专题 01 名词专题--备战2027年高考英语一轮复习语法冲刺宝典

该高中英语讲义聚焦名词专题，覆盖高考核心考点如名词的数、所有格及词性转换，按“定义-分类-特殊情况-格”逻辑递进，通过课前检测诊断学情，考点梳理结合“单复数变化口诀”等方法指导，融入2021全国乙卷等真题训练，配合分层练习，构建系统复习链条。 资料创新采用“口诀助记+真题情境”教学策略，如用“英雄喜欢西红柿土豆”巧记o结尾名词复数，通过语法填空训练提升语言应用能力，分层练习适配不同学生需求，助力培养思维品质与学习能力，为教师把控复习节奏、学生高效突破考点提供有力支持。

专题 01 名词专题--备战2027年高考英语一轮语法冲刺宝典 名词 【课前检测】(3mins) 单句语法填空 1．Mr. Smith bought some (gift) for the kids on Children’s Day. 2．The city is known for its cultural . (diversity) 3．The restaurant offers a variety of Asian (cuisine), including Chinese and Japanese dishes. 4．The meeting had to be postponed due to the (chairwoman) illness. 5．This is (Tom and Lily) mother. They are twins. 6．We should use technology wisely, and not let it replace real human (interact). 7．The (return) of the lost money made Wang Zheng very grateful. 8．With these skills, you can work across a wide (vary) of industries, from health, finance and education to retail. 9．China launched the (construct) of a new large astronomical observation project, the Xue-shan-mu-chang 15-meter SubMillimeter Telescope (XSMT), on September 20, 2025. 10．In 2016, Lao Gan Ma was credited with helping the historically poor Guizhou achieve 10.5% economic (grow). 一．定义：名词(Noun，简称 n.)是表示人或事物名称的词，它分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词，有单数和复数之分;不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，没有复数形式。 二、名词的分类 按照是否可数分类，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词 1.可数名词即指可以分为个体，且可直接用数目进行计数的名词。如: book, box, potato, knife 2.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式:指两个及以上人或事物时,用复数形式。 可数名词复数的规则变化: 1.一般的名词词尾直接加-s.如: book → books desk → desks boy → boys house → houses day → days cellphone → cellphones 2.以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的名词，在词尾加-es。如: class→ classes box → boxes watch→ watches brush → brushes 3.以”辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，要先将y 改为i再加-es。如: family → families story → stories city → cities 以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，直接加s,如： boy → boys day → days holiday → holidays 4.以o结尾的名词，通常加s，一般是无生命的名词，但存在一些特例。如: radio→ radios zoo→zoos photo → photos piano→ pianos 以o结尾+es 的只有以下词: heroes tomatoes potatoes zeroes/zeros Negroes 5.以-f或-fe结尾的名词，要将f或fe改为v再加-es。但存在一些特例。如: thief → thieves leaf → leaves knife → knives 直接加s的名词有: roof → roofs safe → safes belief → beliefs 巧学助记： 1.名词单数变复数的口诀: 名词单数变复数，直接加-s占多数。 词尾若是f或fe,加-s之前要变ve。 “辅音字母+y”,要把y变i。 词尾字母若是o,加-es的有 tomato和 potato. 2简记f/fe结尾的名词变复数: 树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄，妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去杀狼(wolf)， 架(shelf)后小偷(thief)逃命（life)忙。 简记o结尾的名词变复数加-es: 英雄(hero)喜欢吃西红柿(tomato)和土豆(potato) 二．可数名词复数的不规则变化: man → men goose → geese foot → feet tooth →teeth mouse → mice child → children woman - women 口诀：男女孩子的脚踩住老鼠的牙 部分可数名词单复数同形，如: deer → deer sheep → sheep 部分集体名词以单数形式出现，实为复数，如: staff people police cattle ☆可数名词变复数常见限定词，如: lots of, a lot of, some, many, those, few, all, several, one/each of.., a handful of.. dozens of... one and a half... [练习] 单句语法填空 1. Most of the important ________(city) in the world suffer from traffic jams. 2. The __________(child) are playing football now. 3. Please take two ________(photo) for me. 4. A few ________(boy) are drawing on the wall. 5. In autumn, you can see a lot of _________(leaf) on the ground. 6. There are many ________(box) here. 7. Many ________(hero) have set good examples for us to follow. 8. We are going to talk about several _________(question) at the meeting. 9. There is a piece of interesting news in________(today)newspaper. 10. I saw many ________(Japan) seated in the corner and reading something. 11.（2021全国乙卷）___________(activity)there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) 12.（2020年北京卷）Now, lots of ______________ (country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to stop people using them. 13.（2020浙江卷1月）For Japan, the__________(number)are more striking-22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050. 14.（2019北京卷）No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various __________(activity) on Earth Day. 不可数名词 不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它-般没有复数形式，只有单数形式，它的前面不能用不定冠词a/an 常见的不可数名词有:homework，information，traffic，luggage, money, air,news, progress,environment, advice, baggage, furniture, housework, knowledge，equipment... 不可数名词没有复数，当它作句子的主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如: The food is very fresh. 食品很新鲜。 【练习】单句改错 1. The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. 2. 2.It felt very strange to travel without any luggages. 3.A lot of informations can be stored in it. 4.He has much knowledges and his teaching method is scientific. 特殊情况名词 有的不可数名词或集合名词变成复数形式以后，他们的意义会发生变化。 chicken-chickens(小鸡) water-waters(水域) fish-fishes(各种鱼) [练习] 1. Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. 三、名词的格 名词所有格用来表示名词之间存在内外部联系或者拥有、使用关系。一般用's和 of名的所有格 1.’s 所有格 1）所有格中最常见的形式，一般情况下在名词词尾加’s。如: Jim's friend the boy's book, 2）以-s 或-es 结尾的复数名词直接在其后加’。如: my parents’ hometown heroes’ name; 3）复合名词在词尾加’s.如: the grown-up's education my brother-in-law's computer. 4）在表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面通常不出现它所修饰的名词。如: the barber's 理发店 to Tom's 到汤姆家去 2.of 所有格 名词的所有格形式除s外,还可用of+名词构成短语修饰前面的名词或表示两个名词间的所有关系。使用名词所有格须注意:一般来说，'s所有格多用于有生命的东西，of所有格多用于无生命的东西。如 a map of the world the windows of the room the title of the film 【过关检测】(3mins) 单句语法填空 1. The market isn't far from here. It's only half an________(hour) bicycle ride. 2. Taking twenty _______(minute) exercise every day is good for your health. 3. The_______(girl) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into________(Tom) car. 4._______ (John) and_________(Susan) mothers are working in different factories. 【基础练习】(5mins) 1．She has no (intend) of giving up her dream despite the difficulties. 2．The patient’s (recover) from the operation was faster than expected. 3．Every (apply) must submit their personal information before the interview. 4．The new hybrid car has significantly lower fuel (consume) than traditional models. 5．The Double Ninth Festival holds cultural (significant), representing respect for the elderly. 6．If you want to make a (complain) about our service, please tell us politely and we will solve it patiently. 7．His (assume) that he could finish the work alone turned out to be completely wrong. 8．65% of the students have a (prefer) for English songs, with half of the students keen on watching English movies. 9．Two friends have an (argue) that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. 10．It is said that the Internet has taken the place of television, providing universal (entertainment). 11．Oscar Wilde was one of the leading (figure) of the Aesthetic Movement in the late 19th century. 12．I’m not a trained musician, but I’ve learned to read music.Thus, I can help Maria with her (perform). 【巩固练习】(7mins) 单词拼写 1. The company’s sudden ________ (宣布) about its CEO stepping down caused concern among investors. 2. In the past few ______ (十年), great progress has been made in the field of space exploration. 3. The day of their ________ (离开) for London is growing closer. 4. I didn’t mean to break the window — it was an ________ (意外). 5. Peking opera has a history of more than 200 years, dating back to the Qing ________ (朝代). 6. Scientific research often involves ________ (创造力) and inventions. 7. The first ________ (印象) of the new teacher was that she was very friendly. 8．Ancient ________ (智慧) has stood the test of time. 9．The agency is voluntary and not run for ________ (利益). 10．The ________ (老板) is very strict with his employees. 11．The earthquake was a terrible ______ (灾难) for the whole country. 12．The Red Cross provided food and temporary ______ (避难所) for the victims. 13．The dove is a universal ______(象征) of peace. 14．Reading is an effective ______ (方式；手段) to improve your language skills. 15．Summer is my favorite ________ (季节). 【拔高练习】(16mins) 语法填空1 Xiao Xue, the 20th of the 24 solar terms, usually falls on November 22nd or the nearby days, 1 (indicate) the beginning of the colder weather and the approach of snow. Xiao Xue literally means “minor snow.” During Minor Snow, it starts to snow lightly in many places, 2 in northern China, and the temperature continues to drop. The name “Minor Snow” suggests that the snowfall at this time is not heavy, 3 it’s a sign that colder weather is coming. In ancient China, people 4 (observe) the changes of nature during Minor Snow and divided it 5 three phases: the disappearance of rainbows, the hiding of vitality by living things, and the withering of forests. There are also many traditional customs which 6 (associate) with Minor Snow. For example, people in northern China like to store vegetables like Chinese cabbage, radish and 7 (potato) in the cellar (地窖). In southern China, people start making sausages and cured meat. Fishermen begin to dry fish for the winter, and the neat 8 (arrange) of dried, salted fish in the winter sunshine is a vivid picture of early winter. In addition, Minor Snow is a time for families 9 (gather) and enjoy delicious food. There’s a special liquor during Minor Snow called “Light Snow Liquor” 10 is made with the clearest spring water and tastes delicious on a cold winter day. 语法填空2 In many films, whenever Earth faces a disaster, the 11 （solve） is always fleeing the planet 12 spaceship. But now the Chinese sci-fi movie, The Wandering Earth   13 （offer） a different and 14 （encourage） idea. In the film, Earth is being destroyed by the dying sun. In response, humans around the world work together 15 (build) a giant engine system, 16 will push Earth away from the sun. This"ambition" didn't come from nowhere. Up to now “homeland” 17 (have) a soft spot in the hearts and minds of Chinese people. This special cultural background 18 (probable) makes The Wandering Earth different from other films. The film was released on Feb 5, the first day of Chinese New Year. It was 19 time when many people had just made the hard journey back to 20 (they) hometowns. So there is only one possible way to tell the story： Earth goes wherever humans go,because it's our home. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 参考答案： 课前检测： 1．gifts 【详解】考查名词的数。句意：史密斯先生在儿童节时给孩子们买了一些礼物。gift为可数名词，根据上文some可知用复数形式。故填gifts。 2．diversity 【详解】考查名词。句意：这座城市以其文化多样性而闻名。cultural（文化的）是形容词，修饰名词，diversity（多样性）在此处作for的宾语，为不可数名词，故填diversity。 3．cuisines 【详解】考查名词。句意：这家餐厅提供多种亚洲风味的菜肴，包括中式和日式菜品。根据上文a variety of可知应用复数形式。故填cuisines。 4．chairwoman’s 【详解】考查名词所有格。句意：由于主席生病，会议不得不延期举行。此处chairwoman与illness构成所属关系，应用名词所有格形式。故填chairwoman’s。 5．Tom and Lily’s 【详解】考查名词所有格。句意：这是汤姆和莉莉的妈妈。他们是双胞胎。由后句“They are twins.(他们是双胞胎)”可知，两人共有一位妈妈。表示两人共有时，只需在最后一个人名后加’s，故填 Tom and Lily’s。 6．interaction 【详解】句意：我们应该明智地使用科技，不要让它取代真实的人际互动。本空作宾语，用名词形式interaction，表示“互动，交流”。 7．return 【详解】考查名词。句意：丢失钱款的归还让王政非常感激。根据空前冠词The及空后介词of可知，此空应是名词return，意为“归还”，作主语，the return of……的回归/归还，故填return。 8．variety 【详解】句意：拥有这些技能，你可以在各行各业工作，涵盖医疗、金融、教育以及零售领域。a variety of“各种各样的”是固定搭配。 9．construction 【详解】句意：2025年9月20日，中国启动了一项大型天文观测新项目——雪山牧场15米亚毫米波望远镜（XSMT）的建设工作。空处作宾语，需填名词construction，作宾语。 10．growth 【详解】句意：2016 年，老干妈助力历来贫困的贵州实现了10.5%的经济增长。形容词economic后需接名词，作动词achieve宾语；动词grow对应的名词形式是 growth“增长”，构成固定搭配：economic growth “经济增长”。 过关检测：I 1.hour’s 2.minutes’ 3.girl’s, Tom’s 4.Join’s ,Susan’s 基础练习 1．intention 【详解】考查名词。句意：尽管困难重重，她没有放弃自己梦想的打算。此处为名词intention，意为“打算”，作宾语。故填intention。 2．recovery 【详解】考查名词。句意：病人术后康复比预期更快。根据空前的名词所有格patient’s可知，此处为名词形式recovery“恢复，康复”作主语。故填recovery。 3．applicant 【详解】考查名词。句意：每位申请者必须在面试前提交个人信息。提示词作主语，根据语境，表示“申请者”，应用名词applicant，限定词every后接可数名词单数形式。故填applicant。 4．consumption 【详解】考查名词。句意：这款新型混合动力汽车的油耗明显低于传统车型。分析句子结构可知，形容词lower后接名词，consume的名词形式为consumption，意为“消耗，消耗量”，为不可数名词，在句中作宾语，符合语境。故填consumption。 5．significance 【详解】考查名词。句意：重阳节具有文化意义，代表着对老年人的尊重。根据空前形容词cultural可知，空处需用名词作动词holds的宾语；significant的名词为significance“意义”，不可数名词。故填significance。 6．complaint 【详解】考查名词。句意：如果您对我们的服务有任何不满，请礼貌地向我们提出，我们会耐心地解决您的问题。前面有不定冠词a，后面需要用名词。complain (动词，抱怨) ，其名词形式为complaint“抱怨，投诉”，make a complaint是固定搭配，意为“投诉，提出抱怨”。故填complaint。 7．assumption 【详解】 考查名词。句意：他认为自己能独自完成这项工作的假设结果完全是错误的。提示词作主语，用名词形式assumption，意为“假设”，根据语境，这里指的是他的这一个假设，用单数形式。故填assumption。 8．preference 【详解】考查名词。句意：65%的学生偏爱英文歌，其中一半学生也喜欢英文电影。不定冠词a后需接名词作宾语，prefer的名词形式是preference，意为“偏爱、偏好”，固定搭配have a preference for表示“偏爱……”，故填preference。 9．argument 【详解】考查名词。句意：两个朋友发生了一场争吵，导致他们的友谊永远破裂，尽管谁也记不清整件事是如何开始的。不定冠词an后需接可数名词单数，argue的名词形式是argument，意为“争吵，辩论”，作宾语，故填argument。 10．entertainment 【详解】考查名词。句意：据说互联网已经取代了电视，提供着广泛的娱乐。作动词的宾语，用名词entertainment，不可数。故填entertainment。 11．figures 【详解】考查名词复数。句意：奥斯卡·王尔德是19世纪后期唯美主义运动的主要人物之一。“one of + the +形容词最高级+可数名词复数”是固定结构，表示“最……之一” ，figure表示“人物”时是可数名词，所以此处要用复数形式figures，在句中作of的宾语。故填figures。 12．performance/performances 【详解】考查名词。句意：我不是科班出身的音乐家，但我学会了识谱。因此，我可以在玛丽亚的表演方面帮助她。with后接名词作宾语，perform是动词，意为“表演”，其名词形式performance，既可用作可数名词，本句中用复数形式泛指多个表演，也可用作不可数名词。故填performance/performances。 巩固练习 1．announcement 【详解】考查名词。句意：该公司突然宣布其首席执行官将离职的消息，令投资者感到担忧。根据汉语意思提示可知，此处为名词announcement“宣布”作主语，此处指公司这一次的宣布，用单数形式。故填announcement。 2．decades 【详解】考查名词复数。句意：在过去几十年里，太空探索领域取得了巨大进展。根据汉语提示“十年”，对应的英文名词是decade；few修饰可数名词复数，因此用复数形式decades，故填decades。 3．departure 【详解】考查名词。句意：他们动身前往伦敦的日子越来越近了。空处作介词of的宾语，名词departure“离开”符合题意，为不可数名词。故填departure。 4．accident 【详解】考查名词。句意：我不是故意打破窗户的——这是个意外。根据句意及汉语提示可知，此处使用名词accident，作表语，且前面有不定冠词 an，应用单数形式。故填accident。 5．Dynasty 【详解】考查名词。句意：京剧有200多年的历史，可以追溯到清朝。根据汉语提示“朝代”可知，此处使用名词dynasty，专有名词首字母大写。故填Dynasty。 6．creativity 【详解】考查名词。句意：科学研究通常涉及创造力和发明。“创造力”作宾语，用名词creativity，是不可数名词。故填creativity。 7．impression 【详解】考查名词。句意：对这位新老师的第一印象是她非常友好。根据汉语提示“印象”可知，此处用名词impression，作句子主语，结合谓语动词was可知，此处使用名词单数形式。故填impression。 8．wisdom 【详解】考查名词。句意：古老的智慧经受了时间的考验。根据汉语提示“智慧”及句子结构，此处需用名词作主语。wisdom意为“智慧”，不可数名词。故填wisdom。 9．profit 【详解】考查名词。句意：该机构是志愿性的，不是为了盈利而运营的。根据汉语提示“利益”可知，用名词profit，作介词for的宾语。故填profit。 10．boss 【详解】考查名词。句意：这位老板对他的员工要求非常严格。根据句意及汉语提提示可知，此处使用名词boss，作主语，由空后的is可知，应用单数形式。故填boss。 语法填空1 1．indicating 2．especially 3．but 4．observed 5．into 6．are associated 7．potatoes 8．arrangement 9．to gather 10．which/that 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了小雪节气的特点、意义及相关传统习俗。 1．考查非谓语动词。句意：小雪是24节气中的第20个，通常在11月22日或附近的日子，标志着寒冷天气的开始和降雪的临近。本空处为非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语与indicate“表明”为主动关系，所以用现在分词，作状语。故填indicating。 2．考查副词。句意：小雪期间，中国北方许多地方开始下小雪，气温持续下降。本空修饰介词短语in northern China，用副词especially“尤其”，作状语，故填especially。 3．考查连词。句意：小雪这个名字表明这个时候的降雪量不大，但它是天气变冷的信号。前文说降雪量小，后文说预示着寒潮将至，前后为转折关系，用连词but“但是”。故填but。 4．考查时态。句意：在中国古代，人们在小雪期间观察自然的变化，并将其分为三个阶段：彩虹的消失、万物生机勃勃的隐藏和森林的枯萎。根据时间状语In ancient China可知，句子陈述过去的事情，应用一般过去时，谓语用observe“观察”的过去式。故填observed。 5．考查介词。句意：在中国古代，人们在小雪期间观察自然的变化，并将其分为三个阶段：彩虹的消失、万物生机勃勃的隐藏和森林的枯萎。divide...into...为固定短语，意为“把……分成……”。故填into。 6．考查动词语态。句意：也有许多与小雪有关的传统习俗。本空处为定语从句的谓语动词，which指代先行词customs，与associate“联系”为被动关系，且句子陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时的被动语态，which指代先行词customs，为复数概念，be动词用are。故填are associated。 7．考查名词复数。句意：例如，中国北方的人们喜欢把大白菜、萝卜和土豆等蔬菜储存在地窖里。potato为可数名词，由Chinese cabbage, radish可知，此处指不止一个土豆，空处应用名词复数形式。故填potatoes。 8．考查名词。句意：渔民们开始晒鱼过冬，冬日阳光下整齐摆放的咸鱼，构成了一幅生动的早冬图景。本空作句子的主语，用名词arrangement“排列，布置，摆放”，此处特指咸鱼的摆放，用单数形式。故填 arrangement。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：此外，小雪是家人团聚、享受美食的时刻。本空处为非谓语动词作定语，修饰名词time，a time for sb to do sth.意为“某人做某事的时节/时刻”，应用动词不定式，作后置定语。故填to gather。 10．考查定语从句。句意：小雪期间有一种特殊的酒，叫做“小雪酒”，它是用最清澈的泉水酿造的，在寒冷的冬天喝起来味道鲜美。本空引导定语从句，先行词为Light Snow Liquor，指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。 语法填空2 11．disaster 【详解】考查名词。句意：这场地震对全国来说是一场可怕的灾难。根据汉语提示“灾难”可知，应填名词disaster，作表语，冠词a提示用单数。故填disaster。 12．shelters 【详解】考查名词。句意：红十字会为受害者提供了食物和临时避难所。根据句意和汉语提示可知，空处应填名词shelter“避难所”作宾语，此处表示泛指，且没有冠词限定，需用名词复数形式。故填shelters。 13．symbol 【详解】考查名词。句意：鸽子是和平的普遍象征。空处作表语，且被形容词universal修饰，名词symbol“象征”符合题意，冠词a提示用其单数形式。故填symbol。 14．means 【详解】考查名词。句意：阅读是提高语言技能的有效手段。结合空后的不定式短语“to improve your language skills”可知，“方式；手段”应用名词means，单复数同形，作表语，a means to do表示“做某事的手段”。故填means。 15．season 【详解】考查名词。句意：夏天是我最喜欢的季节。根据汉语提示“季节”及“Summer”可知，此处应是名词单数season，作表语。故填season。 11．solution 12．by 13．offers/is offering 14．encouraging 15．to build 16．which 17．has had 18．probably 19．a 20．their 【分析】这篇文章是说明文。主要介绍了电影流浪地球的相关内容。 11．考查名词。根据前文的定冠词，可知此处应为名词，所以填solve的名词形式solution。故填solution。 12．考查介词。句意:地球有灾难的时候通过宇宙飞船逃离这个星球。by通过...的方式，故填by。 13．考查动词时态和主谓一致。主语是the wandering earth，单数，后面动词应该是第三人称单数，所以是is offering或者是offers。故填offers/is offering。 14．考查动名词做定语。句意:流浪地球这部电影提供了一个与众不同并且鼓舞人心的想法。idea缺少修饰词，所以用encouraging作定语修饰。故填encouraging。 15．考查不定式的用法。前文已经有work作为谓语，此处用不定式作目的状语。故填to build。 16．考查非限定性定语从句。句意:全世界的人一起工作来建造一个可以把地球发射出太阳系的巨型机械系统。先行词是system，为物，非限制性定语从句只能用which在从句中做主语。故填which。 17．考查现在完成时。句意:时至今日，家园这个词已经成为中国人心里最柔软的地方。时间状语up to now直到今日，这是典型的现在完成时时间状语。故填has had。 18．考查副词。句意:这个特殊的文化背景或许使得流浪地球与其他电影不同。probably副词修饰后面的动词makes。故填probably。 19．考查冠词的用法以及固定句型。句意:这是许多人经过辛苦的漂泊回到自己家乡的时代。it is a time when...为固定句式，意为“...的时代”应该是用不定冠词a。故填a。 20．考查形容词性物主代词。hometown前面缺定语，所以应该用形容词性物主代词their来做定语。故填their。 【点睛】语法填空题需要注意句子构成的基本原则，通常用形容词修饰名词，副词修饰动词。例如：第一小题，定冠词修饰后文的名词solution；第八小题，用probably修饰动词makes。 $