Unit 2 Growing pains and gains Understanding ideas Grammar课件 2025-2026学年外研版八年级英语下册

外研版八年级英语下册 Unit 2 Growing pains and gains Understanding ideas Grammar 学习目标 1.理解主动语态与被动语态的本质区别，掌握被动语态使用场景 2.熟记一般过去时被动语态的核心结构，能正确使用was/were 3.掌握主动句变被动句的完整步骤，能熟练完成句型转换 4.牢记动词过去分词的变化规则，能正确写出不规则分词形式 5.能在填空、选择、句型转换中灵活运用该语法点解题 conversation n. 谈话，交谈，会话 A quiet conversation was heard in the next room just now. 刚才隔壁房间传来一阵轻声的交谈。 disagreement n. 意见不合，分歧，争论 They had a small disagreement about where to go for lunch. 他们就去哪里吃午饭发生了一点小争执。 语态的基本概念 英语中语态分两种：主动语态、被动语态 语态仅体现主语与谓语动作的关系，不改变句子原意 主动语态：主语是动作的发出者（谁做了动作） 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者（动作作用于谁） Read the sentences from the reading passage and summarise the grammar rules. (a) I checked and saw that a yellow band was attached to her wrist. (b) I waited with her until she was taken home by a policewoman. 一般过去时被动语态 一般过去时被动语态 一般过去时的被动语态的肯定句结构： 主语 + was /were + 动词过去分词 (+ by + 动作的执行者)。 被动语态的核心使用场景 动作发出者不明确，无法/无需说明 例：The street was cleaned early in the morning. 动作发出者不重要，无需突出强调 例：A new library was built in our school last year. 说话人想刻意突出动作的承受者（表达重点） 例：This old photo was taken by my grandfather in 1990. The promise wasn’t kept, so you can’t stay out late next time. Now find one more sentence with this structure in the reading passage. 一般过去时的被动语态的否定句结构： 主语 + was /were +not + 动词过去分词 (+ by + 动作的执行者)。 在上一单元，我们学习了一般现在时和一般将来时的被动语态。在本单元中，我们将学习一般过去时的被动语态，并对被动语态的用法进行归纳总结。 被动语态(二) —一般过去时的被动语态 一般过去时被动语态 核心结构 基础核心结构：主语 + was / were + 动词的过去分词 补充结构：主语 + was / were + 过去分词 + by + 动作发出者 时态限定：用于描述过去发生的被动动作/过去的被动状态 关键：was/were的选择完全由主语的单复数决定 was/were 选择规则 1.主语为单数名词/不可数名词 → 用was 例：The book was lost yesterday. / Water was saved by us. 2.主语为复数名词 → 用were 例：The books were lost yesterday. / The trees were planted. 3.人称代词作主语：I/you → 用were；he/she/it → 用was 例：I was invited to the party. / He was praised by the teacher. 一般过去时的被动语态的构成 一般过去时的被动语态的基本结构为：was / were +及物动词的过去分词。其各种句式结构与前面讲过的一般现在时的被动语态结构类似。 The poem was written by a poet in the Tang Dynasty. The apples were sold by an old man. The new supermarket wasn’t built last year. Were those trees planted by the local villagers? Why was the dog hurt badly? by短语的用法与省略原则 by + 动作发出者：置于句末，明确动作是“由谁做的” 用法：by后接人/物的宾格（him/her/them/it）或名词 例：She was helped by Tom. / The desk was moved by us. 省略原则：当动作发出者不明确、不重要时，直接省略by短语 例：The door was opened last night.（无需说明谁开的门） 被动语态句子结构 一般现在时 主语 + am/is/are + done (+ by...) 主语 + am/is/are not + done (+ by...) Am /ls/Are + 主语 + done (+ by...)? My computer is repaired in this shop. My computer is not repaired quickly. 特殊疑问词 + am/is/are + 主语 + done(+ by...) ? Is your computer repaired here? Where is your computer repaired? 被动语态用法总结 现在，我们根据时态变化的规则，将一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时的主动语态和被动语态的结构总结如下（以 do 为例）： 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 do / does am / is / are + done 一般过去时 did was / were + done 一般将来时 will / be (am / is / are) going to + do will / be (am / is / are) going to + be + done 被动语态句子结构 一般过去时 主语 + was/were+ done (+ by...) Presentation 主语 + was/were not + done (+ by...) Was/Were+ 主语 + done (+ by...)? My computer was repaired yesterday. My computer was not repaired properly last time. 特殊疑问词 + was/were+ 主语 + done(+ by...) ? Was your computer repaired last week? When was your computer repaired? 被动语态 一、被动语态核心定义 当动作的承受者作句子主语时，用被动语态；强调 “被做、被怎样”，常用来表达客观事实、不知道动作执行者或无需提及执行者。 主动语态：主语是动作的发出者（谁做了某事） 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者（某事被谁做 / 被做了） 例：主动→Tom cleaned the room. 汤姆打扫了房间。 被动→The room was cleaned by Tom. 房间被汤姆打扫了。 二、被动语态核心结构 被动语态的基本构成：主语 + be 动词 + 动词的过去分词 (done) 被动语态句子结构 一般将来时 主语 + will / (am/is/are) going to + be + done(+ by...) 主语 + will not / (am/is/are) not going to + be + done(+ by...) Will + 主语 + be + done? Be (Am/Is/Are) + 主语 + going to + be + done? My computer will be repaired tomorrow. My computer will not be repaired soon. 特殊疑问词 + will + 主语 + be + done? 特殊疑问词 + be (am/is/are) + 主语 + going to + be + done? Will your computer be repaired by an expert? How will your computer be repaired? Rewrite the sentences in the passive in the simple past. Practice 1. Betty's dad didn't allow her to have a lazy day on the sofa.                                                                  2. Robert's mum turned down his idea of hiking alone in the mountains. 3. Sarah's parents hid her birthday presents in their bedroom. Betty wasn’t allowed to have a lazy day on the sofa. Robert’s idea of hiking alone in the mountains was turned down by his mum. Sarah’s birthday presents were hidden in their bedroom by her parents. 被动语态 特殊疑问句：疑问词 + be 动词 + 主语 + 过去分词？ What was repaired by the worker? 这个工人修了什么？ 四、初中高频固定搭配的被动用法（必考） 主动句中常见动词 + sb. + to do sth. 结构，变被动时，to 必须保留，即sb. + be + 过去分词 + to do sth.。 核心动词：ask/tell/order/allow/encourage/invite 等。 例：主动→The teacher told us to read the text. 老师让我们读课文。 被动→We were told to read the text by the teacher. 我们被老师要求读课文。 五、动词过去分词的核心变化（被动语态的基础） 1. 规则变化（3 类核心） 被动语态 1. 规则变化（3 类核心） ① 直接加 - ed：clean→cleaned；ask→asked；play→played ② 以 e 结尾加 - d：live→lived；like→liked；dance→danced ③ 辅音字母 + y 结尾，变 y 为 i 加 - ed：study→studied；worry→worried 2. 初中必背不规则过去分词（高频） see→seen；do→done；go→gone；have→had；make→made；take→taken；eat→eaten；write→written；break→broken；buy→bought；speak→spoken；tell→told；ask→asked；build→built；teach→taught Exercise 完成句子 1．这幢教学大楼已经投入使用5年了。 This teaching building has                                         five years. 2．我们不应该太依赖父母。   We shouldn’t             our parents too much. 3．这种牛奶喝起来很新鲜。 This kind of milk           very          . 4．这音乐听起来很悦耳。 The music           very          . 5．她看起来很开心。 She           very          . Exercise 6．这些花闻起来很香。 These flowers           very          . 7．这个蛋糕尝起来非常甜。 This cake           very          . 8．你能向我们解释这首音乐的永恒价值吗？ Can you           the lasting value of this piece of music to us? 9．父母应该鼓励孩子尝试新事物。 Parents should            their children to try new things. 10．我不想一直依靠他。 I don’t want to           him all the time.   smell      sweet   tastes      sweet explain encourage depend on Complete the messages with the correct form of the words and  expression in brackets. Practice Dad, You can't just take my phone away. I actually use it for many important things. It helps me stay in touch with my friends after school. But now I                    (cut off) from them! Do you still remember my space project from last term? A lot of the research              (do) on my phone. And I did a really great job. Can I have my phone back, please? was cut off was done Samantha Change the following sentences into passive voice. 1. People speak English in many countries. 2. He doesn't finish the homework on time. 3. Do you water these flowers every morning? 4. Who does the teacher praise most in class? 1. English is spoken by people in many countries. 2. The homework is not finished by him on time. 3. Are these flowers watered by you every morning? 4. Who is praised most by the teacher in class? 一般过去时的被动语态 核心定义：一般过去时的被动语态表示动作发生在过去，且主语是动作的承受者。 构成：一般过去时的被动语态由“主语+was/were+及物动词的过去分词（+by+动作执行者）”构成。 例句：The mobile phone has greatly influenced people's life since it was invented. 手机自发明以来极大地影响了人们的生活。 These books were written for children. 这些书是写给儿童的。 一般过去时的被动语态 句式： 肯定句：主语 + was/were + 过去分词(+其他). 例句：The club was set up in 2010. 这个俱乐部是2010年成立的。 否定句：主+wasn't/weren't+过去分词(+其他). 例句：The door wasn't locked. 门没被锁。 一般疑问句：Was/Were + 主语 + 过去分词(+其他)? 肯定回答：Yes, 主语+ was/were.；否定回答：No, 主语+ wasn't/weren't. 例句：—Were the trees planted last year? 这些树是去年种的吗？ —Yes, they were. 是的，它们是。/No, they weren't. 不，它们不是。 特殊疑问句：疑问词 + was/were +主语 + 过去分词(+其他)？ 例句：When was the bridge completed? 这座桥是什么时候完工的？ Thank you $