Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries 单元培优练习卷 2025-2026学年沪教版五四学制英语八年级下册

Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries 单元培优练习卷 2026年8年级下学期英语 (沪教版五四学制2024版上海专用) (总分:100分,考试时间:90分钟) 姓名:_ 班级:_ 学号:_ 得分:_ 第二部分 语法与词汇 (40分) II. 语法填空 (10分) 阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Do you know how some of the most important inventions were made? Many were discovered _1_ accident. One famous example is penicillin, a life-saving medicine. Alexander Fleming, a scientist, _2_ to clean up his lab before going on holiday. When he returned, _3_ surprising caught his eye. He noticed that a special mould (霉菌) had stopped the bacteria from growing. This was a moment that would change the course of history. At first, Fleming _4_ not produce enough of the medicine. It was another team of scientists who finally succeeded. "The mould must be kept in very specific conditions, or it _5_ not work," one of them explained. After many experiments, the medicine _6_ into a treatment for serious illnesses like malaria. Before penicillin was discovered, many people _7_ died from minor infections (感染) that we can treat easily today. Penicillin is now considered one of the _8_ discoveries in medical history. It has saved millions of lives. Scientists continue to improve it, and new medicines _9_ from it every year. It truly shows that sometimes the best ideas come _10_ a quiet observation, not a loud experiment. 1. A. in B. on C. by 2. A. forgot B. forgets C. has forgotten 3. A. nothing B. something C. anyone 4. A. must B. could C. should 5. A. might B. need C. would rather 6. A. turned B. was turned C. is turning 7. A. has B. have C. had 8. A. great B. greater C. greatest 9. A. develop B. developed C. are developed 10. A. through B. beyond C. because III. 选词填空 (8分) 从下面方框中选出可以填入短文空白处的正确选项,使短文意思完整、通顺。每个方框有一个词是多余的。 A. fire B. except C. stuck D. dangerous E. besides There was once an owl who lived in a forest with her baby owlet(猫头鹰之子). Owl was kind to everyone _1_ the Snake who lived near her nest. Owl’s friends had told her that all snakes were evil and _2_. So, she was cruel to Snake and chased him away whenever he came near. One night, Owl woke up to great panic(恐慌)in the forest. A blanket of smoke lay over the trees and all the animals were frightened. There was a _3_! Together, the animals began to run. But as Owl was about to leave, she realized Owlet was _4_ in a hole inside their tree. The hole was so small that Owl couldn’t reach him. Owl screamed at the top of her voice and began to cry. A. judged B. gently C. wrong D. shocked E. trusted “Please, Mr. Robin, just a minute!” she called out to her fleeing friends.” Miss Mouse, wait I need your help!” But all her friends ignored her and left immediately. They were too _5_ to stay and help. Only Snake listened to Owl’s shouts and paused to wriggle(蠕动)inside the tree. In a second he reappeared, carrying Owlet _6_ in his mouth. Together, they got out of the forest to safety. “Oh, thank you, Snake!” said Owl. “That was so kind. I’m sorry. I was _7_ to believe what my friends told me about you.” And from that day on, Owl never _8_ others without knowing them first. IV. 词性转换 (8分) 用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Alexander Fleming made an important _ (discover) in his laboratory. 2. The light bulb can _ (light) up a whole room. 3. This new drug offers a more effective _ (treat) for the disease. 4. The machine is designed to work _ (automatic), without human help. 5. The scientist hopes to find the _ (solve) to this environmental problem. 6. The old man walked _ (slow) through the park, enjoying the sunshine. 7. Now, almost every family has a smart phone, which is the _ (nine) great invention. 8. Different kinds of _ (bacteria) can cause different illnesses. V. 句型转换 (14分) 按要求完成下列句子,每空一词。 1. The students have cleaned up the physics lab. (改为一般疑问句) _ the students _ up the physics lab? 2. The invention of the computer is very important. (改为感叹句) _ _ the invention of the computer is! 3. You have never heard of this story, _ _? (改为反义疑问句) 4. This new medicine can treat a serious illness. (改为同义句) This new medicine can be used _ _ a serious illness. 5. “Is electricity safe for children?” The teacher asked. (合并为宾语从句) The teacher asked _ electricity _ safe for children. 6. People widely use plastic for many purposes. (改为被动语态) Plastic _ widely _ for many purposes. 7. is fond of, his wealth, the rich businessman, in front of, showing off, poor people (连词成句) _ 第三部分 阅读 (40分) VI. 阅读理解 A篇 (选择题,12分) 阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 Discoveries don’t always happen in a shiny, modern laboratory. Sometimes, the spark for a great invention comes from the most ordinary moment. This was the case for Sir Isaac Newton and his theory of gravity. The story goes that Newton was sitting under an apple tree in his orchard (果园) during his spare time. An apple fell from the tree and hit him on the head. This common event made him think. He began to wonder, “Why did the apple fall straight down? Why didn’t it fall sideways or go up?” At that time, people understood that things fell to the ground, but no one had a scientific explanation for why. Newton’s curiosity turned a simple falling fruit into a deep scientific exploration. He spent years doing experiments and performing complex calculations. To his own surprise, he discovered that the same force that pulled the apple down also kept the moon moving around the Earth. He called this force “gravity.” This was a totally new way of understanding the universe. Newton’s discovery changed the course of physics forever. It wasn’t just an accidental finding; it was the result of asking “why” about an everyday scene. His story teaches us that great ideas can light up when we take a closer look at the world around us, even in our spare time. So, next time you see something ordinary, ask yourself—could there be a discovery waiting to happen? 1. Where was Newton when the apple fell? A. In his laboratory. B. In his orchard. C. In his school. D. At a friend’s house. 2. According to the passage, what made Newton’s discovery possible? A. The apple was very heavy. B. He was hit very hard by the apple. C. He had a lot of spare time. D. He asked questions about a common event. 3. What was “totally new” about Newton’s discovery? A. That things fall to the ground. B. That the moon moves around the Earth. C. That the same force controls the apple and the moon. D. That he was sitting under an apple tree. 4. The underlined word “This” in paragraph 2 refers to _. A. the apple falling B. doing experiments C. the force called gravity D. doing complex calculations 5. What can we learn from Newton’s story? A. Great discoveries are always made by accident. B. Only scientists with modern labs can discover important things. C. Observing and questioning everyday life can lead to big ideas. D. Spare time is useless and should be used for experiments only. 6. Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A. The Life of Sir Isaac Newton B. How to Grow Apple Trees C. The Importance of Modern Laboratories D. An Apple, a Question, and a Great Discovery B篇 (完型填空,14分) 阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出一个最佳答案。 X-ray technology is one of the most important _1_ in medical history. It allows doctors to see inside the human body without making a single cut. This discovery _2_ the way doctors treat illnesses. Before X-rays, if a patient had a broken bone, a doctor might have to guess where the break was. _3_, with an X-ray, they can see the exact location of the fracture (骨折) immediately. The _4_ of the X-ray is a fascinating story. It was discovered by accident in 1895 by a German scientist named Wilhelm Conrad R ntgen. He was doing an experiment on electricity when he noticed a strange glow (光) coming from a screen across the room. _5_ his surprise, he found that an unknown kind of ray could pass through solid objects, like paper and even human flesh. Because he didn’t know what these rays were, he called them “X-rays,” with “X” meaning “unknown.” This discovery was so great that R ntgen _6_ the very first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. Today, X-rays are widely used in hospitals all around the world, helping to save millions of lives by allowing for fast and _7_ diagnoses (诊断). 1. A. inventions B. discoveries C. explorations D. economies 2. A. changed B. discovered C. treated D. awarded 3. A. Therefore B. Otherwise C. However D. Then 4. A. course B. material C. award D. story 5. A. In B. To C. On D. By 6. A. was awarded B. has been awarded C. is awarded D. will be awarded 7. A. serious B. medical C. accurate D. social C篇 (七选五,10分) 根据对话内容,从方框后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 A: Hi, Mike! Have you thought about our school project on great inventions? B: Hi, Anna. Yes, I decided to focus on the telephone. _1_ A: That’s interesting. I’m thinking about the wheel. _2_ B: True, but the telephone changed how we communicate. _3_ A: I agree. But AI is different, right? It’s not just a tool; it can ‘think’. B: Exactly. I wrote in my report that the telephone made it possible to talk to someone far away. _4_ A: That’s a great point. For me, the wheel made it possible to move heavy things easily. B: Both inventions totally changed human life. _5_ A. What’s your report about? B. Before it, news could take weeks to arrive. C. It’s one of the most ancient and important inventions. D. I think AI might be even more important in the future. E. It was discovered by accident, you know. F. It connects people instantly, even across oceans. G. We should not forget the importance of modern labs. D篇 (回答问题,4分) 阅读下面短文,然后用英文回答文后的问题。 The China TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) Museum in Shanghai is a fantastic place for young people who are curious about science and history. You might think a medical museum is only for adults, but this one is very interactive (互动的) and fun. You can learn about the “low-heat method” used to prepare herbs (草药) and even “volunteer” to try grinding (研磨) herbs in a real, small stone mill. One of the most amazing things to see is a large collection of ancient medical books. There is also a special area where you can take a closer look at different kinds of mould, like the one that led to the discovery of penicillin. The museum explains how scientists did experiments on electricity to create new diagnostic tools. It also shows how one person’s courage, like Tu Youyou who tested medicine on herself, can save millions of lives. To your surprise, the museum uses modern technology, like 3D models and simple games, to explain complex ideas. It makes it possible for everyone, even young students, to understand how TCM has changed the course of medicine. It’s a journey that lights up an idea: that the best way to learn about the future of medicine is to understand its past. 根据短文内容,回答下列问题。(每题答案不超过10个词) 1. Where is the China TCM Museum? _ 2. What can young visitors “volunteer” to do in the museum? _ 3. Whose courage is mentioned as saving millions of lives? _ 4. How does the museum make complex ideas easy to understand? _ 第四部分 写作 (20分) VII. 中译英 (10分) 根据所给中文提示,把下列句子翻译成英文。 1. 屠呦呦偶然发现了青蒿素可以治疗一种严重的疾病。 _ 2. 令我惊讶的是,这个男孩自愿每周打扫一次实验室。 _ 3. 这项新发明使得医生治疗疟疾成为可能。 _ 4. 我们不应该让这些小问题阻止我们完成大目标。 _ 5. 如果我们不采取行动,到2050年,海洋里的塑料可能会比鱼还多。 _ VIII. 写作 (10分) “Great inventions and discoveries” have shaped our world. Now, imagine you have invented a “Time-Sponge (时间海绵)” — a small device that allows people to “absorb” and reuse wasted spare time (like time spent waiting for a bus). Write a short passage of at least 80 words to introduce your invention to the school Science Club. You should: 1. Give your invention a name. 2. Explain at least two things it can do. 3. Describe one problem it might help to solve. 要求: 1. 语言通顺,逻辑清晰。 2. 不少于80词。 3. 不得出现真实的校名和人名。 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries 单元培优练习卷 2026年8年级下学期英语 (沪教版五四学制2024版上海专用) (总分:100分,考试时间:90分钟) 参考答案与解析 第二部分 语法与词汇 II. 语法填空 1-5 CABBA 6-10 BCCCA III. 选词填空 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. A IV. 词性转换 1. discovery (动词 名词) 2. light (light up 是动词短语,can后跟动词原形) 3. treatment (动词 名词) 4. automatically (形容词 副词) 5. solution (动词 名词,-tion后缀) 6. slowly (形容词 副词) 7. ninth (基数词 序数词,注意拼写) 8. bacteria (名词复数,-um变-a) V. 句型转换 1. Have; cleaned 2. How important 3. have you (never是否定词) 4. for treating (be used for doing sth.) 5. if/whether; was (一般疑问句变宾语从句用if/whether,主句过去时,从句也用过去时) 6. is; used 7. The rich businessman is fond of showing off his wealth m front of poor people. 第三部分 阅读 A篇 1. B (第一段: sitting under an apple tree in his orchard) 2. D (第一段结尾: This common event made him think... 第二段开头: Newton’s curiosity...) 3. C (第二段结尾: He discovered that the same force that pulled the apple down also kept the moon moving... 并称之为gravity) 4. C (指代前一句提到的“gravity”这个概念) 5. C (最后一段主旨: ...great ideas can light up when we take a closer look at the world around us) 6. D (全文核心是苹果、问题与发现的故事) B篇 1. B (X光是一项“发现”,因为它本来就存在。题目语境是“医学史上最重要...之一”,discovery更准确) 2. A (改变了医生治病的方式) 3. C (前后对比,用However) 4. D (本段主要讲X光发现的“故事”) 5. B (固定搭配 to one's surprise) 6. A (获得奖项,且是过去的事,用一般过去时被动语态) 7. C (准确诊断,与fast并列) C篇: 1-5 CADBF D篇 1. In Shanghai. (第一句) 2. Try grinding herbs. (第一段最后) 3. Tu Youyou's. (第二段最后) 4. By using 3D models/games. (最后一段第一句) 第四部分 写作 VII. 中译英 (参考翻译) 1. Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin by accident and it can treat a serious illness. 2. To my surprise, the boy volunteered to clean up the lab once a week. 3. This new invention makes it possible for doctors to treat malaria. 4. We should not let these small problems stop us from achieving our big goals. 5. If we don't take action, by 2050, there might be more plastic than fish in the ocean. VIII. 写作 (范文) My Invention: The Time-Sponge Hello everyone, I’d like to introduce my invention, the “Time-Sponge”. It is a small, smartwatch-like device that helps you “absorb” and reuse wasted spare time. First, it can record all the short, wasted moments in your day, like waiting for a bus or standing in a line. Second, it can then “release” this collected time during your study or rest periods, giving you more free time later. For example, if you collect 20 minutes of waiting time, you can use it to finish your homework faster. This invention mainly helps to solve the problem of “having no time” for hobbies or rest. By recycling wasted moments, it turns “lost” time into useful breaks, making our lives more balanced and efficient. 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $