. The process of setting climbing routes. C. The criteria for routes of varied levels. D. The location selected for route setting. 3. How did Hammerer’s team achieve their aim? A. By balancing innovation and adaptation. B. By sticking to federations’ training routes. C. By promoting their concept through social media. D. By disciplining themselves to follow strict guidelines. 4. What message does Hammerer convey in the last paragraph? A. Practice makes perfect. B. Change is the only constant. C. Slow and steady wins the race. D. Actions speak louder than words. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了2024年巴黎奥运会攀岩比赛背后的关键人物——马丁·哈默尔（Martin Hammerer），他负责设计攀岩比赛的路线，并详细描述了他的工作内容、设计理念以及攀岩路线设置的发展变化。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Behind the scenes, there is a crucial but often unseen figure — Martin Hammerer, head of the experienced team responsible for the Lead routes, who has been setting routes internationally since 2007.(在幕后，有一个关键但往往不为人知的人物——Martin Hammerer，负责Lead路线的经验丰富的团队负责人，自2007年以来一直在国际上制定路线。)”可知，Hammerer是设计运动攀岩路线的，故选C。 【2题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“The actual design took place at the climbing wall. The International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC) pre-selected the material, which we then used to set the routes,” Hammerer explained when asked about his work in Paris. “We started with the finals — which was the highlight — and worked backward to the semi-finals. After completing a route, we photographed it, removed and stored the holds for later use.(‘实际的设计是在攀岩墙上进行的。国际运动攀岩联合会（IFSC）预先选择了材料，然后我们用它来设定路线。’当被问及他在巴黎的工作时，Hammerer解释说：‘我们从决赛开始——这是最精彩的部分——然后回到半决赛。在完成一条路线后，我们拍摄了它，并将其移走并储存起来以备以后使用。’)”可知，Hammerer在本段解释了攀岩路线是怎样设计的。由此可知，第二段主要介绍了设置攀岩路线的过程，故选B。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Routesetting relies heavily on the team’s creativity. The style has changed over the past 15 years, with today’s routes looser and more dynamic. ‘The materials and structures have also changed greatly,’ Hammerer said. ‘Every season we adapt to the athletes anew.(路线设置在很大程度上依赖于团队的创造力。在过去的15年里，风格发生了变化，今天的路线更加宽松和充满活力。‘材料和结构也发生了很大变化，’Hammerer说：‘每个赛季，我们都会重新适应运动员。’)”可知，路线设置在很大程度上依赖于团队的创造力，并且每个赛季都会重新适应运动员；由此可知，Hammerer的团队通过平衡创新和适应来实现他们的目标，故选A。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“As Hammerer once said, ‘Climbers evolve, and so must we.’ He continues to shape the future of climbing — one route, one challenge, one story at a time.(正如Hammerer曾经说过的那样，“登山者在进化，我们也必须进化。”他继续塑造登山的未来——一条路线，一个挑战，一个故事。)”可知，Hammerer在最后一段中传达的信息是“变化是唯一不变的”，即我们要随着攀岩者的进化而进化，要不断创新和适应，故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高二下·山东青岛·期末） Whether in busy cities or small towns, people from all walks of life enjoy a cup of coffee as part of their daily routine. The thought of a steaming cup of coffee helps to pull many people worldwide out of bed in the morning. Scientists have consistently linked this ubiquitous drink to lowered risks for illnesses such as heart disease, colon cancer and type 2 diabetes. But its effects on the gut microbiome (肠道菌群) are largely unknown. Researchers from Harvard University examined samples from over 20, 000 participants who tracked their daily coffee intake. They discovered that regular coffee consumption has a connection to the growth of a specific gut bacterium (细菌) . “We don’t know much about this bug, but we can place it as likely a good one, ” said Peter Belenky, a microbiologist at Brown University, who was not involved in the study. In the largest-ever study, coffee intake was found to increase the number of certain types of bacteria in the gut, but the connection with Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus (溶糖劳森乳杆菌) was the strongest. When coffee was added to lab dishes containing this bacterium, it grew faster. “It’s rare to find such a strong and clear link, ” said Mingyang Song, a co-senior author of the study from Harvard University. To understand the role of this bacterium in the gut, the researchers looked at substances in the blood of hundreds of participants. They found that higher levels of quinic acid, which can help reduce inflammation (炎症) , were strongly related to the growth of L. asaccharolyticus. The same was true for hippurate, a substance that shows a more diverse gut microbiome and better gut health. Based on these results, the scientists are now trying to connect these bacteria and related substances to overall health. Song explained, “This could help us understand if the bacteria are really behind the health benefits of coffee. ” Analyzing large datasets from many people is a good way to explore the links between what we eat and drink and the bacteria in our gut. Belenky said, “This study might pave the way for a new approach to food research. ” 1. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” probably mean? A. Popular. B. Expensive. C. Dangerous. D. Unique. 2. What did Harvard researchers find in their study? A. Which coffee impacts the gut microbiome. B. Drinking coffee contains some gut bacteria. C. Coffee consumption reduces heart disease risk. D. Coffee intake is linked to a certain gut bacterium. 3. Why did the researchers analyze the blood samples? A. To identify other new types of bacteria. B. To prove that coffee reduces inflammation. C. To know how the bacterium works in the gut. D. To develop treatments for gut-related diseases. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. What Effect Coffee Has on People? B. Link Coffee to the Gut Microbiome C. New Approach Applied to Food Study D. Coffee Boosts Beneficial Gut Bacterium 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。哈佛大学研究发现，喝咖啡与肠道中溶糖劳森乳杆菌生长有关联，该菌可能与健康益处相关，为饮食研究提供新方向。 【1题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“Whether in busy cities or small towns, people from all walks of life enjoy a cup of coffee as part of their daily routine.(无论是在繁忙的城市还是小城镇，各行各业的人都把喝一杯咖啡作为日常生活的一部分。)”以及“Scientists have consistently linked this ubiquitous drink to lowered risks for illnesses such as heart disease, colon cancer and type 2 diabetes. (科学家们一直认为这种ubiquitous饮品与降低心脏病、结肠癌和2型糖尿病等疾病的风险有关。)”可知，这里指咖啡在全球广泛流行，所以ubiquitous表“流行的”意思。故选A。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“They discovered that regular coffee consumption has a connection to the growth of a specific gut bacterium (细菌) .(他们发现经常喝咖啡与一种特定肠道细菌的生长有关。)”及第三段中的“coffee intake was found to increase the number of certain types of bacteria in the gut, but the connection with Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus was the strongest(研究发现喝咖啡会增加肠道中某些细菌的数量，其中与溶糖劳森乳杆菌的关联最强。)”可知，喝咖啡与特定肠道细菌有关联。故选D。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“To understand the role of this bacterium in the gut, the researchers looked at substances in the blood of hundreds of participants.(为了解这种细菌在肠道中的作用，研究人员分析了数百名参与者血液中的物质。)”可知，研究人员分析了血液样本目的是探究该细菌的在肠道的作用机制。故选C。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文特别是第二段中的“They discovered that regular coffee consumption has a connection to the growth of a specific gut bacterium (细菌) .(他们发现经常喝咖啡与一种特定肠道细菌的生长有关。)”可知，全文围绕咖啡摄入促进肠道有益细菌（如溶糖劳森乳杆菌）展开，并探讨其健康意义。所以D选项Coffee Boosts Beneficial Gut Bacterium(咖啡促进有益肠道细菌)直接点明核心内容。故选D。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高二下·山东日照·期末） Hard-pressed office workers in China are adding exercise into their work day by jogging with laptops, lifting lunch packs, doing office chair Pilates. The practice, known as “5-minute quick-charge workout”, has become all the rage across the mainland. In early July, an internet user posted a picture on Xiaohongshu of a colleague engaging in a quick-charge workout while waiting for the lift, and titled it, “Office workers have their own gym.” The image shows a woman with a lunch delivery bag in one hand and a canvas bag in the other, which she was using in place of dumbbells and lifting them repeatedly while waiting. She also had several food delivery bags tied around her waist, adding weight to her workout. The colleague called her a genius, saying, “She always volunteers to bring lunch for everyone from downstairs, describing the trip as a weighted workout.” “Since she sits in the office all day with no time to go to the gym, she manages to have a quick workout while carrying takeaway or waiting for the lift, thus saving on gym fees,” the colleague said. Chang, a copywriter from Zhejiang province, shared her exercise approach with Jiupai News. She jogs to the subway station while carrying her laptop. “My computer is a bit heavy, so it feels like weight training,” she said. “I’m afraid I will not stick with it and waste my money,” she said. “A 5-minute quick-charge workout is more manageable for us office workers who often work overtime and do not have much spare time. Also, it energizes me during work when I’m tired,” Chang added. She also said that the bursts of exercise are beneficial to her psychological health because they help “release some negative emotions” throughout the day. Others have been sharing their speedy fitness routines online. “Yes, my workout is picking up packages for my boss. When it gets heavy, I think of it as arm training,” one person said. Another said they have a daily sprint to work, “I run 800 meters in three minutes every day to clock in on time. Lately, it feels so easy.” 1. What does the underlined phrase “all the rage” mean in paragraph 1? A. Highly expected. B. Widely popular. C. Extremely typical. D. Commonly arranged. 2. What do we know about the woman mentioned in paragraph 2? A. She abandons working out in a gym. B. She often orders lunch for her colleagues. C. She innovatively exercises during her work day. D. She enjoys doing voluntary work in her community. 3. What is a benefit of a 5-minute quick-charge workout according to Chang? A. It enhances creativity at work. B. It contributes to a peaceful mind. C. It helps improve time management skills. D. It promotes physical and mental well-being. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. Office Workouts Boost Your Mood. B. 5-minute Bodybuilding Saves Time. C. Office Quick-charge Fitness: A Creative Trend. D. Lunch Pack Delivery: A Practical Exercise Approach. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国上班族将送快递、等电梯等日常场景转化为碎片化健身机会，这种创新的“5分钟快速充电锻炼”因省时、减压且零成本而广受欢迎。 【1题详解】 词句猜测题。根据画线部分的上文“Hard-pressed office workers in China are adding exercise into their work day by jogging with laptops, lifting lunch packs, doing office chair Pilates. (在中国，压力很大的上班族们在工作中增加了锻炼，比如带着笔记本电脑慢跑、提午餐包、在办公室椅子上做普拉提)”可知，画线部分所在句描述“上班族在工作间隙融入锻炼”做法在中国大陆的情况，结合下文列举多名上班族践行这一做法的例子可知，这一做法应该是“广泛流行”，画线部分意为“广泛流行，很受欢迎”。故选B项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The image shows a woman with a lunch delivery bag in one hand and a canvas bag in the other, which she was using in place of dumbbells and lifting them repeatedly while waiting. (图片中，一名女子一手拿着午餐外卖袋，另一只手拿着帆布袋，她用帆布袋代替哑铃，并在等待时反复举起哑铃)”可知，这位女性在工作日创新性地进行锻炼。故选C项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Also, it energizes me during work when I’m tired (此外，当我工作累的时候，它还能让我充满活力)”和“She also said that the bursts of exercise are beneficial to her psychological health because they help “release some negative emotions” throughout the day. (她还说，剧烈运动对她的心理健康有益，因为它们有助于一整天“释放一些负面情绪”)”可知，于她而言，5分钟快速锻炼能促进身心健康。故选D项。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“The practice, known as “5-minute quick-charge workout” (这种做法被称为“5分钟快速充电锻炼”)”可知，文章围绕“5分钟快速充电锻炼”这一新趋势展开，介绍了中国上班族将送快递、等电梯等日常场景转化为碎片化健身机会，这种创新的做法因省时、减压且零成本而广受欢迎。因此，C项“办公室快速充电健身：一种创意趋势”概括了这一现象，最适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 Passage 5 （24-25学年高二下·山东泰安·期末） Many people believe that dogs resemble (相像) their owners in both looks and behavior — and research now supports this idea. Interestingly, the resemblance between the two often increases over time. However, not every dog-human match works well. For example, about onethird of guide dogs are returned because they don’t get along with their assigned owners. To reduce such mismatches, researchers in Germany are studying what makes a successful dog-owner relationship. Their findings confirm that dogs often share physical and personality characteristics with their owners. “We want to understand what makes a good match between a person and a dog,” says researcher Yana Bender. “First, we need to explore whether they are generally more similar or different.” Writing in the journal Personality and Individual Differences, Bender and her team reviewed existing studies. They found that some similarities are visible: women with short hair tend to prefer dogs with short ears, while those with long hair often choose long-eared breeds. Beyond appearance, personalities often match too. Introverted (内向的) owners are more likely to have shy or nervous dogs, while careful, organized people tend to have dogs that are easier to train and more active. Psychologists have long known that people feel more comfortable with those who look or act like them—and this seems to apply to pets as well. For example, women may see dogs that match their own features as more intelligent or friendly. However, personality matching goes deeper than physical appearance or initial choice. A dog’s behavior may change over time under the influence of its owner’s mood — and the opposite is also true. A nervous owner might cause their dog to become more anxious, while an anxious dog could increase its owner’s stress. In conclusion, dogs and their owners often grow to resemble each other not just by choice, but through ongoing interaction. Understanding this could lead to better dog-owner pairings in the future. 1. Why are guide dogs mentioned in paragraph 1? A. To suggest that guide dogs require special training. B. To show that not all dogs and humans are best friends. C. To prove that dogs can resemble their owners in behavior. D. To illustrate that not all dog-human matches are successful. 2. Which example shows similarity between owners and dogs? A. Nervous owners have active dogs. B. Organized owners have quiet dogs. C. Intelligent women choose lazy dogs. D. Short-haired women like short-eared dogs. 3. What can we learn from paragraph 5? A. Nervous owners make dogs anxious quickly. B. Dog behavior changes without owners’ influence. C. Owners and dogs influence each other’s emotions. D. Physical appearance matters more than personality. 4. What can we infer from the passage? A. Dogs’ behavior has little influence on owners’ moods. B. Resemblance between dogs and owners decreases over time. C Initial choices determine long-term dog-owner relationships. D. Understanding how resemblance forms helps create better pairings. 【答案】1. D 2. D 3. C 4. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了狗和主人之间在外观和性格上的相似性，以及这种相似性如何影响它们之间的关系，并介绍了德国研究人员对此的研究。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“However, not every dog-human match works well. For example, about one third of guide dogs are returned because they don’t get along with their assigned owners.(然而，并非所有的狗和人类的配对都能很好地相处。例如，大约三分之一的导盲犬因为与指定的主人相处不好而被退回。)”可知，第一段提到导盲犬是为了说明并非所有的狗和人类的配对都是成功的。故选D。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“They found that some similarities are visible: women with short hair tend to prefer dogs with short ears, while those with long hair often choose long-eared breeds.(他们发现一些相似之处是显而易见的：短发女性倾向于喜欢短耳朵的狗，而长发女性则经常选择长耳朵的品种。)”可知，短发的女人喜欢短耳朵的狗这个例子表明主人和狗之间的相似性。故选D。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段“A dog’s behavior may change over time under the influence of its owner’s mood — and the opposite is also true. A nervous owner might cause their dog to become more anxious, while an anxious dog could increase its owner’s stress.(狗的行为可能会随着时间的推移在主人情绪的影响下发生变化，反之亦然。一个紧张的主人可能会让他们的狗变得更加焦虑，而一只焦虑的狗可能会增加主人的压力。)”可知，主人和狗互相影响对方的情绪。故选C。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“In conclusion, dogs and their owners often grow to resemble each other not just by choice, but through ongoing interaction. Understanding this could lead to better dog-owner pairings in the future.(总之，狗和它们的主人往往不仅因为选择而变得越来越相似，还因为持续的互动。了解这一点可能有助于未来更好地配对狗和主人。)”可知，了解相似性是如何形成的有助于创造人类与宠物狗之间更好的配对。故选D。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东聊城·期末） Suppose you’re looking ahead to your evenings as a chance to catch up on the latest TV series or televised sport. Nothing looks more attractive to you than your couch (沙发). In the back of your mind, though, runs the possibility of using that time to figure out how to complete the home craft project. That project so far has become so complicated that it will take you at least an hour of watching instructional videos to complete it. You know that you’d feel proud of yourself if you got it done. However, the couch’s temptation becomes too hard to resist, and so the project will have to be abandoned. According to California State University’s Max Alberhasky, your situation is a typical example of what’s called the “happiness paradox”. Simply stated, this is the tendency for people to choose a leisure activity that requires very little effort even though they know that a true mood boost would come from applying their skills. Put somewhat differently, when you’ re looking at how to spend your leisure time right in the moment, you’ re less likely to consider the long- term consequences of your decision. In one experiment conducted in the lab, undergraduates participated in either the high- skill activity of playing the online game “2048” (where you build chains of sums) or the low- skill activity of playing “Plinko” (a game based merely on luck). Participants playing the “2048” game reported being happier and finding more meaning in the activity than the “Plinko” players did. You know now why the cough looks so inviting compared to the halfway- done home project that just seems like it will be too hard and, hence, not very attractive. You can only pull yourself away from what will eventually be a less beneficial choice if you project yourself into the future and think about how good you’ll feel when it’s done and you can stand back and admire your work. 1. Why do we tend to give up the home craft project? A. We seek instant pleasures. B. We prefer rewarding tasks. C. We usually ignore easy activities. D. We focus on long-term interests. 2. What may cause the “happiness paradox”? A. Not realizing a job’s value. B. Not finding a worthwhile job. C. Escaping from boring tasks. D. Escaping from demanding tasks. 3. What can we infer from the experiment in paragraph 4? A. High- skill activities are more popular. B. Low- skill activities are more interesting. C. Higher level of difficulty leads to more fun. D. Lower level of difficulty results in more benefits. 4. What does the author advise us to do in the last paragraph? A. Realise potential rewards. B. Keep improving ourselves. C. Have a passion for our job. D. Find pleasure in the process. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人们常因沙发诱惑放弃需努力的事，这是“幸福悖论”。实验显示，高技能活动比低技能活动更让人快乐，应着眼未来成果。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“That project so far has become so complicated that it will take you at least an hour of watching instructional videos to complete it. You know that you’d feel proud of yourself if you got it done. However, the couch’s temptation becomes too hard to resist, and so the project will have to be abandoned.(这个项目到目前为止已经变得非常复杂，你至少需要花一个小时观看教学视频才能完成它。你知道，如果完成了这个项目，你会为自己感到骄傲的。然而，沙发的诱惑实在太过难以抗拒，于是这个项目不得不被放弃)”可知，我们往往会放弃手工艺品制作项目是因为我们追求即时的快乐。故选A。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“According to California State University’s Max Alberhasky, your situation is a typical example of what’s called the “happiness paradox”. Simply stated, this is the tendency for people to choose a leisure activity that requires very little effort even though they know that a true mood boost would come from applying their skills.(根据加利福尼亚州立大学的马克斯·阿尔伯哈斯基的说法，你的这种情况就是所谓的“幸福悖论”的典型例子。简单来说，这就是人们倾向于选择一种几乎不需要付出太多努力的休闲活动，尽管他们知道真正的情绪提升来自于运用自己的技能)”可知，躲避繁重的任务导致了“幸福悖论”。故选D。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In one experiment conducted in the lab, undergraduates participated in either the high- skill activity of playing the online game “2048” (where you build chains of sums) or the low- skill activity of playing “Plinko” (a game based merely on luck). Participants playing the “2048” game reported being happier and finding more meaning in the activity than the “Plinko” players did.(在实验室进行的一项实验中，本科生们分别参与了高技能活动——玩在线游戏“2048”（在游戏中你可以构建一系列的加法运算结果）以及低技能活动——玩“弹球机”（这只是一个纯粹依靠运气的游戏）。玩“2048”游戏的参与者表示自己更快乐，并且觉得这项活动更有意义，而玩“弹球机”的参与者则没有这种感受)”可知，实验发现难度越高，就越有趣。故选C。 【4题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“You can only pull yourself away from what will eventually be a less beneficial choice if you project yourself into the future and think about how good you’ll feel when it’s done and you can stand back and admire your work.(只有当你畅想未来，想象完成工作后，自己能够退后一步欣赏成果时的美妙感受，你才能摆脱最终不太有益的选择”可知，作者建议我们发现潜在的奖励。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二下·山东济南·期末） When traveling to a new country, there is so much to see and do. Nobody wants to spend their whole trip sleeping or feeling exhausted. Luckily, there are ways to drive away the ZZZs and make the most of your travel. New research from Arizona State University, links exercise with the body’s internal clock, opening the possibility of treating jet lag (时差反应) with a workout. Both traveling to a different time zone and staying up late at night can severely disturb the body’s internal clock, including making the body release the sleep-causing chemical melatonin (祖国素) at a time when people want to stay awake. When the internal master clock isn’t in line with the external clock of your destination, it creates a mismatch of all your body rhythms. That’s what lies at the heart of jet lag. The researchers of the study used the level of melatonin released by the body to explore the effects of exercise on body’s internal clock. First, researchers measured the melatonin levels of 99 participants throughout the day to establish a baseline. Then, the participants were asked to exercise for an hour for three days in a row at different times, and their melatonin levels were monitored. The researchers noted shifts in the melatonin levels of participants: correlated with their activity level. The study uncovered that morning (7 a, m,) or afternoon (1-4 p. m.) works shifted the internal clock forward, while evening (7-10 p. m.) exercise shifted it backward. “This is the first study to compare exercise’s effects on the body clock, and could open up the possibility of using exercise to help reduce the negative effects of jet lag and shift work.” Shawn, the lead researcher said. For west-to-east travel, evening exercise can get rid of time zone shifts. For east-to-west travel, morning or afternoon workouts are beneficial. Exercise pushes your internal clock forward or backwards by regulating the amount of melatonin. Walking or cycling are great ways to see the sites, when traveling, while getting jet-lag beating exercise. So, pack your running shoes for your next trip! 1. What is the key factor causing jet lag according to the text? A. Low melatonin. B. Shortened sleeping. C. Long travel tiredness. D. Body rhythm disorder. 2. How did researchers get the result? A. By doing observations. B. By undertaking surveys. C. By making comparisons. D. By integrating experience. 3. What does Shawn think of the study? A. Overrated. B. Pathbreaking. C. Unrealistic. D. Conclusive. 4. Which exercise suits travelers flying from China to Canada? A. Morning jogging. B. Evening swimming. C. Mid-night cycling. D. Random-time walking. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了亚利桑那州立大学的一项新研究表明运动与人体生物钟有关，通过锻炼可治疗时差反应，并说明了不同时间运动对生物钟的影响及适用情况。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“When the internal master clock isn’t in line with the external clock of your destination, it creates a mismatch of all your body rhythms. That’s what lies at the heart of jet lag.(当人体内部的主时钟与目的地的外部时钟不一致时，就会导致所有身体节律的不匹配。这正是时差反应的核心所在)”可知，导致时差反应的关键因素是身体节律紊乱。故选D项。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“First, researchers measured the melatonin levels of 99 participants throughout the day to establish a baseline. Then, the participants were asked to exercise for an hour for three days in a row at different times, and their melatonin levels were monitored.(首先，研究人员全天测量了99名参与者的褪黑素水平，以建立一个基线。然后，要求参与者连续三天在不同时间进行一小时的运动，并监测他们的褪黑素水平)”可知，研究人员通过对比参与者运动前后以及不同时间运动时的褪黑素水平来得出结果。故选C项。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中Shawn的话“This is the first study to compare exercise’s effects on the body clock, and could open up the possibility of using exercise to help reduce the negative effects of jet lag and shift work.(这是第一项比较运动对生物钟影响的研究，并且为利用运动来帮助减少时差反应和倒班工作的负面影响开辟了可能性)”可知，Shawn认为这项研究是具有开创性的。故选B项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“For east-to-west travel, morning or afternoon workouts are beneficial.(对于从东向西的旅行，早上或下午的锻炼是有益的)”可知，中国在东，加拿大在西，从中国飞往加拿大是从东向西的旅行，所以早上慢跑适合。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高二下·山东德州·期末） In an era when the average person checks their smartphone nearly 144 times a day, devoting oneself to a lengthy novel or complex piece of literature has become uncommon. The digital revolution(革命), while bringing easy access to information, has degraded our capacity for deep reading. Deep reading is more than just processing words on a page. It’s an experience that involves critical thinking, empathy, and knowledge exploration. This form of reading allows individuals to engage with complex ideas and connect emotionally with texts. Historically, deep reading has been instrumental in education and personal development, cultivating a person capable of critical thought and innovation. In a digital age, the way we consume information has dramatically changed. For instance, social media platforms are designed to catch our attention through endless browsing and bite-sized content. This design can weaken our patience for longer, more demanding texts. A study from Microsoft Corp. suggested that the human attention span has decreased from 12 seconds in 2000 to about 8 seconds today, highlighting how digital media affects our ability to concentrate. In the digital landscape, attention has become what companies compete for, often employing strategies that disturb our attention span. Notices, advertisements, and big data-based content make it difficult for readers to find the uninterrupted time necessary for deep reading. Our brains are remarkably adaptable, and the way we process information can change with our habits. Neuroscientists(神经系统科学家)have found that regular internet use can rewire neural pathways, favoring quick decision-making and surface processing over deep thinking. The Internet encourages rapid, distracted sampling of small bits of information from many sources—a mode of thinking that is contrary to deep reading. The decline in deep reading doesn’t just affect individual cognition (认知). It has broader societal consequences. In education, students used to surface-level reading may struggle with texts that require analysis and critical thinking. This trend can lead to a workforce less prepared for jobs that demand deep understanding and problem-solving skills. 1. Why does deep reading matter according to paragraph 2? A. It enhances reflective ability. B. It simplifies knowledge exploration. C. It accelerates information processing. D. It encourages social media engagement. 2. Why do companies apply data-driven business strategies? A. To boost educational content. B. To create better reading environments. C. To encourage uninterrupted reading sessions. D. To compete for attention in the digital landscape. 3. What problem arises from declining deep reading? A. Reduction in social cognition. B. Overuse of digital texts. C. Difficulty in critical analysis. D. Shortage of learning resources. 4. Which is the most suitable title for the passage? A. Deep Reading: A Lost Art in the Digital Age. B. The Forgotten Skill: Deep Reading in Education. C. Digital Revolution: Changing the Way We Learn. D. Information Revolution: Simplifying Knowledge. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍数字时代深度阅读减少的现象、原因及其带来的影响。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Deep reading is more than just processing words on a page. It’s an experience that involves critical thinking, empathy, and knowledge exploration. This form of reading allows individuals to engage with complex ideas and connect emotionally with texts. Historically, deep reading has been instrumental in education and personal development, cultivating a person capable of critical thought and innovation.(深度阅读不仅仅是处理页面上的文字。这是一种涉及批判性思维、同理心和知识探索的体验。这种阅读形式使个人能够接触复杂的思想，并与文本建立情感联系。从历史上看，深度阅读在教育和个人发展中发挥了重要作用，培养了一个具有批判性思维和创新能力的人。)”可知，深度阅读有助于培养批判性思维等能力，即增强反思能力。故选A项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In the digital landscape, attention has become what companies compete for, often employing strategies that disturb our attention span. Notices, advertisements, and big data-based content make it difficult for readers to find the uninterrupted time necessary for deep reading.(在数字领域，注意力已成为企业竞争的对象，它们经常采用干扰我们注意力持续时间的策略。通知、广告和基于大数据的内容使读者很难找到深度阅读所需的不间断时间。)”可知，企业采用数据驱动的策略是为了在数字领域争夺注意力。故选D项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“In education, students used to surface-level reading may struggle with texts that require analysis and critical thinking. This trend can lead to a workforce less prepared for jobs that demand deep understanding and problem-solving skills.(在教育领域，习惯于表层阅读的学生可能会在需要分析和批判性思维的文本上遇到困难。这种趋势可能会导致劳动力对需要深刻理解和解决问题能力的工作准备不足。)”可知，深度阅读减少会导致学生在批判性分析方面遇到困难。故选C项。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“In an era when the average person checks their smartphone nearly 144 times a day, devoting oneself to a lengthy novel or complex piece of literature has become uncommon. The digital revolution, while bringing easy access to information, has degraded our capacity for deep reading.(在一个普通人每天查看智能手机近144次的时代，全身心投入一本长篇小说或复杂的文学作品已变得不常见。数字革命在带来信息便捷获取的同时，也降低了我们深度阅读的能力。)”、第三段中的“In a digital age, the way we consume information has dramatically changed... highlighting how digital media affects our ability to concentrate.(在数字时代，我们获取信息的方式发生了巨大变化……凸显了数字媒体如何影响我们的专注力。)”以及最后一段对深度阅读减少带来的社会影响的阐述可知，文章围绕数字时代深度阅读逐渐减少这一核心，强调深度阅读在该时代逐渐成为一种“失落的艺术”。因此，最适合的标题为“Deep Reading: A Lost Art in the Digital Age”。故选A项。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高二下·山东临沂·期末） Learning how to regulate negative emotions like anxiety could ease chronic (慢性的) pain. Scientists have found that a form of therapy (疗法) that partly focuses on tolerating pain relieved ongoing discomfort more effectively than existing treatments. “Chronic pain is more than a sensory experience; it’s incredibly emotional,” says Nell Norman-Nott at the University of New South Wales, Australia. “We see increased levels of anxiety and depression in up to about 80 percent of people with chronic pain.” This leads to a “vicious cycle”, where pre-pain increases negative emotions, which then worsen pain, she says. To see if they could break the cycle, Norman-Nott and her team used a programme that focused on mindfulness, emotion regulation and pain tolerance. Eighty-nine people with chronic pain, lasting 16 years on average, were randomised to receive either the programme, delivered by a therapist through an eight-week online course, while continuing with any treatments they were already receiving, such as medication or physical therapy, or to just continue with their usual treatment. Nine weeks later, those in the therapy group experienced an improvement in emotional regulation of about 5 points more than those in the control group. The intensity of their pain also started to lessen at week 9, and by 21 weeks they experienced significantly less pain than those in the control group. “I think that’s interesting and promising,” says Benedict Alter at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It could also help people with limited access to inperson care, he says. “It’s great that they did this as internet-based. It’s a huge problem that there are small numbers of providers who do therapy, and they tend to be in urban areas.” Exactly how the therapy reduces pain is unclear, says Alter, but “at any given pain intensity, if you had better emotional regulation, people’s overall lives would be better: less suffering, less functional limitation. I think pain intensity decreases as everything gets better.” The mechanism could be uncovered in larger studies, he says. 1. What does “vicious cycle” refer to? A. People with chronic pain are increasing. B. Regulating negative emotions eases chronic pain. C. Chronic pain and negative emotions worsen each other. D. The new therapy is more effective than existing treatments. 2. How did Norman-Nott’s team prove the therapy’s effectiveness? A. By observing the usual treatment. B. By contrasting week 9 and week 21 results. C. By stopping usual treatments for participants. D. By comparing therapy and control group results. 3. Why is the therapy “promising” according to Benedict Alter? A. It provides training to the urban therapists. B. It focuses on in-person therapy improvements. C. It aids those with limited in-person care access. D. It equips patients in rural areas with internet skills. 4. What might the future studies focus on? A. Investigating how the therapy reduces pain. B. Comparing online therapy with in-person care. C. Analyzing the effects of the eight-week course. D. Testing the therapy on patients with intense pain. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. C 4. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项新的疗法研究，该疗法通过关注正念、情绪调节和疼痛耐受来缓解慢性疼痛，且在线形式使其更易普及，研究显示其效果优于常规治疗。 【1题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段““Chronic pain is more than a sensory experience; it’s incredibly emotional,” says Nell Norman-Nott at the University of New South Wales, Australia. “We see increased levels of anxiety and depression in up to about 80 percent of people with chronic pain.” This leads to a “vicious cycle”, where pre-pain increases negative emotions, which then worsen pain, she says. (澳大利亚新南威尔士大学的Nell Norman-Nott说：“慢性疼痛不仅仅是一种感官体验，它还伴随着强烈的情绪反应。我们看到，在多达80%的慢性疼痛患者中，焦虑和抑郁水平有所上升。”她说，这会导致一个“vicious cycle”，即疼痛前的负面情绪增加，进而加剧疼痛。)”可知，慢性疼痛会引发负面情绪，而负面情绪又会反过来加剧疼痛，所以“vicious cycle”指的是“恶性循环”，即慢性疼痛和负面情绪相互加剧的情况。故选C项。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“To see if they could break the cycle, Norman-Nott and her team used a programme that focused on mindfulness, emotion regulation and pain tolerance. Eighty-nine people with chronic pain, lasting 16 years on average, were randomised to receive either the programme, delivered by a therapist through an eight-week online course, while continuing with any treatments they were already receiving, such as medication or physical therapy, or to just continue with their usual treatment. (为了看看他们是否能打破这个循环，Norman-Nott和她的团队使用了一个专注于正念、情绪调节和疼痛耐受力的项目。89名平均疼痛持续16年的慢性疼痛患者，被随机分配接受该项目，该项目由治疗师通过为期八周的在线课程提供，同时继续接受他们已经在接受的任何治疗，如药物治疗或物理治疗，或者只是继续接受他们的常规治疗。)”以及第四段“Nine weeks later, those in the therapy group experienced an improvement in emotional regulation of about 5 points more than those in the control group. The intensity of their pain also started to lessen at week 9, and by 21 weeks they experienced significantly less pain than those in the control group. (九周后，治疗组在情绪调节方面的改善比对照组高出约5分。他们的疼痛强度也在第9周开始减轻，到第21周时，他们的疼痛程度明显低于对照组。)”可知，Norman-Nott的团队通过比较治疗组和对照组的结果来证明该疗法的有效性。故选D项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段““I think that’s interesting and promising,” says Benedict Alter at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It could also help people with limited access to inperson care, he says. “It’s great that they did this as internet-based. It’s a huge problem that there are small numbers of providers who do therapy, and they tend to be in urban areas.” (宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡大学的Benedict Alter说：“我认为这很有趣，也很有希望。”他说，这也可以帮助那些无法亲自接受护理的人。“他们通过互联网进行这项研究真是太棒了。提供治疗服务的机构数量很少，而且它们往往位于城市地区，这是一个巨大的问题。”)”可知，Benedict Alter认为这种疗法“有前景”是因为它可以帮助那些无法亲自接受护理的人。故选C项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Exactly how the therapy reduces pain is unclear, says Alter, but “at any given pain intensity, if you had better emotional regulation, people’s overall lives would be better: less suffering, less functional limitation. I think pain intensity decreases as everything gets better.” The mechanism could be uncovered in larger studies, he says.（Alter说，这种疗法究竟是如何减轻疼痛的还不清楚，但“在任何给定的疼痛强度下，如果你的情绪调节得更好，人们的整体生活就会更好：痛苦更少，功能限制更少。我认为随着一切好转，疼痛强度会降低。”他说，这一机制可以在更大的研究中揭示出来。）”可推知，未来研究可能会聚焦于揭示该疗法缓解疼痛的机制。故选A项。 Passage 5 （24-25学年高二下·山东莱州·期末） Wearable trackers and monitors (such as smart watches) are increasingly popular and sophisticated. Wearables are playing an increasing role in managing and detecting conditions like atrial fibrillation (心房颤动), the most common heart rhythm problem. For many people, the sense that they are receiving reliable, objective and personalized health data can encourage feelings of confidence, safety and assurance, especially when combined with symptom trackers or patient diaries. This may allow patients to self-manage their condition at home with their families, rather than spending time in hospital — reducing anxiety and stress. In a clinical setting, data may also encourage patients to take part in shared decision-making. Interpreting health data together with doctors or other health-care professionals, they can develop goals and action plans, including when to seek help, and when to go to hospital. Patients who understand their condition tend to report fewer atrial fibrillation symptoms. However, a study examined the behavior and well-being of 172 people with atrial fibrillation over a nine-month period. It found the 83 people who used wearable to monitor their condition were more worried about their symptoms and treatment, with one in five experiencing “intense anxiety”. Chronic anxiety can contribute to stress, burnout and poor physical health, which in turn can exacerbate (加剧) heart conditions. Some people also describe being a “prisoner of the numbers”. They feel they “need to keep checking the device to know how they were doing, leading to the device dominating their lives”. The volume and frequency of notifications (通知), alarms and vibrations from wearable devices can be overwhelming and make people worry about their health. Information overload can also discourage self-management, with notifications instead prompting people to seek health advice more often than they otherwise would. It’s a catch-22 situation: The wearable device may help you better manage your chronic heart condition, but wearing it could make you anxious — which is bad for those conditions. 1. What is the main idea of the second paragraph? A. Usage of personalized health data. B. Benefits of wearing wearables. C. How to manage health condition at home. D. When to seek medical attention. 2. What can we infer from the study? A. About 89 people were healthy. B. Wearables monitor people’s condition accurately. C. About 35 people experienced intense anxiety. D. Wearables can make people’s condition worse. 3. What does the underlined phrase “ a catch-22 situation” in paragraph 5 mean? A. A dilemma. B. A reality. C. A category. D. A phenomenon. 4. What might be a suitable title for the text? A. Digital Devices Are Irreplaceable in Life B. Being Monitored Is Good for Our Health C. Wearables Are Like the Coin with Two Sides D. Wearables Lead People to be More Anxious 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了可穿戴设备在管理和检测心房颤动等心脏状况方面的作用，同时指出了使用这些设备可能带来的焦虑问题，并探讨了其利弊。 【1题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第二段内容可知，该段落第一句指出可穿戴设备在管理和检测诸如心房颤动这类病症方面正发挥着越来越重要的作用。接着详细阐述了可穿戴设备带来的好处：对于许多人来说，接收可靠、客观且个性化的健康数据能让他们产生自信、安全感和安心感，还能让患者与家人一起在家中自行管理病情，减少焦虑和压力；在临床环境中，数据能促使患者参与共同决策，与医生一起解读数据制定目标和计划，了解病情的患者报告的心房颤动症状也更少。由此可知，本段主要介绍可穿戴设备在健康管理等方面带来的各种益处。故选B。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Chronic anxiety can contribute to stress, burnout and poor physical health, which in turn can exacerbate (加剧) heart conditions.(慢性焦虑会导致压力、倦怠以及身体健康状况不佳，而这些反过来又会加剧心脏疾病。)”可知，使用可穿戴设备带来的慢性焦虑会导致压力、倦怠和身体健康不佳，进而加剧心脏疾病，也就意味着可穿戴设备可能会使人们的病情恶化。故选D。 【3题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线短语下文“The wearable device may help you better manage your chronic heart condition, but wearing it could make you anxious — which is bad for those conditions(可穿戴设备或许能帮助你更好地管理慢性心脏病，但佩戴它却可能让你感到焦虑，而焦虑对那些病症是有害的。)”可知，可穿戴设备一方面可能帮助更好地管理慢性心脏病，另一方面佩戴它又可能让人焦虑，而焦虑对病情有害。这呈现出了一种两难的境地。由此可知，“a catch-22 situation”意思是“左右为难的处境，两难的局面”。选项A“A dilemma”，意为“困境、两难境地”与此相符。故选A。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“It’s a catch-22 situation: The wearable device may help you better manage your chronic heart condition, but wearing it could make you anxious — which is bad for those conditions.(这是一种两难的境地：可穿戴设备或许能帮助你更好地管理慢性心脏病，但佩戴它却可能让你感到焦虑，而焦虑对那些病症是有害的。)”以及全文内容可知，文章开篇先介绍了可穿戴设备在管理和检测疾病方面越来越受欢迎且发挥着重要作用，接着阐述了它带来的诸多好处，如让患者产生自信、安全感，能在家自行管理病情，促进患者参与共同决策等；然后又通过研究指出可穿戴设备会使部分人产生焦虑，甚至导致病情恶化，还会让人感觉被设备主宰生活、信息过载等问题。选项C“Wearables Are Like the Coin with Two Sides(可穿戴设备就像一枚有两面的硬币)”形象地表达出可穿戴设备既有利又有弊的特点，符合文章主旨。故选C。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东日照·期末） Eating herbs and spices could be the key to preventing mosquitoes from biting, a study suggests. Experts from Johns Hopkins University set up a complicated trial in an ice rink-sized testing field in Zambia to find out which people are most appealing to mosquitoes. In one experiment the team asked six people to sleep in single-person tents which had a pipe pumping out the nightly smell of the occupant onto a monitored mosquito landing platform. They found that the mosquitoes were consistently drawn to the smells of people giving off more carboxylic acids (羧酸), but were beaten back by a person who had raised levels of eucalyptol (桉树精油). Eucalyptol, a fragrant component of many plants, is a common ingredient in toothpaste and mouthwash. Dr. Conor McMeniman, assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University, said, “Our study reflects that high levels of eucalyptol in your body scent may make you less attractive to mosquitoes.” Interestingly, all humans whose body scent analyzed in this study seemed to send out some eucalyptol. However, the person that was least attractive to mosquitoes had higher amounts of the chemical. This person likely obtained this compound from plant-based foods in their diet; but it is also possible that it could also have been from external products as eucalyptol is also a common ingredient in toothpaste and mouthwash. Experts think that as well as producing a strong unpleasant smell, eucalyptol may also act as a deodorizing agent (除臭剂) which neutralizes or masks the other chemicals that attract mosquitoes. “Most studies of mosquito preference have been performed in laboratory settings that do not represent how the insects act in the wild,” Dr. McMeniman said. Each night, the researchers released 200 hungry mosquitoes into the field and monitored their activity using motion cameras. Dr. McMeniman said, “To definitively conclude that high levels of eucalyptol in one’s diet would drive mosquitoes away, it would require a clinical trial with larger numbers of human volunteers which we didn’t perform here.” 1. What does Johns Hopkins University’s experiment focus on? A. Mosquitoes’ preference for humans’ body smell. B. Effects of different chemicals on people’s energy. C. Significance of tents in keeping mosquitoes away. D. Links between men’s sleep patterns and mosquitoes. 2. What is stressed about eucalyptol in paragraph 3? A. Its function. B. Its application. C. Its features. D. Its ingredients. 3. What can be inferred about the people least attractive to mosquitoes? A. They may have prepared toilet water. B. They may have applied heavy make-up. C. They may have bought a deodorizing agent. D. They may have used products with eucalyptol. 4. What does Dr. McMeniman imply in the last paragraph? A. Previous experiments contradict current findings. B. The role of eucalyptol intake needs further proof. C. The number of wild mosquitoes is underestimated. D. Lab studies are restricted to mosquitoes’ distribution. 【答案】1. A 2. A 3. D 4. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究发现，人体释放的桉叶油醇可能会降低自身对蚊子的吸引力，这种成分常见于植物性食物和日化产品，但实际效果仍需更大规模实验验证。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Experts from Johns Hopkins University set up a complicated trial in an ice rink-sized testing field in Zambia to find out which people are most appealing to mosquitoes. (约翰霍普金斯大学的专家们在赞比亚一个溜冰场大小的试验场进行了一项复杂的试验，以找出哪些人最吸引蚊子)”和第二段中“They found that the mosquitoes were consistently drawn to the smells of people giving off more carboxylic acids (羧酸), but were beaten back by a person who had raised levels of eucalyptol (桉树精油). (他们发现，蚊子一直被散发更多羧酸的人的气味所吸引，但被桉叶油醇含量升高的人击退)”可知，该实验的发现揭示了人体散发的气味与吸引蚊子之间的关联，因此它聚焦的是蚊子对人体气味的偏好。故选A项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Experts think that as well as producing a strong unpleasant smell, eucalyptol may also act as a deodorizing agent (除臭剂) which neutralizes or masks the other chemicals that attract mosquitoes. (专家认为，除了产生强烈的难闻气味外，桉叶油醇还可以作为除臭剂，中和或掩盖吸引蚊子的其他化学物质)”可知，该段强调了桉叶油醇的驱蚊功能。故选A项。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“However, the person that was least attractive to mosquitoes had higher amounts of the chemical. This person likely obtained this compound from plant-based foods in their diet; but it is also possible that it could also have been from external products as eucalyptol is also a common ingredient in toothpaste and mouthwash. (然而，对蚊子最不具吸引力的人体内的这种化学物质含量更高。这个人可能从饮食中的植物性食物中获得这种化合物；但也有可能是来自外部产品，因为桉叶油醇也是牙膏和漱口水中的常见成分)”可知，桉叶油醇既可以从饮食中摄取，也可能来自牙膏或漱口水等外部产品，因此对蚊子吸引力最低的人可能使用了含桉叶油醇的产品。故选D项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中McMeniman博士所说的话“To definitively conclude that high levels of eucalyptol in one’s diet would drive mosquitoes away, it would require a clinical trial with larger numbers of human volunteers which we didn’t perform here. (为了明确地得出饮食中高含量的桉叶油醇会赶走蚊子的结论，这需要进行大量人类志愿者的临床试验，而我们没有在这里进行)”可知，他指出该结论需要更大规模的临床试验进行验证，暗示桉叶油醇摄入的作用还需要进一步证明。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二下·山东威海·期末） One cold autumn afternoon, in a forest outside the tiny village of Hümmel, I went for a walk with the German forester Peter Wohlleben. Wohlleben had been managing the forest for almost three decades, and he had cared for it with unusual gentleness. Each tree is cut individually and removed using horses, rather than heavy machinery, to avoid damaging underground networks of roots and fungi that allow trees to exchange resources and chemical signals. He has created additional income for the forest by leading tours and teaching courses, etc. He has long insisted that people around the world could and should manage their forests likewise. Until a few years ago, virtually no one was listening. To make his views and his know-how widely known, Wohlleben began writing books. However, his first fifteen reached a modest audience. The turning point came in 2015 with his sixteenth book, The Hidden Life of Trees. Inspired by the walking tours like the one that Wohlleben was leading me on, he shifted the tone in this book — from technical writing to a warm, story-like style. He said, “The people I guided through the forest — they were hard trainers. When I talked in a way that wasn’t interesting, they would begin talking with each other.” So he adopted a cheerful and friendly tone — like a kind uncle telling fairy tales, full of warmth and a sense of wonder. And it struck a chord: The Hidden Life of Trees has sold more than a million copies in Germany alone, and more than three million worldwide. Near the end of our walk, Wohlleben showed me a C-shaped stump (树桩). It had been cut down at least fifty years ago, and yet, somehow, it was still alive. The tree’s roots, many of which grew above the soil, were visibly connected to a nearby tree. To Wohlleben, this was proof of the remarkable mutuality of trees — that they will continue caring for nearby trees even after their death. 1. Why does Wohlleben use horses to remove trees? A. To get around easily. B. To keep the old tradition alive. C. To reduce equipment costs. D. To protect underground roots and fungi. 2. What makes The Hidden Life of Trees more popular than Wohlleben’s earlier books? A. It is well advertised. B. It is easy and fun to read. C. It offers scientific knowledge. D. It explores human-nature bond. 3. Which can best replace the underlined “mutuality”? A. Adaptation. B. Growth. C. Connection. D. Lifespan. 4. What might be a suitable title? A. The Secret Language of Trees B. How a Book Changed Forestry C. A Forest Walk with Wohlleben D. Wohlleben and His Forest Message 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了德国林务员Wohlleben温和地管理着森林，其著作《树木的隐秘生活》以故事体风格走红，书中传递树木间相互关联等信息，传播其森林管理理念。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Each tree is cut individually and removed using horses, rather than heavy machinery, to avoid damaging underground networks of roots and fungi that allow trees to exchange resources and chemical signals.(每棵树都是单独进行砍伐的，并且是用马匹而非重型机械来移除的，这样可以避免破坏地下由根系和菌类构成的网络结构，这些网络结构使得树木能够进行资源交换和化学信号传递)”可知，沃勒莱本用马来移除树木是为了保护地下根系和菌类。故选D。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“To make his views and his know-how widely known, Wohlleben began writing books. However, his first fifteen reached a modest audience. The turning point came in 2015 with his sixteenth book, The Hidden Life of Trees. Inspired by the walking tours like the one that Wohlleben was leading me on, he shifted the tone in this book — from technical writing to a warm, story-like style.(为了让更多人了解他的观点和专业知识，沃尔勒本开始撰写书籍。然而，他的前十五本书的读者数量并不多。转折点出现在2015年，他出版了第十六本书《树木的隐秘生活》。受到沃尔勒本带领我进行的徒步旅行活动的启发，他在这本书中改变了风格——从专业的写作风格转变为温暖、类似故事的风格)”以及“So he adopted a cheerful and friendly tone — like a kind uncle telling fairy tales, full of warmth and a sense of wonder.(于是他便采用了欢快且亲切的语气——就像一位慈祥的叔叔在讲童话故事那样，充满了温暖和奇妙的想象)”可知，《树的秘密生活》比沃尔勒本之前的著作更受欢迎的原因是其易于阅读且充满乐趣。故选B。 【3题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The tree’s roots, many of which grew above the soil, were visibly connected to a nearby tree.(这棵树的根系中有很多部分生长在土壤之上，而且明显与附近的一棵树相连)”可知，文中提到被砍伐的树桩根系与附近树木相连，这体现了树木间的相互关联，“mutuality”在此处指树木间的这种连接关系，故划线词意思是“联系”。故选C。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Wohlleben had been managing the forest for almost three decades, and he had cared for it with unusual gentleness.(沃尔勒本管理这片森林已有近三十年之久，他对待这片森林的方式极为温和)”以及第三段“To make his views and his know-how widely known, Wohlleben began writing books. However, his first fifteen reached a modest audience. The turning point came in 2015 with his sixteenth book, The Hidden Life of Trees.(为了让更多人了解他的观点和专业知识，沃尔勒本开始撰写书籍。然而，他的前十五本书的读者数量并不多。转折点出现在2015年，他出版了第十六本书《树木的隐秘生活》)”，结合文章主要说明了德国林务员Wohlleben温和地管理着森林，其著作《树木的隐秘生活》以故事体风格走红，书中传递树木间相互关联等信息，传播其森林管理理念可知，D选项“沃尔勒本和他的森林信息”能概括文章内容，最适合作文章标题。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高二下·山东济宁·期末） Several species have fascinated observers with their abilities to skip side-to-side on the water as if it were land. One such species native to Virginia is the cricket frog. Jake Socha, a professor at Virginia Tech, leads a research team that studies the cricket frog’s unique ability to “skitter”, another name for jumping multiple times in succession. “Skittering is not actually a well-defined word for this behavior — one naturalist used it in 1949, and since then, it’s been used for this type of motion,” Socha says. “Part of this research is not only to study this behavior in cricket frogs, but to try and give ‘skittering’ a more precise, scientific definition.” The popular opinion holds that cricket frogs freely jump about with only their feet penetrating the water’s surface. However, Socha’s recordings showed a different picture. Researchers found that the frogs actually sink with each jump. The misunderstanding that cricket frogs have previously appeared to skip across the water when viewed by eye is largely because of their rapid motion. The team used a 20-gallon glass tank and released the frogs into it. High speed cameras were positioned from the side of the glass tank to document the action above and below the water’ s surface. As the frogs skipped, the team captured (拍摄) their getaway. Their movements might more accurately be called “porpoising” after the movement that a dolphin uses: jumping into the air from beneath the surface of the water. By observing them in slow motion, team members broke each jump cycle down to: ●Takeoff, from an underwater position ●Aerial, or time in the air following a jump ●Re-entry, back into the water ●Recovery, resetting for the next jump Understanding skittering is an important discovery for biology, but it holds other keys as well. This discovery provides a new physical basis for the future of bio-inspired robotics, where devices can draw inspiration from nature to use well-tested methods that frogs have been using for centuries. 1. What is the primary goal of Jake Socha’ s research about cricket frogs? A. To define their moving routes. B. To confirm their documented behavior. C. To better interpret their jumps. D. To create bio-inspired robots like them. 2. What does the underlined word “penetrating” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Resting upon. B. Sliding over. C. Sticking on. D. Cutting through. 3. What do researchers focus on when filming cricket frogs? A. Categorizing their risky behaviors. B. Measuring their quick speed. C. Observing the height of their jumps. D. Tracking their sinking actions. 4. What does the last paragraph mainly discuss concerning the research? A. Its broader significance. B. Its key challenges. C. Its potential limitations. D. Its theoretical sources. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. D 4. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍弗吉尼亚理工大学的研究团队对蟋蟀蛙独特跳跃行为“skittering”的研究及发现。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Part of this research is not only to study this behavior in cricket frogs, but to try and give ‘skittering’ a more precise, scientific definition.(这项研究的一部分不仅是研究蟋蟀蛙的这种行为，还试图给‘skittering’一个更精确、科学的定义。)”以及第三段中研究发现蟋蟀蛙每次跳跃都会下沉，纠正了之前的普遍观点可知，Jake Socha研究的主要目标是更好地解释蟋蟀蛙的跳跃行为。故选C项。 【2题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“The popular opinion holds that cricket frogs freely jump about with only their feet penetrating the water’s surface. However, Socha’s recordings showed a different picture. Researchers found that the frogs actually sink with each jump.(普遍观点认为，蟋蟀蛙自由跳跃，只有脚penetrating水面。然而，Socha的记录显示了不同的情况。研究人员发现，这些青蛙每次跳跃实际上都会下沉。)”可知，普遍观点认为蟋蟀蛙的脚只是接触水面，而研究发现它们会下沉，因此“penetrating”应意为“穿透”，与“Cutting through”意思相近。故选D项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“However, Socha’s recordings showed a different picture. Researchers found that the frogs actually sink with each jump.(然而，Socha的记录显示了不同的情况。研究人员发现，这些青蛙每次跳跃实际上都会下沉。)”以及第四段中对拍摄过程和跳跃周期的描述可知，研究人员拍摄蟋蟀蛙时，重点在于追踪它们的下沉动作。故选D项。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Understanding skittering is an important discovery for biology, but it holds other keys as well. This discovery provides a new physical basis for the future of bio-inspired robotics...(理解‘skittering’对生物学来说是一个重要发现，但它还有其他意义。这一发现为未来的仿生机器人技术提供了新的物理基础……)”可知，该段主要讨论了这项研究更广泛的意义。故选A项。 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东滕州·期末） Seasonality is a big part of business. For some industries, seasonal patterns are a defining feature. Agriculture is one obvious example; tourism another. Western toymakers notch up a huge proportion of their annual sales during Christmas. Construction is harder during cold weather, when that industry employs fewer people. Firms less obviously tied to the seasons can still be deeply affected by them, as a recent review by Ian Hohm of the University of British Columbia makes clear. An analysis of social-media posts on the Internet found that dieting-related posts peak in the spring, as the season of body dysmorphia (变形) approaches. Even when overall demand doesn’t vary greatly between the seasons, preterences change. Beef-eaters buy roasts in the slow-cooking winter season and plump for steaks during the summer months. Starbucks is among those firms that make seasonality a marketing event. The pumpkin-spiced latte is a reliable sign that autumn is on its way, along with falling leaves. Seasonality also leaves a less obvious imprint (印记) inside organisations. This week, with so many bosses stuck on a mountain for the World Economic Forum’s annual meeting in Davos, productive employees can get on with some work and lazy ones can relax. School holidays offer an obvious form of seasonality, when employees without children are upset that they are covering for colleagues on holiday, and colleagues on holiday are upset that they have children. Pay decisions are seasonal events, too. The time when employees find out their salary rises and bonuses sets off disappointment and happiness in all workplaces. In some, they are more like tsunamis. The actual date on which bonuses are paid matters too — once the money is safely put in the bank, people are more likely to move jobs. There are other forms of corporate seasonality. While there isn’t much research on the impact of seasonality within firms, it’s certain that they have their own annual rhythms. 1. Why do people focus on dieting in spring posts according to the analysis? A. They want to take time to get refreshed in spring. B. They fear the summer heat will ruin their health. C. They fear summer will reveal their body shapes. D. They suffer a lack of proper food during winter. 2. What does the underlined part “plump for” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Throw away. B. Decide on. C. Rule out. D. Turn up. 3. What troubles childless employees during school holidays? A. Being unable to relax in the absence of the boss. B. Staying in step with the change of the seasons. C. Accompanying the children of their colleagues. D. Sharing the work of the employees with children. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Companies Have Their Own Seasonal Rhythms B. School Holidays Have an Effect on Companies C. Corporate Seasonality Has Vast Social Effect D. Employees Must Watch Beyond the Seasons 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了季节性是商业的重要组成部分，对于一些行业来说，季节性是其重要标志。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“An analysis of social-media posts on the Internet found that dieting-related posts peak in the spring, as the season of body dysmorphia(变形) approaches.”（一项针对互联网上社交媒体帖子的分析发现，与节食相关的帖子在春天达到峰值，因为身材变形的季节即将到来。）以及第三段中“Even when overall demand doesn’t vary greatly between the seasons, preterences change.”（即使季节之间的总体需求变化不大，人们的偏好也会发生变化。）可推知，人们在春天的帖子中关注节食是因为他们担心夏天会暴露自己的体型。故选C项。 【2题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Even when overall demand doesn’t vary greatly between the seasons, preterences change. Beef-eaters buy roasts in the slow-cooking winter season…”（即使季节之间的总体需求变化不大，人们的偏好也会发生变化。吃牛肉的人在慢煮的冬季购买烤肉……）可知，人们倾向于在冬季购买烤肉，与此对比，人们在夏季选择购买牛排，可猜测划线短语plump for为“选择”的意思，与B项Decide on“决定，选择”意思一致。故选B项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“School holidays offer an obvious form of seasonality, when employees without children are upset that they are covering for colleagues on holiday, and colleagues on holiday are upset that they have children.”（学校假期提供了一种明显的季节性形式，没有孩子的员工会因为他们要代替休假的同事而感到不安，而休假的同事会因为他们有孩子而感到不安。）可知，在学校放假期间，没有孩子的员工因为要分担有孩子员工的工作而烦恼。故选D项。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据全文内容以及第一段“Seasonality is a big part of business. For some industries, seasonal patterns are a defining feature. Agriculture is one obvious example; tourism another. Western toymakers notch up a huge proportion of their annual sales during Christmas. Construction is harder during cold weather, when that industry employs fewer people.”（季节性是商业的重要组成部分。对于一些行业来说，季节性模式是一个决定性特征。农业就是一个明显的例子；旅游业是另一个。西方玩具制造商在圣诞节期间的销售额占其年销售额的很大一部分。在寒冷的天气里，建筑业的工作难度更大，因为建筑业雇佣的工人更少。）和第二段中“Firms less obviously tied to the seasons can still be deeply affected by them, as a recent review by Ian Hohm of the University of British Columbia makes clear.”（英属哥伦比亚大学的Ian Hohm最近的一篇评论清楚地表明，与季节联系不那么明显的公司仍然会受到它们的深刻影响。）可知，文章主要讲的是季节性是商业的重要组成部分。对于一些行业来说，季节性是其重要标志。文章最适合的标题是“公司的季节性具有巨大的社会影响”。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二下·山东滕州·期末） To build a prosperous (繁荣的) society, a fundamental understanding of the modern economy as a driving force in today’s world is essential. What kind of prosperity have we achieved so far? The widespread definition of prosperity focuses on economic power and growth as measures of success. Let’s take a look at history. The Second Industrial Revolution enabled mass production and created a sufficient supply of goods. This has greatly increased the importance of money in its role as “a store of value, ” and “a medium of exchange. ”As a result, we have pursued economic power as the only indicator of prosperity, such as GDP. Waves of globalization and technological evolution have promoted overall economic growth, but have allowed the few who are strong to achieve greater power while exploiting the many who are weak. Consequently, inequality has worsened, and disunity has intensified. The path to a truly prosperous world requires a shift in focus towards the most suitable happiness for all, in addition to economic power. Defining happiness, however, is a complex task. What makes people happy? The degree to which the same thing creates happiness differs from person to person. Happiness is subjective and complicated. This is a world of “multiple values” where each of us determines worth as opposed to “one fixed price” based merely on an economic perspective. Individuals shouldn’t be defined by a single identity or role but by multidimensional nature as well as multiple roles making independent choices and taking actions for their happiness in different aspects. Businesses must be pioneers in pursuing not only economic growth but also the happiness of all citizens of society. Companies can contribute through the pursuit of social value as well as economic profit. At the heart of this lies “purpose”. A company’s purpose defines the value it brings to society. The true worth of a company should be determined not just by the return s it creates for shareholders but by the value it creates for society as a whole. 1. What is the author’s attitude to the widely accepted standard of prosperity? A. Indifferent. B. Critical. C. Uncertain. D. Approving. 2. What is the side effect of technological evolution? A. The slower economic growth speed. B. The sharp reduction of job opportunities. C. The enlarged gap between the rich and the poor. D. The increasing conflict between different nations. 3. Which statement will the author agree with according to the passage? A. Happiness is changeable and beyond control. B. Happiness largely depends on economic power. C. The pursuit of profit determines a company’s true worth. D. A prosperous world should be measured by multiple values. 4. Who are the main intended readers of the text? A. Social psychologists. B. Enterprise administrators. C. School educators. D. Technological researchers. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个繁荣的世界应该用多种价值观来衡量，企业不仅要成为追求经济增长的先锋，还要成为追求全体社会公民幸福的先锋。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第二段中“The widespread definition of prosperity focuses on economic power and growth as measures of success. Let’s take a look at history. The Second Industrial Revolution enabled mass production and created a sufficient supply of goods. This has greatly increased the importance of money in its role as “a store of value, ” and “a medium of exchange. ”As a result, we have pursued economic power as the only indicator of prosperity, such as GDP. Waves of globalization and technological evolution have promoted overall economic growth, but have allowed the few who are strong to achieve greater power while exploiting the many who are weak. Consequently, inequality has worsened, and disunity has intensified. (对繁荣的普遍定义侧重于将经济实力和增长作为成功的衡量标准。让我们来看看历史。第二次工业革命使大规模生产成为可能，并创造了充足的商品供应。这大大增加了货币作为“价值储存手段”和“交换媒介”的重要性。因此，我们把经济实力作为衡量繁荣的唯一指标，比如GDP。全球化和技术发展的浪潮促进了整体经济增长，但也让少数强者获得了更大的权力，同时剥削了大多数弱者。结果，不平等加剧，不团结加剧。)”可知，作者对普遍接受的繁荣标准持批判性态度。故选B。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第二段中“Waves of globalization and technological evolution have promoted overall economic growth, but have allowed the few who are strong to achieve greater power while exploiting the many who are weak. Consequently, inequality has worsened, and disunity has intensified. (全球化和技术发展的浪潮促进了整体经济增长，但也让少数强者获得了更大的权力，同时剥削了大多数弱者。结果，不平等加剧，不团结加剧。)”可知，技术进化的副作用是贫富差距的扩大。故选C。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第三段“The path to a truly prosperous world requires a shift in focus towards the most suitable happiness for all, in addition to economic power. Defining happiness, however, is a complex task. What makes people happy? The degree to which the same thing creates happiness differs from person to person. Happiness is subjective and complicated. This is a world of “multiple values” where each of us determines worth as opposed to “one fixed price” based merely on an economic perspective. Individuals shouldn’t be defined by a single identity or role but by multidimensional nature as well as multiple roles making independent choices and taking actions for their happiness in different aspects. (通往真正繁荣世界的道路，除了经济实力之外，还需要把重点转向最适合所有人的幸福。然而，定义幸福是一项复杂的任务。什么能让人快乐?同一件事给人带来快乐的程度因人而异。幸福是主观的、复杂的。这是一个“多重价值”的世界，我们每个人都决定价值，而不是仅仅基于经济观点的“一个固定价格”。个体不应该被定义为单一的身份或角色，而应该被定义为多维的本质和多重的角色，在不同的方面为自己的幸福做出独立的选择和行动。)”可知，一个繁荣的世界应该用多种价值观来衡量。故选D。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Businesses must be pioneers in pursuing not only economic growth but also the happiness of all citizens of society. Companies can contribute through the pursuit of social value as well as economic profit. At the heart of this lies “purpose”. A company’s purpose defines the value it brings to society. The true worth of a company should be determined not just by the return s it creates for shareholders but by the value it creates for society as a whole. (企业不仅要成为追求经济增长的先锋，还要成为追求全体社会公民幸福的先锋。企业可以通过追求社会价值和经济利润来做出贡献。这个问题的核心是“目的”。公司的宗旨决定了它给社会带来的价值。一家公司的真正价值不仅取决于它为股东创造的回报，还应取决于它为整个社会创造的价值。)”可知，本文是写给企业管理者读的。故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高二下·山东潍坊·期末） When you picture a zoo, what do you see? A lone bear in a concrete cage, pacing aimlessly in front of tourists? Or a group of volunteers, trying desperately to clean the body of the giant panda? The role of zoos is unclear at first thought. On the one hand, funding from zoos comes from visitors and donors, so to attract the public, zoos must put on a good show. On the other hand, there is a growing cry to protect the animal kingdom from conservation-concerned individuals. That puts zoos in a dilemma. London Zoo, which opened to members in 1828 as the first scientific zoo, opened its doors to the public 19 years later as it was not receiving sufficient funding. However, when the environmental movement was born in the late 20th Century, London Zoo began to change its focus. In the same year when the IUCN Red List was first published, London Zoo worked with Phoenix Zoo on a cooperative programme to boost Arabian oryx (大羚羊) numbers. London Zoo soon became the model on how to run a zoo that can satisfy both its visitors and its inhabitants. Some zoos did not follow suit. The reputation of SeaWorld declined, following the documentary Blackfish, an exposure on SeaWorld’s poor treatment of their killer whales. It is clear from their website that sea creatures’ wellbeing and conservation are not SeaWorld’s priority. They are happy to advertise their sea lion shows and penguin petting experiences, but their conservation “mission” is tucked neatly into a dusty corner of the website. Knowing that places such as SeaWorld may not provide the best care for their animals, we continue to give them our money. However, we should not stop visiting zoos. Zoos are essential to our education. Zoos are outdoors, soul-lifting, and in need of footfall to remain open and serving the animal kingdom. So research zoos before you visit them. Only pay for tickets to zoos that commit to conservation, aim to educate rather than entertain and have high animal welfare standards. Do not tolerate any less. Celebrate zoos which do it right. 1. What leads to the dilemma in paragraph 1? A. The protest from volunteers. B. The competition among zoos. C. The pressure from funding and conservation. D. The conflict between visitors and zoo keepers. 2. Why is London Zoo mentioned? A. To give an example. B. To introduce an opinion. C. To make a prediction. D. To recommend a destination. 3. What does the underlined word “tucked” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Written. B. Divided. C. Hidden. D. Combined. 4. What does the author suggest visitors do in the last paragraph? A. Celebrate the animal shows. B. Fund the poorly-managed zoos. C. Recognize zoos devoted to protection. D. Increase their visits to different zoos. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. C 4. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了动物园处境两难，需吸引游客又要保护动物。伦敦动物园转型成功，而海洋世界饱受诟病。建议选择注重保护、教育和福利的动物园参观。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“On the one hand, funding from zoos comes from visitors and donors, so to attract the public, zoos must put on a good show. On the other hand, there is a growing cry to protect the animal kingdom from conservation-concerned individuals. That puts zoos in a dilemma.(一方面，动物园的资金来自游客和捐赠者，所以为了吸引公众，动物园必须表演得精彩些。另一方面，越来越多的人呼吁保护动物王国，以免受到那些出于保护动机的个人的破坏。这就让动物园陷入了两难的境地)”可知，导致第一段中所描述的这种困境的原因是资金与保护方面的压力。故选C。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“London Zoo, which opened to members in 1828 as the first scientific zoo, opened its doors to the public 19 years later as it was not receiving sufficient funding. However, when the environmental movement was born in the late 20th Century, London Zoo began to change its focus. In the same year when the IUCN Red List was first published, London Zoo worked with Phoenix Zoo on a cooperative programme to boost Arabian oryx (大羚羊) numbers. London Zoo soon became the model on how to run a zoo that can satisfy both its visitors and its inhabitants.(伦敦动物园于1828年作为首家科学动物园向会员开放，19年后因资金不足而向公众开放。然而，在20世纪末环保运动兴起之时，伦敦动物园开始转变其发展方向。在《世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》首次发布的同一年，伦敦动物园与菲尼克斯动物园合作开展了一项合作项目，以增加阿拉伯大羚羊的数量。伦敦动物园很快成为了如何运营既能满足游客需求又能照顾动物的动物园的典范)”可知，提到伦敦动物园是为了举例说明。故选A。 【3题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“They are happy to advertise their sea lion shows and penguin petting experiences, but their conservation “mission” is(他们乐于宣传海狮表演和企鹅亲密接触活动，但其“保护使命”……)”以及后文“into a dusty corner of the website (在网站的一个不起眼的角落里)”可知，上文中but表示转折，后文提到了在网站的一个不起眼的角落里，说明“保护使命”被隐藏起来。故划线词意思是“隐藏”。故选C。 【4题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“So research zoos before you visit them. Only pay for tickets to zoos that commit to conservation, aim to educate rather than entertain and have high animal welfare standards. Do not tolerate any less. Celebrate zoos which do it right.(所以在参观动物园之前，要先进行一番研究。只购买那些致力于保护工作、旨在教育而非娱乐、并且有高标准动物福利的动物园的门票。不要容忍任何低于标准的行为。要赞美那些做得很好的动物园)”可知，作者建议游客们识别那些致力于保护动物的动物园。故选C。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高二下·山东五莲·期末） Recently, a friend asked for help with a tricky problem: they were staging a play, and the script had a large number of characters. They didn’t want to hire an actor for each role, and while they could double up, they would run into problems if the same actor were playing two characters in a scene. Luckily, I was the right person to come to for help. There’s a versatile (通用的) piece of maths — graph colouring — that’s effective at solving many such problems, from casting a play to timetable scheduling. Mathematicians are often particularly interested in graph colouring, which involves assigning a colour to each point of a graph-networks of points joined by lines, so that any two point s joined with a line are assigned different colours. Finding the minimum number of colours needed to do this can tell us something useful about the graph’s structure. For example, a graph with a triangle of points all joined to a fourth point in the centre will need at least four colours to fill it in. One of my favourite uses of graph colouring is in scheduling problems: imagine a set of students, with a shared set of classes. We can draw a graph, indicating each class by a point, and join two points if those classes have any students taking both (so they can’t happen at the same time). Then, we find a way to colour the graph using the fewest possible colours. The minimum number of colours will tell us how many timetables periods we will need: each colour represents a set of classes with no overlap in students, so they can all happen simultaneously (同时地). This may tell you how I solved my friend’s problem: I suggested they draw a graph, represent each character with a point, and join two characters with a line if they appeared in any scenes together. Colouring this graph minimally then told them exactly how many actors they would need to stage the play. Another victory for maths — on with the show! 1. What worried the author’s friend most? A. The lack of towering actors. B. The numerous scene changes. C. The tight budget for costumes. D. The scene conflicts of the same actor. 2. Which of the following best illustrates the example in paragraph 2? B: Blue G: Green R: Red Y: Yellow A. B. C. D. 3. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 3? A. Clarify an assumption. B. Present an application. C. Introduce an approach. D. Analyze a phenomenon. 4. How does the author sound in the last paragraph? A. Proud. B. Serious. C. Hesitant. D. Authoritative. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了通用的数学方法——图着色。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“They didn’t want to hire an actor for each role, and while they could double up, they would run into problems if the same actor were playing two characters in a scene. (他们不想为每个角色都聘请一名演员，虽然可以让演员一人分饰多角，但如果同一个演员在一个场景中扮演两个角色，就会出现问题。)”可知，作者朋友最担心的是同一个演员的场景冲突问题。故选D项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“For example, a graph with a triangle of points all joined to a fourth point in the centre will need at least four colours to fill it in. (例如，一个由三个点构成三角形且都与中心的第四个点相连的图，至少需要四种颜色来填充。)”可知，图形中有四个点，且三个点构成三角形并都与中心的点相连，每个相连的点颜色不同，所以至少需要四种颜色。C选项符合该描述。故选C项。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“One of my favourite uses of graph colouring is in scheduling problems: imagine a set of students, with a shared set of classes. (我最喜欢的图着色的应用之一是在日程安排问题上：想象有一群学生，他们有共同的课程。)”以及后面的具体说明可知，作者在这一段旨在介绍图着色在日程安排问题上的应用。故选B项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Another victory for maths — on with the show! (数学的又一次胜利——好戏开场!)”可以看出，作者对用数学方法解决朋友的问题感到很自豪。故选A项。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东青岛·期末） I highly recommend Antifragile to any student or practitioner of business management, risk management, or anyone with a curious mind and a keen interest in understanding complex human systems. The book delves into various subjects, including education, politics, economics, health, business, science, and risk, providing valuable insights and a deeper understanding of these complex topics. Antifragile builds on the ideas presented in Nassim Taleb’s earlier books, The Black Swan and Fooled by Randomness. In The Black Swan, the focus was on the extreme impact of rare events and the limitations of human predictions and forecasting. Fooled by Randomness emphasizes the role of randomness and luck in life and business outcomes as well as the difficulty of distinguishing between actual skill and luck. While those books focus on “black swans” — rare and unpredictable events that have a significant impact, Antifragile further discusses the idea of antifragility and offers solutions to identify, build and benefit from antifragility in every aspect of life. One of the main new topics addressed in Antifragile is that some systems and individuals benefit from stressors and disruptions (干扰) while others are harmed by them. Taleb defines complex systems as systems composed of interconnected and interdependent parts that exhibit nonlinear (非线性) behavior. These systems are characterized by high uncertainty, volatility (波动性), and non-predictability and are often difficult to understand and control. Besides, Taleb defines complexity as the property of a system that makes it hard to predict its behaviour or outcomes based on knowledge of its parts. He argues that complexity emerges from the interactions and relationships between the parts of a system and that it is a fundamental characteristic of many natural and human-made systems, including economies, societies, and ecosystems. Overall, Antifragile is a thought-provoking and influential work that challenges readers to rethink their assumptions about resilience and stability. 1. Why does the author highly recommend the book Antifragile? A. It provides practical tips for student and practitioner readers. B. It concentrates on business and risk management strategies. C. It offers deep insights into complexity across diverse fields. D. It simplifies complex topics into understandable summaries. 2. What is the relationship between Antifragile and Taleb’s earlier books? A. It contradicts their ideas. B. It expands on their perspectives. C. It disputes their concepts. D. It addresses comparable subjects. 3. What is a characteristic of complex systems according to Taleb? A. Stable outcomes. B. Straightforward interactions. C. Absolute certainty. D. Significant unpredictability. 4. What is the tone of the passage? A. Dismissive. B. Neutral. C. Skeptical. D. Enthusiastic. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了Antifragile这本书，以及这本书给人们带来的关于韧性和稳定性的挑战。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“The book delves into various subjects, including education, politics, economics, health, business, science and risk, providing valuable insights and a deeper understanding of these complex topics.(这本书探讨了不同的话题，包括教育、政治、经济、健康、商业、科学和风险，提供了有价值的见解，以及对这些复杂话题的深入理解。)”可知，作者极力推荐Antifragile是因为这本书提供了对不同领域复杂性的深刻见解，故选C项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Antifragile builds on the ideas presented in Nassim Taleb’s earlier books, The Black Swan and Fooled by Randomness.(Antifragile建立在Nassim Taleb早期著作《黑天鹅》和《随机漫步的傻瓜》中提出的观点之上。)”以及第三段“While those books focus on “black swans” — rare and unpredictable events that have a significant impact, Antifragile further discusses the idea of antifragility and offers solutions to identify, build and benefit from antifragility in every aspect of life.(虽然这两本书关注的是“黑天鹅”——具有重大影响的罕见且不可预测的事件，但Antifragile进一步讨论了反脆弱性的概念，并提供了在生活的各个方面识别、构建和受益于反脆弱性的解决方案。)”可知，Antifragile和Taleb早期著作之间的关系是它扩展了它们的观点，故选B项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“Taleb defines complex systems as systems composed of interconnected and interdependent parts that exhibit nonlinear behavior. These systems a characterized by high uncertainty, volatility, and non-predictability an are often difficult to understand and control.(Taleb将复杂系统定义为由相互联系和相互依赖的部分组成的系统，这些部分表现出非线性行为。这些系统的特点是高度不确定性、易变性和不可预测性，通常难以理解和控制。)”可知，Taleb认为复杂系统的特征是重大的不可预测性，故选D项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“I highly recommend Antifragile to any student or practitioner of business management, risk management, or anyone with a curious mind and a keen interest in understanding complex human systems.(我强烈推荐Antifragile给任何商业管理、风险管理的学生或从业者，或者任何对理解复杂的人类系统有好奇心和浓厚兴趣的人。)”以及最后一段“Overall, Antifragile is a thought-provoking and influential work that challenges readers to rethink their assumptions about resilience.(总的来说，Antifragile 是一部发人深省且有影响力的作品，它促使读者重新思考他们对韧性的假设。)”及文章其他段落内容可知作者自始至终都在很热心地介绍并强烈推荐Antifragile这本书，因为作者认为这是一部发人深省且有影响力的作品，由此可推测这篇文章的基调是热情的，故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二下·山东淄博·期末） Researchers at UNSW Sydney created PainWaive-a game that teaches users to control faulty brain activity causing long-lasting nerve pain, offering a home-based alternative to opioid (阿片类药物) painkillers. . A study led by Professors Gustin and Hesam-Shariati from UNSW Sydney’s Neuro Recovery Research Hub, published in the Journal of Pain, tested the technology. Four participants wore EEG headsets (measuring brainwaves) while playing interactive games for four weeks, with the app responding in real time to changes in brainwave patterns. “Participants received headsets and tablets preloaded with the game. They were also given tips for different mental strategies. Data was sent remotely. After brief training, users operated the system on their own. “They felt empowered managing pain at home,” said Hesam-Shariati. The Pain Waive project builds on Professor Sylvia Gustin’s ground-breaking research into changes in the brain’s thalamus — a central relay center in the brain — associated with nerve pain. Three out of four participants showed significant reductions in pain. Overall, the pain relief was comparable to or greater than that offered by opioids. “Restrictions in the study’s size, design and duration limit our ability to generalise the findings or rule out placebo (安慰剂) effects. But the results we’ve seen are exciting and give us confidence to move to the next stage,” noted Dr. Hesam-Shariati. Initially, the team planned to use existing commercial EEG systems, but they were either too expensive or didn’t meet the quality needed to deliver the project. Instead, they developed their own. Thanks to 3D printing, headset costs dropped to $300 vs $1,000-$20,000 for standard systems. Gustin stated, “This technology could provide affordable home pain care, especially where treatments-are scarce.” The researchers are now calling for participants to register their interest in two upcoming trials: the Spinal (脊柱的) Pain Trial, investigating its potential to reduce long-lasting spinal pain, and the StoPain Trial, exploring its use in treating the pain in people with a spinal injury. 1. What can be inferred about the PainWaive headset? A. It is more effective yet too costly. B. It values affordability more than quality. C. It requires constant professional supervision. D. It can be operated independently after training. 2. How does PainWaive’s pain relief effect compare to opioids? A. Similar or better. B. Slightly less effective. C. Consistently superior. D. Not yet measurable. 3. Why does the author mention the reduced cost of the headset? A. To criticize the high prices of medical equipment. B. To highlight the role of 3D printing in mental health. C. To emphasize improved accessibility of the technology. D. To compare production costs with commercial EEG systems. 4. What is the researchers’ suggestion about? A. Funding sources for ongoing research. B. Future applications of the technology. C. Potential risks for spinal injury patients. D. Commercial availability of Pain Waive. 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了悉尼新南威尔士大学研究人员开发的PainWaive游戏设备，该技术通过训练用户控制大脑活动来缓解神经疼痛，为阿片类止痛药提供了家庭替代方案。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“After brief training, users operated the system on their own.(经过简短培训后，用户可自行操作系统)”可知，该设备在培训后可独立操作。故选D。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Overall, the pain relief was comparable to or greater than that offered by opioids.(总体而言，其止痛效果与阿片类药物相当或更优)”可知，其止痛效果与阿片类药物相似或更优。故选A。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Thanks to 3D printing, headset costs dropped to $300 vs $1,000-$20,000 for standard systems. Gustin stated, “This technology could provide affordable home pain care, especially where treatments-are scarce.”(得益于3D打印技术，头戴设备成本降至300美元，而标准系统成本为1000-20000美元。古斯汀说：“这项技术可以提供负担得起的家庭疼痛护理，特别是在治疗稀缺的地方。”)”可知，作者提到头戴设备成本降低是为了强调该技术更具可及性。故选C。 【4题详解】 细节理解题。根据第六段“The researchers are now calling for participants to register their interest in two upcoming trials: the Spinal (脊柱的) Pain Trial, investigating its potential to reduce long-lasting spinal pain, and the StoPain Trial, exploring its use in treating the pain in people with a spinal injury.(研究人员现在呼吁参与者注册兴趣于两个即将到来的试验：脊柱疼痛试验，调查其减少长期脊柱疼痛的潜力；以及StoPain试验，探索其在治疗脊髓损伤患者疼痛中的应用)”可知，研究人员提出了关于该技术未来应用的建议。故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高二下·山东莱州·期末） Nowadays, social media is widely used by millions of people to connect and share their lives. However, research suggests that excessive (过度) use of social media may lead to mental health issues like depression and anxiety. One behavior that researchers have focused on recently is photo editing, which involves altering one’s appearance in pictures before posting them on social media. While some studies have suggested that photo editing is linked to negative outcomes such as seeing oneself as an object and having low self-esteem, the relationship between these factors is not well understood. Phillip Ozimek and his colleagues conducted a study with 403 young adults recruited through social media platforms to investigate the potential risks associated with photo editing on social media. Participants completed an online survey that included questions about their social media use, photo editing behavior, self-perception as an object, comparisons of physical appearance, self-esteem (自尊), and other relevant factors. To measure photo editing behavior, participants reported how often they edited their selfies before posting them on social media. To assess self-perception as an object and comparisons of physical appearance, participants answered questions about how much they monitored their bodies and compared themselves to others' looks. Finally, participants’ self-esteem was measured using a questionnaire that evaluated their overall sense of self-worth. The data showed that higher levels of photo editing were associated with increased self-perception as an object and more comparisons of physical appearance among young adults. These factors, in turn, were related to lower self-esteem. The researchers suggested that photo editing behavior may contribute to feelings of self-perception as an object and basing one’s worth on appearance, especially among vulnerable groups like teenagers. They emphasized the need for further research to explore the impact of photo editing on mental health outcomes and understand why people engage in this behavior. Although the study had some limitations, as acknowledged by Ozimek and his colleagues highlighted the importance of considering overall social media use and specific behaviors like photo editing when studying the relationship between social media and mental health outcomes. Interventions (干预) aimed at reducing excessive social media use or promoting healthier engagement with social media could have positive effects on the mental well-being of young people. 1. What were the participants asked to do in the study? A. Fill in a questionnaire about self-worth. B. Compare their looks with others. C. Edit their selfies before posting. D. See themselves as an object. 2. What does the word “vulnerable” in paragraph 6 mean? A. Hardly protected. B. Particularly strong. C. Easily influenced. D. Mostly independent. 3. From the passage, what can we infer? A. The higher levels of photo editing, the higher self-esteem. B. Reducing the overuse of social media might be beneficial to well-being. C. Photo editing is the only behavior that affects mental health on social media. D. The study has completely worked out the problem of the overuse of social media. 4. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To introduce the popularity of social media. B. To explain the detailed process of a study on photo editing. C. To show teenagers are the most vulnerable group in using social media. D. To explore the relationship between photo editing and negative mental states. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了社交媒体中照片编辑行为与心理健康之间的关系。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段的“Finally, participants’ self-esteem was measured using a questionnaire that evaluated their overall sense of self-worth. (最后，参与者的自尊是通过一份评估他们整体自我价值感的问卷来衡量的。)”可知，参与者在研究中被要求填写一份关于自我价值的问卷。故选A。 【2题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文的“The researchers suggested that photo editing behavior may contribute to feelings of self-perception as an object and basing one’s worth on appearance (研究人员表示，照片编辑行为可能会导致人们将自己视为一个对象，并将自己的价值建立在外表上)”和“especially among vulnerable groups like teenagers (尤其是像青少年等……群体中)”可知，有些群体的心理和认知还不够成熟，尤其是年轻人，容易受到外界的影响，所以vulnerable意思是“容易受影响的”。故选C。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Interventions (干预) aimed at reducing excessive social media use or promoting healthier engagement with social media could have positive effects on the mental well-being of young people. (旨在减少过度使用社交媒体或促进更健康地使用社交媒体的干预措施可能对年轻人的心理健康产生积极影响。)”可推断出减少过度使用社交媒体可能对幸福有益。故选B。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，再结合第一段的“Nowadays, social media is widely used by millions of people to connect and share their lives. However, research suggests that excessive (过度) use of social media may lead to mental health issues like depression and anxiety. (如今，数以百万计的人广泛使用社交媒体来联系和分享他们的生活。然而，研究表明，过度使用社交媒体可能会导致抑郁和焦虑等心理健康问题。)”可知，文章开头指出过度使用社交媒体可能导致心理健康问题，接着重点介绍了Phillip Ozimek及其同事关于社交媒体上照片编辑行为与心理健康之间关系的研究，包括研究的过程、结果以及结论等，目的是探讨照片编辑与消极心理状态之间的关系。故选D。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东泰安·期末） Climate change is causing the oceans to get warmer and more acidic, making it harder for corals to build and maintain their mineral skeletons (骨骼). Eventually, coral reefs will literally start to dissolve (溶解). It’s a sad story, but one with a surprising silver lining. Research presented this week shows dissolving coral will slow climate change, by boosting the oceans’ ability to take in carbon dioxide (CO₂) out of the atmosphere. By the end of the century, the oceans could be absorbing up to 400 megatons (兆吨) of additional carbon per year. That’s more than the annual emissions of Australia or the United Kingdom. Corals build their skeletons from calcium carbonate by pulling carbonate ions (碳酸根离子) from seawater. But more CO₂ in the air drives more of the gas into the ocean, making it more acidic and reducing carbonate ions. This makes it harder for coral reefs to grow and may eventually lead to coral dissolution. Dissolving calcium carbonate reduces acidity more than it releases carbon, restoring ocean pH and increasing its carbon absorption. Alban Planchat, a climate scientist, and his colleagues used a computer model to see what would happen to coral reefs and the effects of coral dissolution on ocean carbon cycling as the world warms. They tested multiple climate cases, ranging from more optimistic cases in which carbon emissions eventually decline to pessimistic cases in which humanity doesn’t reduce emissions at all. Results showed that even in moderate cases, coral reefs are expected to decline, but this process could help trap carbon in the ocean. By 2300, an extra 110,000 megatons of carbon could be stored. For Planchat, the result is a clear reminder that the climate and biodiversity crises are connected, but are not identical. Even if dead reefs would help a bit with climate change, losing them would destroy vital ecosystems that host about 25% of marine species. If he had to choose, Planchat thinks the biodiversity crisis needs more attention. “We always talk about the carbon footprint for everything,” he says. “It’s necessary, but we also have to take into account the biodiversity.” 1. What does the underlined phrase “a surprising silver lining” probably mean in paragraph 1? A. An obvious drawback. B. A hidden danger. C. An unexpected bright side. D. A temporary solution. 2. What directly prevents corals from building mineral skeletons? A. More CO2 escapes into the air. B. Acidic water decreases carbonate ions. C. Coral skeletons stop producing calcium. D. Warmer water destroys coral skeletons. 3. What do Planchat’s models suggest about coral dissolution? A. It is unlikely to happen this century. B. It might help oceans trap more carbon. C. It can slow down ocean carbon cycling. D. It will cause an increase of marine species. 4. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To suggest ways to slow down global warming. B. To call for more research about coral dissolution. C. To explain the reason why ocean becomes acidic. D. To show how coral reefs may help absorb carbon. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍珊瑚礁溶解这一现象，以及其在减缓气候变化方面可能起到的吸收二氧化碳的作用。 【1题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“It’s a sad story, but one with a surprising silver lining.(这是一个令人悲伤的故事，但却有一个“a surprising silver lining.”)”以及第二段提到的“Research presented this week shows dissolving coral will slow climate change, by boosting the oceans’ ability to take in carbon dioxide (CO₂) out of the atmosphere.(本周公布的研究表明，溶解的珊瑚会增强海洋从大气中吸收二氧化碳的能力，从而减缓气候变化)可知，“a surprising silver lining”指的是一个意想不到的好的方面。故选C项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Corals build their skeletons from calcium carbonate by pulling carbonate ions (碳酸根离子) from seawater. But more CO₂ in the air drives more of the gas into the ocean, making it more acidic and reducing carbonate ions. This makes it harder for coral reefs to grow(珊瑚通过从海水中吸收碳酸根离子，用碳酸钙构建骨骼。但空气中更多的二氧化碳会使更多的气体进入海洋，使海水酸性更强，并减少碳酸根离子。这使得珊瑚礁更难生长)”可知，酸性水减少碳酸根离子直接阻碍了珊瑚构建矿物骨骼。故选B项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Results showed that even in moderate cases, coral reefs are expected to decline, but this process could help trap carbon in the ocean. By 2300, an extra 110,000 megatons of carbon could be stored.(结果表明，即使在中等情况下，珊瑚礁预计会减少，但这一过程可能有助于将碳困在海洋中。到2300年，可能会额外储存11万兆吨碳）可知，Planchat的模型表明珊瑚溶解可能有助于海洋捕获更多的碳。故选B项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“Research presented this week shows dissolving coral will slow climate change, by boosting the oceans’ ability to take in carbon dioxide (CO₂) out of the atmosphere.(本周公布的研究显示，珊瑚溶解会增强海洋从大气中吸收二氧化碳的能力，进而减缓气候变化)” 可知，珊瑚溶解会减缓气候变化，增强海洋从大气中吸收二氧化碳的能力。接着后文具体阐述了其原理和相关研究，所以文章主要目的是说明珊瑚礁如何帮助吸收碳，故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二下·山东烟台·期末） Katherine Rundell’s follow-up to 2023’s Impossible Creatures—a novel that sees two children trying to protect “the world’s last magical place”, which is home to all manner of imaginary beings—goes hand in hand with the previous one. But rather than a fantasy story, Vanishing Treasures is a nonfiction survey of some of the seemingly impossible creatures who call our planet home. As the title suggests, many of our neighbors are disappearing at an alarming rate mostly due to humanity’s irresistible greed and desire to dominate whatever is beautiful and rare. In this book, Katherine Rundell takes us on a tour of the world’s most awe-inspiring animals currently facing extinction. She combines history and personal experiences with a vivid storytelling style. Her own observations and interactions color her description of each animal in an accessible way, which is as enjoyable to read as the facts. Having witnessed the Amur leopard’s stealthy approach to its victim while tracking it, Rundell writes, “The leopard glides through the underbrush like a shadow, its powerful muscles working in perfect harmony with the silence of the forest. Each step is a silent promise of both beauty and danger.” The book unfolds a wealth of wonders. The seahorse couples meet each morning for a dance, changing colors before going their separate ways. The wood frog survives winter by allowing itself to freeze solid, its heartbeat slowing until it stops altogether. When spring comes, the heart kick-starts itself naturally back to life. Regrettably, these extraordinary animals are each on the border of extinction. This brilliant essay collection focusing on 23 unusual and underappreciated creatures serves as a forceful call insisting we re-envision the world around us—to truly recognize the fascinating animals, along with their hidden histories and remarkable capabilities and above all, to treasure the immeasurable fortune of inhabiting the same ground as such disappearing treasures. Beautifully illustrated, and full of intellect, Vanishing Treasures is a chance to be awestruck and lovestruck, to engage with the world’s beauty and its delicate nature and its strangeness. 1. What do we know about the creatures in Rundell’s new novel? A. They’re extinct species. B. They’re fictional but magical. C. They inhabit different planets. D. They’re real but endangered. 2. What does the underlined word “stealthy” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Secretive. B. Hesitant. C. Awkward. D. Obvious. 3. Why does the author mention the seahorse couples and the wood frog? A. To reveal animals’ bonds. B. To prove animals’ adaptability. C. To indicate animals’ amazing features. D. To contrast animals’ survival skills 4. What is Vanishing Treasures aimed at? A. Driving environmental actions. B. Sharing personal adventures. C. Resolving human-animal conflicts. D. Promoting ecological appreciation. 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了Katherine Rundell的新书《Vanishing Treasures》，这是一本非虚构作品，聚焦地球上真实存在的濒危神奇生物，通过生动的叙述和科学事实，呼吁人们重新认识并珍惜这些即将消失的自然瑰宝。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容“But rather than a fantasy story, Vanishing Treasures is a nonfiction survey of some of the seemingly impossible creatures who call our planet home. As the title suggests, many of our neighbors are disappearing at an alarming rate mostly due to humanity’s irresistible greed and desire to dominate whatever is beautiful and rare.(但《Vanishing Treasures》并非一部奇幻故事，而是一本关于一些看似不可思议却生活在我们地球上的生物的非虚构作品。正如书名所示，我们的许多“邻居”正在以惊人的速度消失，这主要是由于人类无法抗拒的贪婪以及想要主宰一切美丽和稀有的事物的欲望所致。)”可知，《Vanishing Treasures》是一部非虚构作品，描述了地球上真实的生物，而这些生物正以惊人的速度消失，主要原因是人类的贪婪。因此，这些生物是真实存在的，但处于濒危状态。故选D项。 【2题详解】 词义猜测题。根据后文细的节描述“The leopard glides through the underbrush like a shadow, its powerful muscles working in perfect harmony with the silence of the forest. Each step is a silent pr$ 专题03 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D Passage 2【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B Passage 3【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. D Passage 4【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C Passage 5【答案】1. D 2. D 3. C 4. D 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A Passage 2【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A Passage 3【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A Passage 4【答案】1. C 2. D 3. C 4. A Passage 5【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1【答案】1. A 2. A 3. D 4. B Passage 2【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D Passage 3【答案】1. C 2. D 3. D 4. A 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. C Passage 2【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B Passage 3【答案】1. C 2. A 3. C 4. C Passage 4【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D Passage 2【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B Passage 3【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1【答案】1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D Passage 2【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D Passage 3【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $