内容正文:
高考考点:
非谓语动词
Author: Miss. Liu
目录
考情解读(高考高频考点 + 命题趋势)
核心概念(定义 + 本质 + 三种基本形式)
三大类非谓语动词精讲(用法 + 例句 + 高考侧重)
高考核心考点突破(必考点 + 重难点)
高频易错点辨析(易混点 + 避坑指南)
近 5 年高考真题精选(语法填空 + 短文改错)
总结与解题技巧(三步解题法)
一、考情解读
命题地位
非谓语动词是高考英语语法核心考点,每年必考,贯穿语法填空、短文改错、阅读理解(长难句分析)、书面表达四大题型,占语法类分值的 15%-20%,是拉开分数差距的关键。
命题趋势
语法填空:侧重考查「分词作状语、定语」「不定式作目的状语、宾语」,偶尔考查动名词作宾语、非谓语完成式。
短文改错:侧重考查「非谓语与谓语混淆」「to do/doing/done 误用」「介词后 doing 遗漏」「分词逻辑主语不一致」。
书面表达:合理运用非谓语动词(尤其是分词作状语、不定式作目的),可提升句式丰富度,助力拿高分。
核心考向
非谓语动词的句法功能(作状语、定语、宾语、宾补为主,主语、表语为辅);
非谓语动词的时态、语态变化(一般式、完成式、被动式);
易混点辨析(to do vs doing、doing vs done、固定搭配接 to do/doing)。
二、核心概念
1. 定义
非谓语动词:不能单独作句子谓语,但仍保留动词特征(可带宾语、状语,有时态、语态变化),在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语的动词形式。
2. 本质
一句话核心:一句一谓语,多余动词变非谓(一个简单句 / 复合句中,主句、从句各只有一个谓语动词,其他动词必须变为非谓语形式)。
3. 三种基本形式及核心区别
形式 核心含义(必记) 逻辑关系(关键) 高考考查频率
不定式(to do) 未发生、目的、具体一次性动作 主动(主动发出) ★★★★★
动名词(doing) 主动、进行、习惯 / 泛指动作 主动(主动发出) ★★★★
分词 现在分词(doing):主动、进行 主动(主动发出) ★★★★★
过去分词(done):被动、完成 被动(被作用) ★★★★★
4. 时态与语态变化
形式 主动语态(常用) 被动语态(常用) 核心用法场景
不定式 to do(一般式,表同时 / 将来) to be done(被动,表将来) 目的状语、宾语、定语
to have done(完成式,表先于主句) to have been done(被动完成) 强调动作先于主句动作
动名词 / 现在分词 doing(一般式,表同时 / 进行) being done(被动进行) 状语、定语、宾语、宾补
having done(完成式,表先于主句) having been done(被动完成) 强调动作先于主句动作(语法填空常考)
过去分词 ——(无主动语态) done(被动、完成) 状语、定语、宾补(最高频)
三、三大类非谓语动词精讲
(一)不定式(to do)
核心功能
1. 作宾语
常接 to do 作宾语的动词:
want、hope、decide、plan、promise、refuse、afford、pretend、agree、manage、offer、attempt、expect
经典例句:
She decided to devote her whole life to helping the children in poor areas.(2023 高考语境改编)
We all hope to be admitted to our dream universities through hard work.
He attempted to solve the difficult problem but failed.
特殊结构:疑问词 + to do(what/who/when/where/how+to do),作宾语、主语
例句:I don’t know how to balance my study and extracurricular activities.
2.作状语
①目的状语:to do /in order to do /so as to do(so as to do 不能置于句首)
例句:In order to improve his oral English, he keeps practicing speaking every morning.
②结果状语:only to do(表出人意料的结果,高考常考)
例句:He hurried to the airport only to find that the plane had already taken off.
③原因状语:常用于 be + 情绪形容词(sorry、glad、delighted)+ to do
例句:I am sorry to hear that you failed the monthly exam.
3.作定语(后置定语,表 “将要做”)
核心:修饰名词,置于名词后,常与序数词(the first/the last)、最高级、the only、the next 等连用
例句:
He is the first student in our grade to be admitted to Peking University.
I have a lot of difficult problems to solve before the college entrance examination.
4. 作宾语补足语
①必带 to:ask、tell、allow、encourage、advise、want、expect、force
例句:Teachers always encourage us to face difficulties bravely and never give up.
②省略 to:感官动词(see、watch、hear、notice、feel)、使役动词(make、let、have)
👉 易错提醒:被动语态中,省略的 to 必须还原!
主动:I saw him enter the classroom.
被动:He was seen to enter the classroom.
高考常考特殊用法
省略 to 的情况(除了感官 / 使役动词,还有 had better、would rather、why not);
不定式的否定式:not to do(如:decide not to do);
不定式的完成式:to have done(强调动作先于主句,如:He seems to have known the news.)。
(二)动名词(doing)—— 侧重固定搭配 + 主语 / 宾语
核心功能
1. 作宾语
常接 doing 作宾语的动词:
enjoy、finish、mind、avoid、practice、suggest、keep、consider、miss、escape、admit、deny
经典例句:
You should avoid making the same careless mistakes in grammar .
She suggested organizing a class meeting to discuss the study plan.
He admitted having made a mistake in the exam.
介词后一律接 doing(高考超级易错点):
常考介词短语:look forward to、pay attention to、be used to(习惯于)、devote to、insist on、give up、succeed in、be interested in
2. 作主语(侧重泛指 / 习惯动作)
常用结构:doing + 谓语单数 / It is no use/good + doing
例句:
Reading English newspapers every morning is a good way to improve reading ability.
It is no use regretting what you have done in the past.
高考常考特殊用法
动名词复合结构:形容词性物主代词 / 名词所有格 + doing(如:Would you mind my opening the window?);
动名词作前置定语(表用途):a reading room、a swimming pool(了解即可,高考考查少)。
(三)分词(doing/done)—— 高考考查最多,易错点最多
核心区别(先分清,再解题)
现在分词(doing):主动关系、动作正在进行 / 同时进行(逻辑主语是动作的发出者)
过去分词(done):被动关系、动作已经完成(逻辑主语是动作的承受者)
核心功能
1. 作状语
核心原则:分词的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致
常考状语类型:原因、时间、条件、伴随、结果
经典例句:
原因状语:Hearing the exciting news, all the students cheered loudly.(doing,主动,逻辑主语 students 是 hear 的发出者)
条件状语:Given more time and support, we can finish the project better.(done,被动,逻辑主语 we 是 give 的承受者)
伴随状语:He walked in the street, holding a book in his hand.(doing,主动,伴随动作)
结果状语:The fire lasted for hours, causing great damage to the building.(doing,主动,自然结果)
2. 作定语(前置 / 后置,高频)
单个分词前置,分词短语后置;doing 表主动 / 进行,done 表被动 / 完成
例句:
The girl standing under the tree is one of the top students in our school.(doing,前置定语,主动)
The book written by the famous writer has been translated into many languages.(done,后置定语,被动)
The falling leaves indicate that autumn has come.(doing,主动进行)
The fallen leaves cover the whole ground.(done,被动完成)
3. 作宾语补足语
常用动词:see、watch、hear、notice、find、keep、have
例句:
I noticed him wandering in the corridor anxiously.(doing,主动进行,强调动作正在发生)
I found the door locked when I came back.(done,被动完成,强调状态)
We keep the classroom clean and tidy.(done,被动,表状态)
高考常考特殊用法
①分词的完成式:having done(主动完成)、having been done(被动完成),强调动作先于主句动作
例句:Having finished all his homework, he went to bed.(finish 先于 go to bed)
②独立主格结构:逻辑主语 + 分词(如:Weather permitting, we will go for a picnic.)
四、高考核心考点突破
考点 1:分词作状语(高考最高频)
解题步骤:① 找逻辑主语(主句主语);② 判断主被动(主动用 doing,被动用 done);③ 判断时间先后(先于主句用 having done/having been done,同时用 doing/done)
高考真题示例:
①(2024 新高考 Ⅰ)These sepals open on warm days ________ (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.
②(2023 全国乙)_______________ (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new.
to give
Having visited
考点 2:不定式作目的状语 / 宾语(高频)
标志词:in order to、so as to、to(表目的);常接 to do 的动词(want、hope 等)
易错提醒:so as to do 不能置于句首,in order to do 可以
高考真题示例:(2023 新高考 Ⅰ)You have to decide whether ________(bite) a small hole first, or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth.
to bite
考点 3:动名词作宾语(侧重固定搭配)
核心:记准 “只能接 doing” 的动词和 “介词后接 doing” 的短语
高考真题示例:(2022 新高考 Ⅱ)It is no use ________ (cry) over spilt milk.
crying
考点 4:非谓语动词作定语(区分 doing/done)
解题关键:看被修饰词与非谓语动词的逻辑关系(主动 doing,被动 done)
高考真题示例:(2020 新高考 Ⅰ)The next morning he hired a boat and set out to find the well-known painter whom he ________ (hear) of.
had heard
五、高频易错点辨析
易错点 1:分词作状语,逻辑主语不一致
错误示例:Seeing from the hill, the city is very beautiful.(逻辑主语 city 不能发出 see 的动作)
正确示例:Seen from the hill, the city is very beautiful.
解题技巧:先找主句主语,再判断主句主语能否发出非谓语动作,不能则用 done 或调整逻辑主语。
易错点 2:to do vs doing 含义不同
动词 接 to do(含义) 接 doing(含义) 高考真题例句参考
remember 记得要做(未做) 记得做过(已做) I remember to lock the door.(要锁)/ I remember locking it.(锁过)
forget 忘记要做(未做) 忘记做过(已做) Don’t forget to bring your homework.(要带)
regret 遗憾地告知(未做) 后悔做过(已做) I regret to tell you you failed.(遗憾告知)/ I regret telling him the secret.(后悔说)
stop 停下一件事,去做另一件(未做) 停止正在做的事(已做) He stopped to rest.(停下去休息)/ He stopped working.(停止工作)
try 努力去做(尽力) 试着做(尝试) Try to finish it on time.(努力完成)/ Try eating more fruit.(试着多吃)
mean 打算去做(计划) 意味着(结果) I mean to go abroad.(打算出国)/ Missing the bus means waiting.(意味着等待)
易错点 3:介词后接 doing,误接 to do
错误示例:I am looking forward to meet you.(to 是介词,误接 meet)
正确示例:I am looking forward to meeting you.
必记介词短语:look forward to、pay attention to、be used to(习惯于)、devote to、insist on、give up、succeed in
易错点 4:感官 / 使役动词后,被动语态还原 to
错误示例:He was seen enter the room.(被动未还原 to)
正确示例:He was seen to enter the room.
必记动词:see、watch、hear、make、let、have(主动省 to,被动还原 to)
易错点 5:doing vs done 作表语,修饰对象混淆
错误示例:I am exciting about the news.(exciting 修饰事物,误修饰人)
正确示例:I am excited about the news.(excited 修饰人,exciting 修饰事物)
规律:doing(令人…… 的)→ 修饰事物;done(感到…… 的)→ 修饰人(如:interesting/interested、surprising/surprised)
易错点 6:非谓语动词与谓语动词混淆
错误示例:He stood there, wait for his friend.(wait 是谓语,句中已有 stood 作谓语,需变非谓)
正确示例:He stood there, waiting for his friend.(waiting 作伴随状语)
六、近 5 年高考真题精选
(2024 新高考 Ⅰ) These sepals open on warm days ________ (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.
(2024 新高考 Ⅱ) ______ (recall) watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare’s play Richard III in Shanghai, Edmondson said it was very exciting.
(2023 全国甲) For thousands of years, people have told fables _______ (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom.
(2023 全国乙) ________ (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new.
(2022 新高考 Ⅰ) ______ (cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks.
(2022 全国甲) He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar, ________ (plan) to hike back in five months.
(2021 全国乙) ___________ (work) for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on time.
to give
Recalling
to teach
Having visited
Covering
planning
Having worked
七、总结与解题技巧
核心总结
非谓语动词本质:一句一谓语,多余动词变非谓;
三大形式核心:to do(目的、将来)、doing(主动、进行)、done(被动、完成);
高考重点:分词作状语、不定式作目的 / 宾语、动名词作宾语、逻辑主语一致、时态呼应。
高考解题三步法(万能技巧,适用于所有非谓语题型)
第一步:判断句子是否已有谓语(找时态动词,如 is、was、did、have done),若有,其余动词必变非谓语;
第二步:判断非谓语动词与逻辑主语(主句主语 / 被修饰词)的关系(主动→doing/to do;被动→done/to be done);
第三步:判断非谓语动作与主句动作的时间先后(同时 / 将来→一般式;先于主句→完成式)。
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