Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries 单元练习卷 2025-2026学年沪教版五四学制英语八年级下册

**基本信息** 沪教版五四学制2024版8年级下学期英语Unit 2单元卷，以“伟大发明与发现”为主题，融合科学史（如青霉素、X射线）与文化传承（如中医、造纸术）素材，全面考查语言能力与跨文化思维，适配单元复习需求。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |语法填空|10题/10分|介词、时态、从句等|以青霉素发现故事为情境，考查语法在真实语篇中的运用| |阅读理解|22题/40分|细节理解、推理判断、文化解读|A篇聚焦屠呦呦青蒿素研究，C篇通过对话介绍造纸术，培养文化意识与思维品质| |写作|1题/10分|应用文体（邮件）|要求介绍印刷术/指南针，整合发明背景、原理及影响，提升语言表达与跨文化沟通能力|

Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries 单元练习卷 2026年8年级下学期英语 (沪教版五四学制2024版上海专用) (总分:100分,考试时间:90分钟) 姓名:_ 班级:_ 学号:_ 得分:_ Part 2 Grammar and vocabulary (第二部分 语法与词汇) II. 语法填空 (共10题,每题1分,共10分) 阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Have you ever wondered how great discoveries are made? Often, they happen _1_ accident. One such story is about Sir Alexander Fleming. In 1928, he was a scientist studying bacteria. Before he went on holiday, he _2_ left some dirty Petri dishes (培养皿) in his lab. When he returned, he noticed that mould (霉菌) had grown on one dish. _3_ his surprise, the bacteria near the mould had died. Fleming realized the mould might be something special. He _4_ produce something that could kill bacteria. This discovery didn't happen _. He spent months doing experiments to confirm his finding. He found that the mould could _5_ to stop bacteria from growing. He named it "penicillin". However, Fleming’s work was almost forgotten for ten years. It was during World War II _6_ two other scientists, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, continued the research. They needed to produce a large amount of penicillin quickly. The British government couldn’t afford to build big factories alone, _7_ the USA helped. They developed a method to mass-produce the drug. Penicillin has since _8_ millions of lives. It can treat serious illnesses like malaria. It is one of the most _9_ medical discoveries in history. The discovery of penicillin truly changed the _10_ of medicine and saved countless soldiers and civilians. 1. A. to B. by C. for 2. A. had B. has C. is having 3. A. In B. At C. To 4. A. might B. should C. must 5. A. be used B. use C. using 6. A. which B. that C. when 7. A. but B. so C. or 8. A. save B. saving C. saved 9. A. important B. more important C. most important 10. A. course B. cause C. coast III. 选词填空 (共2篇,每篇4空,每空1分,共8分) 从下面方框中选择合适的词语,并用其正确形式填空,使短文完整、通顺。每个词语限用一次。 A. discovery B. totally C. ancient D. looked for E. illness In _1_ China, a special kind of medical treatment was developed. It is called Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). A key _2_ in TCM is the use of herbs (草药). One famous story is about Shennong, a legendary ruler. He _3_ hundreds of herbs to understand their effects. He tested them on himself to find cures for every _4_. His work laid the foundation for TCM, which is still widely practiced today. A. by accident B. passed through C. to one's surprise D. volunteered E. economic Wilhelm R ntgen was a German physicist. In 1895, he was doing an experiment with a cathode ray tube (阴极射线管). He covered the tube with black paper. Then, he noticed a screen across the room was glowing. He realized that an unknown kind of ray had _1_ the black paper and the screen. He called this new ray "X-ray". R ntgen _2_ to test the new ray on his wife’s hand, and the famous image of her bones appeared. _3_, this invention had a huge _4_ impact, revolutionizing medicine and industry. IV. 词性转换 (共8题,每题1分,共8分) 根据句子意思,用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. The Silk Road was an important _ (economy) bridge between the East and the West. 2. After years of hard work, Tu Youyou finally made a great _ (discover). 3. This new medical _ (treat) can help patients recover faster. 4. Please clean the lab _ (thorough) before you leave. 5. My father bought two new _ (fishnet) for our fishing trip. 6. The teacher asked us to write a report on the _ (four) invention we talked about. 7. _ (volunteer) to help others can bring you a lot of happiness. 8. Many _ (social) problems were solved by the new policy. V. 句型转换 (共7题,每空1分,共14分) 根据要求完成下列句子,每空一词。 1. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin by accident. (改为一般疑问句) _ Alexander Fleming _ penicillin by accident? 2. The invention of the wheel was very important for human development. (改为感叹句) _ _ the invention of the wheel was for human development! 3. Let's take a closer look at this ancient medical book, _ _? (改为反意疑问句) 4. Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin. She saved millions of lives. (改为同义句) Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin, _ _ millions of lives. 5. "Is the low-heat method effective?" The young scientist asked the professor. (改为宾语从句) The young scientist asked the professor _ the low-heat method _ effective. 6. People widely use the telephone in their daily communication. (改为被动语态) The telephone _ widely _ in their daily communication. 7. 连词成句:lit, idea, an, experiment, up, on, doing, the, electricity, scientist, a, was, when. (注意标点) _ Part 3 Reading Comprehension (第三部分 阅读理解) VI. 阅读理解 A篇 (共6小题,每小题2分,满分12分) 阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。 In 2015, a story about a scientist named Tu Youyou filled people in China with pride. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for her discovery of artemisinin (青蒿素), a drug that has saved millions of lives from malaria. But what made her achievement truly extraordinary was how she found it. Tu Youyou was born in Ningbo, Zhejiang province in 1930. She studied pharmacy (药学) and later became a researcher of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). In the 1960s, malaria was a serious illness that killed many people. The Chinese government started a project to find a cure. Tu was chosen to be the head of the research team. Her team read a large number of ancient medical books. They tested over 2,000 kinds of herbs but none worked well. Then, Tu Youyou found a clue in a book from the 4th century. It described a method using the sweet wormwood plant. The book said, "Take a handful of qinghao, soak it in water, and drink the juice." This method was different from the usual way of heating the herbs. Tu thought that high heat might destroy the active ingredient. So she designed a new "low-heat method" using a different solvent. After many failures, she finally succeeded in creating a pure substance that was 100% effective against malaria parasites. To test its safety, Tu Youyou even volunteered to be the first human subject. To her surprise, the drug worked perfectly with no side effects. Her dedication (奉献) and her “low-heat method” changed the course of medicine. 1. What is the main purpose of this article? A. To explain how malaria is treated in modern hospitals. B. To describe the life and discovery of Tu Youyou. C. To show the advantages of Western medicine over TCM. D. To list the side effects of using artemisinin. 2. What problem did Tu Youyou's team face at first? A. They couldn't find any ancient medical books. B. The government didn't support their project. C. Their tests on thousands of herbs failed to work well. D. The sweet wormwood plant had disappeared. 3. What does the underlined word "clue" in Paragraph 3 most likely mean? A. A person. B. A problem. C. A difficult test. D. A piece of helpful information. 4. Why did Tu Youyou use the "low-heat method"? A. Because she wanted to finish the experiment faster. B. Because she believed high heat might kill the active ingredient. C. Because the ancient book told her to use fire. D. Because she didn't have any equipment to make fire. 5. What did Tu Youyou do to prove the drug was safe for humans? A. She tested it on her partner in the lab. B. She gave it to a volunteer from the hospital. C. She took the drug herself. D. She asked a famous doctor to try it. 6. Which of the following words best describes Tu Youyou? A. Selfish and proud. B. Careless and ordinary. C. Disappointed and sad. D. Determined and brave. B篇:完形填空 (共7小题,每小题2分,共14分) 根据短文内容,从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。 The invention of the telephone in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell was a world-changing event. But few people know the _7_ story of Elisha Gray. On the very same day that Bell filed his patent (专利申请) for the telephone, Gray filed a patent for a very similar _8_. This led to one of the biggest legal fights in history. Bell’s telephone worked by turning sound waves into electrical signals. Gray’s design used a liquid transmitter. The main _9_ between them was in the details. Bell’s application arrived at the patent office a few hours earlier. That small time difference made Bell a _10_ name and Gray largely forgotten. Gray felt _11_, but he didn’t give up. He continued his work and made important contributions to other technologies, like the electric piano. However, the telephone _12_ became a huge success. It changed the way people communicated. Today, we hardly think about making a phone call, but it is _13_ one of the most important inventions in human history, connecting people across thousands of miles in seconds. 7. A. boring B. strange C. true D. funny 8. A. discovery B. device C. material D. illness 9. A. difference B. problem C. pleasure D. award 10. A. local B. handsome C. household D. spare 11. A. excited B. peaceful C. unfair D. surprising 12. A. suddenly B. extremely C. widely D. totally 13. A. required B. considered C. imagined D. produced C篇 (共5小题,每小题2分,满分10分) 阅读下面的对话,从所给的A-G七个选项中,选出五个合适的选项填入空白处,使对话完整、通顺。其中有两项为多余选项。 背景: 在学校的科技节上,李华正在向他的外国同学Tom介绍中国古代四大发明之一——造纸术。 Li Hua: Hi Tom! Are you enjoying the Science Festival? Tom: Yes, it's amazing! Look at this model. Is it about paper-making? Li Hua: Exactly! You've got a good eye. Before paper was invented, people wrote on bones, silk, or bamboo, but those were either too expensive or too heavy. Tom: That sounds very inconvenient. _14_ Li Hua: It was a man named Cai Lun during the Eastern Han Dynasty. He is credited with improving the paper-making process. Tom: _15_ Li Hua: He used cheap materials like tree bark, old fishnets, and cloth. He mixed them with water, pressed them flat, and dried them in the sun. Tom: That’s so clever! So, why was this invention so important? Li Hua: _16_ It made writing and recording information much easier and cheaper. Tom: It must have taken a long time to spread to the rest of the world. Li Hua: Yes, it did. _17_ Slowly, it traveled along the Silk Road to the Middle East and then to Europe. Tom: _18_ It's incredible to think how one invention could change everything. Li Hua: I agree. Let’s go check out the printing press model next. A. What materials did he use? B. Who invented the first paper, then? C. It was a well-planned exploration. D. So, it's like the internet of the ancient world! E. Just as Leonardo da Vinci was a great painter. F. Well, it started in China around the 2nd century AD. G. Because it greatly helped the spread of knowledge and culture. D篇:回答问题 (共4小题,每小题1分,满分4分) 阅读下面短文,然后根据短文内容,用完整的句子回答问题。 Have you ever noticed how the screen of your smartphone or computer looks slightly different when you tilt (倾斜) it? That’s because of the amazing technology—the liquid crystal display (LCD). But did you know that the science behind LCDs was actually discovered by a plant? Well, sort of! In 1888, an Austrian botanist (植物学家) named Friedrich Reinitzer was doing an experiment on a material called cholesteryl benzoate, which came from carrots and other plants. He wanted to study its properties. To his surprise, when he heated the solid material, it didn’t turn directly into a clear liquid. Instead, it first became a cloudy, milky liquid that could flow. Then, at a higher temperature, it turned into a clear liquid. Reinitzer was puzzled and wrote a letter to a physicist, Otto Lehmann. Together, they studied this strange "flowing crystal". Lehmann named it "liquid crystal". However, for almost 80 years, this discovery was just a scientific curiosity. No one found a practical use for it. Then, in the 1960s, scientists realized that liquid crystals could respond to electricity. By applying a small voltage (电压), they could change the way light passed through them. This discovery lit up an idea: "We can use this to create displays!" Today, from digital watches to giant TVs, LCDs are everywhere. So, the next time you look at a screen, remember to thank a curious botanist and some carrots from over a century ago. 19. What was Friedrich Reinitzer’s job? _ 20. What is the name given to the "flowing crystal" by Otto Lehmann? _ 21. When did scientists find a practical way to use liquid crystals for displays? _ 22. Where does the original material for the first liquid crystal discovery come from? _ Part 4 Writing (第四部分 写作,共20分) VII. 中译英 (共5题,每题2分,共10分) 根据所给中文,完成下列句子翻译。 23. 屠呦呦在她的医学研究上取得了巨大的成功,并且获得了很多奖项。 _24. 为了能够停止细菌的生长,这位科学家决定将新药用于实验。 _ 25. 让我吃惊的是,这种古老的疗法可以治疗像疟疾这样严重的疾病。 _ 26. 在实验室做电学实验时,我们必须认真遵守安全规则。 _ 27. 智能手机使人们即使身处远方也能互相交流成为可能。 _ even when they are far away. VIII. 写作 (共10分) 假设你是李华,你的英国交换生朋友David对中国的传统发明很感兴趣。他给你写邮件,想了解一项中国古代的伟大发明。请给他回复一封邮件,向他介绍印刷术 (Printing) 或 指南针 (Compass)。(任选一个介绍即可) 要求: 1. 内容须包含以下要点: 这项发明是什么? 它是谁发明的/改进的?(毕昇 Bi Sheng 或 古代中国人) 它是如何工作的?(简单描述即可) 它对世界有什么影响? 2. 语言流畅,符合英语邮件格式。词数不少于80词。 3. 不得出现真实的人名、校名。 Dear David, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Yours sincerely, Li Hua 参考答案与解析 Part 2 II. 语法填空:1-5 BACAA 6-10 BBCAA III. 选词填空 (第一篇) 1. C (ancient China 古代中国) 2. A (a key discovery 一个关键的发现) 3. D (looked for hundreds of herbs 寻找数百种草药) 4. E (cures for every illness 治疗每一种疾病的药) (第二篇) 1. B (passed through the black paper 穿透了黑纸) 2. D (volunteered to test the new ray 自愿测试新射线) 3. C (To one's surprise 令某人惊讶的是) 4. E (huge economic impact 巨大的经济影响) IV. 词性转换 1. economic (形容词,经济的) 句意:丝绸之路是东西方之间重要的经济桥梁。 2. discovery (名词,发现) 句意:经过多年的努力,屠呦呦最终取得了一个伟大的发现。 3. treatment (名词,治疗/疗法) 句意:这种新的医疗疗法能帮助病人更快康复。 4. thoroughly (副词,彻底地) 句意:你离开前请彻底打扫实验室。 5. fishnets (名词复数) 句意:我父亲为我们的钓鱼之旅买了两张新渔网。 6. fourth (序数词,第四) 句意:老师让我们就我们讨论过的第四项发明写一篇报告。 7. Volunteering (动名词作主语) 句意:自愿帮助他人能给你带来很多快乐。 8. social (形容词,社会的) 句意:许多社会问题被新政策解决了。 V. 句型转换 1. Did, discover (一般疑问句,借助助动词 did) 2. How important (感叹句,how + 形容词 + 主语 + 谓语) 3. shall we (反意疑问句,Let's... 的反意疑问句用 shall we) 4. saving (非谓语动词,现在分词作结果状语) 5. if/whether, was (宾语从句,一般疑问句用 if/whether 引导,主句过去时,从句用相应过去时) 6. is, used (被动语态,一般现在时) 7. A scientist was doing an experiment on electricity when an idea lit up. Part 3 A篇:BCD BCD B篇: CBA CCDB C篇 14. B (Tom 接着李华关于造纸术不便的说法,问是谁发明了纸。) 15. A (李华介绍了蔡伦后,Tom 询问他用了什么材料。) 16. G (Tom 问为什么重要,李华回答因为它帮助了知识和文化的传播。) 17. F (李华解释时间线,说它始于公元2世纪的中国。) 18. D (Tom 感叹这就像古代世界的互联网,是对其重要性的一个比喻。) D篇 19. He was an Austrian botanist. / Friedrich Reinitzer was a botanist. 20. It was called "liquid crystal". / The name is "liquid crystal". 21. (They found a practical way) in the 1960s. 22. It comes from carrots (and other plants). Part 4 VII. 中译英 23. Tu Youyou achieved great success in her medical research and won many awards. 24. To stop the bacteria from growing, the scientist decided to use the new medicine for experiments. 25. To my surprise, this ancient treatment could treat serious illnesses like malaria. 26. We must follow the safety rules carefully when we do experiments on electricity in the lab. 27. Smartphones make it possible for people to communicate with each other even when they are far away. VIII. 写作 (参考范文) Dear David, I’m so glad to hear that you’re interested in ancient Chinese inventions. I’d love to introduce one of the greatest—printing, specifically movable type printing. Before its invention, books were copied by hand, which was very slow and made them extremely expensive. Then, a man named Bi Sheng from the Song Dynasty invented movable type printing. He carved single characters on small clay blocks. These blocks could be arranged to form pages for printing, and then reused for different books. How did it work? He would arrange the clay characters to form a text, ink them, and press paper onto the surface. This made printing multiple copies much faster and cheaper. This invention totally changed the world! Knowledge spread quickly, and more people could learn to read. It helped drive the Renaissance in Europe and our modern information age. I think it’s as important as the internet is today! Hope this helps you understand it better. Looking forward to your next email. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $