专题05 阅读理解（议论文）（北京专用）2026年高考英语二模分类汇编

专题05 阅读理解（议论文） Passage 1 （2026·北京东城·二模） 【答案】31. B 32. B 33. A 34. C Passage 2 （2026·北京西城·二模） 【答案】28.A 29.C 30.B 31.B Passage 3 （2026·北京海淀·二模） 【答案】28. D 29. A 30. C Passage 4 （2026·北京朝阳·二模） 【答案】28.D 29.A 30.C Passage 5 （2026·北京石景山·二模） 【答案】28. A 29. D 30. B Passage 6 （2026·北京顺义·二模） 【答案】28. D 29. C 30. B 31. D 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解（议论文） Passage 1 （2026·北京东城·二模） A few years ago, I wrote a piece in which I declared that biography, if not quite dead, was in very poor condition. I was concerned that for far too long, it had been criticized that biographies were poorly written and just listed facts from birth to death. I even hesitated before telling people I was a biographer: it felt tantamount to admitting that I was a journalist incapable of original thought. But it turns out to be otherwise. It was more that I hadn’t been looking for it hard enough or in quite the right places. Last weekend, the University of East Anglia hosted a conference at which the masters of biography took its pulse and gave the encouraging conclusion. What has happened, these experts explained, is that biography has changed its shape. This shift has come from a growing sense that biography as it used to be done was not getting us close to the experience it was trying to describe. We all know that life isn’t actually comprised of a stately march through the decades in which loose ends, false trails and those periods where nothing much happens are tidied away out of sight. Mostly our lives feel shapeless, coming into focus only when a particular occasion makes us feel, for a few minutes at least, fully ourselves. To better reveal the authentic, unscripted nature of a life, one new approach to biography employs the presenting of something small to tell a bigger story. Frances Wilson demonstrated how effective this can be in How to Survive the Titanic. She focuses on the moment when J Bruce Ismay, the ship’s owner, jumped into a lifeboat meant for women and children, vividly charting a story about one man’s lost honour. Another approach is to organise your story around objects that carried a particular emotional charge for the person you are writing about. In The Real Jane Austen, for instance, biographer Paula Byrne pulls out an East Indian shawl (披肩) and a carringe that figured in both Austen’s personal experience and her fiction, and tells a new story around them. Other biographers have realised that their subject’s non-eventful schooling or the long holidays by the sea can be cut down to a few short paragraphs so they can spend more time on the bits that matter. These new ways of telling lives are not entirely driven by intellectual concerns. The pressures are commercial, too. People also have shorter attention spans, which means that those doorstop biographies of 400 pages can start to seem like an approaching threat rather than a delicious promise. But more and more interesting books are being published which deal with the lives of others. They may not announce themselves as “biographies”, but that doesn’t mean they aren’t. 31. What does the word “tantamount” underlined in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A. Superior. B. Similar. C. Unusual. D. Obvious. 32. Why does the author share his ideas on life in Paragraph 2? A. To assess its significance to biography. B. To justify the emerging trend in biography. C. To emphasize the value of modern biography. D. To argue for the authenticity of conventional biography. 33. As for the new approaches, the author would agree that ________. A. they could be more engaging B. they involve subjective descriptions C. they might be easier for writers to handle D. they help commercialize the publishing industry 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. What biography is all about. B. Whether biography should mirror life. C. Why biography is anything but in decline. D. Who defines the literary status of biography. 【答案】31. B 32. B 33. A 34. C 【导语】文章主要讨论了传记非但没有衰落，反而以全新形式焕发活力。 31. 词句猜测题。根据上文“I was concerned that for far too long, it had been criticized that biographies were poorly written and just listed facts from birth to death. (我一直忧心的是，长期以来，传记饱受诟病：文笔粗糙乏味，仅仅是把人物从出生到离世的生平事实罗列堆砌而已。)”可知，过去传记饱受批评，文笔差、只会罗列事实。作者身为传记作家，觉得这份职业等同于没有独立思想的记者，是不光彩的。由此可知，tantamount意为“等同的；相当的”，与similar（相似的）含义接近。 32. 推理判断题。根据第二段“This shift has come from a growing sense that biography as it used to be done was not getting us close to the experience it was trying to describe. We all know that life isn’t actually comprised of a stately march through the decades in which loose ends, false trails and those periods where nothing much happens are tidied away out of sight. Mostly our lives feel shapeless, coming into focus only when a particular occasion makes us feel, for a few minutes at least, fully ourselves.(这种转变源于一种日渐强烈的共识：传统的传记写作方式，无法让我们真正贴近它想要描摹的人生本真体验。我们都清楚，人生本就不是按部就班、庄重有序地走过数十年岁月；那些未了的心事、走岔的弯路，还有那些平淡无奇、乏善可陈的时光，本就不该被刻意修饰、隐匿抹去。大多数时候，我们的人生本就毫无章法、随性散漫，唯有在某些特定时刻，我们才能在短短片刻里，寻回完整的自我、看清本心。)”可知，第二段作者提出观点：真实的人生并不是规整有序的，而是杂乱无章、充满琐碎空白、没有条理的。传统传记强行美化、规整人生，脱离现实。作者阐述对人生的理解，是为了解释传记转型的原因，为新型传记写法提供合理性依据。 33. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“People also have shorter attention spans, which means that those doorstop biographies of 400 pages can start to seem like an approaching threat rather than a delicious promise. But more and more interesting books are being published which deal with the lives of others. (人们的注意力持续时间也变得更短，这就使得那些厚厚一大本、长达400页的大部头传记，不再像是值得品读的佳作，反倒成了一种让人望而生畏的负担。如今有越来越多讲述他人人生的趣味书籍问世，它们或许不会标榜自己是“传记”，但实质上依旧属于传记范畴。)”可知，现代人注意力变短，厚重的传统传记让人望而却步，而采用新手法的传记作品越来越有趣。由此可推知，作者认为新手法更吸引人。 34. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“A few years ago, I wrote a piece in which I declared that biography, if not quite dead, was in very poor condition.(几年前，我曾写过一篇文章，在文中我直言：传记文学就算没有彻底消亡，也早已江河日下、处境堪忧。)”和第二段“But it turns out to be otherwise. It was more that I hadn’t been looking for it hard enough or in quite the right places. Last weekend, the University of East Anglia hosted a conference at which the masters of biography took its pulse and gave the encouraging conclusion.(但事实却并非如此。更多是我当初寻找得不够用心，或是找错了方向。上周末，东英吉利大学举办了一场研讨会，传记文学界的名家齐聚于此，研判行业现状，并给出了令人振奋的结论。)”和全文内容可知，全文围绕传记没有衰落、反而焕新展开。 Passage 2 （2026·北京西城·二模） What do social climbers and gossipers (爱说闲话的人) have in common? My mother believes that both are morally suspect, a lesson we readily pass on to our children: avoid the cheater and the whisperer. But stories simplify reality. The most effective social climbers and gossipers possess a remarkable grasp of social structure to navigate (导航) their social worlds. This skill isn’t a moral failing; it’s a cognitive (认知的) skill. Recent work from my laboratory shows that cognitive maps — mental representations of the social world — shape our critical social skills. Social success depends not just on whom you know but also on how well you understand the invisible architecture of your social world. Mapping this is no small task, as social networks are large and dynamic. Yet building such cognitive maps offers great advantages. To better understand social navigation, my collaborator and I developed studies to investigate how people build cognitive maps. Across a year we tracked about 200freshmen’s friendships and asked them to report their understanding of others’ connections. In one study, we discovered that those who rise to the top of the social structure aren’t the most charming or outgoing — they’re the best social mapmakers. The most influential people quickly build mental maps of their peers’ connection; those initially influential but without accurate mental maps of the network did not stay influential for long. In a second paper, we examined whether mapmaking aids gossiping — a behavior that, despite its poor reputation, can be an efficient way to quickly learn about the ins and outs of the community. To understand how humans pull off this remarkable task, we wondered whether mapmaking helps predict where information will spread. Mental maps become quite useful in this case, as they reveal two key network features: someone’s popularity and their distance from the gossip target. They help find a good friend — someone far enough from the target yet well-connected to spread information. How does the brain build these maps? In one of our recent studies, we discovered that the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex — a neural (神经的) center known for navigating physical space — also carries a map of connections among people. The more strongly these maps are embedded in the brain, the better we are at brokering community ties. If the brain needs to quickly figure out where gossip might spread, knowing where the popular people are positioned or the key relationships that bridge the otherwise disconnected communities allows us to chart the sequence of ties that can efficiently cross the network. Strategic wayfinding isn’t only for physical space. It is just as necessary to be able to effectively move through our social landscapes. Armed with a deliberately unclear map of their social community, skilled social navigators can do what no GPS can. They see the bridges before they’re built, avoid the storms of gossip, and map out a course to common ground. 28. As for his mother’s belief, the author is ________. A. disapproving B. supportive C. puzzled D. unconcerned 29. According to the passage, social cognitive maps can help ________. A. control the wide spread of gossip storms B. memorize others’ connections in social groups C. gain long-lasting social influence among peers D. choose well-connected people as gossip targets 30. What does the underlined word “brokering” in Paragraph 7 probably mean? A. Breaking. B. Managing. C. Experiencing. D. Recording. 31. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. How to Interpret Social Skills B. Navigating Our Social Worlds C. What Lies Behind People’s Social Behaviors D. Brain Structures Shaping Social Relationships 【答案】28.A 29.C 30.B 31.B 【导语】本文是一篇科普议论文，作者先否定了大众对攀附权贵者与闲谈者的片面道德评判，继而介绍科研发现：人们大脑中形成的社会认知图谱，是高效经营社交、洞悉人际网络、传递信息的核心能力，还阐释了构建该图谱的大脑区域，点明学会驾驭社交圈层的重要意义。 28. 推理判断题。根据原文首段 “My mother believes that both are morally suspect...（我母亲认为这两类人在品行上都不值得信任）” 以及第二段 “But stories simplify reality.（但这种看法把现实想得太过片面）” 可知，作者并不认同母亲的这种观点。 29. 细节理解题。根据原文第五段 “The most influential people quickly build mental maps of their peers’ connection; those initially influential but without accurate mental maps of the network did not stay influential for long.（最有影响力的人能快速构建同龄人社交关系思维图谱，那些起初有影响力却没有精准人际图谱的人，无法长久保有影响力）” 可知，社会认知图谱能够帮助人们在同龄人中获得持久的社交影响力。 30. 词义猜测题。根据第七段语境可知，大脑里的人际关系图谱越清晰，人们在社交圈子里维系、打理人际关系的能力就越强，结合上下文社交语境，此处brokering意为打理、维系，与 Managing 含义一致。 31. 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章围绕核心概念social cognitive maps展开，重点讲述人们依靠社交认知图谱在人际圈层中判断局势、传递信息、经营人脉，核心主题为驾驭社交世界，因此最佳标题为 Navigating Our Social Worlds。 Passage 3 （2026·北京海淀·二模） Artists enjoy calling their work “original”. For good reason too, as artists, we want to distinguish ourselves and convey a genuine message to the world. But there are hardly any truly original ideas in the art world. Everything has been invented, reinvented, and re-reinvented over again. Recently, I have been reflecting on how I get ideas for my work as a professional photographer. Some of my images can be traced back directly to what inspired them, while some others are more “unique”. Nevertheless, I cannot genuinely classify any piece of my output as truly original, since every image ultimately represents a synthesized fusion of previous visual influences, external conceptual inputs from others, and a diverse range of personal life experiences. This personal realization prompts a deeper and more universal inquiry into the nature of originality. If we go by the principle that all ideas are a hodgepodge of other ideas, a natural question arises. Is it possible to trace back and find the original ideas? The first original thought must have been by the first man. Ever since, it has all been one big fake. This definition will take us exactly nowhere, and the debate will end right here. So, let’s stop hunting for an original idea, whatever it may mean. Just think how some fashion brands manage to produce two new couture collections each year. Fashion has mastered the art of showing old as new, and new as old. The approach to originality that I suggest is that all ideas are a byproduct of other ideas, and what truly matters is the intention you hold behind those ideas. If you take inspiration from Rodin’s work and see people in a similarly monumental way, there is meaning in the work and you are creating something authentic, something that is authentic and true to you. But, if your intention is to copy Rodin’s work because it made him a famous sculptor, your work will have very little meaning and authenticity. The point I am trying to make about authenticity is that it doesn’t have to be authentic to anybody else but you. If we take out the obvious instances where one artist copied another artist to make money off the idea, we are left with a world of trillions of thoughts and ideas, each ready to inspire you to create something that is authentic to you, something that speaks to you. Even if you take pictures only because they “look beautiful”, they already mean something to you: they mean beauty. 28. What can be inferred about the writer’s photographing experience? A. He considers his works truly original. B. He insists on pursuing original creation. C. He traces all photos to direct sources. D. He admits combining various influences. 29. What does the underlined word “hodgepodge” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Mixture. B. Share. C. Revision. D. Repetition. 30. What might the author agree with? A. Authenticity stems from originality. B. There is no such thing as authenticity. C. Authenticity is defined by intentions. D. Originality rests on objective standards. 【答案】28. D 29. A 30. C 【导语】文章探讨艺术原创本质，主张创作真实源于内心初衷。 28. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Nevertheless, I cannot genuinely classify any piece of my output as truly original, since every image ultimately represents a synthesized fusion of previous visual influences, external conceptual inputs from others, and a diverse range of personal life experiences. (然而，我无法真正将我任何一件作品归类为真正的原创，因为每张图像最终都代表了先前视觉影响、他人外部概念输入以及各种个人生活经验的综合融合。)”可知，作者承认自己的作品融合了各类影响因素。 29. 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“If we go by the principle that all ideas are a hodgepodge of other ideas, a natural question arises. (如果我们遵循所有想法都是其他想法的hodgepodge这一原则，一个自然的问题就出现了。)”，结合下文“The first original thought must have been by the first man. Ever since, it has all been one big fake. (第一个原创想法一定是第一个人的。自那以后，一切都成了一个大的仿制品。)”以及第四段中“The approach to originality that I suggest is that all ideas are a byproduct of other ideas, and what truly matters is the intention you hold behind those ideas. (我提出的关于原创性的方法是：所有想法都是其他想法的副产品，真正重要的是你在这些想法背后所持有的意图。)”可知，作者认为所有的想法都是其他想法的副产品，是其他想法的混合，“hodgepodge”意为“混合物、大杂烩”，与mixture同义。 30. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“The approach to originality that I suggest is that all ideas are a byproduct of other ideas, and what truly matters is the intention you hold behind those ideas. (我提出的关于原创性的方法是：所有想法都是其他想法的副产品，真正重要的是你在这些想法背后所持有的意图。)”以及“But, if your intention is to copy Rodin’s work because it made him a famous sculptor, your work will have very little meaning and authenticity.( 但是，如果你的意图是复制罗丹的作品，因为那让他成为了著名的雕塑家，那么你的作品将几乎没有意义和真实性。)”可知，作者认为真实性是由意图决定的。 Passage 4 （2026·北京朝阳·二模） On 24 May 2000, a group of mathematicians took to a stage in Paris to set some problems. These were the seven Millennium Problems, the hardest mathematical puzzles then known. The exercise was organised by the Clay Mathematics Institute, a nonprofit that promised anyone who could solve one would be rewarded with a $1 million prize. Twenty-five years later, how have mathematicians got on? Grigori Perelman proved the Poincaré conjecture, the only Millennium Problem to fall so far. A conjecture in maths is a statement thought to be true but not yet proven. But what about the six that remain? In fact, tools are everything for mathematicians. That is why Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz each developed calculus in the late 17th century. Back then, there was no technique for describing properties that change over time or space. But once the right tool is in the right hands, progress is almost inevitable: with calculus, Newton performed mathematical miracles such as describing the motion of the planets under gravity. Now there is a new tool that might make quite a difference. “Machine learning is quickly developing as another tool in the toolbox,” says Dan Freed at Harvard University. But, he adds, “Some of the Millennium Problems might be less amenable to using machine learning.” That is because AI relies on being fed lots of data. In many fields, large volumes of useful data simply don’t exist. Even in the absence of large datasets, there might still be scope for AI to dig into complicated mathematical arguments. “One of the interesting things about these millennium challenges is that the problems can be simple enough for us to pose, but might have a complexity to the proof that is beyond the human mind to navigate,” says Marcus du Sautoy at the University of Oxford. AI might have the required potential to find buried links, which mathematicians can then pick up and work with. “Over the next decade, we might see some interesting new conjectures emerging that we wouldn’t have been able to see without the use of this tool,” he says. Just as Galileo was able to see more of the heavens using a telescope, AI could give a deeper view of numbers. Whether the Clay Mathematics Institute would accept an AI-led solution to one of its problems depends on mathematicians’ willingness to see it as solved. In 2000, when the prizes were announced, Alain Connes at the College de France in Paris said the seven problems were “totally inaccessible to computers”. But with mathematicians now open to working with AI, that seems like one more conjecture that might fall. 28. What can be inferred about the tools in maths? A. They lose value when a conjecture is proven. B. They are more likely to emerge with rewards. C. They serve as mathematicians’ ultimate pursuit. D. They are what it takes to make progress in maths. 29. What does the phrase “amenable to” underlined in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A. Responsive to. B. Resistant to. C. Independent of. D. Tolerant of. 30. What can we learn from this passage? A. The author agrees with Dan on AI’s role in maths. B. AI is bound to solve the rest Millennium Problems. C. AI can make up for the limitations of human mind. D. Mathematicians’ acceptance of AI is hard to predict. 【答案】28.D 29.A 30.C 【导语】本文介绍千禧年七大数学难题的破解现状，阐述研究工具对数学发展的重要性，探讨人工智能作为新型研究工具在攻克数学难题中的作用、优势与局限，展望人机协作研究数学的发展趋势。 28. 考查推理判断题。根据第三段第一句：In fact, tools are everything for mathematicians.（事实上，工具对于数学家而言至关重要）以及第三段第四句：But once the right tool is in the right hands, progress is almost inevitable（一旦掌握合适工具，取得进步几乎是必然的），可知工具是数学研究取得进展的必备条件。A 证实猜想后工具失去价值、B 工具因奖金出现、C 工具是数学家终极追求均错误，故选 D。 29. 考查词义猜测题。根据第四段：机器学习成为数学研究新工具，但部分千禧年难题不适宜运用机器学习，原因是人工智能依赖大量数据。A.Responsive to 适用于、易利用；B.Resistant to 抵制；C.Independent of 独立于；D.Tolerant of 容忍，故选 A。 30. 考查细节理解题。根据第五段第二句：the problems can be simple enough for us to pose, but might have a complexity to the proof that is beyond the human mind to navigate（难题表述简单，但证明过程复杂超出人类思维掌控范围）以及后文人工智能有潜力找出隐藏关联，可知人工智能能够弥补人类思维的局限。A 文中未表明作者赞同观点；B 人工智能必定攻克剩余难题过于绝对；D 数学家对人工智能的接受度可看出逐渐开放，并非难以预测，故选 C。 Passage 5 （2026·北京石景山·二模） After the school basketball final, Jason sat alone on the playground, staring at his phone. His team had lost by one point, and he had missed the last shot. Then came a message from his friend: “Don’t worry. It’s just one game.” Instead of feeling better, Jason felt even more alone. Most people have probably responded like Jason’s friend at some point. When someone around us is upset, our first instinct (本能) is often to make that person feel better as quickly as possible. As a result, many people turn to familiar expressions such as “It will be fine.” However, researchers have begun to question whether optimism is really what people in distress need most. Dr Laura Chen, a researcher at a Canadian university, has been studying how people respond to different kinds of comforting messages, especially in online exchanges. In one of her studies, more than 1,000 participants were presented with various texting scenarios (场景) and asked to imagine themselves as the receiver of each message. In one example, Alex texted his friend Jamie to say that he had just failed his driving test. Some participants saw Jamie reply, “I’m really sorry. That must feel awful.” Others saw a different response: “Don’t worry, you’ll be fine next time!” They were then asked how understood they would feel in Alex’s situation. Most said the first response made them feel more understood because it acknowledged Alex’s disappointment. By contrast, the second response, though clearly well-intentioned, was often judged less helpful. This is where the idea of validation (认同) becomes important. According to Chen, one possible explanation is that optimistic phrases sometimes create a form of emotional pressure. When people hear “Don’t worry”, they may feel pressured to recover quickly or move beyond their negative feelings before they are ready. Yet emotions such as sadness, anger, or disappointment usually do not disappear on command (指令). Chen further points out that comforting language may sometimes serve the speaker more than the listener. Saying something hopeful can help the comfort-giver feel useful or emotionally in control. For the person in distress, however, the same words may create a sense of isolation (孤立) rather than relief, especially if they suggest that strong feelings are inconvenient. Still, Chen is careful not to overgeneralise. Her research focuses mainly on online communication, and reactions may differ in other settings. In more formal relationships, such as those between doctors and patients, comforting language may function differently. 28. The author mentions Jason at the beginning mainly to ________. A. introduce the topic B. describe the background C. present a social problem D. compare different attitudes 29. According to Chen, a hopeful phrase in comforting messages would ________. A. help the listener feel relieved B. increase validation of the messages C. harm the friendship between friends D. make the one offering comfort feel better 30. Which of the following would Chen most probably agree with? A. People in distress usually prefer advice to sympathy. B. The effect of comforting language varies with context. C. Emotional support should focus on solving the problem first. D. Positive messages are more helpful in offline communication. 【答案】28. A 29. D 30. B 【导语】文章主要讲述了研究表明安慰性话语中的乐观表达未必最有效，认同对方感受更重要。 28. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“After the school basketball final, Jason sat alone on the playground, staring at his phone. His team had lost by one point, and he had missed the last shot. Then came a message from his friend: “Don’t worry. It’s just one game.” Instead of feeling better, Jason felt even more alone.(学校篮球决赛后，杰森独自坐在操场上，盯着手机。他的球队输了一分，他错过了最后一球。然后，他的朋友发来一条信息：“别担心。这只是一场比赛。”杰森非但没有感觉好一些，反而感到更加孤独)”可知，作者用Jason的例子引出下文对安慰方式的讨论，即朋友说“Don’t worry. It’s just one game”反而让Jason更孤独，从而引出“乐观安慰是否有效”这一话题。 29. 细节理解题。根据第五段中“Saying something hopeful can help the comfort-giver feel useful or emotionally in control.(说些充满希望的话可以帮助安慰者觉得自己有用或情绪上能掌控局面)”可知，Chen认为乐观的安慰话语主要让给予安慰的人自己感觉更好，而非帮助被安慰者。 30. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Chen is careful not to overgeneralise. Her research focuses mainly on online communication, and reactions may differ in other settings. In more formal relationships, such as those between doctors and patients, comforting language may function differently.(Chen小心地不过度概括。她的研究主要关注线上交流，其他场合反应可能不同。在更正式的关系中，如医患之间，安慰性语言可能起不同作用)”可知，Chen认为安慰语言的效果因语境不同而不同。 Passage 6 （2026·北京顺义·二模） Large language models (LLMs) are beginning to create a strangely similar experience in thought. You enter a prompt (提示词) that reflects only part of what you mean. The idea may be unclear or incomplete, yet moments later, the LLM returns a paragraph that sharpens your thinking and even lands on an expression that feels surprisingly right: “That’s exactly what I was thinking.” Human thinking typically follows a narrative arc (弧线). Scientists describe the moment when a confusing pattern finally resolves. Writers speak about the satisfaction of finding the right sentence after long revision. Philosophers recall the insight that arrives when a difficult argument settles into place. These moments share a common structure: an unfinished idea moves toward cognitive (认知的) insight. The eventual sense of completion—the aha moment—carries an emotional reward because it follows the effort of thinking. LLMs can reproduce the final moment of that arc with remarkable speed. A prompt that begins as a loose question may return as a polished explanation. The response carries the language of insight, even when the process that normally produces insight never occurred. But there is a cost to this speed. The experience of cognition itself begins to shift: LLMs approach questions very differently from humans. Where a person may encounter uncertainty or wonder whether an answer exists at all, LLMs encounter something else entirely: an incomplete pattern waiting to be filled. When a finished explanation appears with the click of a button, the mind encounters the endpoint of reasoning before it has traveled the path that normally leads there. And when this result feels persuasive, the brain experiences the moment as recognition rather than construction. The sentence LLMs produce seems to capture what we meant to say, and the idea it expresses falls into place with a sense of familiarity. Over time, the distinction between generating a thought and adopting one may become harder to notice. Keep in mind that none of this requires AI to possess understanding or consciousness. The effect arises from language alone. LLMs produce language that carries the structure of thought, and once that signal appears, the brain quickly fills in the rest. The system behaves less like a companion and more like a mirror, reflecting pieces of our thinking and returning them in expanded form. This is where the deeper and more consequential question begins. For the first time in history, people are interacting with a system that can routinely supply fully expressed ideas in response to incomplete ones. AI doesn’t read our thoughts; it completes patterns in language. Yet when the completion feels natural enough, the mind may experience the result as its own thinking. This moment, borrowed if not stolen from humans, may change how thinking feels. 28. What can we learn about LLMs from this passage? A. They experience the process of producing insight. B. They generate thoughts through cognitive processes. C. They carry an emotional reward through thinking hard. D. They settle questions by completing patterns in language. 29. What is the cost of AI-assisted thinking? A. Our thoughts may be controlled. B. Our thoughts may be misunderstood. C. Our thinking pattern will be changed. D. Our thinking pattern will be disordered. 30. What is the author’s attitude towards AI-assisted thinking? A. Disappointed. B. Worried. C. Confused. D. Opposed. 31. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. How AI Enhances the Habits of Thought B. How AI Clouds the Direction of Thought C. How AI Builds Up the Process of Thought D. How AI Cuts Short the Journey of Thought 【答案】28. D 29. C 30. B 31. D 【导语】本文主要讲的是大型语言模型（LLMs）对人类思维的影响，LLMs能快速给出回复，让人在未经历完整思维过程时就得到结果，即缩短了思维历程。 28. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“For the first time in history, people are interacting with a system that can routinely supply fully expressed ideas in response to incomplete ones. AI doesn’t read our thoughts; it completes patterns in language.(人类历史上首次出现这样的情况：人们与一个能够常规性地针对不完整的想法给出完整表达想法的系统进行交互。人工智能并不会读取我们的思想；它只是完成语言中的模式。)”可知，大型语言模型（LLMs）通过完成语言中的模式来解决问题。 29. 细节理解题。根据第四段“But there is a cost to this speed. The experience of cognition itself begins to shift: LLMs approach questions very differently from humans. Where a person may encounter uncertainty or wonder whether an answer exists at all, LLMs encounter something else entirely: an incomplete pattern waiting to be filled.(但这种速度是有代价的。认知体验本身开始发生转变：大型语言模型处理问题的方式与人类截然不同。当一个人面对不确定性，或怀疑答案是否存在时，大型语言模型所面对的则是完全不同的情形：一个等待填充的不完整模式。)”和最后一段“This moment, borrowed if not stolen from humans, may change how thinking feels.(这一从人类那里“借来”（若非“窃取”）的时刻，可能会改变思维的感觉。)”可知，人工智能辅助思维的代价是我们的思维模式将会改变。 30. 推理判断题。根据第四段“But there is a cost to this speed. The experience of cognition itself begins to shift: LLMs approach questions very differently from humans. Where a person may encounter uncertainty or wonder whether an answer exists at all, LLMs encounter something else entirely: an incomplete pattern waiting to be filled.(但这种速度是有代价的。认知体验本身开始发生转变：大型语言模型处理问题的方式与人类截然不同。当一个人面对不确定性，或怀疑答案是否存在时，大型语言模型所面对的则是完全不同的情形：一个等待填充的不完整模式。)”和最后一段“This moment, borrowed if not stolen from humans, may change how thinking feels.(这一从人类那里“借来”（若非“窃取”）的时刻，可能会改变思维的感觉。)”可知，作者觉得人工智能辅助思考可能改变人类思维模式，由此可知，作者对此是担忧的。 31. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是倒数第三段“When a finished explanation appears with the click of a button, the mind encounters the endpoint of reasoning before it has traveled the path that normally leads there. And when this result feels persuasive, the brain experiences the moment as recognition rather than construction. The sentence LLMs produce seems to capture what we meant to say, and the idea it expresses falls into place with a sense of familiarity. Over time, the distinction between generating a thought and adopting one may become harder to notice.(当只需点击一下按钮就能得到一个完整的解释时，大脑在还未走过通常能通往该结果的思维路径之前，就先遇到了推理的终点。而且当这个结果颇具说服力时，大脑会将这一时刻视为识别而非构建。大型语言模型生成的句子似乎捕捉到了我们想要表达的内容，它所表达的想法也带着一种熟悉感而自然就位。久而久之，区分是产生了一个想法还是采纳了一个想法可能会变得越来越难。)”可知，本文主要讲的是大型语言模型（LLMs）对人类思维的影响，LLMs能快速给出回复，让人在未经历完整思维过程时就得到结果，即缩短了思维历程，因此最好的题目是D选项“How AI Cuts Short the Journey of Thought(人工智能如何缩短思维旅程)”。 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解（议论文） Passage 1 （2026·北京东城·二模） A few years ago, I wrote a piece in which I declared that biography, if not quite dead, was in very poor condition. I was concerned that for far too long, it had been criticized that biographies were poorly written and just listed facts from birth to death. I even hesitated before telling people I was a biographer: it felt tantamount to admitting that I was a journalist incapable of original thought. But it turns out to be otherwise. It was more that I hadn’t been looking for it hard enough or in quite the right places. Last weekend, the University of East Anglia hosted a conference at which the masters of biography took its pulse and gave the encouraging conclusion. What has happened, these experts explained, is that biography has changed its shape. This shift has come from a growing sense that biography as it used to be done was not getting us close to the experience it was trying to describe. We all know that life isn’t actually comprised of a stately march through the decades in which loose ends, false trails and those periods where nothing much happens are tidied away out of sight. Mostly our lives feel shapeless, coming into focus only when a particular occasion makes us feel, for a few minutes at least, fully ourselves. To better reveal the authentic, unscripted nature of a life, one new approach to biography employs the presenting of something small to tell a bigger story. Frances Wilson demonstrated how effective this can be in How to Survive the Titanic. She focuses on the moment when J Bruce Ismay, the ship’s owner, jumped into a lifeboat meant for women and children, vividly charting a story about one man’s lost honour. Another approach is to organise your story around objects that carried a particular emotional charge for the person you are writing about. In The Real Jane Austen, for instance, biographer Paula Byrne pulls out an East Indian shawl (披肩) and a carringe that figured in both Austen’s personal experience and her fiction, and tells a new story around them. Other biographers have realised that their subject’s non-eventful schooling or the long holidays by the sea can be cut down to a few short paragraphs so they can spend more time on the bits that matter. These new ways of telling lives are not entirely driven by intellectual concerns. The pressures are commercial, too. People also have shorter attention spans, which means that those doorstop biographies of 400 pages can start to seem like an approaching threat rather than a delicious promise. But more and more interesting books are being published which deal with the lives of others. They may not announce themselves as “biographies”, but that doesn’t mean they aren’t. 31. What does the word “tantamount” underlined in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A. Superior. B. Similar. C. Unusual. D. Obvious. 32. Why does the author share his ideas on life in Paragraph 2? A. To assess its significance to biography. B. To justify the emerging trend in biography. C. To emphasize the value of modern biography. D. To argue for the authenticity of conventional biography. 33. As for the new approaches, the author would agree that ________. A. they could be more engaging B. they involve subjective descriptions C. they might be easier for writers to handle D. they help commercialize the publishing industry 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. What biography is all about. B. Whether biography should mirror life. C. Why biography is anything but in decline. D. Who defines the literary status of biography. Passage 2 （2026·北京西城·二模） What do social climbers and gossipers (爱说闲话的人) have in common? My mother believes that both are morally suspect, a lesson we readily pass on to our children: avoid the cheater and the whisperer. But stories simplify reality. The most effective social climbers and gossipers possess a remarkable grasp of social structure to navigate (导航) their social worlds. This skill isn’t a moral failing; it’s a cognitive (认知的) skill. Recent work from my laboratory shows that cognitive maps — mental representations of the social world — shape our critical social skills. Social success depends not just on whom you know but also on how well you understand the invisible architecture of your social world. Mapping this is no small task, as social networks are large and dynamic. Yet building such cognitive maps offers great advantages. To better understand social navigation, my collaborator and I developed studies to investigate how people build cognitive maps. Across a year we tracked about 200freshmen’s friendships and asked them to report their understanding of others’ connections. In one study, we discovered that those who rise to the top of the social structure aren’t the most charming or outgoing — they’re the best social mapmakers. The most influential people quickly build mental maps of their peers’ connection; those initially influential but without accurate mental maps of the network did not stay influential for long. In a second paper, we examined whether mapmaking aids gossiping — a behavior that, despite its poor reputation, can be an efficient way to quickly learn about the ins and outs of the community. To understand how humans pull off this remarkable task, we wondered whether mapmaking helps predict where information will spread. Mental maps become quite useful in this case, as they reveal two key network features: someone’s popularity and their distance from the gossip target. They help find a good friend — someone far enough from the target yet well-connected to spread information. How does the brain build these maps? In one of our recent studies, we discovered that the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex — a neural (神经的) center known for navigating physical space — also carries a map of connections among people. The more strongly these maps are embedded in the brain, the better we are at brokering community ties. If the brain needs to quickly figure out where gossip might spread, knowing where the popular people are positioned or the key relationships that bridge the otherwise disconnected communities allows us to chart the sequence of ties that can efficiently cross the network. Strategic wayfinding isn’t only for physical space. It is just as necessary to be able to effectively move through our social landscapes. Armed with a deliberately unclear map of their social community, skilled social navigators can do what no GPS can. They see the bridges before they’re built, avoid the storms of gossip, and map out a course to common ground. 28. As for his mother’s belief, the author is ________. A. disapproving B. supportive C. puzzled D. unconcerned 29. According to the passage, social cognitive maps can help ________. A. control the wide spread of gossip storms B. memorize others’ connections in social groups C. gain long-lasting social influence among peers D. choose well-connected people as gossip targets 30. What does the underlined word “brokering” in Paragraph 7 probably mean? A. Breaking. B. Managing. C. Experiencing. D. Recording. 31. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. How to Interpret Social Skills B. Navigating Our Social Worlds C. What Lies Behind People’s Social Behaviors D. Brain Structures Shaping Social Relationships Passage 3 （2026·北京海淀·二模） Artists enjoy calling their work “original”. For good reason too, as artists, we want to distinguish ourselves and convey a genuine message to the world. But there are hardly any truly original ideas in the art world. Everything has been invented, reinvented, and re-reinvented over again. Recently, I have been reflecting on how I get ideas for my work as a professional photographer. Some of my images can be traced back directly to what inspired them, while some others are more “unique”. Nevertheless, I cannot genuinely classify any piece of my output as truly original, since every image ultimately represents a synthesized fusion of previous visual influences, external conceptual inputs from others, and a diverse range of personal life experiences. This personal realization prompts a deeper and more universal inquiry into the nature of originality. If we go by the principle that all ideas are a hodgepodge of other ideas, a natural question arises. Is it possible to trace back and find the original ideas? The first original thought must have been by the first man. Ever since, it has all been one big fake. This definition will take us exactly nowhere, and the debate will end right here. So, let’s stop hunting for an original idea, whatever it may mean. Just think how some fashion brands manage to produce two new couture collections each year. Fashion has mastered the art of showing old as new, and new as old. The approach to originality that I suggest is that all ideas are a byproduct of other ideas, and what truly matters is the intention you hold behind those ideas. If you take inspiration from Rodin’s work and see people in a similarly monumental way, there is meaning in the work and you are creating something authentic, something that is authentic and true to you. But, if your intention is to copy Rodin’s work because it made him a famous sculptor, your work will have very little meaning and authenticity. The point I am trying to make about authenticity is that it doesn’t have to be authentic to anybody else but you. If we take out the obvious instances where one artist copied another artist to make money off the idea, we are left with a world of trillions of thoughts and ideas, each ready to inspire you to create something that is authentic to you, something that speaks to you. Even if you take pictures only because they “look beautiful”, they already mean something to you: they mean beauty. 28. What can be inferred about the writer’s photographing experience? A. He considers his works truly original. B. He insists on pursuing original creation. C. He traces all photos to direct sources. D. He admits combining various influences. 29. What does the underlined word “hodgepodge” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Mixture. B. Share. C. Revision. D. Repetition. 30. What might the author agree with? A. Authenticity stems from originality. B. There is no such thing as authenticity. C. Authenticity is defined by intentions. D. Originality rests on objective standards. Passage 4 （2026·北京朝阳·二模） On 24 May 2000, a group of mathematicians took to a stage in Paris to set some problems. These were the seven Millennium Problems, the hardest mathematical puzzles then known. The exercise was organised by the Clay Mathematics Institute, a nonprofit that promised anyone who could solve one would be rewarded with a $1 million prize. Twenty-five years later, how have mathematicians got on? Grigori Perelman proved the Poincaré conjecture, the only Millennium Problem to fall so far. A conjecture in maths is a statement thought to be true but not yet proven. But what about the six that remain? In fact, tools are everything for mathematicians. That is why Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz each developed calculus in the late 17th century. Back then, there was no technique for describing properties that change over time or space. But once the right tool is in the right hands, progress is almost inevitable: with calculus, Newton performed mathematical miracles such as describing the motion of the planets under gravity. Now there is a new tool that might make quite a difference. “Machine learning is quickly developing as another tool in the toolbox,” says Dan Freed at Harvard University. But, he adds, “Some of the Millennium Problems might be less amenable to using machine learning.” That is because AI relies on being fed lots of data. In many fields, large volumes of useful data simply don’t exist. Even in the absence of large datasets, there might still be scope for AI to dig into complicated mathematical arguments. “One of the interesting things about these millennium challenges is that the problems can be simple enough for us to pose, but might have a complexity to the proof that is beyond the human mind to navigate,” says Marcus du Sautoy at the University of Oxford. AI might have the required potential to find buried links, which mathematicians can then pick up and work with. “Over the next decade, we might see some interesting new conjectures emerging that we wouldn’t have been able to see without the use of this tool,” he says. Just as Galileo was able to see more of the heavens using a telescope, AI could give a deeper view of numbers. Whether the Clay Mathematics Institute would accept an AI-led solution to one of its problems depends on mathematicians’ willingness to see it as solved. In 2000, when the prizes were announced, Alain Connes at the College de France in Paris said the seven problems were “totally inaccessible to computers”. But with mathematicians now open to working with AI, that seems like one more conjecture that might fall. 28. What can be inferred about the tools in maths? A. They lose value when a conjecture is proven. B. They are more likely to emerge with rewards. C. They serve as mathematicians’ ultimate pursuit. D. They are what it takes to make progress in maths. 29. What does the phrase “amenable to” underlined in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A. Responsive to. B. Resistant to. C. Independent of. D. Tolerant of. 30. What can we learn from this passage? A. The author agrees with Dan on AI’s role in maths. B. AI is bound to solve the rest Millennium Problems. C. AI can make up for the limitations of human mind. D. Mathematicians’ acceptance of AI is hard to predict. Passage 5 （2026·北京石景山·二模） After the school basketball final, Jason sat alone on the playground, staring at his phone. His team had lost by one point, and he had missed the last shot. Then came a message from his friend: “Don’t worry. It’s just one game.” Instead of feeling better, Jason felt even more alone. Most people have probably responded like Jason’s friend at some point. When someone around us is upset, our first instinct (本能) is often to make that person feel better as quickly as possible. As a result, many people turn to familiar expressions such as “It will be fine.” However, researchers have begun to question whether optimism is really what people in distress need most. Dr Laura Chen, a researcher at a Canadian university, has been studying how people respond to different kinds of comforting messages, especially in online exchanges. In one of her studies, more than 1,000 participants were presented with various texting scenarios (场景) and asked to imagine themselves as the receiver of each message. In one example, Alex texted his friend Jamie to say that he had just failed his driving test. Some participants saw Jamie reply, “I’m really sorry. That must feel awful.” Others saw a different response: “Don’t worry, you’ll be fine next time!” They were then asked how understood they would feel in Alex’s situation. Most said the first response made them feel more understood because it acknowledged Alex’s disappointment. By contrast, the second response, though clearly well-intentioned, was often judged less helpful. This is where the idea of validation (认同) becomes important. According to Chen, one possible explanation is that optimistic phrases sometimes create a form of emotional pressure. When people hear “Don’t worry”, they may feel pressured to recover quickly or move beyond their negative feelings before they are ready. Yet emotions such as sadness, anger, or disappointment usually do not disappear on command (指令). Chen further points out that comforting language may sometimes serve the speaker more than the listener. Saying something hopeful can help the comfort-giver feel useful or emotionally in control. For the person in distress, however, the same words may create a sense of isolation (孤立) rather than relief, especially if they suggest that strong feelings are inconvenient. Still, Chen is careful not to overgeneralise. Her research focuses mainly on online communication, and reactions may differ in other settings. In more formal relationships, such as those between doctors and patients, comforting language may function differently. 28. The author mentions Jason at the beginning mainly to ________. A. introduce the topic B. describe the background C. present a social problem D. compare different attitudes 29. According to Chen, a hopeful phrase in comforting messages would ________. A. help the listener feel relieved B. increase validation of the messages C. harm the friendship between friends D. make the one offering comfort feel better 30. Which of the following would Chen most probably agree with? A. People in distress usually prefer advice to sympathy. B. The effect of comforting language varies with context. C. Emotional support should focus on solving the problem first. D. Positive messages are more helpful in offline communication. Passage 6 （2026·北京顺义·二模） Large language models (LLMs) are beginning to create a strangely similar experience in thought. You enter a prompt (提示词) that reflects only part of what you mean. The idea may be unclear or incomplete, yet moments later, the LLM returns a paragraph that sharpens your thinking and even lands on an expression that feels surprisingly right: “That’s exactly what I was thinking.” Human thinking typically follows a narrative arc (弧线). Scientists describe the moment when a confusing pattern finally resolves. Writers speak about the satisfaction of finding the right sentence after long revision. Philosophers recall the insight that arrives when a difficult argument settles into place. These moments share a common structure: an unfinished idea moves toward cognitive (认知的) insight. The eventual sense of completion—the aha moment—carries an emotional reward because it follows the effort of thinking. LLMs can reproduce the final moment of that arc with remarkable speed. A prompt that begins as a loose question may return as a polished explanation. The response carries the language of insight, even when the process that normally produces insight never occurred. But there is a cost to this speed. The experience of cognition itself begins to shift: LLMs approach questions very differently from humans. Where a person may encounter uncertainty or wonder whether an answer exists at all, LLMs encounter something else entirely: an incomplete pattern waiting to be filled. When a finished explanation appears with the click of a button, the mind encounters the endpoint of reasoning before it has traveled the path that normally leads there. And when this result feels persuasive, the brain experiences the moment as recognition rather than construction. The sentence LLMs produce seems to capture what we meant to say, and the idea it expresses falls into place with a sense of familiarity. Over time, the distinction between generating a thought and adopting one may become harder to notice. Keep in mind that none of this requires AI to possess understanding or consciousness. The effect arises from language alone. LLMs produce language that carries the structure of thought, and once that signal appears, the brain quickly fills in the rest. The system behaves less like a companion and more like a mirror, reflecting pieces of our thinking and returning them in expanded form. This is where the deeper and more consequential question begins. For the first time in history, people are interacting with a system that can routinely supply fully expressed ideas in response to incomplete ones. AI doesn’t read our thoughts; it completes patterns in language. Yet when the completion feels natural enough, the mind may experience the result as its own thinking. This moment, borrowed if not stolen from humans, may change how thinking feels. 28. What can we learn about LLMs from this passage? A. They experience the process of producing insight. B. They generate thoughts through cognitive processes. C. They carry an emotional reward through thinking hard. D. They settle questions by completing patterns in language. 29. What is the cost of AI-assisted thinking? A. Our thoughts may be controlled. B. Our thoughts may be misunderstood. C. Our thinking pattern will be changed. D. Our thinking pattern will be disordered. 30. What is the author’s attitude towards AI-assisted thinking? A. Disappointed. B. Worried. C. Confused. D. Opposed. 31. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. How AI Enhances the Habits of Thought B. How AI Clouds the Direction of Thought C. How AI Builds Up the Process of Thought D. How AI Cuts Short the Journey of Thought 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $