Unit3 Sea Exploration Period4 Learning About Language 教学设计-2025-2026学年高中英语人教版选择性必修第四册

Teaching and Learning Design Book4 Unit3 Sea Exploration 教学设计 Period 4 Teaching and learning contents: Learning About Language—Reviewing useful structures Comprehensive teaching and learning objectives: By the end of this period, the students will have been able to: 1) Review the functions and usage of infinitives; 2) Practise using infinitives and other non-finite verb forms in contexts by completing some exercises. Teaching and learning important points: 1) Reviewing the functions and usage of infinitives; 2) Practising using infinitives and other non-finite verb forms in contexts by completing some exercises. Teaching and learning difficult points: 1) Reviewing the functions and usage of infinitives; 2) Practising using infinitives and other non-finite verb forms in contexts by completing some exercises. Teaching and learning procedure: Step 1 Leading in Activity 1 Leading in Lead in the teaching and learning topic by introducing the learning objectives of this period. Step 2 Observation and discovery Activity 2 Observing and discovering the functions of infinitives Find all the sentences containing infinitives in the reading passage. Then mark their functions. Functions of infinitives: Infinitives can be used as the subject (S主语), predicative (P表语), object (O宾语), object complement (OC宾补), attributive (Attr定语) and adverbial (Ad状语). Suggested Answers: To complete the great map of the world was a strong passion for the people of early civilisations. (S) Marco Polo’s tales inspired European explorers to search for sea routes from west to east. (OC) Here, merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals ...(Ad) To reach out across the sea remains a strong desire today. (S) The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas, and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world. (P) Trading has grown greatly ..., and will continue to do so in years to come. (O; Attr) ... which will help to greatly develop the whole area for the benefit of future trade and cultural exchange. (O) ... there are still many other places left to explore. (Attr) ... China has joined other nations on several expeditions to explore the Arctic. (Attr) ... there is an urgent need to study the Arctic in order to understand climate change and its effects. (Attr; Ad) ... the need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future. (Attr; Attr; OC) Step 3 Reviewing useful structures Activity 3 Reviewing useful structures Get the students to read the grammar explanations by themselves in class, and underline the key points or the items that they have problems with. And then the teacher guides the students to review the grammar items and emphasize the key points. I 概念：动词不定式的基本构成是“to+动词原形”。to是不定式符号，无词义。动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词和动词的特征，它可以在句中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分。 II 动词不定式的变化形式 1. 时态和语态 形式 主动 被动 意义 一般式 to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或在其后发生 进行式 to be doing 在谓语动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行 完成式 to have done to have been done 在谓语动作之前发生 e.g. Our tour also includes a chance to walk in the footsteps of Van Gogh and Gauguin. 我们的旅行还包括有机会追随梵•高和高更的脚步。(动词不定式的动作还未发生) I plan to withdraw from the club. 我打算退出这个俱乐部。(withdraw的动作在plan之后发生) It’s a great honour for me to be invited. 我能被邀请，甚是荣幸。(me是invite动作的承受者) They are reported to be working hard. 据报道他们正努力地工作。(be reported与work同时发生) The merchant is considered to have negotiated with that factory. 这个商人被认为已经和那家工厂协商过了。(negotiate发生在be considered之前) 2. 动词不定式的否定形式：not/never to do e.g. He seemed not to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances. 他似乎没有注意到旁边的那个人。但很快我就看到了他的一些眼神。 We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while. 我们只是把他们送到花园里，告诉他们暂时不要回来。 3. 动词不定式“主动形式表示被动意义”的几种情况 1) 动词不定式作定语与被修饰词构成动宾关系，同时与句中另一名词或代词有逻辑上的主谓关系时。 e.g. Once the plan is made, we will have a lot of work to do every day. 一旦制定了计划，我们每天都会有很多工作要做。 2) 在“主语+be+性质形容词+动词不定式”结构中。 e.g. The temperature on rail cars is often hard to control. 轨道车上的温度通常很难控制。 3) 动词不定式与疑问代词连用时。 e.g. For a period of time, as a young athlete, I didn’t know what to do. 有一段时间，作为一名年轻的运动员，我不知道该做什么。 4) 在“be to blame”中常用主动形式表示被动意义。 e.g. It is said that the driver was to blame for this car accident happening last night. 据说昨晚发生的这起车祸应归咎于司机。 5) 在“too...to...”结构中。 e.g. The box is too heavy for the little boy to lift. 这个盒子太重了，小男孩抬不起来。 6) 在there be句型中，作主语的名词后可接动词不定式作定语，动词不定式用主动式或被动式均可，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。 e.g. There is nothing to worry/to be worried about. 没什么可担心的。 III 动词不定式的句法功能与用法 不定式是非谓语动词的一种，在句中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分，如主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语等。 1. 作主语。动词不定式作主语表示将来特定的某一次的具体动作，谓语动词用单数。 e.g. To err is human. 金无足赤，人无完人。/人非圣贤，孰能无过。 To finish this job in one day is impossible. 要在一天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。 To blame the worker will not make up for the loss. 责备那个工作人员弥补不了损失。 若动词不定式太长，则往往用it代替动词不定式作形式主语,动词不定式移至句末，常用句式为：it + be + adj. + of/for sb. to do sth.。当形容词表达事物的特征时，用for；当形容词表达人的特征或品质时，用of。 e.g. It is important for us students to work out on a regular basis. 经常锻炼身体对我们学生很重要。 It is kind of you to help me out of the difficulty. 帮我摆脱困难，你真好。 2. 作表语。动词不定式作表语时需放在系动词后面，表示将来的动作或起解释说明的作用。系动词主要是be类动词(am, is, are, was, were, been等)和表象类动词(seem, appear等)；主语常常是dream, wish, idea, plan, task, purpose, aim, duty, job等表示意向、打算、职责等意义的词。 e.g. My main task is to get this company running smoothly. 我的主要任务是使这家公司运转顺利。 At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans. 目前尚不清楚为什么狗似乎具备识别人类不同面部表情的能力。 3. 作宾语。 1) 常跟不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, intend, learn, plan, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, threaten, wish等。 e.g. I decided to devote myself to the task of working with the subjects. 我决定全身心投入到研究课题的工作中。 We offered to give Sharon a ride home, but she declined, saying that she felt like walking. 我们提出开车送莎伦回家，但她拒绝了，说她想走路。 They promise to love and serve their homeland, people and families. 他们承诺热爱并服务于他们的祖国、人民和家庭。 She managed to climb onto the rock and waited with patience. 她设法爬上岩石, 耐心地等待着。 Karie pretended to be smiling all the time. Meanwhile a sense of guilt rose inside her. 卡莉一直假装在笑。与此同时，她内心产生了一种愧疚感。 2) “动词+ it + adj./n. + 动词不定式”结构中，it为形式宾语，动词不定式为真正的宾语。用于该结构的动词有feel, find, think, believe, consider, make等。 e.g. That makes it extra hard to learn and practise. 那使得学习和练习变得格外困难。 You may find it hard to accept your illness. 你可能觉得难以相信自己患病。 3) 有些动词既可跟不定式，又可跟v.-ing形式作宾语，但意义有所区别。这类动词有remember, forget, regret, try, mean等。 try to do 设法做某事 try doing试着做某事 mean to do 打算、意欲做某事mean doing 意味着…… remember/forget/regret to do 记得/忘记/遗憾要做某事 remember/forget/regret doing 记得/忘记/懊悔做过某事 e.g. I’m sorry to have done that. I didn’t mean to be so rude. That doesn’t mean reading it too slowly. 4. 作定语。动词不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面。动词不定式作定语的几种情况： 1)序数词、形容词最高级或the last/the only/the next等后或被这些词修饰的名词后常用动词不定式作定语。 e.g. The last day to cancel registration and receive a full refund is June 15. 取消注册并获得全额退款的最后一天是6月15日。 He was the first man to fly across the Atlantic. Tom is the best man to do the job. 2) 抽象名词ability, chance, desire, decision, effort, intention, need, opportunity, plan, promise, attempt, pressure, right, time, way等后常用动词不定式作定语。 e.g. After months of unemployment, all he asked for was a chance to earn his bread. The party also gives people a chance to see what the new home looks like. 聚会还让人们有机会看看新家是什么样子的。 3) something, nothing, anything等不定代词后常用动词不定式作定语。 e.g. He wants us to stop seeing sleep as an inconvenience, something to be gotten through. 他希望我们不要再把睡眠看作是一种不便，一种需要克服的事情。 Do you have anything to say? 你有什么要说的吗? 4) 动词不定式作定语可表示将来的、还没发生的动作。 e.g. With a lot of work to deal with, the new president will be busy in the following two weeks. 由于有很多工作要做,新总统在接下来的两周内会很忙碌。 5. 作状语。不定式作状语，常表示目的、原因、结果等。 1) 作目的状语。动词不定式作目的状语时，其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，一般放在句子后面，表示强调，也可位于句首；其前可加in order或so as，但加so as时不能放在句首。 e.g. To help us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes. 为了帮助我们准备考试,老师建议通读我们的笔记。 But remember, it’s you that have to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends. 但请记住，为了更好地理解你的朋友，你必须不断成长、阅读和重读。 2) 作原因状语。动词不定式常跟在作表语的形容词和过去分词之后，用来说明产生某种情绪或作出某种评价的原因。此类词有happy, lucky, surprised, sorry, glad, delighted, eager, anxious, ready, foolish, interested, careless等。 e.g. If you’re lucky enough to receive gifts, keep them in a safe place. 如果你有幸收到礼物，就把它们放在一个安全的地方。 I’m glad to know that you’ve come to China to learn kung fu in a school in my hometown. 我很高兴知道你已经来中国在我家乡的一所学校学习功夫。 3) 作结果状语。动词不定式作结果状语时常放在句尾,表示出乎意料的结果。常用only to do, enough to do, too...to...,so/such...as to do等形式。现在分词(短语)作结果状语多表示自然而然的结果，即句子和结果状语之间有一定的因果关系。 e.g. Lamb and mother reunited, I turned back to the tractor only to see it move suddenly away from me. 小羊和妈妈团聚了，我转向拖拉机，却看到它突然从我身边移开。 Their companionship was nearly enough to keep my loneliness at bay. 他们的陪伴几乎足以让我不再感到孤独。 The old woman was so angry as to shake. 那个老妇人气得发抖。 A flush of embarrassment came to her cheeks, making Jessy bite her lips. 尴尬得满脸通红，杰西咬了咬嘴唇。 6. 作宾语补足语。跟不定式作补语的动词及动词词组有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, remind, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, wait for, call on, depend on。 1) ask, tell, invite, get, advise, allow, want, permit, warn, order, encourage, prefer, expect, force, wish, beg等表示命令、教导、要求、意向、允许、警告等意义的动词后可接动词不定式作宾语补足语。 e.g. Mom expected me to start crying, but I just sat there for a minute. 妈妈希望我开始哭，但我只是在那里坐了一会儿。 I was interested in astronomy and he asked me to give a presentation to the class. We’re trying to persuade manufacturers to sell them here. 2) believe, consider, declare, find, prove, suppose, think等表示意见、认可、判断、料想、声明等意义的动词后的宾语补足语常是“to be”形式。 e.g. She’s proved herself to be a very reliable worker. 她证明了自己是一名非常可靠的员工。 I believe him to be honest. 我相信他是诚实的。 3)在feel(一感), hear/listen to(二听), make/let/have(三让), see/watch/notice/observe(四看)等使役动词和感官动词(短语)后，动词不定式作宾语补足语时常省略to。这些词在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，此时动词不定式作主语补足语。(一感二听三让四看半帮助，主动不to 被动to) e.g. Read a book, knit, do a crossword puzzle, or simply watch the world unfold outside the window. 看书、编织、做填字游戏,或者只是看看窗外的世界。 Someone saw Mary enter the building about the time the crime was committed. →Mary was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed. Because he was absorbed in the book, he didn’t notice me enter the room. →Because he was absorbed in the book, I wasn’t noticed to enter the room. 他完全被这本书所吸引，没有注意到我进入房间。 Step 4 Using the structures Activity 4 Using the structures (exercises in the textbook) 1. Join the words to make sentences using infinitives. Then decide the function of each infinitive. Answers: 1) He encouraged me to participate in the surfing competition. (OC) 2) The storm seems to be getting closer. (P) 3) Magellan was the first person to sail around the world. (Attr) 4) The UN peacekeeping force aims to maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts. (O) 5) The crowd stood to applaud scientists for their important ocean research work. (Ad) 6) It is a good idea to tax plastic bottles so that people use them less. (S) 7) The Jiaolong manned submersible is said to be able to reach 7 km underwater. (SC) 8) It remains to be seen whether or not his capsule can work. (P) 2. Read the beginning of The Little Mermaid (美人鱼) and use the proper forms of the verbs in brackets to fill in the blanks. Check the answers and then read the passage to reconstruct the text. Answers: to measure, to see, dancing, formed, to have been, to play, swimming, swimming, not to worry. 3. Learn about some new words in this part. 1) tax vt.对……征税；使纳税 n. 税；税款 e.g. The car is taxed until July. 这辆汽车的牌照税缴纳到了七月。 Any interest payments are taxed as part of your income. 利息所得作为你收入的一部分要予以征税。 They are calling for large spending cuts and tax increases. 他们呼吁大幅度削减开支并提高税收。 2) applaud vt. vi. 鼓掌；vt. 称赞，赞许 applause n. 掌声；喝彩 e.g. He started to applaud and the others joined in. 他开始鼓掌，其他人也跟着鼓起掌来。 They rose to applaud the speaker. 他们起立向演讲者鼓掌。 She was applauded as she came on stage. 她上台时人们向她鼓掌。 I applaud her for having the courage to refuse. 我赞赏她敢于拒绝。 Give her a big round of applause! 为她热烈鼓掌！(a round of applause一阵掌声) They greeted him with thunderous applause. 他们以雷鸣般的掌声欢迎他。 3) manned adj. （指机器）有人控制的；需要人操纵的；载人的 4) submersible n. 潜水器，深潜器，潜艇；adj. 能潜入（可浸入）水中的 5) underwater adj. 在水中的；水面下的 adv. 水下的 6) capsule n. 胶囊；太空舱；（植物的）荚；密封小容器 7) coral n. 珊瑚（虫）；adj. 珊瑚色的 Activity 5 Using the structures (exercises in the reference book) Complete the grammar exercises in the reference book and check the answers. Step 5 Evaluation and summary Activity 6 Self-evaluation Guide the students to reflect on their learning of this period by considering the following aspects. 1. How is your mastery of the functions and usage of infinitives? (Good/Fairly good/Moderate/Just so so/Poor) 2. What are your problems with this grammar item—the functions and usage of infinitives? Activity 7 Summary (The teacher) Guide the students to summarize the functions and usage of infinitives. Homework: 1. Complete the (grammar) exercises in RB and TB. 2. Read the grammar explanations in the reference book to consolidate the grammar rules. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $