内容正文:
高三英语语法专项:介词用法全解(原卷版)
考点总目录
1. 介词的定义及核心特征
2. 介词的分类及常见介词(高考高频)
3. 介词的基本用法(后接成分、句法功能)
4. 高频介词辨析(高三核心重难点)
5. 介词固定搭配(高考必背)
6. 介词的特殊用法及易错点
7. 介词过关检测
一、介词的定义及核心特征
核心定义
介词(Preposition)是一种虚词,不能独立充当句子成分,必须和名词、代词或相当于名词的短语(如动名词、名词性从句)构成介词短语,才能在句中发挥作用。它主要表示人、物、事件之间的关系(如时间、地点、方式、原因、所属等),是高考语法填空、完形填空、书面表达的高频考点,尤其在语境理解和固定搭配中占比极高。
核心特征
1. 词性特点:虚词,无词形变化(无单复数、人称、时态、比较级变化),不能单独作主语、谓语、宾语。
2. 搭配要求:后面必须接宾语(名词、代词、动名词、名词性从句等),构成“介词 + 宾语”的介词短语(如 in the room、with me、by working)。
3. 句法功能:介词短语可作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语,补充说明句子成分之间的关系。
4. 核心作用:连接句子成分,明确逻辑关系(时间、地点、方式、原因、所属、伴随等),使句子语义更完整、准确。
特征口诀
介词是个小虚词,不能独立来造句;
后接名代动名词,构成短语才给力;
定语状语表补语,逻辑关系要记细;
固定搭配天天记,高考做题不费力。
单句填空限时训练 1
1. There is a book ______ the desk.
2. He goes to school ______ bike every day.
3. I will meet you ______ 3 o’clock this afternoon.
4. She is good ______ playing the piano.
5. The letter is ______ my best friend.
6. He was late ______ the heavy rain.
7. We will have a holiday ______ July.
8. The cat is hiding ______ the door.
9. I bought this gift ______ you.
10. She succeeded ______ hard work.
11. He is interested ______ history.
12. The bridge ______ the river is very old.
13. We finished the work ______ time.
14. She is angry ______ me for being late.
15. He went to bed ______ 10:30 last night.
16. The book is written ______ Lu Xun.
17. We traveled ______ train across the country.
18. There is a window ______ the wall.
19. I am looking forward ______ seeing you.
20. He died ______ a heart attack.
二、介词的分类及常见介词(高考高频)
介词按功能可分为6大类,重点掌握高考高频介词,避免混淆用法,以下是核心分类及常考介词,结合语境记忆更高效。
1. 时间介词(高考高频)
核心功能:表示动作发生的时间、时间段或时间点,重点区分 at、in、on 的用法,以及其他高频时间介词。
- at:后接具体时刻(几点几分、深夜、黎明等)、固定搭配(at night、at noon、at dawn、at present)。
- in:后接时间段(月份、季节、年份、泛指的上午/下午/晚上)、固定搭配(in the morning/afternoon/evening、in a week)。
- on:后接具体日期(年月日、星期几、具体某天的上午/下午/晚上)、固定搭配(on Monday、on June 1st、on a cold morning)。
- 其他高频:for(后接时间段,表“持续……时间”)、since(后接时间点,表“自从……以来”)、during(后接时间段,表“在……期间”)、before(在……之前)、after(在……之后)、until/till(直到……)。
✅ 例句:at 8:00、in July、on Sunday morning、for three days、since 2023、during the holiday
2. 地点介词(高考高频)
核心功能:表示人或事物所处的位置、方位,重点区分 in、on、at、over、above、under、below 等的用法。
- at:后接小地点(车站、机场、商店、具体地址等),表“在……(具体地点)”。
- in:后接大地点(国家、城市、省份、房间等),表“在……里面”(物体内部)。
- on:表“在……上面”(表面接触)、“在……旁边”(如 on the river)、“在……(道路、街道)上”。
- over:表“在……正上方”(不接触表面)、“越过……”。
- above:表“在……上方”(不强调正上方,可高于或斜上方)。
- under:表“在……正下方”(不接触表面)。
- below:表“在……下方”(不强调正下方,可低于或斜下方)。
- 其他高频:behind(在……后面)、in front of(在……前面,外部)、in the front of(在……前面,内部)、between(在两者之间)、among(在三者及以上之间)、near(在……附近)、beside(在……旁边)。
✅ 例句:at the station、in China、on the desk、over the river、between you and me、among the students
3. 方式介词(高考高频)
核心功能:表示动作的方式、手段,重点掌握 by、with、in 的用法差异。
- by:后接交通工具(无冠词)、动名词(表方式)、人(表动作执行者)。
- with:后接工具、手段(有冠词)、身体部位、情感态度。
- in:后接语言、材料、方式、颜色,表“用……(语言/材料)”“以……方式”。
- 其他高频:through(通过……方式、凭借……)、by means of(通过……手段)、on foot(步行,固定搭配)。
✅ 例句:by bus、by working hard、with a pen、with my hands、in English、in red、on foot
4. 原因介词(高考高频)
核心功能:表示动作发生的原因、理由,重点区分 because of、due to、thanks to、for、of 的用法。
- because of:后接名词(短语),表“因为……”,语气较强,可置于句首或句末。
- due to:后接名词(短语),表“由于……”,多置于句末,可与 because of 互换(正式场合更常用 due to)。
- thanks to:后接名词(短语),表“多亏了……、由于……”,多表积极原因。
- for:后接名词(短语),表“因为……”,多置于句末,语气较弱,侧重解释原因。
- of:后接疾病、情感等名词,表“死于……、因……而……”(如 die of illness、be afraid of)。
✅ 例句:because of the rain、due to his carelessness、thanks to your help、cry for joy、die of cancer
5. 所属介词(高考高频)
核心功能:表示人或事物之间的所属关系,重点掌握 of 和 with 的用法。
- of:表“……的”,用于无生命事物的所属,或有生命事物的所属(常用名词所有格替代,但复杂结构用 of)。
- with:表“带有……的”,侧重“具有某种特征、附带某物”,不强调所属,而是描述属性。
✅ 例句:the door of the room(房间的门)、a girl with long hair(一个长头发的女孩)、the name of the book(书的名字)
6. 其他高频介词(高考必记)
- about:关于、大约(后接名词、动名词,如 talk about、think about)。
- against:反对、靠着(如 be against sth、lean against the wall)。
- between:在两者之间(后接 and,如 between A and B)。
- among:在三者及以上之间(后接复数名词,如 among the crowd)。
- into:进入……里面(表动作方向,如 go into the room)。
- out of:从……里面出来、缺乏(如 get out of the car、out of time)。
- without:没有(后接名词、动名词,表否定,如 without water)。
单句填空限时训练 2
1. We will have a picnic ______ Sunday.
2. He has lived in this city ______ 10 years.
3. She arrived ______ the airport at 9 o’clock.
4. The meeting will be held ______ the morning of May 5th.
5. He writes ______ a pen.
6. ______ his help, we finished the work on time.
7. There is a tree ______ the two houses.
8. She is ______ the classroom, standing in front of the blackboard.
9. He went to Beijing ______ train last week.
10. I have been waiting for you ______ 8 o’clock this morning.
11. The book is written ______ Chinese.
12. He is standing ______ the wall, resting.
13. She cried ______ sadness when she heard the news.
14. There are many students ______ the classroom.
15. The plane flew ______ the mountains.
16. I can’t live ______ air and water.
17. He is ______ the crowd, so I can’t see him.
18. The accident happened ______ the night of March 1st.
19. She cut the apple ______ a knife.
20. He is late ______ his carelessness.
三、介词的基本用法(后接成分、句法功能)
1. 介词的后接成分
介词不能单独使用,后面必须接宾语,构成“介词 + 宾语”的介词短语,宾语通常是以下几种成分,高考重点考查动名词作介词宾语的用法。
- 后接名词/代词:最常见,如 in the park、with her、on it。
- 后接动名词(doing):高考高频,介词后不能接动词原形,必须接动名词,如 be good at swimming、look forward to seeing。
- 后接名词性从句:如 about what he said(关于他说的话)、for why he came(他来的原因)。
- 后接数词/名词短语:如 in 2026、for three days、between 10 and 12。
⚠️ 易错点:介词后接动词时,必须用动名词(doing),不能用不定式(to do);但 to 作介词时(如 look forward to、devote to),也接动名词,注意区分 to 作不定式符号的情况(如 want to do)。
2. 介词短语的句法功能(高考高频)
介词短语在句中可作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语,每种功能均为高考考点,结合例句理解更易掌握。
(1)作定语
放在被修饰的名词或代词后面,补充说明其属性、位置、所属等,相当于形容词的作用。
✅ 例句:The book on the desk is mine.(桌子上的书是我的。)—— on the desk 修饰名词 book,作定语。
✅ 例句:He is a student with great courage.(他是一个有很大勇气的学生。)—— with great courage 修饰名词 student,作定语。
(2)作状语
最常用,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作的时间、地点、方式、原因、目的等,高考中考查最多。
✅ 时间状语:We will go to school in the morning.(我们早上要去上学。)
✅ 地点状语:She is working in the office.(她在办公室工作。)
✅ 方式状语:He speaks English with a smile.(他笑着说英语。)
✅ 原因状语:She was late because of the traffic jam.(她因为交通堵塞迟到了。)
(3)作表语
放在系动词(be、become、look、seem 等)后面,说明主语的状态、位置、特征等,相当于表语形容词。
✅ 例句:The book is on the desk.(书在桌子上。)—— on the desk 作表语,说明书的位置。
✅ 例句:He is in good health.(他身体很好。)—— in good health 作表语,说明他的身体状态。
(4)作宾语补足语
放在宾语后面,补充说明宾语的状态、位置等,常用在 keep、leave、put、find 等动词后面。
✅ 例句:Keep the books on the shelf.(把书放在书架上。)—— on the shelf 作宾语补足语,补充说明 books 的位置。
✅ 例句:I found her in the classroom.(我发现她在教室里。)—— in the classroom 作宾语补足语,补充说明 her 的位置。
单句填空限时训练 3
1. He is good at ______ (swim) in the river.
2. The girl ______ (with / in) red is my sister.
3. I look forward to ______ (see) you again.
4. The book ______ the desk is my English book.
5. She kept the baby ______ the bed.
6. He is interested in ______ (read) history books.
7. The meeting will be held ______ the office.
8. She seems ______ a good mood today.
9. He devoted himself to ______ (help) the poor.
10. I found the key ______ the door on the ground.
11. She went to bed ______ (without / with) eating dinner.
12. The boy ______ black hair is my brother.
13. They talked about ______ (go) to the park tomorrow.
14. The cat is hiding ______ the sofa.
15. He left the window ______ (open / opened) when he left.
16. She is good ______ playing the guitar.
17. The story is about ______ (a / an) old man and a dog.
18. We will have a party ______ the evening of New Year’s Day.
19. He cut the cake ______ a knife.
20. She is in ______ hurry to go to school.
四、高频介词辨析(高三核心重难点)
高考中常考查易混介词的辨析,尤其是用法相近、语境易混淆的介词,以下是6组高频易混介词,结合例句和易错点解析,帮你快速区分,避免丢分。
1. 易混组1:at vs in vs on(时间/地点)
介词
用法(时间)
用法(地点)
易错点
at
具体时刻、固定搭配(at 8:00、at night)
小地点(车站、机场、具体地址)
不接时间段,不能说 at 3 days
in
时间段(月份、季节、年份、泛指上午/下午)
大地点(国家、城市、房间内部)
具体某天的上午/下午不能用 in,要用 on
on
具体日期、星期、具体某天的上午/下午
物体表面、道路/街道上
泛指上午/下午不能用 on,要用 in
✅ 例句对比:
① at 7:30(具体时刻)、at the station(小地点)
② in July(月份)、in China(大地点)
③ on Sunday(星期)、on the desk(表面)、on a cold morning(具体某天上午)
2. 易混组2:by vs with vs in(方式)
介词
核心用法
例句
易错点
by
交通工具(无冠词)、动名词、动作执行者
by bus、by working hard、written by Lu Xun
交通工具前不能加冠词,不能说 by a bus
with
工具(有冠词)、身体部位、情感态度
with a pen、with my hands、with anger
工具前必须加冠词,不能说 with pen
in
语言、材料、方式、颜色
in English、in paper、in a hurry、in red
不能用 in 接交通工具(除 in a car)
3. 易混组3:because of vs due to vs thanks to(原因)
- because of:语气较强,表“因为……”,后接名词(短语),可置于句首或句末,侧重“直接原因”。
- due to:语气较正式,表“由于……”,后接名词(短语),多置于句末,可与 because of 互换,侧重“客观原因”。
- thanks to:表“多亏了……、由于……”,后接名词(短语),多表“积极原因”,暗含“感激”之意;也可表消极原因(较少见)。
✅ 例句对比:
① He failed the exam because of his carelessness.(直接原因:粗心导致失败)
② His failure is due to his carelessness.(客观原因:失败源于粗心)
③ Thanks to your help, I passed the exam.(积极原因:多亏你的帮助)
4. 易混组4:over vs above vs under vs below(方位)
- over:在……正上方(不接触表面)、越过,强调“垂直上方”。
- above:在……上方(不强调垂直,可斜上方),只表“位置高于”,不涉及垂直关系。
- under:在……正下方(不接触表面),与 over 相对,垂直下方。
- below:在……下方(不强调垂直,可斜下方),与 above 相对,只表“位置低于”。
✅ 例句对比:
① The bridge is over the river.(桥在河正上方)
② The plane is flying above the city.(飞机在城市上空,不一定正上方)
③ The cat is under the table.(猫在桌子正下方)
④ The temperature is below zero.(气温在零度以下,不强调垂直)
5. 易混组5:between vs among(范围)
- between:在两者之间,后接 and,即 between A and B;也可用于三者及以上,强调“每两者之间”。
- among:在三者及以上之间,后接复数名词或集合名词,强调“在群体之中”。
✅ 例句对比:
① There is a river between the two villages.(两者之间)
② She is sitting among the students.(三者及以上之中)
③ The relationship between the three countries is good.(三者之间,每两者之间)
6. 易混组6:in front of vs in the front of(方位)
- in front of:在……前面(外部),指两个独立物体,一个在另一个的外部前方。
- in the front of:在……前面(内部),指同一个物体的内部前方位置。
✅ 例句对比:
① There is a tree in front of the classroom.(树在教室外部前方)
② The teacher is standing in the front of the classroom.(老师在教室内部前方)
单句填空限时训练 4
1. He arrived ______ (at / in) Shanghai yesterday.
2. She goes to bed ______ (at / in) 10 o’clock every night.
3. We will have a meeting ______ (on / in) the morning of June 10th.
4. He writes ______ (with / by) a pencil.
5. She goes to work ______ (by / in) bus.
6. ______ (Because of / Thanks to) the bad weather, we canceled the trip.
7. ______ (Thanks to / Due to) your help, I finished the work easily.
8. The bird is flying ______ (over / above) the house.
9. The book is ______ (under / below) the desk.
10. There is a river ______ (between / among) the three mountains.
11. She is sitting ______ (between / among) her two friends.
12. There is a garden ______ (in front of / in the front of) the house.
13. The driver is sitting ______ (in front of / in the front of) the car.
14. The temperature is ______ (above / below) 30 degrees today.
15. The letter was written ______ (by / with) my father.
16. He succeeded ______ (by / through) hard work.
17. We have a holiday ______ (in / on) July.
18. She is good at speaking ______ (in / with) English.
五、介词固定搭配(高考必背)
介词固定搭配是高考语法填空、短文改错、完形填空的核心考点,也是书面表达提分的关键,以下按“动词+介词”“形容词+介词”“名词+介词”分类整理,均为高考高频搭配,需重点记忆,避免混淆。
1. 动词 + 介词(高考最高频)
此类搭配是语法填空和短文改错的重灾区,重点注意动词与介词的固定搭配,不可随意替换,以下为必背核心搭配,结合例句强化记忆。
- agree with 同意(某人/观点);适应(气候、食物)→ 例句:I agree with you on this issue. / The climate here agrees with me.
- agree to 同意(计划、建议、安排)→ 例句:She agreed to our plan for the trip.
- agree on 就……达成一致 → 例句:We agreed on a time for the meeting.
- look forward to 期待……(to 是介词,后接动名词)→ 例句:I’m looking forward to seeing you again.
- devote...to... 把……致力于……(to 是介词,后接动名词)→ 例句:He devoted himself to helping the poor.
- pay attention to 注意……(to 是介词,后接动名词/名词)→ 例句:Pay attention to your pronunciation.
- belong to 属于(无被动语态,无进行时)→ 例句:This book belongs to me.
- depend on 依靠;取决于 → 例句:Our success depends on our hard work.
- insist on 坚持(on 后接动名词)→ 例句:He insisted on going there alone.
- focus on 集中注意力于…… → 例句:Focus on your study, please.
- care about 关心;在乎 → 例句:She cares about her parents very much.
- care for 照顾;喜欢 → 例句:She cares for her little sister after school. / I don’t care for coffee.
- hear of 听说 → 例句:I have never heard of this place before.
- hear from 收到……的来信 → 例句:I heard from my friend yesterday.
- think of 想到;认为 → 例句:I think of a good idea. / What do you think of this book?
- think about 思考;考虑 → 例句:I’m thinking about my future.
- dream of/about 梦想……(后接动名词/名词)→ 例句:She dreams of becoming a doctor.
- succeed in 成功做……(in 后接动名词)→ 例句:He succeeded in passing the exam.
- fail in 在……方面失败 → 例句:He failed in the final exam.
- take part in 参加(活动、会议等)→ 例句:I took part in the school sports meeting.
- join in 参加(小型活动、游戏等)→ 例句:Join in our game, please.
- join 加入(组织、团体、某人)→ 例句:He joined the army. / Join us for dinner.
- apply for 申请 → 例句:She applied for a job in this company.
- wait for 等待 → 例句:I’m waiting for the bus.
- search for 寻找 → 例句:They are searching for the missing child.
2. 形容词 + 介词(高考高频)
此类搭配常考于语法填空和短文改错,重点记忆形容词与介词的固定搭配,避免误用介词,以下为核心必背搭配。
- be good at 擅长…… → 例句:She is good at playing the piano.
- be good for 对……有益 → 例句:Eating vegetables is good for your health.
- be good to 对……友好 → 例句:She is good to everyone around her.
- be interested in 对……感兴趣 → 例句:He is interested in history.
- be excited about 对……感到兴奋 → 例句:She is excited about the coming holiday.
- be angry with sb 对某人生气 → 例句:My mother is angry with me for being late.
- be angry at sth 对某事生气 → 例句:She is angry at his carelessness.
- be satisfied with 对……满意 → 例句:I am satisfied with your work.
- be disappointed with/in 对……失望 → 例句:She is disappointed with the result.
- be proud of 为……感到骄傲 → 例句:Parents are proud of their children.
- be afraid of 害怕…… → 例句:She is afraid of snakes.
- be afraid to do 害怕做某事(to 是不定式符号)→ 例句:She is afraid to go out at night.
- be different from 与……不同 → 例句:This book is different from that one.
- be similar to 与……相似 → 例句:His hobby is similar to mine.
- be famous for 因……而著名 → 例句:Beijing is famous for the Great Wall.
- be famous as 作为……而著名 → 例句:He is famous as a writer.
- be strict with sb 对某人严格 → 例句:Our teacher is strict with us.
- be strict in sth 对某事严格 → 例句:Our teacher is strict in our study.
- be busy with sth 忙于某事 → 例句:She is busy with her homework.
- be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 → 例句:She is busy doing her homework.
- be full of 充满…… → 例句:The bottle is full of water.
- be short of 缺乏…… → 例句:We are short of time.
3. 名词 + 介词(高考必背)
此类搭配多考于完形填空和书面表达,重点记忆名词与介词的固定搭配,以下为高频核心搭配,结合语境记忆更高效。
- the key to ……的钥匙;……的关键 → 例句:The key to success is hard work.
- the solution to ……的解决方法 → 例句:We need a solution to this problem.
- the answer to ……的答案 → 例句:Do you know the answer to this question?
- the reason for ……的原因 → 例句:What’s the reason for your absence?
- a chance of ……的机会 → 例句:He has a chance of winning the game.
- a chance to do 做某事的机会 → 例句:He has a chance to go abroad.
- in danger of 处于……的危险中 → 例句:The animal is in danger of dying out.
- in need of 需要…… → 例句:They are in need of help.
- in front of 在……前面(外部)→ 例句:There is a tree in front of the house.
- in the front of 在……前面(内部)→ 例句:He is sitting in the front of the car.
- on behalf of 代表 → 例句:I speak on behalf of my class.
- in terms of 就……而言 → 例句:In terms of study, he is the best in our class.
- a lot of / lots of 许多(后接可数名词复数或不可数名词)→ 例句:There are a lot of books in the library.
- plenty of 许多(后接可数名词复数或不可数名词)→ 例句:We have plenty of time.
- instead of 代替;而不是(后接名词/动名词)→ 例句:He went to school instead of staying at home.
单句填空限时训练 5
1. She agreed ______ my plan for the weekend.
2. I’m looking forward ______ seeing you soon.
3. He devoted himself ______ helping the poor children.
4. This book belongs ______ my brother.
5. Our success depends ______ our joint efforts.
6. She is good ______ playing the guitar.
7. He is interested ______ English literature.
8. My mother is angry ______ me for breaking the cup.
9. Beijing is famous ______ the Forbidden City.
10. The key ______ the door is on the table.
11. She is busy ______ her homework now.
12. He took part ______ the school competition.
13. I heard ______ a new movie yesterday.
14. She is proud ______ her son’s achievement.
15. This book is different ______ that one.
16. He insisted ______ going there by himself.
17. We are in need ______ more volunteers.
18. She applied ______ a job in this company.
19. He succeeded ______ passing the driving test.
20. I will go there instead ______ you.
六、介词的特殊用法及易错点
高三阶段,介词的特殊用法和易错点是拉开分数差距的关键,高考常在此处设置陷阱,以下汇总高频特殊用法和易错点,结合例句和解析,帮你规避错误、精准得分。
一、介词的特殊用法(高考高频)
1. 介词的省略用法
部分介词在特定语境中可省略,主要集中在时间、地点介词,需记住固定省略场景,避免多余添加介词。
- 时间介词 at、on、in 在 next、last、this、that、every 等词后省略 → 例句:I will go there next week.(不用 in next week)/ He came last month.(不用 in last month)/ This morning, I got up early.(不用 in this morning)
- 地点介词 at、in 在 home、school、hospital、bed 等固定搭配中省略 → 例句:He is at home.(不用 in home)/ She goes to school by bike.(school 前不用加 at/in)/ He is in hospital.(生病住院,不用加 the;in the hospital 指在医院工作/参观)
- 方式介词 by 在 on foot 中省略(固定搭配)→ 例句:She goes to work on foot.(不用 by foot)
2. 介词的否定用法(without 为核心)
without 是最常用的否定介词,表“没有”,后接名词、动名词,可替代“not + 介词短语”,高考常考其用法及句式转换。
- 基本用法:without + 名词/动名词 → 例句:He went out without an umbrella. / She finished the work without asking for help.
- 句式转换:without 引导的短语可转换为 if 引导的否定条件句 → 例句:Without your help, I couldn’t finish the work. = If you don’t help me, I couldn’t finish the work.
- 易错提醒:without 后接动词时,必须用动名词,不能用不定式 → 错误:without to go;正确:without going。
3. 介词的固定句型用法
部分介词可构成固定句型,是高考语法填空和书面表达的高频考点,需熟练掌握句型结构和用法。
- It’s + 形容词 + for sb + to do sth(for 表“对某人而言”)→ 例句:It’s important for us to study hard.
- It’s + 形容词 + of sb + to do sth(of 表“某人具有某种品质”,形容词多为描述人的性格、品质,如 kind、friendly、careless 等)→ 例句:It’s kind of you to help me.
- There is no doubt about sth / that 从句(about 表“关于”)→ 例句:There is no doubt about his ability. / There is no doubt that he will succeed.
- in order to do sth(in order to 表“为了”,可置于句首或句末)→ 例句:He studies hard in order to get good grades.
- instead of doing sth(instead of 表“代替;而不是”,后接动名词/名词)→ 例句:He reads books instead of watching TV.
4. 介词与连词的辨析(易混点)
部分介词与连词形式相近或用法相关,高考常考辨析,重点区分“介词+名词短语”与“连词+句子”。
- because(连词)vs because of(介词):because 后接句子,because of 后接名词短语 → 例句:He was late because he got up late. / He was late because of getting up late.
- though/although(连词)vs in spite of/despite(介词):though/although 后接句子,in spite of/despite 后接名词短语 → 例句:Though he is tired, he keeps working. / In spite of his tiredness, he keeps working.
- when(连词)vs at the time of(介词短语):when 后接句子,at the time of 后接名词短语 → 例句:I was reading when he came. / I was reading at the time of his arrival.
二、介词高频易错点(高考陷阱汇总)
易错点1:介词后接动词的形式错误(最高频)
核心错误:介词后接动词原形,忽略介词后需接动名词(doing)。
- 错误:He is good at swim. / I look forward to see you.
- 正确:He is good at swimming. / I look forward to seeing you.
- 解析:所有介词后接动词时,均需用动名词(doing),尤其是 to 作介词的情况(如 look forward to、devote to),需与 to 作不定式符号(want to do、hope to do)区分开。
易错点2:时间介词 at、in、on 误用
核心错误:混淆具体时刻、时间段、具体日期的介词用法。
- 错误:in 8 o’clock / on July / in Sunday morning
- 正确:at 8 o’clock / in July / on Sunday morning
- 解析:具体时刻用 at,时间段(月份、季节、年份)用 in,具体日期、星期、具体某天的上午/下午/晚上用 on,牢记“点用 at,段用 in,具体日期用 on”。
易错点3:方式介词 by、with、in 误用
核心错误:混淆交通工具、工具、语言的介词搭配。
- 错误:by a bus / with pen / by English
- 正确:by bus / with a pen / in English
- 解析:by + 交通工具(无冠词),with + 工具(有冠词),in + 语言/颜色/材料,三者不可混淆。
易错点4:固定搭配中介词误用或遗漏
核心错误:随意替换固定搭配中的介词,或遗漏必要的介词。
- 错误:be good in English / look forward for you / the key of the door
- 正确:be good at English / look forward to you / the key to the door
- 解析:固定搭配中的介词是固定不变的,需重点记忆,不可凭感觉替换(如 to、at、of 的区别)。
易错点5:介词的多余使用
核心错误:在不需要介词的地方添加介词,尤其是省略介词的场景。
- 错误:I will go there in next week. / He is at home yesterday. / She goes to school at bike.
- 正确:I will go there next week. / He was home yesterday. / She goes to school by bike.
- 解析:next、last、this、that 后省略时间介词;home、school 等固定搭配中省略介词;by + 交通工具无冠词,不用 at。
易错点6:in front of 与 in the front of 误用
核心错误:混淆“外部前方”与“内部前方”的用法。
- 错误:There is a teacher in front of the classroom. / There is a tree in the front of the house.
- 正确:There is a teacher in the front of the classroom. / There is a tree in front of the house.
- 解析:in front of 指“外部前方”(两个独立物体),in the front of 指“内部前方”(同一物体内部)。
易错点7:die of 与 die from 误用
核心错误:混淆“自身原因”与“外部原因”的介词搭配。
- 错误:He died from a heart attack. / He died of a car accident.
- 正确:He died of a heart attack. / He died from a car accident.
- 解析:die of 用于“自身疾病、衰老、情感等内部原因”,die from 用于“事故、灾害、外部伤害等外部原因”。
七、介词过关检测
1. We should be grateful ______ the people who help us in need.
2. She arrived ______ the small village at dusk last Sunday.
3. As a student, you must concentrate ______ your studies.
4. This book is suitable ______ teenagers who love science fiction.
5. He succeeded ______ passing the difficult driving test.
6. People are familiar ______ this traditional festival in China.
7. The meeting will begin ______ 9:00 a.m. sharp tomorrow.
8. We often go for a walk ______ the river after dinner.
9. She has a talent ______ playing the piano from an early age.
10. You should keep calm ______ time of danger.
11. This policy is beneficial ______ the development of rural areas.
12. They argued ______ each other about the travel plan yesterday.
13. The museum is open ______ visitors every day except Mondays.
14. He wrote a letter ______ reply to my recent email.
15. Many animals are ______ danger of dying out nowadays.
16. We finished the task ahead ______ schedule with joint efforts.
17. She took part ______ the school sports meeting last month.
18. The little girl is afraid ______ dark nights.
19. All the students cheered ______ the winning team excitedly.
20. I totally agree ______ your opinion on this social problem.
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高三英语语法专项:介词用法全解(解析版)
考点总目录
1. 介词的定义及核心特征
2. 介词的分类及常见介词(高考高频)
3. 介词的基本用法(后接成分、句法功能)
4. 高频介词辨析(高三核心重难点)
5. 介词固定搭配(高考必背)
6. 介词的特殊用法及易错点
7. 介词过关检测
一、介词的定义及核心特征
核心定义
介词(Preposition)是一种虚词,不能独立充当句子成分,必须和名词、代词或相当于名词的短语(如动名词、名词性从句)构成介词短语,才能在句中发挥作用。它主要表示人、物、事件之间的关系(如时间、地点、方式、原因、所属等),是高考语法填空、完形填空、书面表达的高频考点,尤其在语境理解和固定搭配中占比极高。
核心特征
1. 词性特点:虚词,无词形变化(无单复数、人称、时态、比较级变化),不能单独作主语、谓语、宾语。
2. 搭配要求:后面必须接宾语(名词、代词、动名词、名词性从句等),构成“介词 + 宾语”的介词短语(如 in the room、with me、by working)。
3. 句法功能:介词短语可作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语,补充说明句子成分之间的关系。
4. 核心作用:连接句子成分,明确逻辑关系(时间、地点、方式、原因、所属、伴随等),使句子语义更完整、准确。
特征口诀
介词是个小虚词,不能独立来造句;
后接名代动名词,构成短语才给力;
定语状语表补语,逻辑关系要记细;
固定搭配天天记,高考做题不费力。
单句填空限时训练 1
1. There is a book ______ the desk.
2. He goes to school ______ bike every day.
3. I will meet you ______ 3 o’clock this afternoon.
4. She is good ______ playing the piano.
5. The letter is ______ my best friend.
6. He was late ______ the heavy rain.
7. We will have a holiday ______ July.
8. The cat is hiding ______ the door.
9. I bought this gift ______ you.
10. She succeeded ______ hard work.
11. He is interested ______ history.
12. The bridge ______ the river is very old.
13. We finished the work ______ time.
14. She is angry ______ me for being late.
15. He went to bed ______ 10:30 last night.
16. The book is written ______ Lu Xun.
17. We traveled ______ train across the country.
18. There is a window ______ the wall.
19. I am looking forward ______ seeing you.
20. He died ______ a heart attack.
答案 + 详细解析
1. on 解析:考查地点介词。句意“桌子上有一本书”,on 表示“在……上面”(表面接触),符合语境。
2. by 解析:考查方式介词。by + 交通工具(无冠词),表示“乘坐某种交通工具”,by bike 意为“骑自行车”,是固定搭配。
3. at 解析:考查时间介词。at 后接具体时刻(几点几分),3 o’clock 是具体时刻,故用 at。
4. at 解析:考查固定搭配。be good at 是固定短语,意为“擅长……”,at 后接动名词 playing,符合语法规则。
5. from 解析:考查介词表来源。句意“这封信来自我最好的朋友”,from 表示“来自……”,明确信件的来源。
6. because of 解析:考查介词表原因。because of 后接名词(短语),表示“因为……”,the heavy rain 是名词短语,故用 because of;注意 because 是连词,后接句子,此处不可用。
7. in 解析:考查时间介词。in 后接月份、季节、年份、泛指的上午/下午/晚上,July 是月份,故用 in。
8. behind 解析:考查地点介词。句意“猫藏在门后面”,behind 表示“在……后面”,符合语境。
9. for 解析:考查介词表目的。句意“我为你买了这份礼物”,for 表示“为了……”,明确买礼物的对象。
10. through 解析:考查介词表方式。through 表示“通过……方式、凭借……”,through hard work 意为“通过努力工作”,符合“他通过努力成功了”的语境。
11. in 解析:考查固定搭配。be interested in 是固定短语,意为“对……感兴趣”,in 后接名词 history,符合语法规则。
12. over 解析:考查地点介词。over 表示“在……正上方”(不接触表面),桥在河的正上方,故用 over。
13. on 解析:考查固定搭配。on time 是固定短语,意为“准时”,句意“我们准时完成了工作”,符合语境。
14. with 解析:考查介词表对象。be angry with sb 是固定短语,意为“对某人生气”,此处指“她因为我迟到而生气”,故用 with。
15. at 解析:考查时间介词。at 后接具体时刻,10:30 是具体时刻,故用 at;注意 night 前一般用 at(at night),但具体几点的晚上用 at。
16. by 解析:考查介词表动作执行者。by 后接人,意为“由……(写、做)”,句意“这本书是鲁迅写的”,符合语境。
17. by 解析:考查方式介词。by + 交通工具(无冠词),by train 意为“乘火车”,是固定表达。
18. in 解析:考查地点介词。in 表示“在……里面”(物体内部),窗户在墙的内部,故用 in;注意 on the wall 指“在墙的表面”(如海报)。
19. to 解析:考查固定搭配。look forward to 是固定短语,意为“期待……”,to 是介词,后接动名词 seeing,符合语法规则。
20. of 解析:考查介词表原因。die of 表示“死于……(自身疾病、衰老等)”,a heart attack 是自身疾病,故用 of;die from 表示“死于……(外部原因,如事故、灾害)”。
二、介词的分类及常见介词(高考高频)
介词按功能可分为6大类,重点掌握高考高频介词,避免混淆用法,以下是核心分类及常考介词,结合语境记忆更高效。
1. 时间介词(高考高频)
核心功能:表示动作发生的时间、时间段或时间点,重点区分 at、in、on 的用法,以及其他高频时间介词。
- at:后接具体时刻(几点几分、深夜、黎明等)、固定搭配(at night、at noon、at dawn、at present)。
- in:后接时间段(月份、季节、年份、泛指的上午/下午/晚上)、固定搭配(in the morning/afternoon/evening、in a week)。
- on:后接具体日期(年月日、星期几、具体某天的上午/下午/晚上)、固定搭配(on Monday、on June 1st、on a cold morning)。
- 其他高频:for(后接时间段,表“持续……时间”)、since(后接时间点,表“自从……以来”)、during(后接时间段,表“在……期间”)、before(在……之前)、after(在……之后)、until/till(直到……)。
✅ 例句:at 8:00、in July、on Sunday morning、for three days、since 2023、during the holiday
2. 地点介词(高考高频)
核心功能:表示人或事物所处的位置、方位,重点区分 in、on、at、over、above、under、below 等的用法。
- at:后接小地点(车站、机场、商店、具体地址等),表“在……(具体地点)”。
- in:后接大地点(国家、城市、省份、房间等),表“在……里面”(物体内部)。
- on:表“在……上面”(表面接触)、“在……旁边”(如 on the river)、“在……(道路、街道)上”。
- over:表“在……正上方”(不接触表面)、“越过……”。
- above:表“在……上方”(不强调正上方,可高于或斜上方)。
- under:表“在……正下方”(不接触表面)。
- below:表“在……下方”(不强调正下方,可低于或斜下方)。
- 其他高频:behind(在……后面)、in front of(在……前面,外部)、in the front of(在……前面,内部)、between(在两者之间)、among(在三者及以上之间)、near(在……附近)、beside(在……旁边)。
✅ 例句:at the station、in China、on the desk、over the river、between you and me、among the students
3. 方式介词(高考高频)
核心功能:表示动作的方式、手段,重点掌握 by、with、in 的用法差异。
- by:后接交通工具(无冠词)、动名词(表方式)、人(表动作执行者)。
- with:后接工具、手段(有冠词)、身体部位、情感态度。
- in:后接语言、材料、方式、颜色,表“用……(语言/材料)”“以……方式”。
- 其他高频:through(通过……方式、凭借……)、by means of(通过……手段)、on foot(步行,固定搭配)。
✅ 例句:by bus、by working hard、with a pen、with my hands、in English、in red、on foot
4. 原因介词(高考高频)
核心功能:表示动作发生的原因、理由,重点区分 because of、due to、thanks to、for、of 的用法。
- because of:后接名词(短语),表“因为……”,语气较强,可置于句首或句末。
- due to:后接名词(短语),表“由于……”,多置于句末,可与 because of 互换(正式场合更常用 due to)。
- thanks to:后接名词(短语),表“多亏了……、由于……”,多表积极原因。
- for:后接名词(短语),表“因为……”,多置于句末,语气较弱,侧重解释原因。
- of:后接疾病、情感等名词,表“死于……、因……而……”(如 die of illness、be afraid of)。
✅ 例句:because of the rain、due to his carelessness、thanks to your help、cry for joy、die of cancer
5. 所属介词(高考高频)
核心功能:表示人或事物之间的所属关系,重点掌握 of 和 with 的用法。
- of:表“……的”,用于无生命事物的所属,或有生命事物的所属(常用名词所有格替代,但复杂结构用 of)。
- with:表“带有……的”,侧重“具有某种特征、附带某物”,不强调所属,而是描述属性。
✅ 例句:the door of the room(房间的门)、a girl with long hair(一个长头发的女孩)、the name of the book(书的名字)
6. 其他高频介词(高考必记)
- about:关于、大约(后接名词、动名词,如 talk about、think about)。
- against:反对、靠着(如 be against sth、lean against the wall)。
- between:在两者之间(后接 and,如 between A and B)。
- among:在三者及以上之间(后接复数名词,如 among the crowd)。
- into:进入……里面(表动作方向,如 go into the room)。
- out of:从……里面出来、缺乏(如 get out of the car、out of time)。
- without:没有(后接名词、动名词,表否定,如 without water)。
单句填空限时训练 2
1. We will have a picnic ______ Sunday.
2. He has lived in this city ______ 10 years.
3. She arrived ______ the airport at 9 o’clock.
4. The meeting will be held ______ the morning of May 5th.
5. He writes ______ a pen.
6. ______ his help, we finished the work on time.
7. There is a tree ______ the two houses.
8. She is ______ the classroom, standing in front of the blackboard.
9. He went to Beijing ______ train last week.
10. I have been waiting for you ______ 8 o’clock this morning.
11. The book is written ______ Chinese.
12. He is standing ______ the wall, resting.
13. She cried ______ sadness when she heard the news.
14. There are many students ______ the classroom.
15. The plane flew ______ the mountains.
16. I can’t live ______ air and water.
17. He is ______ the crowd, so I can’t see him.
18. The accident happened ______ the night of March 1st.
19. She cut the apple ______ a knife.
20. He is late ______ his carelessness.
答案 + 详细解析
1. on 解析:考查时间介词。Sunday 是具体星期几,on 后接具体星期、日期,故填 on。
2. for 解析:考查时间介词。for 后接时间段,10 years 是时间段,表“持续10年”,故填 for。
3. at 解析:考查地点介词。the airport 是小地点,at 后接小地点,表“在机场”,故填 at。
4. on 解析:考查时间介词。the morning of May 5th 是具体某天的上午,on 后接具体某天的上午/下午/晚上,故填 on。
5. with 解析:考查方式介词。with 后接工具(有冠词),a pen 是工具,表“用一支笔写字”,故填 with。
6. Thanks to 解析:考查原因介词。thanks to 表“多亏了……”,结合句意“多亏了他的帮助,我们准时完成了工作”,表积极原因,句首首字母大写,故填 Thanks to。
7. between 解析:考查地点介词。the two houses 是两者,between 表“在两者之间”,故填 between。
8. in 解析:考查地点介词。in the classroom 表“在教室里”(内部),结合“站在黑板前”,可知是在教室内部,故填 in。
9. by 解析:考查方式介词。by + 交通工具(无冠词),by train 意为“乘火车”,是固定表达,故填 by。
10. since 解析:考查时间介词。since 后接时间点,8 o’clock this morning 是时间点,表“从今天早上8点开始一直等你”,符合语境,故填 since。
11. in 解析:考查方式介词。in 后接语言,in Chinese 意为“用中文”,表“这本书是用中文写的”,故填 in。
12. against 解析:考查地点介词。lean against the wall 是固定搭配,意为“靠着墙”,此处 standing against the wall 意为“靠着墙站着”,故填 against。
13. for 解析:考查原因介词。for 后接名词,表“因为……”,cry for sadness 意为“因为悲伤而哭”,语气较弱,符合语境,故填 for。
14. in 解析:考查地点介词。in the classroom 表“在教室里”(内部),故填 in。
15. over 解析:考查地点介词。over 表“在……正上方”,飞机在山脉正上方飞过,故填 over。
16. without 解析:考查其他介词。without 表“没有”,结合句意“没有空气和水,我不能生存”,故填 without。
17. among 解析:考查地点介词。the crowd 是三者及以上的群体,among 表“在……之中”,故填 among。
18. on 解析:考查时间介词。the night of March 1st 是具体某天的晚上,on 后接具体某天的晚上,故填 on。
19. with 解析:考查方式介词。with 后接工具(有冠词),a knife 是工具,表“用一把刀切苹果”,故填 with。
20. due to 解析:考查原因介词。due to 后接名词短语,his carelessness 是名词短语,表“由于他的粗心”,可置于句末,符合语境,也可填 because of,但 due to 更正式,贴合高考语境。
三、介词的基本用法(后接成分、句法功能)
1. 介词的后接成分
介词不能单独使用,后面必须接宾语,构成“介词 + 宾语”的介词短语,宾语通常是以下几种成分,高考重点考查动名词作介词宾语的用法。
- 后接名词/代词:最常见,如 in the park、with her、on it。
- 后接动名词(doing):高考高频,介词后不能接动词原形,必须接动名词,如 be good at swimming、look forward to seeing。
- 后接名词性从句:如 about what he said(关于他说的话)、for why he came(他来的原因)。
- 后接数词/名词短语:如 in 2026、for three days、between 10 and 12。
⚠️ 易错点:介词后接动词时,必须用动名词(doing),不能用不定式(to do);但 to 作介词时(如 look forward to、devote to),也接动名词,注意区分 to 作不定式符号的情况(如 want to do)。
2. 介词短语的句法功能(高考高频)
介词短语在句中可作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语,每种功能均为高考考点,结合例句理解更易掌握。
(1)作定语
放在被修饰的名词或代词后面,补充说明其属性、位置、所属等,相当于形容词的作用。
✅ 例句:The book on the desk is mine.(桌子上的书是我的。)—— on the desk 修饰名词 book,作定语。
✅ 例句:He is a student with great courage.(他是一个有很大勇气的学生。)—— with great courage 修饰名词 student,作定语。
(2)作状语
最常用,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作的时间、地点、方式、原因、目的等,高考中考查最多。
✅ 时间状语:We will go to school in the morning.(我们早上要去上学。)
✅ 地点状语:She is working in the office.(她在办公室工作。)
✅ 方式状语:He speaks English with a smile.(他笑着说英语。)
✅ 原因状语:She was late because of the traffic jam.(她因为交通堵塞迟到了。)
(3)作表语
放在系动词(be、become、look、seem 等)后面,说明主语的状态、位置、特征等,相当于表语形容词。
✅ 例句:The book is on the desk.(书在桌子上。)—— on the desk 作表语,说明书的位置。
✅ 例句:He is in good health.(他身体很好。)—— in good health 作表语,说明他的身体状态。
(4)作宾语补足语
放在宾语后面,补充说明宾语的状态、位置等,常用在 keep、leave、put、find 等动词后面。
✅ 例句:Keep the books on the shelf.(把书放在书架上。)—— on the shelf 作宾语补足语,补充说明 books 的位置。
✅ 例句:I found her in the classroom.(我发现她在教室里。)—— in the classroom 作宾语补足语,补充说明 her 的位置。
单句填空限时训练 3
1. He is good at ______ (swim) in the river.
2. The girl ______ (with / in) red is my sister.
3. I look forward to ______ (see) you again.
4. The book ______ the desk is my English book.
5. She kept the baby ______ the bed.
6. He is interested in ______ (read) history books.
7. The meeting will be held ______ the office.
8. She seems ______ a good mood today.
9. He devoted himself to ______ (help) the poor.
10. I found the key ______ the door on the ground.
11. She went to bed ______ (without / with) eating dinner.
12. The boy ______ black hair is my brother.
13. They talked about ______ (go) to the park tomorrow.
14. The cat is hiding ______ the sofa.
15. He left the window ______ (open / opened) when he left.
16. She is good ______ playing the guitar.
17. The story is about ______ (a / an) old man and a dog.
18. We will have a party ______ the evening of New Year’s Day.
19. He cut the cake ______ a knife.
20. She is in ______ hurry to go to school.
答案 + 详细解析
1. swimming 解析:考查介词后接动名词。at 是介词,后面接动名词,swim 的动名词形式是 swimming,故填 swimming。
2. in 解析:考查方式介词。in + 颜色,表“穿着……颜色的衣服”,the girl in red 意为“穿红衣服的女孩”,with 表“带有”,不符合语境,故填 in。
3. seeing 解析:考查介词后接动名词。to 是介词(look forward to 是固定搭配),后面接动名词,see 的动名词形式是 seeing,故填 seeing。
4. on 解析:考查介词短语作定语。on the desk 修饰名词 book,表“桌子上的书”,故填 on。
5. on 解析:考查介词短语作宾语补足语。keep + 宾语 + 介词短语,on the bed 补充说明 baby 的位置,意为“把宝宝放在床上”,故填 on。
6. reading 解析:考查介词后接动名词。in 是介词,后面接动名词,read 的动名词形式是 reading,故填 reading。
7. in 解析:考查介词短语作状语。in the office 表“在办公室里”,作地点状语,说明会议举行的地点,故填 in。
8. in 解析:考查介词短语作表语。in a good mood 是固定短语,意为“心情好”,放在系动词 seems 后面作表语,故填 in。
9. helping 解析:考查介词后接动名词。to 是介词(devote oneself to 是固定搭配),后面接动名词,help 的动名词形式是 helping,故填 helping。
10. to 解析:考查介词短语作定语。the key to the door 是固定搭配,意为“门的钥匙”,to 表所属关系,故填 to。
11. without 解析:考查介词表否定。结合句意“他没吃晚饭就上床睡觉了”,without 表“没有”,后接动名词 eating,符合语境,故填 without。
12. with 解析:考查介词短语作定语。with black hair 修饰名词 boy,表“有黑头发的男孩”,with 表“带有”,故填 with。
13. going 解析:考查介词后接动名词。about 是介词,后面接动名词,go 的动名词形式是 going,故填 going。
14. under 解析:考查介词短语作状语。under the sofa 表“在沙发下面”,作地点状语,说明猫躲藏的位置,故填 under。
15. open 解析:考查形容词作宾语补足语。leave + 宾语 + 形容词,open 是形容词,表“开着的”,补充说明 window 的状态,opened 是动词过去式/过去分词,不能作宾补,故填 open。
16. at 解析:考查固定搭配。be good at 是固定短语,意为“擅长……”,故填 at。
17. an 解析:考查冠词。old 是以元音音素开头的形容词,前面用 an,an old man 意为“一个老人”,故填 an。
18. on 解析:考查时间介词。the evening of New Year’s Day 是具体某天的晚上,on 后接具体某天的晚上,故填 on。
19. with 解析:考查方式介词。with + 工具,a knife 是工具,表“用一把刀切蛋糕”,故填 with。
20. a 解析:考查固定搭配。in a hurry 是固定短语,意为“匆忙地”,故填 a。
四、高频介词辨析(高三核心重难点)
高考中常考查易混介词的辨析,尤其是用法相近、语境易混淆的介词,以下是6组高频易混介词,结合例句和易错点解析,帮你快速区分,避免丢分。
1. 易混组1:at vs in vs on(时间/地点)
介词
用法(时间)
用法(地点)
易错点
at
具体时刻、固定搭配(at 8:00、at night)
小地点(车站、机场、具体地址)
不接时间段,不能说 at 3 days
in
时间段(月份、季节、年份、泛指上午/下午)
大地点(国家、城市、房间内部)
具体某天的上午/下午不能用 in,要用 on
on
具体日期、星期、具体某天的上午/下午
物体表面、道路/街道上
泛指上午/下午不能用 on,要用 in
✅ 例句对比:
① at 7:30(具体时刻)、at the station(小地点)
② in July(月份)、in China(大地点)
③ on Sunday(星期)、on the desk(表面)、on a cold morning(具体某天上午)
2. 易混组2:by vs with vs in(方式)
介词
核心用法
例句
易错点
by
交通工具(无冠词)、动名词、动作执行者
by bus、by working hard、written by Lu Xun
交通工具前不能加冠词,不能说 by a bus
with
工具(有冠词)、身体部位、情感态度
with a pen、with my hands、with anger
工具前必须加冠词,不能说 with pen
in
语言、材料、方式、颜色
in English、in paper、in a hurry、in red
不能用 in 接交通工具(除 in a car)
3. 易混组3:because of vs due to vs thanks to(原因)
- because of:语气较强,表“因为……”,后接名词(短语),可置于句首或句末,侧重“直接原因”。
- due to:语气较正式,表“由于……”,后接名词(短语),多置于句末,可与 because of 互换,侧重“客观原因”。
- thanks to:表“多亏了……、由于……”,后接名词(短语),多表“积极原因”,暗含“感激”之意;也可表消极原因(较少见)。
✅ 例句对比:
① He failed the exam because of his carelessness.(直接原因:粗心导致失败)
② His failure is due to his carelessness.(客观原因:失败源于粗心)
③ Thanks to your help, I passed the exam.(积极原因:多亏你的帮助)
4. 易混组4:over vs above vs under vs below(方位)
- over:在……正上方(不接触表面)、越过,强调“垂直上方”。
- above:在……上方(不强调垂直,可斜上方),只表“位置高于”,不涉及垂直关系。
- under:在……正下方(不接触表面),与 over 相对,垂直下方。
- below:在……下方(不强调垂直,可斜下方),与 above 相对,只表“位置低于”。
✅ 例句对比:
① The bridge is over the river.(桥在河正上方)
② The plane is flying above the city.(飞机在城市上空,不一定正上方)
③ The cat is under the table.(猫在桌子正下方)
④ The temperature is below zero.(气温在零度以下,不强调垂直)
5. 易混组5:between vs among(范围)
- between:在两者之间,后接 and,即 between A and B;也可用于三者及以上,强调“每两者之间”。
- among:在三者及以上之间,后接复数名词或集合名词,强调“在群体之中”。
✅ 例句对比:
① There is a river between the two villages.(两者之间)
② She is sitting among the students.(三者及以上之中)
③ The relationship between the three countries is good.(三者之间,每两者之间)
6. 易混组6:in front of vs in the front of(方位)
- in front of:在……前面(外部),指两个独立物体,一个在另一个的外部前方。
- in the front of:在……前面(内部),指同一个物体的内部前方位置。
✅ 例句对比:
① There is a tree in front of the classroom.(树在教室外部前方)
② The teacher is standing in the front of the classroom.(老师在教室内部前方)
单句填空限时训练 4
1. He arrived ______ (at / in) Shanghai yesterday.
2. She goes to bed ______ (at / in) 10 o’clock every night.
3. We will have a meeting ______ (on / in) the morning of June 10th.
4. He writes ______ (with / by) a pencil.
5. She goes to work ______ (by / in) bus.
6. ______ (Because of / Thanks to) the bad weather, we canceled the trip.
7. ______ (Thanks to / Due to) your help, I finished the work easily.
8. The bird is flying ______ (over / above) the house.
9. The book is ______ (under / below) the desk.
10. There is a river ______ (between / among) the three mountains.
11. She is sitting ______ (between / among) her two friends.
12. There is a garden ______ (in front of / in the front of) the house.
13. The driver is sitting ______ (in front of / in the front of) the car.
14. The temperature is ______ (above / below) 30 degrees today.
15. The letter was written ______ (by / with) my father.
16. He succeeded ______ (by / through) hard work.
17. We have a holiday ______ (in / on) July.
18. She is good at speaking ______ (in / with) English.
答案 + 详细解析
1. in 解析:考查 at vs in(地点)。Shanghai 是大地点,in 后接大地点,at 后接小地点,故填 in。
2. at 解析:考查 at vs in(时间)。10 o’clock 是具体时刻,at 后接具体时刻,in 后接时间段,故填 at。
3. on 解析:考查 on vs in(时间)。the morning of June 10th 是具体某天的上午,on 后接具体某天的上午/下午,in 后接泛指上午/下午,故填 on。
4. with 解析:考查 with vs by(方式)。a pencil 是工具(有冠词),with 后接有冠词的工具,by 后接无冠词的交通工具,故填 with。
5. by 解析:考查 by vs in(方式)。bus 是交通工具,by + 交通工具(无冠词),in 后接有冠词的交通工具(如 in a bus),故填 by。
6. Because of 解析:考查 because of vs thanks to。此处表消极原因(坏天气导致取消旅行),because of 表直接原因,thanks to 多表积极原因,故填 Because of。
7. Thanks to 解析:考查 thanks to vs due to。此处表积极原因(多亏你的帮助),thanks to 暗含感激之意,due to 表客观原因,故填 Thanks to。
8. above 解析:考查 over vs above。此处指鸟在房子上空,不强调垂直上方,above 表“在……上方(非垂直)”,over 表垂直上方,故填 above。
9. under 解析:考查 under vs below。此处指书在桌子正下方,under 表垂直下方,below 表非垂直下方,故填 under。
10. between 解析:考查 between vs among。此处强调“三座山之间(每两者之间)”,between 可用于三者及以上,强调每两者之间,among 强调在群体之中,故填 between。
11. between 解析:考查 between vs among。her two friends 是两者,between 表两者之间,故填 between。
12. in front of 解析:考查 in front of vs in the front of。花园在房子外部前方,in front of 表外部前方,in the front of 表内部前方,故填 in front of。
13. in the front of 解析:考查 in front of vs in the front of。司机坐在汽车内部前方(驾驶位),in the front of 表内部前方,故填 in the front of。
14. above 解析:考查 above vs below。结合句意“今天气温在30度以上”,above 表“高于”,below 表“低于”,故填 above。
15. by 解析:考查 by vs with。此处表“信是我爸爸写的”,by 后接动作执行者,with 后接工具,故填 by。
16. through 解析:考查 by vs through。through 表“通过……方式、凭借……”,through hard work 意为“通过努力工作”,by 后接动名词时需直接接 doing,此处用 through 更贴合语境,故填 through。
17. in 解析:考查 in vs on(时间)。July 是月份,in 后接月份,on 后接具体日期,故填 in。
18. in 解析:考查 in vs with(方式)。in + 语言,in English 意为“用英语”,with 后接工具,故填 in。
五、介词固定搭配(高考必背)
介词固定搭配是高考语法填空、短文改错、完形填空的核心考点,也是书面表达提分的关键,以下按“动词+介词”“形容词+介词”“名词+介词”分类整理,均为高考高频搭配,需重点记忆,避免混淆。
1. 动词 + 介词(高考最高频)
此类搭配是语法填空和短文改错的重灾区,重点注意动词与介词的固定搭配,不可随意替换,以下为必背核心搭配,结合例句强化记忆。
- agree with 同意(某人/观点);适应(气候、食物)→ 例句:I agree with you on this issue. / The climate here agrees with me.
- agree to 同意(计划、建议、安排)→ 例句:She agreed to our plan for the trip.
- agree on 就……达成一致 → 例句:We agreed on a time for the meeting.
- look forward to 期待……(to 是介词,后接动名词)→ 例句:I’m looking forward to seeing you again.
- devote...to... 把……致力于……(to 是介词,后接动名词)→ 例句:He devoted himself to helping the poor.
- pay attention to 注意……(to 是介词,后接动名词/名词)→ 例句:Pay attention to your pronunciation.
- belong to 属于(无被动语态,无进行时)→ 例句:This book belongs to me.
- depend on 依靠;取决于 → 例句:Our success depends on our hard work.
- insist on 坚持(on 后接动名词)→ 例句:He insisted on going there alone.
- focus on 集中注意力于…… → 例句:Focus on your study, please.
- care about 关心;在乎 → 例句:She cares about her parents very much.
- care for 照顾;喜欢 → 例句:She cares for her little sister after school. / I don’t care for coffee.
- hear of 听说 → 例句:I have never heard of this place before.
- hear from 收到……的来信 → 例句:I heard from my friend yesterday.
- think of 想到;认为 → 例句:I think of a good idea. / What do you think of this book?
- think about 思考;考虑 → 例句:I’m thinking about my future.
- dream of/about 梦想……(后接动名词/名词)→ 例句:She dreams of becoming a doctor.
- succeed in 成功做……(in 后接动名词)→ 例句:He succeeded in passing the exam.
- fail in 在……方面失败 → 例句:He failed in the final exam.
- take part in 参加(活动、会议等)→ 例句:I took part in the school sports meeting.
- join in 参加(小型活动、游戏等)→ 例句:Join in our game, please.
- join 加入(组织、团体、某人)→ 例句:He joined the army. / Join us for dinner.
- apply for 申请 → 例句:She applied for a job in this company.
- wait for 等待 → 例句:I’m waiting for the bus.
- search for 寻找 → 例句:They are searching for the missing child.
2. 形容词 + 介词(高考高频)
此类搭配常考于语法填空和短文改错,重点记忆形容词与介词的固定搭配,避免误用介词,以下为核心必背搭配。
- be good at 擅长…… → 例句:She is good at playing the piano.
- be good for 对……有益 → 例句:Eating vegetables is good for your health.
- be good to 对……友好 → 例句:She is good to everyone around her.
- be interested in 对……感兴趣 → 例句:He is interested in history.
- be excited about 对……感到兴奋 → 例句:She is excited about the coming holiday.
- be angry with sb 对某人生气 → 例句:My mother is angry with me for being late.
- be angry at sth 对某事生气 → 例句:She is angry at his carelessness.
- be satisfied with 对……满意 → 例句:I am satisfied with your work.
- be disappointed with/in 对……失望 → 例句:She is disappointed with the result.
- be proud of 为……感到骄傲 → 例句:Parents are proud of their children.
- be afraid of 害怕…… → 例句:She is afraid of snakes.
- be afraid to do 害怕做某事(to 是不定式符号)→ 例句:She is afraid to go out at night.
- be different from 与……不同 → 例句:This book is different from that one.
- be similar to 与……相似 → 例句:His hobby is similar to mine.
- be famous for 因……而著名 → 例句:Beijing is famous for the Great Wall.
- be famous as 作为……而著名 → 例句:He is famous as a writer.
- be strict with sb 对某人严格 → 例句:Our teacher is strict with us.
- be strict in sth 对某事严格 → 例句:Our teacher is strict in our study.
- be busy with sth 忙于某事 → 例句:She is busy with her homework.
- be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 → 例句:She is busy doing her homework.
- be full of 充满…… → 例句:The bottle is full of water.
- be short of 缺乏…… → 例句:We are short of time.
3. 名词 + 介词(高考必背)
此类搭配多考于完形填空和书面表达,重点记忆名词与介词的固定搭配,以下为高频核心搭配,结合语境记忆更高效。
- the key to ……的钥匙;……的关键 → 例句:The key to success is hard work.
- the solution to ……的解决方法 → 例句:We need a solution to this problem.
- the answer to ……的答案 → 例句:Do you know the answer to this question?
- the reason for ……的原因 → 例句:What’s the reason for your absence?
- a chance of ……的机会 → 例句:He has a chance of winning the game.
- a chance to do 做某事的机会 → 例句:He has a chance to go abroad.
- in danger of 处于……的危险中 → 例句:The animal is in danger of dying out.
- in need of 需要…… → 例句:They are in need of help.
- in front of 在……前面(外部)→ 例句:There is a tree in front of the house.
- in the front of 在……前面(内部)→ 例句:He is sitting in the front of the car.
- on behalf of 代表 → 例句:I speak on behalf of my class.
- in terms of 就……而言 → 例句:In terms of study, he is the best in our class.
- a lot of / lots of 许多(后接可数名词复数或不可数名词)→ 例句:There are a lot of books in the library.
- plenty of 许多(后接可数名词复数或不可数名词)→ 例句:We have plenty of time.
- instead of 代替;而不是(后接名词/动名词)→ 例句:He went to school instead of staying at home.
单句填空限时训练 5
1. She agreed ______ my plan for the weekend.
2. I’m looking forward ______ seeing you soon.
3. He devoted himself ______ helping the poor children.
4. This book belongs ______ my brother.
5. Our success depends ______ our joint efforts.
6. She is good ______ playing the guitar.
7. He is interested ______ English literature.
8. My mother is angry ______ me for breaking the cup.
9. Beijing is famous ______ the Forbidden City.
10. The key ______ the door is on the table.
11. She is busy ______ her homework now.
12. He took part ______ the school competition.
13. I heard ______ a new movie yesterday.
14. She is proud ______ her son’s achievement.
15. This book is different ______ that one.
16. He insisted ______ going there by himself.
17. We are in need ______ more volunteers.
18. She applied ______ a job in this company.
19. He succeeded ______ passing the driving test.
20. I will go there instead ______ you.
答案 + 详细解析
1. to 解析:考查动词+介词搭配。agree to 后接计划、建议,agree with 后接人/观点,此处 my plan 是计划,故填 to。
2. to 解析:考查固定搭配。look forward to 是固定短语,to 是介词,后接动名词,故填 to。
3. to 解析:考查固定搭配。devote oneself to 中 to 是介词,后接动名词,故填 to。
4. to 解析:考查固定搭配。belong to 意为“属于”,无被动语态,固定接 to,故填 to。
5. on 解析:考查固定搭配。depend on 意为“依靠;取决于”,是固定搭配,故填 on。
6. at 解析:考查形容词+介词搭配。be good at 意为“擅长……”,固定接 at,故填 at。
7. in 解析:考查固定搭配。be interested in 意为“对……感兴趣”,固定接 in,故填 in。
8. with 解析:考查固定搭配。be angry with sb 意为“对某人生气”,后接人用 with,后接事用 at,此处 me 是人,故填 with。
9. for 解析:考查固定搭配。be famous for 意为“因……而著名”,be famous as 作为……而著名,此处 the Forbidden City 是北京著名的原因,故填 for。
10. to 解析:考查名词+介词搭配。the key to 意为“……的钥匙”,固定接 to,故填 to。
11. with 解析:考查固定搭配。be busy with sth 意为“忙于某事”,也可填 be busy doing sth,此处是名词 homework,故填 with。
12. in 解析:考查固定搭配。take part in 意为“参加(活动、会议等)”,固定接 in,故填 in。
13. of 解析:考查固定搭配。hear of 意为“听说”,hear from 意为“收到来信”,此处是“听说一部新电影”,故填 of。
14. of 解析:考查固定搭配。be proud of 意为“为……感到骄傲”,固定接 of,故填 of。
15. from 解析:考查固定搭配。be different from 意为“与……不同”,固定接 from,故填 from。
16. on 解析:考查固定搭配。insist on 意为“坚持”,on 后接动名词,故填 on。
17. of 解析:考查固定搭配。in need of 意为“需要……”,固定接 of,故填 of。
18. for 解析:考查固定搭配。apply for 意为“申请”,固定接 for,故填 for。
19. in 解析:考查固定搭配。succeed in 意为“成功做……”,in 后接动名词,故填 in。
20. of 解析:考查固定搭配。instead of 意为“代替;而不是”,固定接 of,故填 of。
六、介词的特殊用法及易错点
高三阶段,介词的特殊用法和易错点是拉开分数差距的关键,高考常在此处设置陷阱,以下汇总高频特殊用法和易错点,结合例句和解析,帮你规避错误、精准得分。
一、介词的特殊用法(高考高频)
1. 介词的省略用法
部分介词在特定语境中可省略,主要集中在时间、地点介词,需记住固定省略场景,避免多余添加介词。
- 时间介词 at、on、in 在 next、last、this、that、every 等词后省略 → 例句:I will go there next week.(不用 in next week)/ He came last month.(不用 in last month)/ This morning, I got up early.(不用 in this morning)
- 地点介词 at、in 在 home、school、hospital、bed 等固定搭配中省略 → 例句:He is at home.(不用 in home)/ She goes to school by bike.(school 前不用加 at/in)/ He is in hospital.(生病住院,不用加 the;in the hospital 指在医院工作/参观)
- 方式介词 by 在 on foot 中省略(固定搭配)→ 例句:She goes to work on foot.(不用 by foot)
2. 介词的否定用法(without 为核心)
without 是最常用的否定介词,表“没有”,后接名词、动名词,可替代“not + 介词短语”,高考常考其用法及句式转换。
- 基本用法:without + 名词/动名词 → 例句:He went out without an umbrella. / She finished the work without asking for help.
- 句式转换:without 引导的短语可转换为 if 引导的否定条件句 → 例句:Without your help, I couldn’t finish the work. = If you don’t help me, I couldn’t finish the work.
- 易错提醒:without 后接动词时,必须用动名词,不能用不定式 → 错误:without to go;正确:without going。
3. 介词的固定句型用法
部分介词可构成固定句型,是高考语法填空和书面表达的高频考点,需熟练掌握句型结构和用法。
- It’s + 形容词 + for sb + to do sth(for 表“对某人而言”)→ 例句:It’s important for us to study hard.
- It’s + 形容词 + of sb + to do sth(of 表“某人具有某种品质”,形容词多为描述人的性格、品质,如 kind、friendly、careless 等)→ 例句:It’s kind of you to help me.
- There is no doubt about sth / that 从句(about 表“关于”)→ 例句:There is no doubt about his ability. / There is no doubt that he will succeed.
- in order to do sth(in order to 表“为了”,可置于句首或句末)→ 例句:He studies hard in order to get good grades.
- instead of doing sth(instead of 表“代替;而不是”,后接动名词/名词)→ 例句:He reads books instead of watching TV.
4. 介词与连词的辨析(易混点)
部分介词与连词形式相近或用法相关,高考常考辨析,重点区分“介词+名词短语”与“连词+句子”。
- because(连词)vs because of(介词):because 后接句子,because of 后接名词短语 → 例句:He was late because he got up late. / He was late because of getting up late.
- though/although(连词)vs in spite of/despite(介词):though/although 后接句子,in spite of/despite 后接名词短语 → 例句:Though he is tired, he keeps working. / In spite of his tiredness, he keeps working.
- when(连词)vs at the time of(介词短语):when 后接句子,at the time of 后接名词短语 → 例句:I was reading when he came. / I was reading at the time of his arrival.
二、介词高频易错点(高考陷阱汇总)
易错点1:介词后接动词的形式错误(最高频)
核心错误:介词后接动词原形,忽略介词后需接动名词(doing)。
- 错误:He is good at swim. / I look forward to see you.
- 正确:He is good at swimming. / I look forward to seeing you.
- 解析:所有介词后接动词时,均需用动名词(doing),尤其是 to 作介词的情况(如 look forward to、devote to),需与 to 作不定式符号(want to do、hope to do)区分开。
易错点2:时间介词 at、in、on 误用
核心错误:混淆具体时刻、时间段、具体日期的介词用法。
- 错误:in 8 o’clock / on July / in Sunday morning
- 正确:at 8 o’clock / in July / on Sunday morning
- 解析:具体时刻用 at,时间段(月份、季节、年份)用 in,具体日期、星期、具体某天的上午/下午/晚上用 on,牢记“点用 at,段用 in,具体日期用 on”。
易错点3:方式介词 by、with、in 误用
核心错误:混淆交通工具、工具、语言的介词搭配。
- 错误:by a bus / with pen / by English
- 正确:by bus / with a pen / in English
- 解析:by + 交通工具(无冠词),with + 工具(有冠词),in + 语言/颜色/材料,三者不可混淆。
易错点4:固定搭配中介词误用或遗漏
核心错误:随意替换固定搭配中的介词,或遗漏必要的介词。
- 错误:be good in English / look forward for you / the key of the door
- 正确:be good at English / look forward to you / the key to the door
- 解析:固定搭配中的介词是固定不变的,需重点记忆,不可凭感觉替换(如 to、at、of 的区别)。
易错点5:介词的多余使用
核心错误:在不需要介词的地方添加介词,尤其是省略介词的场景。
- 错误:I will go there in next week. / He is at home yesterday. / She goes to school at bike.
- 正确:I will go there next week. / He was home yesterday. / She goes to school by bike.
- 解析:next、last、this、that 后省略时间介词;home、school 等固定搭配中省略介词;by + 交通工具无冠词,不用 at。
易错点6:in front of 与 in the front of 误用
核心错误:混淆“外部前方”与“内部前方”的用法。
- 错误:There is a teacher in front of the classroom. / There is a tree in the front of the house.
- 正确:There is a teacher in the front of the classroom. / There is a tree in front of the house.
- 解析:in front of 指“外部前方”(两个独立物体),in the front of 指“内部前方”(同一物体内部)。
易错点7:die of 与 die from 误用
核心错误:混淆“自身原因”与“外部原因”的介词搭配。
- 错误:He died from a heart attack. / He died of a car accident.
- 正确:He died of a heart attack. / He died from a car accident.
- 解析:die of 用于“自身疾病、衰老、情感等内部原因”,die from 用于“事故、灾害、外部伤害等外部原因”。
七、介词过关检测
1. We should be grateful ______ the people who help us in need.
2. She arrived ______ the small village at dusk last Sunday.
3. As a student, you must concentrate ______ your studies.
4. This book is suitable ______ teenagers who love science fiction.
5. He succeeded ______ passing the difficult driving test.
6. People are familiar ______ this traditional festival in China.
7. The meeting will begin ______ 9:00 a.m. sharp tomorrow.
8. We often go for a walk ______ the river after dinner.
9. She has a talent ______ playing the piano from an early age.
10. You should keep calm ______ time of danger.
11. This policy is beneficial ______ the development of rural areas.
12. They argued ______ each other about the travel plan yesterday.
13. The museum is open ______ visitors every day except Mondays.
14. He wrote a letter ______ reply to my recent email.
15. Many animals are ______ danger of dying out nowadays.
16. We finished the task ahead ______ schedule with joint efforts.
17. She took part ______ the school sports meeting last month.
18. The little girl is afraid ______ dark nights.
19. All the students cheered ______ the winning team excitedly.
20. I totally agree ______ your opinion on this social problem.
答案详解
1. to固定搭配:be grateful to sb. 感激某人;拓展:be grateful for sth. 因事感恩。
2. at地点介词:arrive at + 小地点(村庄、车站、小镇);arrive in + 大地点(城市、国家)。
3. on固定搭配:concentrate on (doing) sth. 集中注意力于、专注于。
4. for固定搭配:be suitable for… 适合……,适配人群 / 事物。
5. in核心搭配:succeed in doing sth. 成功完成某事。
6. with易混辨析:be familiar with sth. 人熟悉事物;be familiar to sb. 事物为人所熟知。
7. at时间介词:at 后接具体时刻、整点、黎明、午夜等精准时间。
8. along方位介词:along 表示 “沿着、顺着”,常用于道路、河流、街道场景。
9. for固定搭配:have a talent for (doing) sth. 有…… 天赋、特长。
10. in固定短语:in time of danger/trouble 危难 / 困境之时。
11. to高频短语:be beneficial to… 对…… 有益、有好处。
12. with搭配辨析:argue with sb. 与某人争执;argue about sth. 争论某事。
13. to固定用法:be open to sb. 对游客 / 人群开放;面向……。
14. in固定介词短语:in reply to 答复、回应。
15. in必考短语:in danger of… 面临…… 的危险,濒临……。
16. of固定短语:ahead of schedule/time 提前。
17. in动词短语:take part in 参与、参加大型活动 / 赛事。
18. of基础搭配:be afraid of sth./doing sth. 害怕某物 / 害怕做某事。
19. for动词搭配:cheer for sb./team 为…… 欢呼、加油助威。
20. with易混辨析:agree with sb./opinion 赞同某人或观点;agree to 应允计划、安排;agree on 双方达成一致。
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