专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（湖南专用）2026年高考英语二模分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解之说明文阅读 主题01 人与自我——大脑发育；社交心理；神经科学 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南长沙·二模) Have you ever been in mid-conversation with someone, when you look over and find them standing in exactly the same pose as you, or holding the same facial expression? It may seem like they have consciously copied you, but it is more likely that this is the chameleon (变色龙) effect at play. The chameleon effect is the non-conscious mirror of another person’s gestures or mannerisms. The chameleon effect was demonstrated in an experiment by psychologists John Bargh and Tanya Chartrand. The first part included 78 people, each speaking with an experimenter for 10 minutes. Bargh and Chartrand studied whether participants would mimic (模仿) the actions of someone they hadn’t met before — such as touching the face and moving a foot. When these gestures were performed by the experimenter, participants increased face touching by 20% and foot movement by 50%. The mimicry was unconscious. The second part involved half of the participants being mimicked by an experimenter. The results showed that those who were mimicked rated the experimenter more favorably. Why do we do it? To understand the empathetic theory, think about how you would respond if your close friend tells you he has just passed an exam. If your friend tells you in an excited manner, chances are you respond in a similar tone. Another theory is an adapted survival trait. Being able to fit in with those around you may have helped when under threat. In modern life, the brain may react similarly when moving abroad or into a new group. In some instances, the chameleon effect targets speech. If you spend enough time talking to someone using a particular phrase, you may unintentionally use it in your own speech. In a French interview, Joe Banton, an English football player displayed French pronunciations instead of his native Scouse accent. He later explained that he was unaware of this change at the time. The main reasons behind social mimicry are positive. However, too much of the chameleon effect can be damaging. Some people carry this trait to the extreme, causing them to completely change in different social settings. These people can lose their sense of self. One study found that most people felt they had to suppress (抑制) some aspect of their personality at work to appear professional. 1．What is the chameleon effect according to the text? A．Copying others’ behaviors unconsciously. B．Changing color to match the environment. C．Revealing the true inner feelings purposely. D．Holding the same facial expression as others. 2．How did the participants being mimicked respond in the experiment? A．They became more self-aware. B．They lost interest in the conversation. C．They rated the experimenter higher. D．They tried to mimic the experimenter. 3．Why does the author use the example of a friend sharing exam results? A．To show the excitement. B．To explain a survival trait. C．To highlight interpersonal bonds. D．To support the idea of empathy. 4．What does the author imply about extreme mimics in the last paragraph? A．They tend to change social settings. B．They are more likely to be professional. C．They may fail to keep their personal identity. D．They may ignore the positivity of social mimicry. Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南长沙·二模) For decades, scientists assumed that the human brain followed a simple path: rapid development in childhood followed by a slow decline with age. Yet recent research suggests a far more complex story. Rather than aging steadily, the brain appears to pass through five distinct stages, each marked by changes in how its internal connections are organized. So striking are these transitions that researchers have identified several key turning points — around the ages of 9, 32, 66 and 83 — when patterns of neural (神经的) communication shift significantly. To uncover this pattern, scientists analyzed nearly 4,000 brain scans from participants in the US and Britain, ranging from newborn babies to the elderly in their nineties. By examining white matter — the fatty tissue linking different brain regions, researchers traced how communication pathways develop across the lifetime. With the help of machine-learning algorithms (算法), they identified moments when these networks changed most dramatically. The first stage, from birth to about age 9, is marked by rapid growth. Yet growth alone does not define it. Equally important is the brain’s ability to prune away unused connections, strengthening efficient pathways. At around 9 begins the adolescent phase, lasting until roughly 32, during which neural wiring becomes more efficient and communication across brain regions speeds up. Not until the early thirties does the brain enter what scientists call the adult stage, a relatively stable period that continues until about 66. Cognitive abilities often level off, while brain regions operate in more specialized groups. After this point, early aging gradually emerges. Connections between neural networks weaken as white matter slowly declines, and beyond 83, the brain relies more heavily on a limited number of well-used pathways. Although individuals may experience these shifts at different times, the study highlights a key idea: The brain is not fixed but constantly reorganizing throughout life. Understanding this timeline may help explain why certain mental-health conditions appear at particular ages and may guide efforts to promote healthier aging. 1． How does the author develop paragraph 1? A．By challenging an old assumption. B．By displaying comprehensive evidence. C．By explaining brain connection changes. D．By presenting the key turning points in brain aging. 2． What does the underlined phrase “prune away” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Turn to. B．Mix up. C．Dig into. D．Cut out. 3． What characterizes the adult stage? A．Cognitive abilities witness rapid growth. B．Neural connections gradually weaken. C．The brain pathways in use are limited. D．Brain activity remains relatively stable. 4． What is the purpose of the text? A．To warn about the risks of brain aging. B．To detail the stages of brain development. C．To compare different views on brain development. D．To introduce new technology used in brain research. Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南岳阳·二模) A tiny version of the developing cerebral cortex (大脑皮质) — a brain region involved in thinking, memory and problem-solving — has been grown in a lab dish with a system of blood vessels that closely resembles the real thing. This is one of the most detailed brain organoids (类器官) created to date, and it will deepen our understanding of the brain. Brain organoids, sometimes called mini-brains, are typically grown in lab dishes by bathing stem cells in a mixture of chemical cues, which stimulate them to form balls of cells. Since they were first created in 2013, these cerebral structures — whose electrical activity resembles newborn brains — have provided fresh insights into conditions such as schizophrenia and dementia. But organoids have one big flaw: they typically start dying after a few months. That’s because, while full-sized brains are equipped with a network of blood vessels to transport oxygen and nutrients, brain organoids can absorb these only from the dish in which they are grown, starving the innermost cells. This limits their size and complexity, and how well they resemble the developing brain. “It’s a very big problem,” says Lois Kistemaker at the University Medical Centre Utrecht in the Netherlands. To address this, Ethan Winkler at the University of California, San Francisco, and his colleagues grew human stem cells into cortical organoids, which mimic the developing cortex. Separately, they grew organoids made of blood vessel cells and placed them at both ends of each cortical organoid. After weeks, the blood vessels spread evenly throughout the mini-brains. Imaging revealed the vessels had a hollow center, or lumen, highly similar to those in real brains. Madeline Lancaster at the University of Cambridge calls this “a major step.” These vessels also more closely match the physical properties and genetic activity of natural blood vessels, forming an improved “blood-brain barrier.” The findings suggest vessels stand a better chance of transporting nutrients to keep organoids alive, though Lancaster notes we are still far from fully functional blood vessels. 1．What can we know about brain organoids? A．It’s associated with cognition. B．It helps deepen insight into brain. C．It’s very similar to the real brain. D．It cures schizophrenia and dementia. 2．What prevents brain organoids from developing further? A．The complex chemical environment. B．The size of the dish they are grown in. C．The instability of their electrical activity. D．The lack of a proper nutrient transport system. 3．What solutions did the researchers come up with? A．Building a complete network of blood vessels in full-sized brains. B．Increasing the size and complexity of cortical organoids rapidly. C．Combining two types of organoids to help blood vessels grow inside. D．Providing more oxygen and nutrients for cells directly from the dish. 4．What is Lancaster’s attitude toward the new study? A．Objective. B．Critical. C．Dismissive. D．Approving. 主题02 人与自然——冰川消融 Passage 1 (2026·高三·常德·二模) In 1779, Englishman Charles Blair built the first primitive shelter for hikers to view France’s Mer de Glace glacier(冰川). As alpine(阿尔卑斯山的) clubs sprung up in Europe and climbers claimed first victories of major peaks in the Alps in the 1850s and 1860s, the Golden Age of Alpinism gave rise to a network of huts to support a new type of adventure tourism. Some 3,000 hiking huts, around 1,300 of which are staffed by Europe’s alpine clubs to provide food and safety above the treeline, are still standing in the Alps — for now. The Mer de Glace is reducing at a rate of 15 feet per year. By 2100, 90 percent of the glacier will be gone, while glaciers worldwide are expected to lose another 366 billion tons in the next decade. Therefore, the ground under the huts and the trails that support them is becoming more unstable. And in the face of aging structures, the foundations of huts are crumbling. Melting permafrost (永久冻土) causes steeper, faster rockfalls across the Alps. In Italy’s Dolomites, search-and-rescue operations rose 20% last summer due to unstable ground. “The mountains have always been dangerous,” says glaciologist Daniel Farinotti, “but melting is speeding up strikingly in recent years.” Advanced monitoring systems provide some warning, but hikers face more trail closures and must remain alarmed. Maintenance costs are rocketing. The Swiss Alpine Club (SAC) spends $8.8 million annually on repairs, but admits “the funds will not be enough.” The local government struggles with limited budgets. The Austrian Alpine Association sought $100 million in government aid in 2024 — they received only $3 million. So the SAC is calling for urgent action and a new financial model for hut construction. “Climate change is forcing us to rethink our concepts,” the SAC Huts 2050 report reads. “Our huts need to be adapted so that they remain safe and attractive in the future. This is not just about structural safety, but also about continuing to make mountain sports possible under changing conditions.” 1．Why were huts massively built in the Alps? A．To accommodate local staff. B．To mark the first major peaks. C．To satisfy adventurers’ needs. D．To serve as shelters for alpine clubs. 2．What does the underlined word “crumbling” mean in paragraph 2? A．Drying. B．Breaking. C．Freezing. D．Stabilizing. 3．What does the author try to illustrate by listing data in paragraph 4? A．The trouble in maintaining huts. B．The struggle for government aid. C．The urgency of building new huts. D．The necessity of financial budgets. 4．What does the SAC Huts 2050 report suggest? A．A careful plan to make huts attractive. B．Possible direction for hut adaptation. C．A practical solution to ensure hut safety. D．Constant reflection on climate change. 主题03 人与社会——文化遗产；人工智能；动物行为 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南岳阳·二模) The Fahai Temple, located at the southern foot of Cuiwei Mountain in the Shijingshan district of Beijing, houses Ming Dynasty frescoes (壁画) dating back nearly 600 years. Today, a brand-new Fahai Temple Mural Art Center has been built at the foot of the mountain. “By using digital modern technology, valuable digital resources have been created, allowing the inactive frescoes to come to life,” said Liu Xiaobo, the art center’s curator. First built in 1439, the Fahai Temple is known as one of the “three major frescoes in China” together with the frescoes found in Dunhuang and Yongle Palace. “The frescoes depict 77 figures, including ordinary people, Buddhas and bodhisattvas, each with different postures and expressions,” said Liu. With the fall of Ming Dynasty, the prosperity of the Fahai Temple too came to an abrupt end. However, in recent years, the development of a high-tech industry featuring creativity services and digital technology has given the Shijingshan district government more confidence in the digital display of frescoes. At the exhibition of Fahai Temple Mural Art Center, the original mural paintings are displayed on a 4K HD screen, presenting them at their actual size. Each of the 77 figures is portrayed with thorough attention to detail using 3D modeling at the pixel (像素) level. The facial details of Water-moon Avalokitesvara, one of the most representative figures on the frescoes of Fahai Temple, are hard to make out in dim conditions. However, after using 3D modeling, the figure’s face, which measures over 3 meters tall, can be seen clearly on the 4K HD screen at the mural hall of the art center. “Through technological means, we can zoom in on them to show specific details and introduce the content of the frescoes item by item, offering the audience ample time to understand the frescoes,” Liu explained. 1．What can we know about the Fahai Temple frescoes? A．They were built during the Qing Dynasty. B．They are among China’s three major frescoes. C．There are altogether 77 Buddhas in the frescoes. D．They remained prosperous in the Ming Dynasty. 2．Why is 3D modeling used for the frescoes? A．To reduce the actual size of the figures. B．To make the figures move like real ones. C．To change the facial expressions of the figures. D．To show the details more clearly and completely. 3．What does the underlined word “zoom in on” probably mean? A．Enlarge B．Decorate C．Restore D．Appreciate 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．The long history of the Fahai Temple. B．Ways to appreciate the Fahai Temple frescoes. C．The introduction of three great Chinese frescoes. D．Application of digital technology to ancient frescoes. Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南岳阳·二模) The United Nations estimates that some 40% of the world’s languages face extinction. Can artificial intelligence slow this trend? Global tech giants are optimistic, yet the reality is not that simple. Generative AI has made great progress in breaking down language and cultural barriers, but it has big shortcomings in understanding “low-resource languages” — native and regional dialects lacking valuable digital content. A Stanford report found most major large-language models (LLMs) perform poorly in non-English, especially resource-scarce dialect. This is a cultural loss and a technological blind spot, with the core issue being a lack of high-quality data. The most powerful LLMs need huge amounts of training material, mostly in English. This leads AI to unify culture and spread Anglo-centric views, a problem researchers have long complained about. AI’s multilingual weaknesses bring more than digital exclusion. Studies show low-resource languages can get past its safety guardrails. Inappropriate questions in Thai or Swahili failed to trigger AI’s safety mechanisms, unlike those in English or Chinese. Worse still, anyone can translate dangerous requests into such languages to exploit AI’s flaws, making this a global safety problem, not just a linguistic one. A push for independent AI has grown especially in linguistically diverse Asia to preserve cultural distinctions in AI tools: Singapore’s SEA-LION model covers over a dozen local languages, and Malaysia’s ILMU model recognizes regional cues. These efforts have revealed for an AI model to truly represent a group of people, even the smallest details in training material matter. True language preservation depends on community-led efforts, not just technology. Indonesian researchers tried to save the Orang Rimba language with Meta’s AI but faced limited datasets — only deeper community participation can solve this. New Zealand’s Te Hiku Media set a good example: working with Maori elders, it built a community-owned language database, not one controlled by big tech. This is the only sustainable way — without community involvement, AI will not save dying languages, but help bury them. 1．What is the major problem of AI in protecting dying languages? A．It makes little progress in breaking cultural barriers. B．It cannot create any digital content for native dialects. C．It lacks high-quality training data for low-resource languages. D．It erases cultural diversity and promotes Anglo-centric ideas. 2．What can we learn about AI’s safety guardrails from the text? A．They bring more than digital exclusion. B．They fail to protect English digital users. C．They work well in handling all linguistic requests. D．They can be bypassed by low-resource languages. 3．How does the author present Asia’s independent AI efforts? A．By giving examples. B．By quoting an expert. C．By providing statistics. D．By making a comparison. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．AI: A Powerful Tool for Dying Language Preservation B．Independent AI in Asia: The Key to Solving Language Crisis C．Low-resource Languages: A Big Challenge to AI Development D．Dying Languages: AI’s limitations and the vital community role Passage 3 (25-26高三下·湖南长沙·二模) Scientists have known that sperm whales communicate through patterns of clicks known as codas. These sounds are not random. Instead, they form complex sequences that whales use when interacting with members of their family groups. Yet the real meaning of these signals has long remained a mystery. Hidden within the ocean’s depths is a communication system far more complicated than researchers once imagined. Many experts believe that such a system may even include something similar to a basic language, but no one has been able to fully figure it out so far. To solve this long-standing puzzle, scientists have turned to AI for help. By feeding thousands of whale recordings into advanced computer models, scientists have begun to detect patterns that human ears alone could never recognize. Similar to the way large language models learn patterns in human speech, AI systems can analyze enormous collections of whale codas and identify repeating structures within them. In early experiments, these systems were able to predict the type of coda and even identify which whale produced it with remarkable accuracy. Inspired by these results, researchers launched Project CETI （Cetacean Translation Initiative）, an international collaboration bringing together marine biologists, linguists, engineers and computer scientists to interpret the communication system of sperm whales. By combining underwater recording devices with powerful AI models, the team hopes to map the hidden structure of whale sounds and eventually understand how whales exchange information. If successful, the project could transform how humans understand animal intelligence. Not only might it reveal that whales possess a complicated communication system, but it could also show that language-like structures exist far beyond the human world. In this sense, AI may become more than a technological tool. Properly used, it could help humans listen, perhaps for the first time, to the voices of another species. 1． What can we learn about sperm whales’ codas from paragraph 1? A．They can only be heard in the deep ocean. B．They are simple signals for daily communication. C．They carry meanings that are waiting to be explained. D．They differ greatly from other sea animals’ sound patterns. 2． What does paragraph 2 mainly focus on? A．The importance of large language models. B．The process of collecting whale recordings. C．The role AI plays in studying whale codas. D．The achievements in whale protection research. 3． What does the author say about Project CETI? A．It has solved the mystery of animal intelligence. B．It aims to make whale research a separate discipline. C．It helps develop advanced underwater recording devices. D．It may improve human understanding of animal language. 4． Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．AI: A Bridge to Sperm Whales’ Hidden Communication. B．Sperm Whales: Creatures with Special Languages. C．New Discoveries in Ocean Ecosystem Protection. D．International Efforts to Study Ocean Animals. 主题01 人与自我——目标管理；语言认知；阅读习惯；生活方式 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南湘潭·二模) Understanding a simple-looking sentence like “I read this article yesterday” actually requires complex computation (计算): a subject (“I”) performed an action (“read”) on an object (“article”) at a specific time (“yesterday”). But the human brain routinely does this work nearly instantly based on grammatical rules, says linguist Andrea E. Martin. His team has now found that the brain accommodates grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence. For a recent study in PLOS Biology, the researchers observed variations in Dutch-speaking participants’ brain waves while they listened to a Dutch audiobook. To visualize these changes, the scientists used a metric (衡量标准) quantifying how many new“predictions” the brain makes of words that could come next. This framework was then tested against three different parsing (句法分析的) strategies that illustrate how the brain builds information over time. Previous English-based studies concluded in favor of a model where listeners “wait and see” how each phrase ends before interpreting it. But the Dutch speakers in Martin’s study leaned strongly toward a predictive model; participants tended to finish each phrase in their head before it was complete. A third model, in which listeners wait for all phrases before interpreting any part, is seldom used in either language. In Dutch, verbs sometimes come near the end of a sentence, explains study author Cas W. Coopmans. For instance, “because I ate a cookie with chocolate” in Dutch would be “because I a cookie with chocolate ate”. Listeners would have to wait long for the verb, so predictive processing becomes more natural. Neither strategy is “better or worse”, Coopmans adds. It is simply suited to the properties of each language. The findings support the need for more diversity in linguistic models, says Jixing Li, a linguist at City University of Hong Kong. If studies are done only in English speakers, crucial differences will be missed. Diversifying research, Martin says, will help capture how the brain understands the structured meaning and social utility of language. 1．What does Martin’s team discover about the brain? A．It interprets words randomly. B．It adapts to grammar rules. C．It favors grammatical changes. D．It ignores sentence structures. 2．What model do Dutch speakers prefer? A．Waiting for full phrases. B．Predicting phrase endings. C．Ignoring verb positions. D．Following English strategies. 3．Why is predictive processing natural for Dutch? A．Its verbs occasionally appear late. B．It has simpler grammatical rules. C．It uses common vocabulary. D．Its sentences are generally longer. 4．What do the findings stress? A．English is the best study language. B．Dutch is much harder to process. C．People ignore social language use. D．Linguistic models need diversity. Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南湘潭·二模) Breaking a big goal into smaller parts might seem like a simple trick. In fact, it is a strategy that can be applied widely — to exercising regularly, saving money, or building a new skill. But is there real scientific evidence for its effectiveness? To figure it out, our team carried out a large-scale field experiment with thousands of participants in everyday settings. For our study, we partnered with Crisis Text Line (CTL), a nonprofit providing free text counseling. CTL volunteers are expected to complete 200 hours of service each year, which is quite demanding compared with the national average. We wondered whether setting smaller subgoals would encourage greater participation. In our study, over 9,000 volunteers received e-mails presenting the yearly target in different ways for three months. Some were told simply to aim for 200 hours with no detailed goal breakdown, while others were encouraged to meet either four hours per week or eight hours every two weeks. Then we tracked how much time each group of trained crisis counselors actually spent volunteering during the study. The results showed that people with smaller subgoals volunteered 7 percent to 8 percent more than those given only the big goal. This may sound like a modest increase, but when scaled across CTL’s thousands of volunteers, our intervention translated to thousands of additional counseling hours every month at essentially zero cost to the organization. We also found that the more flexible “eight hours every two weeks” condition led to more lasting benefits, as declines in volunteering were slower than in the stricter “four hours every week” condition. Our study dovetails with the research by behavioral scientists Hal Hershfield and Shlomo Benartzi. Their work shows that people are four times more likely to sign up for a savings program when the required deposit is described as $5 a day rather than $150 a month. Taken together, this recent research suggests that whether goals require taking a single action or “keeping your nose to the grindstone”, subgoals may help. 1．What did the field experiment focus on? A．The cost of volunteering. B．The effect of flexible schedule. C．The method of attaining ambitious goals. D．The effectiveness of subgoals. 2．How was the field experiment conducted? A．By interviewing volunteers about their preferences. B．By instructing participants in breaking down goals. C．By comparing different goal-setting approaches. D．By providing counselors with novel techniques. 3．What does the underlined phrase “dovetails with” in the last paragraph mean? A．Corresponds with. B．Subscribes to. C．Conflicts with. D．Goes to. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the article? A．Why Breaking Goals into Smaller Parts Works B．How Crisis Text Line Increased Volunteer Hours C．The Science of Goal-Setting: A Large-Scale Experiment D．Small Subgoals, Big Impact: Evidence from a Field Study Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南张家界·二模) In the age of short videos and social media, most of us are used to reading in small pieces: a 15-second video introduction, a 100-word post, a 3-line news headline. We can get information quickly and easily, but many people are losing the ability to do deep reading — the slow, focused reading of a long text, which helps us understand complex ideas, think critically and develop empathy (共情). A 2025 study by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences found that over 68% of young people aged 18-35 read less than one complete book a year, and most of their daily reading time is spent on fragmented content on social media. “Deep reading is not just about finishing a book. It’s about engaging with the text, questioning the writer’s ideas, connecting what you read with your own experience, and forming your own opinions,” said Professor Zhang Wei, a literature expert from Peking University. “When we read in fragments, we only get the surface information, but we can’t develop the ability to think deeply about complex problems.” Many people may think that deep reading is a waste of time in this fast-paced society, but it actually brings many long-term benefits. Studies have shown that deep reading can improve our concentration, reduce stress, and develop our emotional intelligence. When we read a novel, for example, we put ourselves in the characters’ shoes, experience their feelings, and learn to understand different points of view. This helps us develop empathy and communicate better with others in real life. So how can we get back the habit of deep reading? Professor Zhang gives some simple tips. First, start with a book you are really interested in, not a book that others say you “should” read. Second, set a small daily goal, like reading 20 pages a day, and stick to it. Third, turn off your phone and other electronic devices when you read, so you can focus without distraction. “Deep reading is like a muscle. The more you practice it, the stronger it gets,” said Professor Zhang. “In a world full of noise and distraction, the ability to focus and think deeply is the most valuable skill we can have.” 1．What problem does the text point out in the first paragraph? A．People are losing the ability of deep reading. B．Fragmented reading brings too much information. C．Social media is taking up too much of people’s time. D．Complex ideas are hard for people to understand now. 2．What does the underlined word “fragmented” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Long and complex. B．Broken into small pieces. C．Very interesting and attractive. D．About academic knowledge. 3．What is one of the benefits of deep reading according to the text? A．It helps people avoid stress in daily life. B．It improves people’s communication skills. C．It allows people to get information quickly. D．It helps people remember things better. 4．What is the main purpose of the last paragraph? A．To explain the importance of deep reading. B．To introduce the history of deep reading. C．To give advice on developing deep reading habits. D．To encourage people to read more books. Passage 4 (2026·高三·湖南永州·二模) A vintage lifestyle (复古生活方式) is a way of living that embraces the charm, elegance, and simplicity of the past. It emphasizes old-fashioned styles: decorate your home with classic furniture, vintage decorations and timeless art to create a cozy, inviting atmosphere that’s far from modern fast-paced life. It embraces slow living, prioritizing quality over quantity — spend more time on meaningful activities and less on rushing through daily tasks. Additionally, it values handmade goods, such as those from knitting, woodworking or other traditional skills, which builds a deeper connection to the creation process. Embrace the vintage lifestyle by starting small and adding a few vintage elements into your daily routine. Create a space that reflects your personal style, explore local second-hand markets or antique stores, and experiment with traditional recipes. Over time, these little steps can transform your life into a richer, more meaningful experience. Gen Z’s fascination with the vintage lifestyle is by no means a blind trend — it is rooted in profound underlying reasons. Gen Z values individuality and authenticity (真实性). Vintage clothing provides a unique style, often standing out from the sea of mass-produced, same items found in today’s market. The wearers of vintage pieces can feel part of a select group, owning something truly one-of-a-kind. Besides, Many Gen Z individuals view vintage shopping as a cultural experience rather than just a purchase. The thrill of discovering hidden treasures in second-hand markets adds to the appeal, making it about the journey rather than the destination. Platforms like Instagram and Pinterest have also played a significant role in popularizing vintage styles among Gen Z. Seeing influencers and peers embrace vintage looks normalizes and celebrates vintage fashion, making it cooler and more accessible. The rise of vintage culture isn’t just about clothes; it’s a broader cultural phenomenon. Gen Z is drawn to the stories behind vintage items, the craftsmanship, and the connection to history. This shift reflects a larger societal change where consumers are increasingly seeking meaningful, lasting purchases rather than quick fixes. 1．What might a vintage lifestyle highlight? A．Emphasis on traditional goods. B．Pursuit of modern fast-paced life. C．Preference for quality over quantity. D．Admiration for the complexity of the past. 2．What might the author suggest readers do to embrace a vintage lifestyle? A．Eat fast food daily for convenience. B．Decorate houses with furniture in style. C．Wear vintage clothes in occasional activities. D．Hunt for vintage pieces at second-hand markets. 3．Why do Gen Z individuals love the vintage lifestyle according to paragraph 3? A．It makes them feel like no other. B．It draws them to influencer culture. C．It attracts them to purchase and shop. D．It helps them follow fashion trends. 4．What do the underlined words “quick fixes” possibly refer to in the last paragraph? A．Meaningless trendy clothes. B．Short-lived daily goods. C．Lasting handmade products. D．Valuable collectible items. 主题02 人与社会——科技创新；材料科学；消防技术 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南怀化·二模) For 19-year-old Marta Bernardino and Sebastiao Mendonca, the forest was the intimate backdrop of their childhood. “It was a living playground where we built our world,” says the pair. As children growing up near Lisbon, the two always believed that the forest would remain a constant in their lives. But every year, they saw fires destroy the forest near their homes, leaving scorched (烧焦) hillsides. Desperate to revive the forest, the two then-high school students set out to create Trovador, a robot capable of reaching and reforesting areas where humans have been unable to. In 2023, Bernardino and Mendonca set out to create Trovador. Their first 15 prototypes (原型), built from recycled parts, planted 28 percent faster than humans with a 90 percent survival rate. The two are currently working to improve the efficiency of the robot and hope that their current prototype is able to handle longer operations on steeper terrains. The robot is capable of climbing slopes of up to 45 degrees while detecting and avoiding any rock in its way. Trovador is also equipped to carry and plant up to 200 young trees per hour. Unlike a tractor (拖拉机), it barely makes an indent on the ground thanks to its light movement, preserving pore space for air and water in the soil. A depth camera attached to it maps any obstacle and allows it to slightly adapt its tracks in real time. It also uses artificial intelligence and sensors to analyze the pH and humidity of the soil, after which Trovador will follow a three-step dig-place-tamp sequence to plant rooted saplings instead of seeds. Miguel Jeronimo, a landscape architect, is interested in the tool. He says, “Trovador appears to be an innovative project with potential, particularly as it was developed by two young students who turned a low-cost prototype into a possible approach to one of Portugal’s environmental challenges.” While Jeronimo is hopeful about the success of Trovador, he is equally apprehensive about the robot’s durability in the actual field. He says, “Operational endurance, mobility in dense vegetation and ease of maintenance are areas that need further exploration before the system can be considered ready for broad use.” 1．Why did the two teenagers start to create Trovador? A．To replace farm tractors. B．To study soil conditions. C．To play in the nearby forest. D．To restore the burnt forest. 2．Which of the following can best describe Trovador? A．Slow but reliable. B．Costly but powerful. C．Elegant and energy-saving. D．Eco-friendly and efficient. 3．What attitude does Jerónimo have to Trovador? A．Objective. B．Doubtful. C．Uncaring. D．Critical. 4．What may be the best title for the text? A．Portugal’s Forest Fire Crisis B．The Rise of Agricultural Robots C．A Robot to Reforest the Unreachable D．Two Teenagers’ Connection with the Forest Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南常德·二模) Fungi (真菌) and bacteria could one day be part of a living building material that is able to grow and repair itself. One of the great challenges facing the world as we attempt to reduce waste and greenhouse gas emissions is finding more sustainable building materials. The manufacture of concrete alone accounts for more than 5 percent of total human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. Some researchers hope to develop engineered living materials from cells that have desirable qualities such as being able to self-organize, repair and photosynthesise. Many strong, mineralised structures exist in living organisms — such as bone and coral. Driven by this, Chelsea Heveran at Montana State University and her colleagues tested whether a similar mineralised structure could be created around a scaffold (支架) of fungal mycelium, which is a network of microscopic, branching substances like thin threads that make up part of most fungi. Heveran and her team grew a mycelium scaffold using a species of fungus, then applied the bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii to the scaffold. As the fungus and bacteria transformed urea (尿素) in their growth medium, they formed a hardened structure composed of calcium carbonate, the same compound found in eggshells and seashells. Heveran says bone is incredibly strong and tough given how lightweight it is. Other living materials created in the lab have only stayed alive for a few days, but the structure developed by Heveran and her colleagues for at least a month. “We are excited about our results and look forward to engineering more complex and larger structures,” says Heveran. “When the rate of survival is sufficiently high, we could start really applying lasting biological characteristics to the material that we care about, such as self-healing, sensing or environmental repair.” “Proposing mycelium as a scaffolding medium for living materials is a simple but powerful strategy,” says Aysu Kuru at the University of Sydney. 1．What inspired Heveran and her team to carry out the test? A．The waste caused by concrete manufacture. B．The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. C．The growth of bacteria in building materials. D．The existence of mineralised structures in living things. 2．Which aspect of the test does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．Its significance. B．Its process. C．Its condition. D．Its purpose. 3．What advantage does the material developed by Heveran’s team have? A．It is much lighter in weight. B．It can repair itself within days. C．It remains alive for a longer time. D．It requires less substances to form. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Living Building Material from Fungi B．How Living Materials Reduce Waste C．Bone, Coral, and the Future of Fungi D．A Self-Repairing Test for Bacteria Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南长郡中学·二模) A wildfire burns in the hills of a Los Angeles suburb, moving quickly from dry brush toward a cluster of homes. The landscaping at the first house catches fire, but the house itself stubbornly refuses to burn. Any small flames that start along its walls quickly die out. Surprisingly, there is no water in sight. The flames are being put out by sound waves. This type of sound-based fire control may soon play a vital role in fighting wildfires. Understanding this requires knowing fire’s nature. The key ingredients for a fire are heat, fuel, and oxygen. Remove any one, and the fire stops. Sound waves can stop a fire by pushing oxygen molecules away from the fuel, preventing the fire from getting the air it needs to continue its burning reaction. Geoff Bruder, an engineer who previously researched energy at NASA, co-founded Sonic Fire Tech (Sonic for short) to build a machine for this purpose. He explains that the device vibrates the oxygen faster than the fuel can use it, which effectively blocks the chemical reaction. The company has successfully demonstrated fire control from distances up to 25 feet away. Using sound waves to fight fires isn’t a brand-new concept. US research agencies and universities have studied the method for over a decade. However, Albert Simeoni, a fire protection expert, points out the real challenge: scaling up the technology without creating damaging sound effects. Sonic solves this challenge by using infrasound (次声). Unlike previous efforts using 30 — 60 hertz waves, Sonic stays at or below 20 hertz. Therefore, these waves are inaudible (听不见的) to people and travel farther than higher-frequency waves. This technology is practical because homes often catch fire from embers entering roof openings. Sonic’s system uses a device powered by an electric motor to create sound waves, which travel through metal pipes installed on the roof and under its edges. The system activates automatically when sensors detect a flame, creating a kind of force field of infrasound to stop it. Experts note that sound waves generally work best on small flames. Nevertheless, homeowners and public-service companies are eager to try it. Sonic is working with two California companies to demonstrate its technology, and aims to have 50 pilot installations by early 2026. 1．How did the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1? A．By describing a scene. B．By listing numbers. C．By making a comparison. D．By introducing a concept. 2．What is the key to sound waves putting out a fire according to the text? A．Removing the burning material physically. B．Keeping oxygen away from the burning fuel. C．Reducing the surrounding temperature rapidly. D．Lowering the temperature of the flames directly. 3．What can be inferred about Sonic Fire Tech’s use of infrasound? A．It pioneers the use of sound to fight fires. B．It is designed to produce audible fire alarms. C．It significantly lowers the cost of firefighting. D．It fixes a key problem in earlier sound methods. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．The growing threat of wildfires in the suburbs. B．An innovative sound technology for firefighting. C．The science behind putting out fires with sound. D．A comparison between sound and water for fire control. 主题03 人与自然——气候变化 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南怀化·二模) The rising seas caused by climate change may threaten tens of millions more people than scientists originally thought because of mistaken research assumptions on how high coastal waters already are, a new study said. Researchers studied hundreds of scientific studies and hazard assessments, calculating that about 90% of them underestimated baseline coastal water heights by an average of 1 foot (about 30 centimeters), according to Wednesday’s study in the journal Nature. It’s a far more frequent problem in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, and less so in Europe and along Atlantic coasts. The reason is a mismatch between the way sea and land altitudes (海拔) are measured, said study co-author Philip Minderhoud, a hydrogeology professor at Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands. And he attributed that to a “methodological blind spot” between the different ways those two things are measured. Each way measures their own areas properly, he said. But where sea meets land, there are a lot of factors that often don’t get accounted for when satellites and land-based models are used. Studies that calculate the impact of rising sea levels usually do not look at the actual measured sea level, so they used this zero-meter figure as a starting point, said lead author Katharina Seeger of the University of Padua in Italy. In some places in the Indo-Pacific, it’s close to 3 feet (about 1 meter), Minderhoud said. One simple way to understand it is that many studies assume sea levels without waves or currents, but the reality at the water’s edge is that oceans are constantly roiled by wind, tides, currents, changing temperatures and things like El Niño, said Minderhoud and Seeger. Adjusting to a more accurate coastal height baseline means that if seas rise by a little more than 3 feet (about 1 meter) — as some studies suggest that this will happen by the end of the century — waters could flood up to 37% more land and threaten 77 million to 132 million more people, the study said. That would trigger problems in planning and paying for the impacts of a warming world. 1．What did the new study find? A．Climate change threatened people. B．The actual sea level was misjudged. C．Scientists made correct assessments. D．Europe suffered from climate change. 2．What caused the researchers to make the wrong assumptions? A．The usage of satellites and land-based models. B．The blind spot of their predicting climate change. C．The failure to account for the effects of sea level rise. D．The different ways to measure sea and land altitudes. 3．Which word can explain the underlined word “roiled” in paragraph 5? A．Prevented. B．Disturbed. C．Followed. D．Improved. 4．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．More people face the threat of sea level rise. B．It’s difficult to measure a coastal height baseline. C．The flood has destroyed many lands in the world. D．There will be more people by the end of the century. Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南永州·二模) For years, global climate models relied on an elegant and convenient idea. Black carbon particles were treated as regular spheres (圆球) with a single core of carbon. Its unique structure helped shape how scientists assessed the warming effects of black carbon worldwide. Yet it also carried a hidden assumption: that each particle contained only one core. As measurements built up, a troubling gap arose. Observations in the real atmosphere consistently showed that black carbon absorbed roughly 50% more light than models predicted. The answer began to appear during fieldwork conducted in Yunnan’s wildfire season. What they saw challenged the traditional picture. About one-fifth, or 21%, of black carbon particles in long-range transported wildfire smoke contained not one core, but two or more. These multi-core particles were especially common among larger air particles exceeding 400 nanometers (纳米) in width. Instead of a single carbon center, these particles resembled groups formed through crashing and combining, with individual cores often exceeding 200 nanometers in size. This structure had largely gone unnoticed in global climate models. Yet its effects were great. If black carbon particles commonly carry multiple cores, their ability to absorb light changes dramatically. Identifying multi-core particles was only the beginning. The researchers faced a second challenge: translating nanoscale observations into global climate predictions. To do this, they turned to machine learning. The team developed a machine learning device capable of quantifying how multi-core structures enhance light absorption. This device was then introduced into a global atmospheric model, allowing the scientists to forecast how these particles behave across the planet. The results were striking. Multi-core black carbon particles were found to contribute to a 19% increase in global average black carbon absorption. The effect was especially pronounced in wildfire-affected regions, including Southeast Asia, southwestern China, the Tibetan Plateau, Southern Africa, and North America. In these areas, the overlooked structure of black carbon had been quietly boosting warming. 1．What helped scientists evaluate the warming effects of black carbon? A．The assumed single-core structure of black carbon. B．Observations of black carbon in the real atmosphere. C．The light absorption rate of black carbon in the atmosphere. D．Comparison between model predictions and actual measurements. 2．How does the author present the new discovery in paragraph 2? A．By giving examples. B．By defining a concept. C．By quoting an expert. D．By providing statistics. 3．Why did the researchers turn to machine learning? A．To develop light absorption devices. B．To better predict global climate changes. C．To identify multi-core structures accurately. D．To further observe black carbon’s behaviors. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Wildfire Smoke: A Hidden Climate Trouble. B．Machine Learning: A Helper for Climate Forecast. C．Single-core Structure: The Fault in Climate Models. D．Multi-core Black Carbon: The Overlooked Heat-maker. 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解之说明文阅读 主题01 人与自我——大脑发育；社交心理；神经科学 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南长沙·二模) Have you ever been in mid-conversation with someone, when you look over and find them standing in exactly the same pose as you, or holding the same facial expression? It may seem like they have consciously copied you, but it is more likely that this is the chameleon (变色龙) effect at play. The chameleon effect is the non-conscious mirror of another person’s gestures or mannerisms. The chameleon effect was demonstrated in an experiment by psychologists John Bargh and Tanya Chartrand. The first part included 78 people, each speaking with an experimenter for 10 minutes. Bargh and Chartrand studied whether participants would mimic (模仿) the actions of someone they hadn’t met before — such as touching the face and moving a foot. When these gestures were performed by the experimenter, participants increased face touching by 20% and foot movement by 50%. The mimicry was unconscious. The second part involved half of the participants being mimicked by an experimenter. The results showed that those who were mimicked rated the experimenter more favorably. Why do we do it? To understand the empathetic theory, think about how you would respond if your close friend tells you he has just passed an exam. If your friend tells you in an excited manner, chances are you respond in a similar tone. Another theory is an adapted survival trait. Being able to fit in with those around you may have helped when under threat. In modern life, the brain may react similarly when moving abroad or into a new group. In some instances, the chameleon effect targets speech. If you spend enough time talking to someone using a particular phrase, you may unintentionally use it in your own speech. In a French interview, Joe Banton, an English football player displayed French pronunciations instead of his native Scouse accent. He later explained that he was unaware of this change at the time. The main reasons behind social mimicry are positive. However, too much of the chameleon effect can be damaging. Some people carry this trait to the extreme, causing them to completely change in different social settings. These people can lose their sense of self. One study found that most people felt they had to suppress (抑制) some aspect of their personality at work to appear professional. 1．What is the chameleon effect according to the text? A．Copying others’ behaviors unconsciously. B．Changing color to match the environment. C．Revealing the true inner feelings purposely. D．Holding the same facial expression as others. 2．How did the participants being mimicked respond in the experiment? A．They became more self-aware. B．They lost interest in the conversation. C．They rated the experimenter higher. D．They tried to mimic the experimenter. 3．Why does the author use the example of a friend sharing exam results? A．To show the excitement. B．To explain a survival trait. C．To highlight interpersonal bonds. D．To support the idea of empathy. 4．What does the author imply about extreme mimics in the last paragraph? A．They tend to change social settings. B．They are more likely to be professional. C．They may fail to keep their personal identity. D．They may ignore the positivity of social mimicry. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍变色龙效应的定义、相关实验、产生原因及过度模仿可能带来的负面影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The chameleon effect is the non-conscious mirror of another person’s gestures or mannerisms. (变色龙效应是无意识地模仿他人的手势或举止。)”可知，变色龙效应是指无意识地模仿他人的行为。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The second part involved half of the participants being mimicked by an experimenter. The results showed that those who were mimicked rated the experimenter more favorably. (第二部分是一半的参与者被实验者模仿。结果显示，那些被模仿的人对实验者的评价更高。)”可知，被模仿的参与者对实验者的评价更高。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Why do we do it? To understand the empathetic theory, think about how you would respond if your close friend tells you he has just passed an exam. If your friend tells you in an excited manner, chances are you respond in a similar tone. (我们为什么会这样做？为了理解共情理论，想想如果你的好朋友告诉你他刚通过了考试，你会如何回应。如果你的朋友以兴奋的方式告诉你，你很可能会以类似的语气回应。)”可知，作者用朋友分享考试成绩的例子是为了支持共情理论这一观点。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Some people carry this trait to the extreme, causing them to completely change in different social settings. These people can lose their sense of self. (有些人将这种特质推向极端，导致他们在不同的社交场合完全改变。这些人会失去自我意识。)”可推断，过度模仿的人可能无法保持自己的个人身份。故选C项。 Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南长沙·二模) For decades, scientists assumed that the human brain followed a simple path: rapid development in childhood followed by a slow decline with age. Yet recent research suggests a far more complex story. Rather than aging steadily, the brain appears to pass through five distinct stages, each marked by changes in how its internal connections are organized. So striking are these transitions that researchers have identified several key turning points — around the ages of 9, 32, 66 and 83 — when patterns of neural (神经的) communication shift significantly. To uncover this pattern, scientists analyzed nearly 4,000 brain scans from participants in the US and Britain, ranging from newborn babies to the elderly in their nineties. By examining white matter — the fatty tissue linking different brain regions, researchers traced how communication pathways develop across the lifetime. With the help of machine-learning algorithms (算法), they identified moments when these networks changed most dramatically. The first stage, from birth to about age 9, is marked by rapid growth. Yet growth alone does not define it. Equally important is the brain’s ability to prune away unused connections, strengthening efficient pathways. At around 9 begins the adolescent phase, lasting until roughly 32, during which neural wiring becomes more efficient and communication across brain regions speeds up. Not until the early thirties does the brain enter what scientists call the adult stage, a relatively stable period that continues until about 66. Cognitive abilities often level off, while brain regions operate in more specialized groups. After this point, early aging gradually emerges. Connections between neural networks weaken as white matter slowly declines, and beyond 83, the brain relies more heavily on a limited number of well-used pathways. Although individuals may experience these shifts at different times, the study highlights a key idea: The brain is not fixed but constantly reorganizing throughout life. Understanding this timeline may help explain why certain mental-health conditions appear at particular ages and may guide efforts to promote healthier aging. 1． How does the author develop paragraph 1? A．By challenging an old assumption. B．By displaying comprehensive evidence. C．By explaining brain connection changes. D．By presenting the key turning points in brain aging. 2． What does the underlined phrase “prune away” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Turn to. B．Mix up. C．Dig into. D．Cut out. 3． What characterizes the adult stage? A．Cognitive abilities witness rapid growth. B．Neural connections gradually weaken. C．The brain pathways in use are limited. D．Brain activity remains relatively stable. 4． What is the purpose of the text? A．To warn about the risks of brain aging. B．To detail the stages of brain development. C．To compare different views on brain development. D．To introduce new technology used in brain research. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类大脑一生会经历五个不同的发育阶段，并阐述了各阶段的特点及研究意义。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“For decades, scientists assumed that the human brain followed a simple path: rapid development in childhood followed by a slow decline with age. Yet recent research suggests a far more complex story.(几十年来，科学家认为人类大脑的发展遵循简单模式：童年时期快速发育，随后随年龄增长缓慢衰退。然而最新研究表明情况要复杂得多。)”可知，作者通过推翻旧有观点来展开第一段内容。故选A项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“The first stage, from birth to about age 9, is marked by rapid growth. Yet growth alone does not define it. Equally important is the brain’s ability to prune away unused connections, strengthening efficient pathways.(第一阶段从出生到大约9岁，以快速增长为特征。然而，增长本身并不能定义它。同样重要的是大脑prune away未使用连接的能力，加强有效的通路。)”可知，大脑在第一阶段会快速增长，同时会加强有效的通路，由此可推测大脑会去除未使用的连接，“prune away”意思是“去除”，与“Cut out”意思相近。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Not until the early thirties does the brain enter what scientists call the adult stage, a relatively stable period that continues until about 66.(直到三十岁出头，大脑才进入科学家所说的成年阶段，这是一个相对稳定的时期，持续到大约66岁。)”可知，成年阶段的特点是大脑活动相对稳定。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“To uncover this pattern, scientists analyzed nearly 4,000 brain scans from participants in the US and Britain, ranging from newborn babies to the elderly in their nineties.(为了揭示这种模式，科学家们分析了来自美国和英国参与者的近4000份脑部扫描图，参与者从新生儿到九十多岁的老人都有。)”以及后文对大脑不同阶段的介绍可知，文章的目的是详细介绍大脑发育的阶段。故选B项。 Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南岳阳·二模) A tiny version of the developing cerebral cortex (大脑皮质) — a brain region involved in thinking, memory and problem-solving — has been grown in a lab dish with a system of blood vessels that closely resembles the real thing. This is one of the most detailed brain organoids (类器官) created to date, and it will deepen our understanding of the brain. Brain organoids, sometimes called mini-brains, are typically grown in lab dishes by bathing stem cells in a mixture of chemical cues, which stimulate them to form balls of cells. Since they were first created in 2013, these cerebral structures — whose electrical activity resembles newborn brains — have provided fresh insights into conditions such as schizophrenia and dementia. But organoids have one big flaw: they typically start dying after a few months. That’s because, while full-sized brains are equipped with a network of blood vessels to transport oxygen and nutrients, brain organoids can absorb these only from the dish in which they are grown, starving the innermost cells. This limits their size and complexity, and how well they resemble the developing brain. “It’s a very big problem,” says Lois Kistemaker at the University Medical Centre Utrecht in the Netherlands. To address this, Ethan Winkler at the University of California, San Francisco, and his colleagues grew human stem cells into cortical organoids, which mimic the developing cortex. Separately, they grew organoids made of blood vessel cells and placed them at both ends of each cortical organoid. After weeks, the blood vessels spread evenly throughout the mini-brains. Imaging revealed the vessels had a hollow center, or lumen, highly similar to those in real brains. Madeline Lancaster at the University of Cambridge calls this “a major step.” These vessels also more closely match the physical properties and genetic activity of natural blood vessels, forming an improved “blood-brain barrier.” The findings suggest vessels stand a better chance of transporting nutrients to keep organoids alive, though Lancaster notes we are still far from fully functional blood vessels. 1．What can we know about brain organoids? A．It’s associated with cognition. B．It helps deepen insight into brain. C．It’s very similar to the real brain. D．It cures schizophrenia and dementia. 2．What prevents brain organoids from developing further? A．The complex chemical environment. B．The size of the dish they are grown in. C．The instability of their electrical activity. D．The lack of a proper nutrient transport system. 3．What solutions did the researchers come up with? A．Building a complete network of blood vessels in full-sized brains. B．Increasing the size and complexity of cortical organoids rapidly. C．Combining two types of organoids to help blood vessels grow inside. D．Providing more oxygen and nutrients for cells directly from the dish. 4．What is Lancaster’s attitude toward the new study? A．Objective. B．Critical. C．Dismissive. D．Approving. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科研人员培育出带血管的精细大脑类器官，解决了传统类器官因营养输送不足早衰的缺陷，该成果意义重大，但完整功能性血管仍有待进一步研究。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“This is one of the most detailed brain organoids (类器官) created to date, and it will deepen our understanding of the brain.(这是迄今为止所创建的最为精细的脑类器官之一，它将有助于我们更深入地了解大脑)”可知，脑类器官有助于更深入地了解大脑。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“That’s because, while full-sized brains are equipped with a network of blood vessels to transport oxygen and nutrients, brain organoids can absorb these only from the dish in which they are grown, starving the innermost cells.(这是因为，正常大小的大脑拥有一个由血管组成的系统来输送氧气和营养物质，而脑组织培养物只能从其生长的培养皿中获取这些物质，这会导致内部细胞得不到足够的营养而变得营养不良)”可知，缺乏有效的营养物质运输系统阻碍了脑类器官进一步发育。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“To address this, Ethan Winkler at the University of California, San Francisco, and his colleagues grew human stem cells into cortical organoids, which mimic the developing cortex. Separately, they grew organoids made of blood vessel cells and placed them at both ends of each cortical organoid. After weeks, the blood vessels spread evenly throughout the mini-brains.(为了解决这个问题，加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校的伊桑·温克勒及其团队将人类干细胞培育成了皮质类器官，这些类器官能够模拟大脑的发育过程。此外，他们还培育出了由血管细胞构成的类器官，并将这些类器官放置在每个皮质类器官的两端。数周后，血管均匀地分布在这些微型大脑中)”可知，研究人员将两种类型的组织细胞融合在一起，以促进血管在其中的生长。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“Madeline Lancaster at the University of Cambridge calls this “a major step.” These vessels also more closely match the physical properties and genetic activity of natural blood vessels, forming an improved “blood-brain barrier.” The findings suggest vessels stand a better chance of transporting nutrients to keep organoids alive, though Lancaster notes we are still far from fully functional blood vessels.(剑桥大学的玛德琳·兰卡斯特称这是一项“重大进展”。这些血管更符合天然血管的物理特性和基因活动特征，从而形成了一个更完善的“血脑屏障”。研究结果表明，这些血管更有可能将营养物质输送到器官培养物中，使其保持存活状态，不过兰卡斯特指出，我们距离拥有完全正常功能的血管还很远)”可知，兰卡斯特对这项新研究持客观态度。故选A。 主题02 人与自然——冰川消融 Passage 1 (2026·高三·常德·二模) In 1779, Englishman Charles Blair built the first primitive shelter for hikers to view France’s Mer de Glace glacier(冰川). As alpine(阿尔卑斯山的) clubs sprung up in Europe and climbers claimed first victories of major peaks in the Alps in the 1850s and 1860s, the Golden Age of Alpinism gave rise to a network of huts to support a new type of adventure tourism. Some 3,000 hiking huts, around 1,300 of which are staffed by Europe’s alpine clubs to provide food and safety above the treeline, are still standing in the Alps — for now. The Mer de Glace is reducing at a rate of 15 feet per year. By 2100, 90 percent of the glacier will be gone, while glaciers worldwide are expected to lose another 366 billion tons in the next decade. Therefore, the ground under the huts and the trails that support them is becoming more unstable. And in the face of aging structures, the foundations of huts are crumbling. Melting permafrost (永久冻土) causes steeper, faster rockfalls across the Alps. In Italy’s Dolomites, search-and-rescue operations rose 20% last summer due to unstable ground. “The mountains have always been dangerous,” says glaciologist Daniel Farinotti, “but melting is speeding up strikingly in recent years.” Advanced monitoring systems provide some warning, but hikers face more trail closures and must remain alarmed. Maintenance costs are rocketing. The Swiss Alpine Club (SAC) spends $8.8 million annually on repairs, but admits “the funds will not be enough.” The local government struggles with limited budgets. The Austrian Alpine Association sought $100 million in government aid in 2024 — they received only $3 million. So the SAC is calling for urgent action and a new financial model for hut construction. “Climate change is forcing us to rethink our concepts,” the SAC Huts 2050 report reads. “Our huts need to be adapted so that they remain safe and attractive in the future. This is not just about structural safety, but also about continuing to make mountain sports possible under changing conditions.” 1．Why were huts massively built in the Alps? A．To accommodate local staff. B．To mark the first major peaks. C．To satisfy adventurers’ needs. D．To serve as shelters for alpine clubs. 2．What does the underlined word “crumbling” mean in paragraph 2? A．Drying. B．Breaking. C．Freezing. D．Stabilizing. 3．What does the author try to illustrate by listing data in paragraph 4? A．The trouble in maintaining huts. B．The struggle for government aid. C．The urgency of building new huts. D．The necessity of financial budgets. 4．What does the SAC Huts 2050 report suggest? A．A careful plan to make huts attractive. B．Possible direction for hut adaptation. C．A practical solution to ensure hut safety. D．Constant reflection on climate change. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了气候变化引发冰川消融、地基不稳等问题，导致阿尔卑斯山区登山小屋面临安全隐患、维护成本飙升与资金短缺的困境，相关机构呼吁改造小屋并建立新资金模式以应对危机。 1．细节理解题。 根据第一段中“As alpine clubs sprung up in Europe and climbers claimed first victories of major peaks in the Alps in the 1850s and 1860s, the Golden Age of Alpinism gave rise to a network of huts to support a new type of adventure tourism.(19 世纪五六十年代，欧洲阿尔卑斯山俱乐部兴起，登山者首次登顶阿尔卑斯山脉各大高峰，阿尔卑斯攀登黄金时代催生了一批小屋，为新型探险旅游提供支持)”可知，大规模修建小屋是为了满足探险者的需求。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Therefore, the ground under the huts and the trails that support them is becoming more unstable. And in the face of aging structures, the foundations of huts are crumbling.(因此，小屋下方的地面以及支撑小屋的步道正变得愈发不稳定。加之建筑老化，小屋地基正在crumbling)”可知，冰川融化让小屋地基所在的地面变得不稳定，加上建筑本身老化，小屋的地基正在“碎裂、坍塌”，划线词crumbling意为“崩塌、破损”，与Breaking意思一致。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Maintenance costs are rocketing. The Swiss Alpine Club (SAC) spends $8.8 million annually on repairs, but admits “the funds will not be enough”. The local government struggles with limited budgets. The Austrian Alpine Association sought $100 million in government aid in 2024 — they received only $3 million.(维护成本正在飙升。瑞士阿尔卑斯山俱乐部每年花费880万美元修缮小屋，却坦言资金不足；地方政府预算紧张；奥地利登山协会2024年申请1亿美元政府援助，仅获批300万美元)” 可知，第四段中首句点明主旨：维护小屋成本飞涨，随后列举了瑞士阿尔卑斯俱乐部每年维修费用高达880万美元且资金不足、奥地利阿尔卑斯协会申请1亿美元政府援助仅获300万美元等数据，旨在说明小屋维护面临资金短缺、困难重重的现状。故选A。 4．细节理解题。 根据最后一段中““Climate change is forcing us to rethink our concepts,” the SAC Huts 2050 report reads.Our huts need to be adapted so that they remain safe and attractive in the future. This is not just about structural safety, but also about continuing to make mountain sports possible under changing conditions.(‘气候变化迫使我们重新思考我们的观念，’SAC Huts 2050报告写道：‘我们的小屋需要进行改造，以便在未来保持安全和吸引力。这不仅关系到建筑结构安全，还关系到在不断变化的条件下继续使山地运动成为可能。’)”可知，气候变化迫使人们重新思考小屋的运营，小屋需要调整适配新环境，才能保证未来安全可用，这份报告给出了小屋改造调整的发展方向。故选B。 主题03 人与社会——文化遗产；人工智能；动物行为 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南岳阳·二模) The Fahai Temple, located at the southern foot of Cuiwei Mountain in the Shijingshan district of Beijing, houses Ming Dynasty frescoes (壁画) dating back nearly 600 years. Today, a brand-new Fahai Temple Mural Art Center has been built at the foot of the mountain. “By using digital modern technology, valuable digital resources have been created, allowing the inactive frescoes to come to life,” said Liu Xiaobo, the art center’s curator. First built in 1439, the Fahai Temple is known as one of the “three major frescoes in China” together with the frescoes found in Dunhuang and Yongle Palace. “The frescoes depict 77 figures, including ordinary people, Buddhas and bodhisattvas, each with different postures and expressions,” said Liu. With the fall of Ming Dynasty, the prosperity of the Fahai Temple too came to an abrupt end. However, in recent years, the development of a high-tech industry featuring creativity services and digital technology has given the Shijingshan district government more confidence in the digital display of frescoes. At the exhibition of Fahai Temple Mural Art Center, the original mural paintings are displayed on a 4K HD screen, presenting them at their actual size. Each of the 77 figures is portrayed with thorough attention to detail using 3D modeling at the pixel (像素) level. The facial details of Water-moon Avalokitesvara, one of the most representative figures on the frescoes of Fahai Temple, are hard to make out in dim conditions. However, after using 3D modeling, the figure’s face, which measures over 3 meters tall, can be seen clearly on the 4K HD screen at the mural hall of the art center. “Through technological means, we can zoom in on them to show specific details and introduce the content of the frescoes item by item, offering the audience ample time to understand the frescoes,” Liu explained. 1．What can we know about the Fahai Temple frescoes? A．They were built during the Qing Dynasty. B．They are among China’s three major frescoes. C．There are altogether 77 Buddhas in the frescoes. D．They remained prosperous in the Ming Dynasty. 2．Why is 3D modeling used for the frescoes? A．To reduce the actual size of the figures. B．To make the figures move like real ones. C．To change the facial expressions of the figures. D．To show the details more clearly and completely. 3．What does the underlined word “zoom in on” probably mean? A．Enlarge B．Decorate C．Restore D．Appreciate 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．The long history of the Fahai Temple. B．Ways to appreciate the Fahai Temple frescoes. C．The introduction of three great Chinese frescoes. D．Application of digital technology to ancient frescoes. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了北京法海寺拥有近六百年明代名贵壁画，如今当地运用4K屏幕与3D建模等数字技术，清晰还原壁画细节，让古老壁画以全新形式生动展示、便于观赏。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“First built in 1439, the Fahai Temple is known as one of the “three major frescoes in China” together with the frescoes found in Dunhuang and Yongle Palace.(法海寺始建于1439年，法海寺壁画与敦煌壁画、永乐宫壁画一同被誉为中国三大壁画)”可知，法海寺壁画是中国三大壁画之一。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“However, after using 3D modeling, the figure’s face, which measures over 3 meters tall, can be seen clearly on the 4K HD screen at the mural hall of the art center.(然而，在使用了3D模型技术之后，在艺术中心的壁画厅里，这个身高超过3米的人物的脸部能够在4K高清屏幕上清晰地呈现出来)”可知，在壁画上使用3D模型技术是为了更清晰、更完整地展现细节。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“to show specific details(以展示具体细节)”可知，展示具体细节需要放大放大画面，故划线词意思是“放大”。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第二段““By using digital modern technology, valuable digital resources have been created, allowing the inactive frescoes to come to life,” said Liu Xiaobo, the art center’s curator.(“通过运用现代数字技术，珍贵的数字资源得以生成，让原本沉寂的壁画重焕生机。”该艺术中心的负责人刘晓波说)”可知，文章主要说明了北京法海寺拥有近六百年明代名贵壁画，如今当地运用4K屏幕与3D建模等数字技术，清晰还原壁画细节，让古老壁画以全新形式生动展示、便于观赏。故选D。 Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南岳阳·二模) The United Nations estimates that some 40% of the world’s languages face extinction. Can artificial intelligence slow this trend? Global tech giants are optimistic, yet the reality is not that simple. Generative AI has made great progress in breaking down language and cultural barriers, but it has big shortcomings in understanding “low-resource languages” — native and regional dialects lacking valuable digital content. A Stanford report found most major large-language models (LLMs) perform poorly in non-English, especially resource-scarce dialect. This is a cultural loss and a technological blind spot, with the core issue being a lack of high-quality data. The most powerful LLMs need huge amounts of training material, mostly in English. This leads AI to unify culture and spread Anglo-centric views, a problem researchers have long complained about. AI’s multilingual weaknesses bring more than digital exclusion. Studies show low-resource languages can get past its safety guardrails. Inappropriate questions in Thai or Swahili failed to trigger AI’s safety mechanisms, unlike those in English or Chinese. Worse still, anyone can translate dangerous requests into such languages to exploit AI’s flaws, making this a global safety problem, not just a linguistic one. A push for independent AI has grown especially in linguistically diverse Asia to preserve cultural distinctions in AI tools: Singapore’s SEA-LION model covers over a dozen local languages, and Malaysia’s ILMU model recognizes regional cues. These efforts have revealed for an AI model to truly represent a group of people, even the smallest details in training material matter. True language preservation depends on community-led efforts, not just technology. Indonesian researchers tried to save the Orang Rimba language with Meta’s AI but faced limited datasets — only deeper community participation can solve this. New Zealand’s Te Hiku Media set a good example: working with Maori elders, it built a community-owned language database, not one controlled by big tech. This is the only sustainable way — without community involvement, AI will not save dying languages, but help bury them. 1．What is the major problem of AI in protecting dying languages? A．It makes little progress in breaking cultural barriers. B．It cannot create any digital content for native dialects. C．It lacks high-quality training data for low-resource languages. D．It erases cultural diversity and promotes Anglo-centric ideas. 2．What can we learn about AI’s safety guardrails from the text? A．They bring more than digital exclusion. B．They fail to protect English digital users. C．They work well in handling all linguistic requests. D．They can be bypassed by low-resource languages. 3．How does the author present Asia’s independent AI efforts? A．By giving examples. B．By quoting an expert. C．By providing statistics. D．By making a comparison. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．AI: A Powerful Tool for Dying Language Preservation B．Independent AI in Asia: The Key to Solving Language Crisis C．Low-resource Languages: A Big Challenge to AI Development D．Dying Languages: AI’s limitations and the vital community role 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章说明了全球近半数语言濒临消失，AI 因稀缺语种数据不足存在诸多短板与安全隐患，亚洲自研模型作出尝试，而语言保护更离不开本土社区的主导参与。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“This is a cultural loss and a technological blind spot, with the core issue being a lack of high-quality data.(这是一种文化上的缺失，也是技术上的盲点，其核心问题在于缺乏高质量的数据)”可知，人工智能在保护濒危语言方面的主要问题是它缺乏针对低资源语言的高质量训练数据。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Studies show low-resource languages can get past its safety guardrails.(研究表明，资源匮乏的语言能够突破其安全防护措施)”可知，人工智能安全防护措施可能会被低资源语言所绕过。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“A push for independent AI has grown especially in linguistically diverse Asia to preserve cultural distinctions in AI tools: Singapore’s SEA-LION model covers over a dozen local languages, and Malaysia’s ILMU model recognizes regional cues. These efforts have revealed for an AI model to truly represent a group of people, even the smallest details in training material matter.(在语言多样的亚洲地区，推动建立独立自主的人工智能的努力愈发显著，目的是为了在人工智能工具中保留文化差异：新加坡的“SEA-LION”模型涵盖了十几种当地语言，而马来西亚的“ILMU”模型则能识别地域特征。这些努力表明，要使一个人工智能模型真正代表某一人群，训练材料中的哪怕是最细微的细节也至关重要)”可知，作者通过举例说明展现亚洲在人工智能方面的独立努力。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The United Nations estimates that some 40% of the world’s languages face extinction. Can artificial intelligence slow this trend? Global tech giants are optimistic, yet the reality is not that simple. Generative AI has made great progress in breaking down language and cultural barriers, but it has big shortcomings in understanding “low-resource languages” — native and regional dialects lacking valuable digital content.(联合国估算，全球约40%的语言面临消亡危机。人工智能能否延缓这一趋势？全球科技巨头持乐观态度，但现实并非如此简单。生成式人工智能在打破语言与文化壁垒方面成果显著，却难以吃透低资源语言，即缺乏有效数字内容的本土语言与地方方言)”结合文章说明了全球近半数语言濒临消失，AI 因稀缺语种数据不足存在诸多短板与安全隐患，亚洲自研模型作出尝试，而语言保护更离不开本土社区的主导参与。可知，D选项“消亡的语言：人工智能的局限性及至关重要的社区作用”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 3 (25-26高三下·湖南长沙·二模) Scientists have known that sperm whales communicate through patterns of clicks known as codas. These sounds are not random. Instead, they form complex sequences that whales use when interacting with members of their family groups. Yet the real meaning of these signals has long remained a mystery. Hidden within the ocean’s depths is a communication system far more complicated than researchers once imagined. Many experts believe that such a system may even include something similar to a basic language, but no one has been able to fully figure it out so far. To solve this long-standing puzzle, scientists have turned to AI for help. By feeding thousands of whale recordings into advanced computer models, scientists have begun to detect patterns that human ears alone could never recognize. Similar to the way large language models learn patterns in human speech, AI systems can analyze enormous collections of whale codas and identify repeating structures within them. In early experiments, these systems were able to predict the type of coda and even identify which whale produced it with remarkable accuracy. Inspired by these results, researchers launched Project CETI （Cetacean Translation Initiative）, an international collaboration bringing together marine biologists, linguists, engineers and computer scientists to interpret the communication system of sperm whales. By combining underwater recording devices with powerful AI models, the team hopes to map the hidden structure of whale sounds and eventually understand how whales exchange information. If successful, the project could transform how humans understand animal intelligence. Not only might it reveal that whales possess a complicated communication system, but it could also show that language-like structures exist far beyond the human world. In this sense, AI may become more than a technological tool. Properly used, it could help humans listen, perhaps for the first time, to the voices of another species. 1． What can we learn about sperm whales’ codas from paragraph 1? A．They can only be heard in the deep ocean. B．They are simple signals for daily communication. C．They carry meanings that are waiting to be explained. D．They differ greatly from other sea animals’ sound patterns. 2． What does paragraph 2 mainly focus on? A．The importance of large language models. B．The process of collecting whale recordings. C．The role AI plays in studying whale codas. D．The achievements in whale protection research. 3． What does the author say about Project CETI? A．It has solved the mystery of animal intelligence. B．It aims to make whale research a separate discipline. C．It helps develop advanced underwater recording devices. D．It may improve human understanding of animal language. 4． Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．AI: A Bridge to Sperm Whales’ Hidden Communication. B．Sperm Whales: Creatures with Special Languages. C．New Discoveries in Ocean Ecosystem Protection. D．International Efforts to Study Ocean Animals. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了研究人员借助人工智能分析鲸类声音，并启动 CETI 项目，试图破解抹香鲸的交流系统，这一研究可能加深人类对动物语言与智力的理解。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Yet the real meaning of these signals has long remained a mystery.(然而这些信号的真正含义长期以来一直是个谜)”可知，抹香鲸的尾音承载着有待解读的含义。故选C。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“To solve this long-standing puzzle, scientists have turned to AI for help.(为了解开这个长期存在的谜题，科学家们向人工智能寻求帮助)”以及后文对人工智能分析鲸音的介绍可知，本段主要介绍人工智能在研究抹香鲸尾音中所起的作用。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“If successful, the project could transform how humans understand animal intelligence. Not only might it reveal that whales possess a complicated communication system, but it could also show that language-like structures exist beyond human beings.(如果项目成功，它将改变人类对动物智力的理解。它不仅可能揭示鲸鱼拥有复杂的交流系统，还能表明类似语言的结构并非人类独有)”可知，作者认为CETI项目可能提升人类对动物语言的理解。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第二段“By feeding thousands of whale recordings into advanced computer models, scientists have begun to detect patterns that human ears alone could never recognize. Similar to the way large language models learn patterns in human speech, AI systems can analyze enormous collections of whale codas and identify repeating structures within them. In early experiments, these systems were able to predict the type of coda and even identify which whale produced it with remarkable accuracy.(通过将数千条鲸鱼的记录输入先进的计算机模型，科学家们已经开始检测出仅凭人类耳朵永远无法识别的模式。与大型语言模型学习人类语音模式的方式类似，人工智能系统可以分析大量的鲸鱼尾音，并识别其中的重复结构。在早期的实验中，这些系统能够预测尾音的类型，甚至能够以惊人的准确性识别哪只鲸鱼产生了尾音。)”可知，本文围绕借助人工智能破解抹香鲸的交流之谜展开，A项“人工智能：通往抹香鲸隐秘交流的桥梁”最能概括文章主旨，适合用作标题。故选A。 主题01 人与自我——目标管理；语言认知；阅读习惯；生活方式 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南湘潭·二模) Understanding a simple-looking sentence like “I read this article yesterday” actually requires complex computation (计算): a subject (“I”) performed an action (“read”) on an object (“article”) at a specific time (“yesterday”). But the human brain routinely does this work nearly instantly based on grammatical rules, says linguist Andrea E. Martin. His team has now found that the brain accommodates grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence. For a recent study in PLOS Biology, the researchers observed variations in Dutch-speaking participants’ brain waves while they listened to a Dutch audiobook. To visualize these changes, the scientists used a metric (衡量标准) quantifying how many new“predictions” the brain makes of words that could come next. This framework was then tested against three different parsing (句法分析的) strategies that illustrate how the brain builds information over time. Previous English-based studies concluded in favor of a model where listeners “wait and see” how each phrase ends before interpreting it. But the Dutch speakers in Martin’s study leaned strongly toward a predictive model; participants tended to finish each phrase in their head before it was complete. A third model, in which listeners wait for all phrases before interpreting any part, is seldom used in either language. In Dutch, verbs sometimes come near the end of a sentence, explains study author Cas W. Coopmans. For instance, “because I ate a cookie with chocolate” in Dutch would be “because I a cookie with chocolate ate”. Listeners would have to wait long for the verb, so predictive processing becomes more natural. Neither strategy is “better or worse”, Coopmans adds. It is simply suited to the properties of each language. The findings support the need for more diversity in linguistic models, says Jixing Li, a linguist at City University of Hong Kong. If studies are done only in English speakers, crucial differences will be missed. Diversifying research, Martin says, will help capture how the brain understands the structured meaning and social utility of language. 1．What does Martin’s team discover about the brain? A．It interprets words randomly. B．It adapts to grammar rules. C．It favors grammatical changes. D．It ignores sentence structures. 2．What model do Dutch speakers prefer? A．Waiting for full phrases. B．Predicting phrase endings. C．Ignoring verb positions. D．Following English strategies. 3．Why is predictive processing natural for Dutch? A．Its verbs occasionally appear late. B．It has simpler grammatical rules. C．It uses common vocabulary. D．Its sentences are generally longer. 4．What do the findings stress? A．English is the best study language. B．Dutch is much harder to process. C．People ignore social language use. D．Linguistic models need diversity. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了语言学家Andrea E. Martin团队的研究成果。该研究表明大脑会通过调整对句子的处理方式来适应不同语言的语法差异，并通过对荷兰语使用者的研究，揭示了不同语言使用者在句法分析策略上的偏好，强调了语言模型多样化的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“His team has now found that the brain accommodates grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence.(他的团队现已发现，大脑通过调整处理每个句子的方式来适应不同语言间的语法差异)”可知，Martin的团队发现大脑能够适应语法规则。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“But the Dutch speakers in Martin’s study leaned strongly toward a predictive model; participants tended to finish each phrase in their head before it was complete.(但Martin研究中的荷兰语使用者强烈倾向于一种预测模型；参与者往往在短语完整说完之前就在脑海中补全它)”可知，荷兰语使用者更喜欢预测短语结尾的模型。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“In Dutch, verbs sometimes come near the end of a sentence, explains study author Cas W. Coopmans. For instance, “because I ate a cookie with chocolate” in Dutch would be “because I a cookie with chocolate ate”. Listeners would have to wait long for the verb, so predictive processing becomes more natural.(研究作者卡斯・W・库普曼斯解释道，在荷兰语中，动词有时会出现在句子末尾。比如，英语里 “因为我吃了一块巧克力饼干” 这句话，在荷兰语中的语序会是 “因为我一块巧克力饼干吃了”。听者必须等很久才能听到动词，因此预测性加工在这种语言环境下会变得更为自然)”可知，因为荷兰语中动词偶尔出现得晚，所以预测性处理对荷兰语来说很自然。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The findings support the need for more diversity in linguistic models...(这些发现支持了语言模型需要更多多样性的观点……)”可知，研究结果强调语言模型需要多样性。故选D项。 Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南湘潭·二模) Breaking a big goal into smaller parts might seem like a simple trick. In fact, it is a strategy that can be applied widely — to exercising regularly, saving money, or building a new skill. But is there real scientific evidence for its effectiveness? To figure it out, our team carried out a large-scale field experiment with thousands of participants in everyday settings. For our study, we partnered with Crisis Text Line (CTL), a nonprofit providing free text counseling. CTL volunteers are expected to complete 200 hours of service each year, which is quite demanding compared with the national average. We wondered whether setting smaller subgoals would encourage greater participation. In our study, over 9,000 volunteers received e-mails presenting the yearly target in different ways for three months. Some were told simply to aim for 200 hours with no detailed goal breakdown, while others were encouraged to meet either four hours per week or eight hours every two weeks. Then we tracked how much time each group of trained crisis counselors actually spent volunteering during the study. The results showed that people with smaller subgoals volunteered 7 percent to 8 percent more than those given only the big goal. This may sound like a modest increase, but when scaled across CTL’s thousands of volunteers, our intervention translated to thousands of additional counseling hours every month at essentially zero cost to the organization. We also found that the more flexible “eight hours every two weeks” condition led to more lasting benefits, as declines in volunteering were slower than in the stricter “four hours every week” condition. Our study dovetails with the research by behavioral scientists Hal Hershfield and Shlomo Benartzi. Their work shows that people are four times more likely to sign up for a savings program when the required deposit is described as $5 a day rather than $150 a month. Taken together, this recent research suggests that whether goals require taking a single action or “keeping your nose to the grindstone”, subgoals may help. 1．What did the field experiment focus on? A．The cost of volunteering. B．The effect of flexible schedule. C．The method of attaining ambitious goals. D．The effectiveness of subgoals. 2．How was the field experiment conducted? A．By interviewing volunteers about their preferences. B．By instructing participants in breaking down goals. C．By comparing different goal-setting approaches. D．By providing counselors with novel techniques. 3．What does the underlined phrase “dovetails with” in the last paragraph mean? A．Corresponds with. B．Subscribes to. C．Conflicts with. D．Goes to. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the article? A．Why Breaking Goals into Smaller Parts Works B．How Crisis Text Line Increased Volunteer Hours C．The Science of Goal-Setting: A Large-Scale Experiment D．Small Subgoals, Big Impact: Evidence from a Field Study 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍研究团队通过与CTL合作的实地实验，验证了拆分大目标为子目标的有效性，灵活子目标效果更持久，且该研究与相关行为学研究结论相符。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But is there real scientific evidence for its effectiveness? To figure it out, our team carried out a large-scale field experiment with thousands of participants in everyday settings.(但这种策略的有效性是否有确凿的科学证据呢？为了找到答案，我们团队在日常场景中对数千名参与者开展了一项大规模实地实验。)”以及第二段“We wondered whether setting smaller subgoals would encourage greater participation.(我们想知道设定更小的子目标是否能激励参与者更多地投入。)”可知，该实地实验聚焦于子目标的有效性。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“In our study, over 9,000 volunteers received e-mails presenting the yearly target in different ways for three months. Some were told simply to aim for 200 hours with no detailed goal breakdown, while others were encouraged to meet either four hours per week or eight hours every two weeks.(在我们的研究中，三个月里，9000多名志愿者收到了以不同方式呈现年度目标的邮件。一部分人仅被告知要完成200小时的目标，无详细拆分；另一部分人则被鼓励完成每周4小时或每两周8小时的子目标。)”可知，实验通过对比不同的目标设定方式展开。故选C项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段“The results showed that people with smaller subgoals volunteered 7 percent to 8 percent more than those given only the big goal.(结果显示，设定子目标的志愿者比仅知晓总目标的志愿者服务时长多出7%至8%)”以及最后一段“Their work shows that people are four times more likely to sign up for a savings program when the required deposit is described as $5 a day rather than $150 a month.(他们的研究表明，当要求的存款金额被描述为每天5美元而非每月150美元时，人们报名参加储蓄计划的可能性会提高四倍。)”可知，当存款要求描述为每天5美元而非每月150美元时，人们报名储蓄项目的可能性高出4倍。这一研究同样证明“将大目标拆解为小目标更有效”，与作者团队的实验结论一致，因此“dovetails with”意为“与……一致、契合”，与Corresponds with意义相近。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The results showed that people with smaller subgoals volunteered 7 percent to 8 percent more than those given only the big goal.(结果显示，设定子目标的志愿者比仅知晓总目标的志愿者服务时长多出7%至8%)”以及文章内容可知，作者团队通过大规模实地实验，验证了将大目标拆分为小目标的有效性，并强调了其实际影响，所以“小目标，大影响：来自实地研究的证据”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南张家界·二模) In the age of short videos and social media, most of us are used to reading in small pieces: a 15-second video introduction, a 100-word post, a 3-line news headline. We can get information quickly and easily, but many people are losing the ability to do deep reading — the slow, focused reading of a long text, which helps us understand complex ideas, think critically and develop empathy (共情). A 2025 study by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences found that over 68% of young people aged 18-35 read less than one complete book a year, and most of their daily reading time is spent on fragmented content on social media. “Deep reading is not just about finishing a book. It’s about engaging with the text, questioning the writer’s ideas, connecting what you read with your own experience, and forming your own opinions,” said Professor Zhang Wei, a literature expert from Peking University. “When we read in fragments, we only get the surface information, but we can’t develop the ability to think deeply about complex problems.” Many people may think that deep reading is a waste of time in this fast-paced society, but it actually brings many long-term benefits. Studies have shown that deep reading can improve our concentration, reduce stress, and develop our emotional intelligence. When we read a novel, for example, we put ourselves in the characters’ shoes, experience their feelings, and learn to understand different points of view. This helps us develop empathy and communicate better with others in real life. So how can we get back the habit of deep reading? Professor Zhang gives some simple tips. First, start with a book you are really interested in, not a book that others say you “should” read. Second, set a small daily goal, like reading 20 pages a day, and stick to it. Third, turn off your phone and other electronic devices when you read, so you can focus without distraction. “Deep reading is like a muscle. The more you practice it, the stronger it gets,” said Professor Zhang. “In a world full of noise and distraction, the ability to focus and think deeply is the most valuable skill we can have.” 1．What problem does the text point out in the first paragraph? A．People are losing the ability of deep reading. B．Fragmented reading brings too much information. C．Social media is taking up too much of people’s time. D．Complex ideas are hard for people to understand now. 2．What does the underlined word “fragmented” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Long and complex. B．Broken into small pieces. C．Very interesting and attractive. D．About academic knowledge. 3．What is one of the benefits of deep reading according to the text? A．It helps people avoid stress in daily life. B．It improves people’s communication skills. C．It allows people to get information quickly. D．It helps people remember things better. 4．What is the main purpose of the last paragraph? A．To explain the importance of deep reading. B．To introduce the history of deep reading. C．To give advice on developing deep reading habits. D．To encourage people to read more books. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，本文主要讲述当下人们普遍习惯碎片化的小块阅读，正在丧失深度阅读的能力，接着点明深度阅读有诸多长期益处，最后针对如何重新养成深度阅读习惯给出了三条实用建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“We can get information quickly and easily, but many people are losing the ability to do deep reading — the slow, focused reading of a long text, which helps us understand complex ideas, think critically and develop empathy (共情).(我们能够快速、轻松地获取信息，但许多人正在丧失深度阅读的能力——那种缓慢、专注地阅读长篇文字的能力，这种阅读方式能帮助我们理解复杂的思想、进行批判性思考并培养共情能力)”可知，第一段指出的问题是人们正在丧失深度阅读的能力，故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“In the age of short videos and social media, most of us are used to reading in small pieces: a 15-second video introduction, a 100-word post, a 3-line news headline.(在短视频和社交媒体盛行的时代，我们大多数人已经习惯了碎片化的阅读方式：15 秒的视频介绍、100 字的帖子、3 行的新闻标题)”和第二段中“over 68% of young people aged 18-35 read less than one complete book a year(18 至 35 岁的年轻人中，超过 68%的人每年阅读的完整书籍少于一本)”可知，上文提到现在人们习惯碎片化阅读，此处对应社交媒体上拆分的零散内容，前文又提到每年阅读的完整书籍少于一本，因此此处指“他们每天的阅读时间大多花在社交媒体上的碎片化内容上”，fragmented意为“被拆成小块的、碎片化的”，故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“When we read a novel, for example, we put ourselves in the characters’ shoes, experience their feelings, and learn to understand different points of view. This helps us develop empathy and communicate better with others in real life.(例如，当我们阅读一部小说时，我们会设身处地地站在角色的角度去思考，体验他们的感受，并学会理解不同的观点。这有助于我们培养同理心，并在现实生活中更好地与他人交流)”可知，深度阅读的一个好处是提高沟通能力，故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段内容，结合“So how can we get back the habit of deep reading? Professor Zhang gives some simple tips.(那么，我们怎样才能重新养成深度阅读的习惯呢？张教授给出了几个简单的建议)”可知，最后一段的主要目的是给出培养深度阅读习惯的建议，故选C。 Passage 4 (2026·高三·湖南永州·二模) A vintage lifestyle (复古生活方式) is a way of living that embraces the charm, elegance, and simplicity of the past. It emphasizes old-fashioned styles: decorate your home with classic furniture, vintage decorations and timeless art to create a cozy, inviting atmosphere that’s far from modern fast-paced life. It embraces slow living, prioritizing quality over quantity — spend more time on meaningful activities and less on rushing through daily tasks. Additionally, it values handmade goods, such as those from knitting, woodworking or other traditional skills, which builds a deeper connection to the creation process. Embrace the vintage lifestyle by starting small and adding a few vintage elements into your daily routine. Create a space that reflects your personal style, explore local second-hand markets or antique stores, and experiment with traditional recipes. Over time, these little steps can transform your life into a richer, more meaningful experience. Gen Z’s fascination with the vintage lifestyle is by no means a blind trend — it is rooted in profound underlying reasons. Gen Z values individuality and authenticity (真实性). Vintage clothing provides a unique style, often standing out from the sea of mass-produced, same items found in today’s market. The wearers of vintage pieces can feel part of a select group, owning something truly one-of-a-kind. Besides, Many Gen Z individuals view vintage shopping as a cultural experience rather than just a purchase. The thrill of discovering hidden treasures in second-hand markets adds to the appeal, making it about the journey rather than the destination. Platforms like Instagram and Pinterest have also played a significant role in popularizing vintage styles among Gen Z. Seeing influencers and peers embrace vintage looks normalizes and celebrates vintage fashion, making it cooler and more accessible. The rise of vintage culture isn’t just about clothes; it’s a broader cultural phenomenon. Gen Z is drawn to the stories behind vintage items, the craftsmanship, and the connection to history. This shift reflects a larger societal change where consumers are increasingly seeking meaningful, lasting purchases rather than quick fixes. 1．What might a vintage lifestyle highlight? A．Emphasis on traditional goods. B．Pursuit of modern fast-paced life. C．Preference for quality over quantity. D．Admiration for the complexity of the past. 2．What might the author suggest readers do to embrace a vintage lifestyle? A．Eat fast food daily for convenience. B．Decorate houses with furniture in style. C．Wear vintage clothes in occasional activities. D．Hunt for vintage pieces at second-hand markets. 3．Why do Gen Z individuals love the vintage lifestyle according to paragraph 3? A．It makes them feel like no other. B．It draws them to influencer culture. C．It attracts them to purchase and shop. D．It helps them follow fashion trends. 4．What do the underlined words “quick fixes” possibly refer to in the last paragraph? A．Meaningless trendy clothes. B．Short-lived daily goods. C．Lasting handmade products. D．Valuable collectible items. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述复古生活方式的内涵是秉持过往的美好、倡导慢生活且珍视手工制品，还给出了开启该生活方式的小建议，分析了Z世代喜爱这一生活方式的深层原因及社交平台的推动作用，最后指出复古文化的兴起是广泛的文化现象，其背后折射出消费者追求有意义、长久消费选择的社会变化。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“It embraces slow living, prioritizing quality over quantity—spend more time on meaningful activities and less on rushing through daily tasks.(它倡导慢生活，秉持重质不重量的原则——多花时间投入有意义的事，少在琐碎日常里步履匆匆。)”可知，复古生活方式倡导慢生活，核心秉持重质不重量的原则。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Embrace the vintage lifestyle by starting small and adding a few vintage elements into your daily routine. Create a space that reflects your personal style, explore local second-hand markets or antique stores, and experiment with traditional recipes.(开启复古生活，不妨从小处着手，在日常中融入些许复古元素。打造一处彰显个人风格的专属空间，逛一逛当地的二手市场或古董店，试着做一做传统风味的菜肴。)”可知，作者建议人们从日常融入复古元素，其中明确提出可以逛当地的二手市场或古董店。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Gen Z values individuality and authenticity (真实性). Vintage clothing provides a unique style, often standing out from the sea of mass-produced, same items found in today’s market. The wearers of vintage pieces can feel part of a select group, owning something truly one-of-a-kind.(Z世代崇尚个性与真实，复古服饰能打造出独一无二的穿搭风格，往往能在当下市场批量生产的千篇一律的服饰中脱颖而出。身着复古服饰的人，会觉得自己身处一个小众的圈层，拥有真正独一无二的东西。)”可知，Z世代崇尚个性与真实，复古服饰能打造独一无二的穿搭风格，让穿着者拥有真正独一无二者，身处小众圈层，获得与众不同的专属感受。故选A。 4．词义猜测题。根据文章划线词组所在语境“This shift reflects a larger societal change where consumers are increasingly seeking meaningful, lasting purchases rather than quick fixes.(这一转变，折射出更深刻的社会变化：如今的消费者，正愈发追求有意义、能长久相伴的消费选择，而非quick fixes)”可知，句中“rather than”表转折对比，“quick fixes”与前文的“meaningful, lasting purchases(有意义、能长久使用的消费品)”形成鲜明反义对应，指缺乏长久价值、昙花一现的物品。故选B。 主题02 人与社会——科技创新；材料科学；消防技术 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南怀化·二模) For 19-year-old Marta Bernardino and Sebastiao Mendonca, the forest was the intimate backdrop of their childhood. “It was a living playground where we built our world,” says the pair. As children growing up near Lisbon, the two always believed that the forest would remain a constant in their lives. But every year, they saw fires destroy the forest near their homes, leaving scorched (烧焦) hillsides. Desperate to revive the forest, the two then-high school students set out to create Trovador, a robot capable of reaching and reforesting areas where humans have been unable to. In 2023, Bernardino and Mendonca set out to create Trovador. Their first 15 prototypes (原型), built from recycled parts, planted 28 percent faster than humans with a 90 percent survival rate. The two are currently working to improve the efficiency of the robot and hope that their current prototype is able to handle longer operations on steeper terrains. The robot is capable of climbing slopes of up to 45 degrees while detecting and avoiding any rock in its way. Trovador is also equipped to carry and plant up to 200 young trees per hour. Unlike a tractor (拖拉机), it barely makes an indent on the ground thanks to its light movement, preserving pore space for air and water in the soil. A depth camera attached to it maps any obstacle and allows it to slightly adapt its tracks in real time. It also uses artificial intelligence and sensors to analyze the pH and humidity of the soil, after which Trovador will follow a three-step dig-place-tamp sequence to plant rooted saplings instead of seeds. Miguel Jeronimo, a landscape architect, is interested in the tool. He says, “Trovador appears to be an innovative project with potential, particularly as it was developed by two young students who turned a low-cost prototype into a possible approach to one of Portugal’s environmental challenges.” While Jeronimo is hopeful about the success of Trovador, he is equally apprehensive about the robot’s durability in the actual field. He says, “Operational endurance, mobility in dense vegetation and ease of maintenance are areas that need further exploration before the system can be considered ready for broad use.” 1．Why did the two teenagers start to create Trovador? A．To replace farm tractors. B．To study soil conditions. C．To play in the nearby forest. D．To restore the burnt forest. 2．Which of the following can best describe Trovador? A．Slow but reliable. B．Costly but powerful. C．Elegant and energy-saving. D．Eco-friendly and efficient. 3．What attitude does Jerónimo have to Trovador? A．Objective. B．Doubtful. C．Uncaring. D．Critical. 4．What may be the best title for the text? A．Portugal’s Forest Fire Crisis B．The Rise of Agricultural Robots C．A Robot to Reforest the Unreachable D．Two Teenagers’ Connection with the Forest 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】主要介绍19岁的玛尔塔·贝尔纳迪诺和塞巴斯蒂昂·门东萨为恢复被火灾破坏的森林，制造出名为Trovador的机器人，该机器人具有环保、高效等特点，同时也面临一些有待改进之处。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But every year, they saw fires destroy the forest near their homes, leaving scorched (烧焦) hillsides. Desperate to revive the forest, the two then - high school students set out to create Trovador(但每年，他们都看到大火摧毁了他们家附近的森林，留下烧焦的山坡。为了恢复森林，这两名当时还是高中生的学生开始制造Trovador)”可知，这两名青少年制造Trovador是为了恢复被烧毁的森林。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Their first 15 prototypes (原型), built from recycled parts, planted 28 percent faster than humans with a 90 percent survival rate.(他们最初的15个原型机由回收零件制成，种植速度比人类快28%，成活率达到90%)”以及第三段“Unlike a tractor (拖拉机), it barely makes an indent on the ground thanks to its light movement, preserving pore space for air and water in the soil.(与拖拉机不同，由于它移动轻便，几乎不会在地面上留下凹痕，为土壤中的空气和水保留了孔隙空间)”可知，Trovador不仅种植效率高，而且对土壤环境友好。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Miguel Jeronimo, a landscape architect, is interested in the tool. He says, “Trovador appears to be an innovative project with potential, particularly as it was developed by two young students who turned a low-cost prototype into a possible approach to one of Portugal’s environmental challenges.” While Jeronimo is hopeful about the success of Trovador, he is equally apprehensive about the robot’s durability in the actual field.(景观设计师米格尔・热罗尼莫对这款工具十分感兴趣。他表示：“特罗瓦多是一个极具潜力的创新项目，尤其难得的是，它由两名年轻学生研发而成。二人将一个低成本的原型装置，转化为能够应对葡萄牙其中一项环境难题的可行方案。” 热罗尼莫既对 “特罗瓦多” 项目的前景充满期待，同时也十分担忧这款机器人在真实野外环境中的耐用性)”可知，杰罗尼莫既看到了Trovador的潜力，又指出其存在的问题，态度是客观的。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“For 19-year-old Marta Bernardino and Sebastiao Mendonca, the forest was the intimate backdrop of their childhood. “It was a living playground where we built our world,” says the pair. As children growing up near Lisbon, the two always believed that the forest would remain a constant in their lives. But every year, they saw fires destroy the forest near their homes, leaving scorched (烧焦) hillsides. Desperate to revive the forest, the two then-high school students set out to create Trovador, a robot capable of reaching and reforesting areas where humans have been unable to.(19 岁的玛尔塔・贝尔纳迪诺与塞巴斯蒂昂・门东萨自幼便与森林相伴，森林是他们童年最亲切的背景。 两人说道：“森林是一座鲜活的乐园，我们在那里构筑了属于自己的世界。” 作为在里斯本郊外长大的孩子，他们一直以为这片森林会永远陪伴在身边。可年复一年，火灾不断吞噬着家附近的森林，只留下一片片被烧焦的山坡。 为了让森林重焕生机，当时还在读高中的二人决心研发出特罗瓦多机器人。这款机器人能够抵达人类难以涉足的区域，并完成植树造林工作。)”文章主要围绕玛尔塔·贝尔纳迪诺和塞巴斯蒂昂·门东萨制造Trovador机器人来恢复难以到达地区的森林展开，C选项“一个为难以到达之地重新造林的机器人”为最佳标题。 Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南常德·二模) Fungi (真菌) and bacteria could one day be part of a living building material that is able to grow and repair itself. One of the great challenges facing the world as we attempt to reduce waste and greenhouse gas emissions is finding more sustainable building materials. The manufacture of concrete alone accounts for more than 5 percent of total human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. Some researchers hope to develop engineered living materials from cells that have desirable qualities such as being able to self-organize, repair and photosynthesise. Many strong, mineralised structures exist in living organisms — such as bone and coral. Driven by this, Chelsea Heveran at Montana State University and her colleagues tested whether a similar mineralised structure could be created around a scaffold (支架) of fungal mycelium, which is a network of microscopic, branching substances like thin threads that make up part of most fungi. Heveran and her team grew a mycelium scaffold using a species of fungus, then applied the bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii to the scaffold. As the fungus and bacteria transformed urea (尿素) in their growth medium, they formed a hardened structure composed of calcium carbonate, the same compound found in eggshells and seashells. Heveran says bone is incredibly strong and tough given how lightweight it is. Other living materials created in the lab have only stayed alive for a few days, but the structure developed by Heveran and her colleagues for at least a month. “We are excited about our results and look forward to engineering more complex and larger structures,” says Heveran. “When the rate of survival is sufficiently high, we could start really applying lasting biological characteristics to the material that we care about, such as self-healing, sensing or environmental repair.” “Proposing mycelium as a scaffolding medium for living materials is a simple but powerful strategy,” says Aysu Kuru at the University of Sydney. 1．What inspired Heveran and her team to carry out the test? A．The waste caused by concrete manufacture. B．The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. C．The growth of bacteria in building materials. D．The existence of mineralised structures in living things. 2．Which aspect of the test does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．Its significance. B．Its process. C．Its condition. D．Its purpose. 3．What advantage does the material developed by Heveran’s team have? A．It is much lighter in weight. B．It can repair itself within days. C．It remains alive for a longer time. D．It requires less substances to form. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Living Building Material from Fungi B．How Living Materials Reduce Waste C．Bone, Coral, and the Future of Fungi D．A Self-Repairing Test for Bacteria 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员利用真菌和细菌研发出一种可自我生长、自我修复的新型活体建筑材料的相关研究过程、优势及应用前景。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Many strong, mineralised structures exist in living organisms — such as bone and coral. Driven by this, Chelsea Heveran at Montana State University and her colleagues tested whether a similar mineralised structure could be created around a scaffold of fungal mycelium, which is a network of microscopic, branching substances like thin threads that make up part of most fungi.(生物体内存在许多坚固的矿化结构，如骨骼和珊瑚，受此启发，蒙大拿州立大学的Chelsea Heveran及其同事开展了相关测试，探究是否可以在真菌菌丝体支架周围构建出类似的矿化结构，真菌菌丝体是一种由微观分支物质构成的网络，这些物质如同细线，是大多数真菌的组成部分。)”可知，是生物体内矿化结构的存在启发了Heveran团队开展这项实验。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Heveran and her team grew a mycelium scaffold using a species of fungus, then applied the bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii to the scaffold. As the fungus and bacteria transformed urea in their growth medium, they formed a hardened structure composed of calcium carbonate, the same compound found in eggshells and seashells.(Heveran和她的团队用一种真菌培育出菌丝体支架，然后将Sporosarcina pasteurii细菌施加到支架上。随着真菌和细菌转化生长培养基中的尿素，它们形成了由碳酸钙构成的硬化结构，这种化合物同样存在于蛋壳和贝壳中。)”可知，本段主要介绍了实验的操作过程。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Other living materials created in the lab have only stayed alive for a few days, but the structure developed by Heveran and her colleagues for at least a month.(实验室中制造的其他活体材料仅能存活数天，但Heveran和她的同事研发的结构至少能存活一个月。)”可知，该材料的优势是存活时间更长。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Fungi and bacteria could one day be part of a living building material that is able to grow and repair itself.(真菌和细菌未来有一天可能成为一种能够生长和自我修复的活体建筑材料的组成部分。)”以及全文围绕利用真菌研发新型活体建筑材料的研究展开可知，核心主题为“由真菌制成的活体建筑材料”，A选项“A Living Building Material from Fungi(真菌基活体建筑材料)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作标题。故选A。 Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南长郡中学·二模) A wildfire burns in the hills of a Los Angeles suburb, moving quickly from dry brush toward a cluster of homes. The landscaping at the first house catches fire, but the house itself stubbornly refuses to burn. Any small flames that start along its walls quickly die out. Surprisingly, there is no water in sight. The flames are being put out by sound waves. This type of sound-based fire control may soon play a vital role in fighting wildfires. Understanding this requires knowing fire’s nature. The key ingredients for a fire are heat, fuel, and oxygen. Remove any one, and the fire stops. Sound waves can stop a fire by pushing oxygen molecules away from the fuel, preventing the fire from getting the air it needs to continue its burning reaction. Geoff Bruder, an engineer who previously researched energy at NASA, co-founded Sonic Fire Tech (Sonic for short) to build a machine for this purpose. He explains that the device vibrates the oxygen faster than the fuel can use it, which effectively blocks the chemical reaction. The company has successfully demonstrated fire control from distances up to 25 feet away. Using sound waves to fight fires isn’t a brand-new concept. US research agencies and universities have studied the method for over a decade. However, Albert Simeoni, a fire protection expert, points out the real challenge: scaling up the technology without creating damaging sound effects. Sonic solves this challenge by using infrasound (次声). Unlike previous efforts using 30 — 60 hertz waves, Sonic stays at or below 20 hertz. Therefore, these waves are inaudible (听不见的) to people and travel farther than higher-frequency waves. This technology is practical because homes often catch fire from embers entering roof openings. Sonic’s system uses a device powered by an electric motor to create sound waves, which travel through metal pipes installed on the roof and under its edges. The system activates automatically when sensors detect a flame, creating a kind of force field of infrasound to stop it. Experts note that sound waves generally work best on small flames. Nevertheless, homeowners and public-service companies are eager to try it. Sonic is working with two California companies to demonstrate its technology, and aims to have 50 pilot installations by early 2026. 1．How did the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1? A．By describing a scene. B．By listing numbers. C．By making a comparison. D．By introducing a concept. 2．What is the key to sound waves putting out a fire according to the text? A．Removing the burning material physically. B．Keeping oxygen away from the burning fuel. C．Reducing the surrounding temperature rapidly. D．Lowering the temperature of the flames directly. 3．What can be inferred about Sonic Fire Tech’s use of infrasound? A．It pioneers the use of sound to fight fires. B．It is designed to produce audible fire alarms. C．It significantly lowers the cost of firefighting. D．It fixes a key problem in earlier sound methods. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．The growing threat of wildfires in the suburbs. B．An innovative sound technology for firefighting. C．The science behind putting out fires with sound. D．A comparison between sound and water for fire control. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍一种基于声波（次声）的创新灭火技术，解释其原理、优势及应用进展，有望在野火扑救中发挥重要作用。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“A wildfire burns in the hills of a Los Angeles suburb, moving quickly from dry brush toward a cluster of homes.(一场野火在洛杉矶郊区的山上燃烧，迅速从干枯的灌木丛向一片房屋蔓延。)”可知，作者通过描绘一个场景引入话题。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Sound waves can stop a fire by pushing oxygen molecules away from the fuel, preventing the fire from getting the air it needs to continue its burning reaction.(声波可以通过将氧分子推离燃料来灭火，阻止火焰获得维持燃烧反应所需的空气。)”可知，声波灭火的关键是使氧气远离燃烧的燃料。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“However, Albert Simeoni, a fire protection expert, points out the real challenge: scaling up the technology without creating damaging sound effects. Sonic solves this challenge by using infrasound (次声).(然而，消防专家Albert Simeoni指出了真正的挑战：扩大该技术应用的同时不产生破坏性音效。Sonic公司通过使用次声解决了这一难题。)”可知，该技术解决了早期声波方法中的一个关键问题。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“This type of sound-based fire control may soon play a vital role in fighting wildfires. Understanding this requires knowing fire’s nature.(这种基于声波的灭火技术可能很快将在扑灭野火中发挥关键作用。)”以及全文围绕声波灭火创新技术展开介绍可知，文章主要介绍一种创新的声波消防技术。故选B项。 主题03 人与自然——气候变化 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南怀化·二模) The rising seas caused by climate change may threaten tens of millions more people than scientists originally thought because of mistaken research assumptions on how high coastal waters already are, a new study said. Researchers studied hundreds of scientific studies and hazard assessments, calculating that about 90% of them underestimated baseline coastal water heights by an average of 1 foot (about 30 centimeters), according to Wednesday’s study in the journal Nature. It’s a far more frequent problem in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, and less so in Europe and along Atlantic coasts. The reason is a mismatch between the way sea and land altitudes (海拔) are measured, said study co-author Philip Minderhoud, a hydrogeology professor at Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands. And he attributed that to a “methodological blind spot” between the different ways those two things are measured. Each way measures their own areas properly, he said. But where sea meets land, there are a lot of factors that often don’t get accounted for when satellites and land-based models are used. Studies that calculate the impact of rising sea levels usually do not look at the actual measured sea level, so they used this zero-meter figure as a starting point, said lead author Katharina Seeger of the University of Padua in Italy. In some places in the Indo-Pacific, it’s close to 3 feet (about 1 meter), Minderhoud said. One simple way to understand it is that many studies assume sea levels without waves or currents, but the reality at the water’s edge is that oceans are constantly roiled by wind, tides, currents, changing temperatures and things like El Niño, said Minderhoud and Seeger. Adjusting to a more accurate coastal height baseline means that if seas rise by a little more than 3 feet (about 1 meter) — as some studies suggest that this will happen by the end of the century — waters could flood up to 37% more land and threaten 77 million to 132 million more people, the study said. That would trigger problems in planning and paying for the impacts of a warming world. 1．What did the new study find? A．Climate change threatened people. B．The actual sea level was misjudged. C．Scientists made correct assessments. D．Europe suffered from climate change. 2．What caused the researchers to make the wrong assumptions? A．The usage of satellites and land-based models. B．The blind spot of their predicting climate change. C．The failure to account for the effects of sea level rise. D．The different ways to measure sea and land altitudes. 3．Which word can explain the underlined word “roiled” in paragraph 5? A．Prevented. B．Disturbed. C．Followed. D．Improved. 4．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．More people face the threat of sea level rise. B．It’s difficult to measure a coastal height baseline. C．The flood has destroyed many lands in the world. D．There will be more people by the end of the century. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了新研究发现，因海陆海拔测量方式不匹配，过往研究普遍低估沿海基线水位，这意味着海平面上升将威胁更多人口。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Researchers studied hundreds of scientific studies and hazard assessments, calculating that about 90% of them underestimated baseline coastal water heights by an average of 1 foot (about 30 centimeters), according to Wednesday’s study in the journal Nature.( 研究人员对数百项科学研究和风险评估进行了研究，计算得出这些研究中约有 90% 低估了沿海水域的基准水位，平均误差约为1英尺（约 30 厘米），这一结果出自周三发表在《自然》杂志上的研究报告。)”可知，约 90% 的过往研究低估了沿海基线水位平均约 30 厘米，即实际海平面被错误判断。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The reason is a mismatch between the way sea and land altitudes (海拔) are measured, said study co-author Philip Minderhoud, a hydrogeology professor at Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands.( 研究合著者、荷兰瓦赫宁根大学与研究中心的水文地质学教授菲利普·明德霍德表示，原因在于测量海平面和陆地高度的方法存在差异。)”可知，导致研究人员做出了错误的根源是海洋与陆地海拔测量方式的不匹配，形成了方法学盲点。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词句中“but the reality at the water’s edge is that oceans are constantly … by wind, tides, currents, changing temperatures and things like El Niño(但实际情况是，海洋会不断受到风、潮汐、洋流、温度变化以及厄尔尼诺现象等的影响……。)”由此可知，海洋不断被风、潮汐、洋流、气温变化和厄尔尼诺等因素搅动。roiled 在此处意为“搅动、扰乱”，与B选项disturbed“扰乱，干扰”同义。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Adjusting to a more accurate coastal height baseline means that if seas rise by a little more than 3 feet (about 1 meter) — as some studies suggest that this will happen by the end of the century — waters could flood up to 37% more land and threaten 77 million to 132 million more people, the study said.( 调整到更准确的海岸高度基准意味着，如果海平面上升超过3英尺（约 1 米）——正如一些研究预测的那样，到本世纪末这种情况将会发生——海水可能会淹没多达 37%的陆地，并威胁到7700万至 1.32亿更多的人，该研究称。)”可推知，从最后一段中我们能得出更多的人正面临海平面上升的威胁。 Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南永州·二模) For years, global climate models relied on an elegant and convenient idea. Black carbon particles were treated as regular spheres (圆球) with a single core of carbon. Its unique structure helped shape how scientists assessed the warming effects of black carbon worldwide. Yet it also carried a hidden assumption: that each particle contained only one core. As measurements built up, a troubling gap arose. Observations in the real atmosphere consistently showed that black carbon absorbed roughly 50% more light than models predicted. The answer began to appear during fieldwork conducted in Yunnan’s wildfire season. What they saw challenged the traditional picture. About one-fifth, or 21%, of black carbon particles in long-range transported wildfire smoke contained not one core, but two or more. These multi-core particles were especially common among larger air particles exceeding 400 nanometers (纳米) in width. Instead of a single carbon center, these particles resembled groups formed through crashing and combining, with individual cores often exceeding 200 nanometers in size. This structure had largely gone unnoticed in global climate models. Yet its effects were great. If black carbon particles commonly carry multiple cores, their ability to absorb light changes dramatically. Identifying multi-core particles was only the beginning. The researchers faced a second challenge: translating nanoscale observations into global climate predictions. To do this, they turned to machine learning. The team developed a machine learning device capable of quantifying how multi-core structures enhance light absorption. This device was then introduced into a global atmospheric model, allowing the scientists to forecast how these particles behave across the planet. The results were striking. Multi-core black carbon particles were found to contribute to a 19% increase in global average black carbon absorption. The effect was especially pronounced in wildfire-affected regions, including Southeast Asia, southwestern China, the Tibetan Plateau, Southern Africa, and North America. In these areas, the overlooked structure of black carbon had been quietly boosting warming. 1．What helped scientists evaluate the warming effects of black carbon? A．The assumed single-core structure of black carbon. B．Observations of black carbon in the real atmosphere. C．The light absorption rate of black carbon in the atmosphere. D．Comparison between model predictions and actual measurements. 2．How does the author present the new discovery in paragraph 2? A．By giving examples. B．By defining a concept. C．By quoting an expert. D．By providing statistics. 3．Why did the researchers turn to machine learning? A．To develop light absorption devices. B．To better predict global climate changes. C．To identify multi-core structures accurately. D．To further observe black carbon’s behaviors. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Wildfire Smoke: A Hidden Climate Trouble. B．Machine Learning: A Helper for Climate Forecast. C．Single-core Structure: The Fault in Climate Models. D．Multi-core Black Carbon: The Overlooked Heat-maker. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述传统全球气候模型将黑碳颗粒视为单碳核规则圆球，与实际大气观测的吸光量存在偏差，研究人员在云南山火季调研发现多核黑碳颗粒这一被忽略的结构，后借助机器学习将该观测结果整合进全球大气模型，发现多核黑碳颗粒使全球黑碳平均吸光量提升，且在山火影响区显著加剧气候变暖。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Black carbon particles were treated as regular spheres (圆球) with a single core of carbon. Its unique structure helped shape how scientists assessed the warming effects of black carbon worldwide.(黑碳颗粒被视作由单一碳核构成的规则圆球。这一结构设定，成为科学家评估全球黑碳升温效应的重要依据，却也暗藏着一个前提假设——每一颗黑碳颗粒都仅含一个碳核。)”可知，科学家将黑碳颗粒假定为单碳核的规则圆球，这一被设定的单碳核结构为其评估全球黑碳的升温效应提供了依据。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“About one-fifth, or 21%, of black carbon particles in long-range transported wildfire smoke contained not one core, but two or more. These multi-core particles were especially common among larger air particles exceeding 400 nanometers (纳米) in width. Instead of a single carbon center, these particles resembled groups formed through crashing and combining, with individual cores often exceeding 200 nanometers in size.(在远距离传输的山火烟雾中，约五分之一（即21%）的黑碳颗粒并非单碳核结构，而是拥有两个及以上的碳核。这类多核颗粒在粒径超过400纳米的较大大气颗粒物中尤为常见，它们并非由单一碳核构成，而是经颗粒间碰撞、聚合形成的聚集体，其中单个碳核的粒径往往超过200纳米。)”可知，作者在呈现黑碳颗粒存在多核结构这一新发现时，使用了21%、400纳米、200纳米等具体数值，通过提供精准的统计数据来阐述该发现的具体特征和分布情况。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Identifying multi-core particles was only the beginning. The researchers faced a second challenge: translating nanoscale observations into global climate predictions. To do this, they turned to machine learning.(识别出多核颗粒的存在，仅仅是研究的开端。研究人员随即面临第二个难题：如何将纳米尺度的观测结果转化为全球气候预测数据。为解决这一问题，他们借助了机器学习技术。)”可知，研究人员已完成多核颗粒的识别，后续面临的难题是将纳米尺度的观测结果转化为全球气候预测数据，为解决这一难题、更好地实现全球气候预测，他们选择借助机器学习技术。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，本文围绕多核黑碳颗粒展开，文章先指出传统气候模型因假定黑碳为单碳核结构，与实际观测存在吸光量偏差；再介绍发现多核黑碳颗粒这一被模型忽略的结构；最后说明借助机器学习证实该结构大幅提升黑碳吸光量，在多地悄然加剧气候变暖，全文核心是突出多核黑碳颗粒被忽视，且是推动气候变暖的重要因素。选项D“Multi-core Black Carbon: The Overlooked Heat-maker.(多核黑碳：被忽视的发热源。)”精准契合全文核心，既点出文章的核心研究对象——多核黑碳，又突出其“被气候模型忽略”且“加剧全球变暖”的关键特征，完整概括文章主旨，适合用作标题。故选D。 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $