内容正文:
高考英语时态 — 现在完成时态(主动+被动)(解析版)
高考考情解读
题型考查分布
在新高考与全国卷体系中,时态和语态属于贯穿全题型的基础必考语法点,考查覆盖面广、出题频率极高。
语法填空:高频考查现在完成时的动词过去分词变形、被动语态结构(have/has been done)、时态混搭辨析(与一般过去时、现在完成进行时、一般现在时),为动词类核心考点,每套试卷必考1–2空。
短文改错:常出现现在完成时与一般过去时混用、被动语态结构残缺(漏have/has或been)、过去分词变形错误、瞬间动词与延续性动词误用等错误,是改错高频设错点。
阅读理解:现在完成时多用于强调动作从过去开始、持续到现在(或刚结束),被动语态多用于强调动作的承受者及动作对现在的影响(尤其说明文、议论文、新闻报道类语篇),直接影响长难句理解与语境逻辑判断。
书面表达:应用文(书信、通知、建议信)、读后续写均要求时态规范切换;读后续写中,现在完成时可用于总结动作结果、衔接过去与现在的场景,增强叙事逻辑性;被动语态的合理使用能提升作文严谨度与高级感,避免句式单一,贴合“过去动作对现在产生影响”的叙述需求。
核心考点与高频易错点
核心考点
1. 现在完成时(主动+被动)的基础结构与时间标志词;
2. 现在完成时与一般过去时、现在完成进行时的高频辨析;
3. 现在完成时被动语态的构成、变形规则及句式转换;
4. 瞬间动词、延续性动词在现在完成时中的用法区别(与for/since连用的核心考点);
5. 现在完成时表“过去动作对现在的影响”“动作持续到现在”“动作反复发生”的特殊用法。
高频易错点
1. 现在完成时与一般过去时语境混淆(过去动作对现在有影响vs过去单纯的一次性动作);
2. 现在完成时被动语态漏写been(核心丢分点);
3. 瞬间动词(come/go/leave/buy等)误用在现在完成时中与for/since连用表持续;
4. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的用法混淆(动作持续vs动作结果);
5. 被动语态中过去分词变形错误,与现在分词、动词原形混淆。
高考命题趋势分析
1. 命题更加语境化、场景化,不再单独考查机械结构背诵,依托短文、语篇语境(多为说明文、议论文、新闻类)判断动作是否“从过去持续到现在”“对现在有影响”,侧重“语境辨时态”。
2. 侧重现在完成时与其他时态(一般过去时、现在完成进行时)的混搭考查,弱化单一简单时态,强化“过去动作与现在关联”的语境判断。
3. 被动语态偏向结合长难句、新闻报道类、科普类语篇,常与非谓语、从句结合综合设题,重点考查have/has been done的结构运用,尤其侧重“动作被完成后对现在的影响”。
4. 紧扣写作实用导向,注重现在完成时在总结结果、衔接场景中的运用,强调被动语态在正式表达中的规范使用,规避中式英语“只说过去、不联现在”的时态错误。
现在完成时态核心精讲
一、基本结构(主动语态)
1. 主语 + have/has + 动词过去分词(done)
2. 人称搭配:
I/We/You/They/复数名词/不可数名词 → have + done
He/She/It/单数名词 → has + done
3. 否定式:主语 + have/has + not + 动词过去分词;
4. 疑问式:Have/Has + 主语 + 动词过去分词?
二、时间标志词(高频必考)
常与现在完成时连用的时间词,多表示“动作从过去开始、持续到现在”“过去动作对现在有影响”,核心标志词:
for + 时间段(for 3 years、for a long time)、since + 过去时间点/过去从句(since 2020、since I was 10、since he came here)、already(已经,多用于肯定句)、yet(还、尚未,多用于否定句/疑问句末尾)、just(刚刚)、recently(最近)、in the past few years(在过去几年里)、so far(到目前为止)、up to now(直到现在)、ever(曾经,多用于疑问句)、never(从未)。
三、核心用法(结合高考语境)
1. 表示过去发生的动作,对现在造成的直接影响或结果(高考语法填空、短文改错高频语境),常搭配just、already、yet、ever、never等标志词,动作本身已完成,但影响持续到现在。
例句1(基础):I have just finished my homework.(我刚刚做完作业。—— 影响:现在可以休息了)
例句2(高考真题改编):He has never been to Beijing, so he knows little about the city.(他从未去过北京,所以对这座城市了解很少。—— 影响:现在了解少)
2. 表示从过去开始,持续到现在的动作或状态(动作仍在进行或刚结束),常搭配for + 时间段、since + 过去时间点/从句(高考高频考点)。
例句1(基础):She has lived in this city for 5 years.(她在这座城市住了5年了。—— 现在仍住在这儿)
例句2(高考真题改编):We have studied English since we entered high school.(自从我们上高中以来,就一直在学英语。—— 现在仍在学)
3. 表示过去某一时间段内,反复发生的动作(侧重动作的频率,对现在有积累性影响),常搭配several times、in the past few years、often等词。
例句1(基础):I have seen this film three times.(这部电影我已经看了三遍了。—— 积累影响:对电影很熟悉)
例句2(高考真题改编):He has helped me with my English several times in the past month.(过去一个月里,他帮我学英语好几次了。—— 积累影响:我的英语有进步)
4. 表示“截止到现在,动作已经完成”,常搭配so far、up to now、in the past...等标志词,侧重动作的完成量。
例句1(基础):So far, we have finished half of the work.(到目前为止,我们已经完成了一半的工作。)
例句2(高考真题改编):In the past ten years, great changes have taken place in our hometown.(过去十年里,我们的家乡发生了巨大的变化。—— 变化已完成,现在呈现新面貌)
四、特殊考点(高考易错点)
1. 瞬间动词(come、go、leave、arrive、buy、die、finish、join等)不能用于现在完成时与for/since连用表“持续动作”,需将瞬间动词转化为延续性动词(高考核心易错点)。
例句(正确):He has been away for 3 days.(他离开3天了。—— away为延续性状态)
例句(错误):He has left for 3 days.(正确转化:He has been away for 3 days. 或 He left 3 days ago.)
高频转化对照表(高考必考):
leave → be away;buy → have;borrow → keep;die → be dead;join → be a member of/be in;start/begin → be on;finish → be over;come → be here;go → be away
2. 某些动词(状态动词)可用于现在完成时表“持续状态”,但不用于现在完成进行时,常见词:
① 感官动词:see、hear、smell、taste、feel(表“感觉”时);
② 情感动词:like、love、hate、want、wish;
③ 存在动词:be、exist、belong to、have(表“拥有”时);
例句(正确):I have liked music since I was young.(我从小就喜欢音乐。—— 持续状态)
例句(错误):I have been liking music since I was young.(like不用于进行时)
3. 现在完成时与一般过去时的核心区别(高考高频辨析):
一般过去时:表“过去单纯的一次性、习惯性动作”,侧重动作发生在过去,与现在无关联,常搭配具体过去时间(yesterday、last week、in 2020);
现在完成时:表“过去动作对现在有影响”“动作持续到现在”,侧重与现在的关联,不搭配具体过去时间,常搭配for/since、already、yet等标志词。
例句对比:
He finished his homework yesterday.(一般过去时,只说明“昨天完成作业”,与现在无关)
He has finished his homework.(现在完成时,说明“作业已完成”,对现在的影响:可以玩了)
4. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的核心区别(高考高频辨析):
现在完成时(have/has done):侧重动作的“结果”或“完成状态”,动作可能已结束,也可能持续;
现在完成进行时(have/has been doing):侧重动作的“持续过程”,强调动作从过去开始,一直持续到现在,且仍在进行。
例句对比:
I have read this book.(现在完成时,侧重“读完了”,结果)
I have been reading this book for 2 hours.(现在完成进行时,侧重“读了2小时”,过程仍在继续)
五、必考易错点 + 高频丢分点总结
1、核心概念易错(基础丢分重灾区)
混淆“过去动作对现在有影响”vs“过去单纯一次性动作”
错:He has watched a film yesterday.(yesterday是具体过去时间,不能用现在完成时)
对:He watched a film yesterday. / He has watched a film recently.
规避:具体过去时间(yesterday、last year、in 2023)搭配一般过去时;for/since、already、yet等搭配现在完成时。
混淆“瞬间动词”vs“延续性动词”(与for/since连用)
错:She has bought this book for 2 years.(buy是瞬间动词,不能与for连用)
对:She has had this book for 2 years.
例外:瞬间动词的否定式可与for/since连用(表“未发生的动作持续多久”),如:I haven’t seen him for 3 years.(我三年没见过他了。)
2、过去分词变形「高频丢分点」
规则变形(必考)
1. 一般动词,直接加-ed:work→worked、play→played、read→read(发音变化)
2. 以e结尾,直接加-d:take→taken、write→written、dance→danced
3. 重读闭音节(辅+元+辅),双写末尾辅音字母加-ed:stop→stopped、plan→planned、fit→fitted
4. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i加-ed:study→studied、carry→carried、try→tried
易错变形对比(考试高频挖坑)
do→done(不规则) vs work→worked(规则)
take→taken(不规则) vs make→made(不规则)
run→run(不规则,原形=过去式=过去分词) vs walk→walked(规则)
lie→lain(表“躺”,不规则) vs live→lived(规则)
高频不规则过去分词(高考必考):see→seen、eat→eaten、drink→drunk、go→gone、come→come、write→written、break→broken、speak→spoken、forget→forgotten
否定 / 疑问句结构易错(考试高频挖坑)
漏写have/has
错:He not finished his homework yet. / They finished their homework already.
对:He has not finished his homework yet. / They have finished their homework already.
疑问句语序错误
错:Finished you your homework? / Has you finished your homework?
对:Have you finished your homework? / Has he finished his homework?
否定句缩写错误
正确缩写:have not→haven’t、has not→hasn’t
错:have not→have’t、has not→has’t
特殊句式 & 固定场景易错
1. 瞬间动词否定式与for/since连用(易误判为错误)
2. ✅ I haven’t heard from him for 5 years.(正确,否定式可表“未发生的动作持续”)
3. ❌ I have heard from him for 5 years.(错误,肯定式瞬间动词不可与for连用)
4. 2. since从句的时态(易误判为现在完成时)
5. ✅ He has lived here since he came to this city.(正确,since从句用一般过去时)
6. ❌ He has lived here since he has come to this city.(错误,since从句不用现在完成时)
7. 3. already与yet的用法混淆(易误用位置)
8. ✅ He has already finished his work.(肯定句,already放have/has后、过去分词前)
9. ✅ He hasn’t finished his work yet.(否定句,yet放句末)
10. ❌ He has finished already his work. / He hasn’t yet finished his work.
六、现在完成时万能做题步骤
1. 判时态:看到这些标志 → 直接锁定现在完成时
for + 时间段、since + 过去时间点/从句、already、yet、just、recently、in the past few years、so far、up to now、ever、never;
语境提示“过去动作对现在有影响”“动作持续到现在”“动作反复发生”。
2. 定have/has:根据主语单复数,确定用have还是has
单数主语(he/she/it/单数名词)→ has;
复数主语(we/you/they/复数名词/不可数名词)→ have。
3. 变过去分词:根据动词变形规则,正确写出过去分词(注意不规则动词的变形,重点记忆高考高频不规则分词)。
4. 看句式:
否定句:have/has + not + 过去分词;
一般疑问句:Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 过去分词?
七、高频考点答题模板
模板1:过去动作对现在的影响(无持续时间)
结构:主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 标志词(just、already、yet、ever、never)
例:She has just arrived at the airport. / He has never been to Paris.
模板2:动作持续到现在(与for/since连用)
结构:主语 + have/has + 延续性动词过去分词 + for + 时间段 / since + 过去时间点/从句
例:We have lived in this house for 10 years. / They have known each other since they were children.
模板3:动作反复发生(表频率)
结构:主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + several times / in the past few years等
例:I have visited this museum three times. / Great changes have taken place in the past five years.
模板4:否定 & 疑问万能公式
1. 否定:主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词
2. 例:He hasn’t finished his homework yet. / They haven’t seen that film.
3. 疑问:Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词?
4. 例:Have you read this book? / Has she been to Beijing?
八、核心避坑复盘
1. 瞬间动词(buy、leave、die等)不可与for/since连用表持续,需转化为延续性动词(如buy→have、leave→be away);否定式除外。
2. 过去分词变形:重点记忆不规则动词(高考高频如seen、eaten、gone),规则动词注意“辅音+y”变i加-ed、重读闭音节双写尾辅音。
3. 现在完成时被动语态,必须加been(核心坑):have/has + been + 过去分词。
4. 现在完成时不搭配具体过去时间(yesterday、last week),搭配具体过去时间用一般过去时。
5. since从句用一般过去时,主句用现在完成时,不可主句和从句都用现在完成时。
6. already用于肯定句(放have/has后),yet用于否定句/疑问句(放句末),不可混用位置。
7. have/has不可漏写,疑问句需将have/has提前,后面动词保持过去分词形式。
8. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:动作结果/完成 vs 动作持续过程。
九、现在完成时的被动语态
核心构成
结构:have / has + been + 过去分词(done)
人称搭配:
I/We/You/They/复数名词/不可数名词 → have + been + done
He/She/It/单数名词 → has + been + done
基本句式
1. 肯定句
主语 + have/has + been + 过去分词
例:The project has been finished on time.(这个项目已经按时完成了。)
2. 否定句
主语 + have/has + not + been + 过去分词
例:The letter has not been sent by her yet.(那封信还没有被她寄出去。)
3. 一般疑问句
Have/Has + 主语 + been + 过去分词?
回答:Yes, 主语 + have/has./ No, 主语 + have/has not.
例:Has the room been cleaned? — Yes, it has.(房间已经被打扫了吗?—— 是的。)
4. 特殊疑问句
特殊疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + been + 过去分词?
例:What has been done in the lab recently?(最近实验室里做了什么?)
核心用法
1. 表示过去发生的被动动作,对现在造成的影响或结果,常配标志词:already、yet、just、so far、up to now等。
例:The problem has been solved, so we can move on to the next step.(问题已经被解决了,所以我们可以进行下一步了。)
2. 表示从过去开始,持续到现在的被动动作(动作仍在进行或刚结束),常搭配for + 时间段、since + 过去时间点/从句等标志词。
例:This bridge has been built for 2 years.(这座桥已经被建造两年了。—— 现在仍在使用或刚完工)
3. 强调过去某一时间段内,被动动作反复发生,常搭配in the past few years、several times等标志词。
例:Many new buildings have been built in our city in the past five years.(过去五年里,我们城市里建了很多新建筑。)
4. 强调被动动作的承受者,或不知道动作执行者、无需说出执行者时用被动。
例:The book has been translated into many languages.(这本书已经被翻译成多种语言。—— 无需说出翻译者)
主动变被动 转换规则
1. 主动宾语 → 被动主语
2. 主动谓语(have/has + done)→ 被动谓语(have/has + been + done)
3. 主动主语 → 置于by后(可省略)
4. 时态保持不变(本题限定:现在完成时)
主动:They have finished the project on time.
被动:The project has been finished (by them) on time.
重点补充
1. by短语用来引出动作执行者,日常表达中常省略(尤其不知道执行者时)。
例:The machine has been repaired (by a worker).(这台机器已经被修理好了。)
2. 高频易错(核心丢分点)
① 漏写been:现在完成时被动语态必须有been,否则变成一般现在时被动(am/is/are + done)或一般过去时被动(was/were + done)。
错:The house has built for 2 years.(正确:The house has been built for 2 years.)
② 过去分词变形错误:被动语态中必须用过去分词,不可用现在分词或动词原形。
错:The letter has been writing by her.(正确:The letter has been written by her.)
③ 单复数不匹配:单数主语用has been done,复数主语用have been done。
单句语法填空限时训练
1. The old building ________ (pull) down so far.
2. The children ________ (take) care of by their teacher since last Monday.
3. A new road ________ (not, build) in our town in the past few years.
4. What ________ (do) in the classroom recently?
5. These books ________ (read) by the students already.
6. The problem ________ (discuss) by the experts several times.
7. Our classroom ________ (clean) by us since this morning.
参考答案 + 解析
1. has been pulled 现在完成时被动:单数主语 + has been + 过去分词,so far提示现在完成时。
2. have been taken 现在完成时被动:复数主语 + have been + 过去分词;take care of 变为taken care of,since提示现在完成时。
3. has not been built 被动否定式:has + not + been + 过去分词,in the past few years提示现在完成时。
4. has been done 现在完成时被动疑问句:疑问语序 has + been + done,recently提示现在完成时。
5. have been read 复数名词作主语,现在完成时被动:have been + 过去分词,already提示现在完成时。
6. has been discussed 单数名词作主语,被动结构 has been + done,several times提示现在完成时。
7. has been cleaned 单数名词作主语,现在完成时被动,since this morning提示现在完成时。
不用变被动 / 形式不变 特殊情况
1. 不及物动词(无宾语),无被动语态,即使表“从过去持续到现在”,也用主动形式。
常见词:happen、take place、break out、appear、rise、fall、occur
例:An accident has happened since this morning.(不用 has been happened)
例:The sun has risen in the east.(不用 has been risen)
2. 状态动词(无动作,表状态),无被动语态,不用于现在完成时被动。
常见词:be、belong to、have、like、love、own
例:This book has belonged to me for 3 years.(不用 has been belonged to)
3. 主动结构表被动含义(较少见,结合语境)
某些感官动词、物性动词,主语是物,表“已经被……”时,可用主动表被动(多为口语)。
例:The dish has tasted good.(= The dish has been tasted good. 口语中常用主动)
注意:书面语中,仍建议用被动结构(has been tasted),避免出错。
单句语法填空限时训练(主动+被动混合)
1. A big fire ________ (happen) in the forest recently.
2. The story ________ (not, take) place in our city in the past few years.
3. This book ________ (belong) to my brother for 2 years, so it ________ (not, read) by me yet.
4. The music ________ (sound) beautiful, so it ________ (listen) to by many people recently.
5. What ________ (happen) in the street so far?
参考答案 + 考点解析
1. has happened 解析:happen 为不及物动词,无被动语态,现在完成时用主动形式,recently提示现在完成时。
2. has not taken 解析:take place 为不及物短语,无被动语态,否定式为 has not taken,in the past few years提示现在完成时。
3. has belonged; has not been read 解析:belong to 无被动、可用于现在完成时表持续;第二空表“还没被读”,用现在完成时被动,yet提示现在完成时。
4. has sounded; has been listened 解析:sound 为状态动词,无被动,用现在完成时;第二空表“最近被很多人听”,用现在完成时被动,recently提示现在完成时。
5. has happened 解析:happen 不及物动词,无被动,现在完成时用主动形式,so far提示现在完成时。
现在完成时态核心精练
基础版
用所给动词的正确形式填空
1. I ________ (just, finish) my homework; let’s go out to play.
2. My father ________ (not, work) in this factory for 10 years.
3. She ________ (live) in this city since she was 5 years old.
4. He ________ (never, see) this film before.
5. ________ you ________ (read) this book yet? — No, I haven’t.
6. They ________ (buy) this house for 3 years.(提示:buy转化为延续性动词)
7. She ________ (always, help) others since she came to our class.
8. The flowers ________ (smell) good; someone ________ (water) them.
9. We ________ (have) this car for 5 years; it still works well.
10. What ________ (do) your mother ________ (do) recently?
参考答案 + 易错点标注
1. have just finished 易错:just提示现在完成时,I搭配have,finish的过去分词为finished。
2. hasn’t worked 易错:for 10 years提示现在完成时,否定式hasn’t + worked,不可漏have/has。
3. has lived 易错:since提示现在完成时,she搭配has,live的过去分词为lived。
4. has never seen 易错:never提示现在完成时,he搭配has,see的过去分词为seen(不规则)。
5. Have; read 易错:疑问句将have提前,后面动词保持过去分词形式,read的过去分词与原形一致。
6. have had 易错:buy是瞬间动词,与for连用需转化为have,have的过去分词为had。
7. has always helped 易错:since提示现在完成时,always表反复动作,she搭配has。
8. smell; has watered 易错:smell为状态动词,用一般现在时;第二空表“已经浇水”,对现在的影响,用现在完成时。
9. have had 易错:have表“拥有”,可用于现在完成时表持续,过去分词为had。
10. has; done 易错:特殊疑问句结构,what + has + 主语 + done,recently提示现在完成时,不可漏have/has。
进阶版
一、单句语法填空
1. The moon ________ (not, shine) brightly recently; it’s always cloudy.
2. My sister ________ (practice) the piano for 5 years for the competition.
3. When I arrived, they ________ (finish) their work, so they ________ (rest) at that time.(提示:finish表过去动作对现在的影响)
4. He ________ (not, run) since last month; he was ill.
5. Every student ________ (not, study) hard so far; some are lazy.
6. They ask when the meeting ________ (finish) — It ________ (already, finish).
7. ________ your brother ________ (swim) in the pool since this morning?
8. This pair of shoes ________ (not, fit) me for 2 years; I need a new pair.
9. Most birds ________ (fly) south since autumn came.
10. Time ________ (wait) for no man; we ________ (work) hard so far.
答案解析
1. hasn’t shone 解析:recently提示现在完成时,否定式hasn’t + shone,shine的过去分词为shone(不规则)。
2. has practiced 解析:for 5 years提示现在完成时,单数主语用has,practice的过去分词为practiced。
3. have finished; were resting 解析:finish表“已经完成”,对现在的影响(可以休息),用现在完成时;rest表“那时正在休息”,用过去进行时。
4. hasn’t run 解析:since last month提示现在完成时,否定式hasn’t + run,run的过去分词为run(不规则)。
5. hasn’t studied 解析:so far提示现在完成时,every student为单数,用hasn’t studied。
6. has finished; has already finished 解析:第一空表“会议已经结束”,用现在完成时;第二空already提示现在完成时,用has already finished。
7. Has; swum 解析:since this morning提示现在完成时,单数主语用has,swim的过去分词为swum(不规则)。
8. hasn’t fitted 解析:fit为状态动词,可用于现在完成时表持续,否定式hasn’t fitted,for 2 years提示现在完成时。
9. have flown 解析:since autumn came提示现在完成时,复数主语用have,fly的过去分词为flown(不规则)。
10. waits; have worked 解析:第一空为谚语,用一般现在时waits;第二空so far提示现在完成时,用have worked。
二、语法填空
阅读短文,用括号内动词的适当形式填空
It is 3 o’clock in the afternoon now. Our school 1________ (be) very busy recently. Many students 2________ (do) different things. Some students 3________ (read) books in the library since this morning. My best friend Tom 4________ (play) basketball for 2 hours on the playground with his classmates. He 5________ (always, play) basketball well, but he 6________ (not, play) very well today. Our teacher Miss Li 7________ (talk) with many students in her office recently. She 8________ (help) students with their English for 3 years. Look! A group of students 9________ (clean) the classroom. They 10________ (finish) half of the work so far. At the moment, everyone 11________ (be) busy and happy because they 12________ (achieve) a lot recently.
详细解析
1. has been 主语 Our school 为单数,recently提示现在完成时,用has been。
2. have been doing 复数主语 many students,recently提示动作持续到现在,用现在完成进行时(侧重过程)。
3. have been reading 复数主语 some students,since this morning提示动作持续到现在,用现在完成进行时。
4. has been playing 单数主语 Tom,for 2 hours提示动作持续到现在,用现在完成进行时。
5. has always played always表反复动作,用现在完成时,单数主语用has played。
6. hasn’t played today提示“今天还没打好”,对现在的影响,用现在完成时否定式。
7. has been talking 单数主语 Miss Li,recently提示动作持续到现在,用现在完成进行时。
8. has been helping for 3 years提示动作持续到现在,用现在完成进行时,单数主语用has been helping。
9. are cleaning look提示动作正在进行,用现在进行时。
10. have finished so far提示动作已完成,用现在完成时,复数主语用have finished。
11. is 主语 everyone 为单数,at the moment提示现在时态,用is。
12. have achieved recently提示过去动作对现在的影响,用现在完成时,复数主语用have achieved。
现在完成时态过关达标练习
一、 单句语法填空 用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. He ________ (work) in the office for 8 years; he is an experienced worker.
2. My mother ________ (wash) clothes since this morning; she is very tired.
3. The bird ________ (fly) away for 3 days; it hasn’t come back.
4. She said she ________ (go) to the library many times.
5. Tea ________ (pick) in many southern areas of China in the past few years.
6. Students ________ (ask) to finish homework already.
7. The old books ________ (send) to poor schools so far.
8. The flowers ________ (look) beautiful; they ________ (water) by the gardener recently.
9. A new film ________ (show) in the cinema since last week.
10. Workers ________ (make) ________ (work) hard by the boss recently.
参考答案
1. has worked 解析:for 8 years提示现在完成时,单数主语He用has,work的过去分词为worked。
2. has been washing 解析:since this morning提示动作持续到现在,用现在完成进行时,单数主语my mother用has been washing。
3. has been away 解析:fly是瞬间动词,与for连用需转化为be away,用现在完成时has been away。
4. has been 解析:many times提示现在完成时,she搭配has,be的过去分词为been。
5. has been picked 解析:in the past few years提示现在完成时被动,单数不可数名词tea用has been picked。
6. have been asked 解析:already提示现在完成时被动,复数主语students用have been asked。
7. have been sent 解析:so far提示现在完成时被动,复数主语the old books用have been sent。
8. look; have been watered 解析:look为状态动词,用一般现在时look;第二空recently提示被动,用have been watered。
9. has been shown 解析:since last week提示现在完成时被动,单数主语a new film用has been shown。
10. have been made; to work 解析:recently提示现在完成时被动;make被动还原不定式to,即be made to work。
二、语法填空
阅读短文,用所给动词的适当形式填空。
Every afternoon this term, our school 1 ________(become) lively. So far, many students 2 ________(do) different activities. Some 3________ (sing) songs in the music room since last month. Others 4________ (draw) pictures in the art room for 2 weeks. Our teacher 5________ (organize) a sports meeting recently, so he 6________ (be) very busy now. The meeting 7________ (not, start) yet. At the moment, the classroom 8________ (clean) by the students. Some books 9________ (arrange) on the bookshelf since this morning. A new student 10 _______(introduce) to the class recently. Everyone 11________ (listen) carefully to him. No one 12________ (talk) loudly. It is a happy moment in our school because we 13________ (make) a lot of progress recently.
答案解析
1. becomes 解析:every afternoon this term表习惯性动作,用一般现在时,单数主语用becomes。
2. have done 解析:so far提示现在完成时,复数主语many students用have done。
3. have been singing 解析:since last month提示动作持续到现在,用现在完成进行时,复数主语some用have been singing。
4. have been drawing 解析:for 2 weeks提示动作持续到现在,用现在完成进行时,复数主语others用have been drawing。
5. has been organizing 解析:recently提示动作持续到现在,用现在完成进行时,单数主语our teacher用has been organizing。
6. is 解析:now提示现在时态,单数主语he用is。
7. hasn’t started 解析:yet提示现在完成时否定式,用hasn’t started。
8. is being cleaned 解析:at the moment提示现在进行时被动,单数主语classroom用is being cleaned。
9. have been arranged 解析:since this morning提示现在完成时被动,复数主语some books用have been arranged。
10. has been introduced 解析:recently提示现在完成时被动,单数主语a new student用has been introduced。
11. is listening 解析:at the moment提示现在进行时,单数主语everyone用is listening。
12. is talking 解析:at the moment提示现在进行时,单数主语no one用is talking,否定句用isn’t talking,此处根据语境用肯定式表“没有人在大声说话”。
13. have made 解析:recently提示现在完成时,复数主语we用have made,表“已经取得进步”对现在的影响。
你都答对了吗?恭喜你成功晋级!下一关,解锁过去完成时态吧。
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高考英语时态 — 现在完成时态(主动+被动)(原卷版)
高考考情解读
题型考查分布
在新高考与全国卷体系中,时态和语态属于贯穿全题型的基础必考语法点,考查覆盖面广、出题频率极高。
语法填空:高频考查现在完成时的动词过去分词变形、被动语态结构(have/has been done)、时态混搭辨析(与一般过去时、现在完成进行时、一般现在时),为动词类核心考点,每套试卷必考1–2空。
短文改错:常出现现在完成时与一般过去时混用、被动语态结构残缺(漏have/has或been)、过去分词变形错误、瞬间动词与延续性动词误用等错误,是改错高频设错点。
阅读理解:现在完成时多用于强调动作从过去开始、持续到现在(或刚结束),被动语态多用于强调动作的承受者及动作对现在的影响(尤其说明文、议论文、新闻报道类语篇),直接影响长难句理解与语境逻辑判断。
书面表达:应用文(书信、通知、建议信)、读后续写均要求时态规范切换;读后续写中,现在完成时可用于总结动作结果、衔接过去与现在的场景,增强叙事逻辑性;被动语态的合理使用能提升作文严谨度与高级感,避免句式单一,贴合“过去动作对现在产生影响”的叙述需求。
核心考点与高频易错点
核心考点
1. 现在完成时(主动+被动)的基础结构与时间标志词;
2. 现在完成时与一般过去时、现在完成进行时的高频辨析;
3. 现在完成时被动语态的构成、变形规则及句式转换;
4. 瞬间动词、延续性动词在现在完成时中的用法区别(与for/since连用的核心考点);
5. 现在完成时表“过去动作对现在的影响”“动作持续到现在”“动作反复发生”的特殊用法。
高频易错点
1. 现在完成时与一般过去时语境混淆(过去动作对现在有影响vs过去单纯的一次性动作);
2. 现在完成时被动语态漏写been(核心丢分点);
3. 瞬间动词(come/go/leave/buy等)误用在现在完成时中与for/since连用表持续;
4. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的用法混淆(动作持续vs动作结果);
5. 被动语态中过去分词变形错误,与现在分词、动词原形混淆。
高考命题趋势分析
1. 命题更加语境化、场景化,不再单独考查机械结构背诵,依托短文、语篇语境(多为说明文、议论文、新闻类)判断动作是否“从过去持续到现在”“对现在有影响”,侧重“语境辨时态”。
2. 侧重现在完成时与其他时态(一般过去时、现在完成进行时)的混搭考查,弱化单一简单时态,强化“过去动作与现在关联”的语境判断。
3. 被动语态偏向结合长难句、新闻报道类、科普类语篇,常与非谓语、从句结合综合设题,重点考查have/has been done的结构运用,尤其侧重“动作被完成后对现在的影响”。
4. 紧扣写作实用导向,注重现在完成时在总结结果、衔接场景中的运用,强调被动语态在正式表达中的规范使用,规避中式英语“只说过去、不联现在”的时态错误。
现在完成时态核心精讲
一、基本结构(主动语态)
1. 主语 + have/has + 动词过去分词(done)
2. 人称搭配:
I/We/You/They/复数名词/不可数名词 → have + done
He/She/It/单数名词 → has + done
3. 否定式:主语 + have/has + not + 动词过去分词;
4. 疑问式:Have/Has + 主语 + 动词过去分词?
二、时间标志词(高频必考)
常与现在完成时连用的时间词,多表示“动作从过去开始、持续到现在”“过去动作对现在有影响”,核心标志词:
for + 时间段(for 3 years、for a long time)、since + 过去时间点/过去从句(since 2020、since I was 10、since he came here)、already(已经,多用于肯定句)、yet(还、尚未,多用于否定句/疑问句末尾)、just(刚刚)、recently(最近)、in the past few years(在过去几年里)、so far(到目前为止)、up to now(直到现在)、ever(曾经,多用于疑问句)、never(从未)。
三、核心用法(结合高考语境)
1. 表示过去发生的动作,对现在造成的直接影响或结果(高考语法填空、短文改错高频语境),常搭配just、already、yet、ever、never等标志词,动作本身已完成,但影响持续到现在。
例句1(基础):I have just finished my homework.(我刚刚做完作业。—— 影响:现在可以休息了)
例句2(高考真题改编):He has never been to Beijing, so he knows little about the city.(他从未去过北京,所以对这座城市了解很少。—— 影响:现在了解少)
2. 表示从过去开始,持续到现在的动作或状态(动作仍在进行或刚结束),常搭配for + 时间段、since + 过去时间点/从句(高考高频考点)。
例句1(基础):She has lived in this city for 5 years.(她在这座城市住了5年了。—— 现在仍住在这儿)
例句2(高考真题改编):We have studied English since we entered high school.(自从我们上高中以来,就一直在学英语。—— 现在仍在学)
3. 表示过去某一时间段内,反复发生的动作(侧重动作的频率,对现在有积累性影响),常搭配several times、in the past few years、often等词。
例句1(基础):I have seen this film three times.(这部电影我已经看了三遍了。—— 积累影响:对电影很熟悉)
例句2(高考真题改编):He has helped me with my English several times in the past month.(过去一个月里,他帮我学英语好几次了。—— 积累影响:我的英语有进步)
4. 表示“截止到现在,动作已经完成”,常搭配so far、up to now、in the past...等标志词,侧重动作的完成量。
例句1(基础):So far, we have finished half of the work.(到目前为止,我们已经完成了一半的工作。)
例句2(高考真题改编):In the past ten years, great changes have taken place in our hometown.(过去十年里,我们的家乡发生了巨大的变化。—— 变化已完成,现在呈现新面貌)
四、特殊考点(高考易错点)
1. 瞬间动词(come、go、leave、arrive、buy、die、finish、join等)不能用于现在完成时与for/since连用表“持续动作”,需将瞬间动词转化为延续性动词(高考核心易错点)。
例句(正确):He has been away for 3 days.(他离开3天了。—— away为延续性状态)
例句(错误):He has left for 3 days.(正确转化:He has been away for 3 days. 或 He left 3 days ago.)
高频转化对照表(高考必考):
leave → be away;buy → have;borrow → keep;die → be dead;join → be a member of/be in;start/begin → be on;finish → be over;come → be here;go → be away
2. 某些动词(状态动词)可用于现在完成时表“持续状态”,但不用于现在完成进行时,常见词:
① 感官动词:see、hear、smell、taste、feel(表“感觉”时);
② 情感动词:like、love、hate、want、wish;
③ 存在动词:be、exist、belong to、have(表“拥有”时);
例句(正确):I have liked music since I was young.(我从小就喜欢音乐。—— 持续状态)
例句(错误):I have been liking music since I was young.(like不用于进行时)
3. 现在完成时与一般过去时的核心区别(高考高频辨析):
一般过去时:表“过去单纯的一次性、习惯性动作”,侧重动作发生在过去,与现在无关联,常搭配具体过去时间(yesterday、last week、in 2020);
现在完成时:表“过去动作对现在有影响”“动作持续到现在”,侧重与现在的关联,不搭配具体过去时间,常搭配for/since、already、yet等标志词。
例句对比:
He finished his homework yesterday.(一般过去时,只说明“昨天完成作业”,与现在无关)
He has finished his homework.(现在完成时,说明“作业已完成”,对现在的影响:可以玩了)
4. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的核心区别(高考高频辨析):
现在完成时(have/has done):侧重动作的“结果”或“完成状态”,动作可能已结束,也可能持续;
现在完成进行时(have/has been doing):侧重动作的“持续过程”,强调动作从过去开始,一直持续到现在,且仍在进行。
例句对比:
I have read this book.(现在完成时,侧重“读完了”,结果)
I have been reading this book for 2 hours.(现在完成进行时,侧重“读了2小时”,过程仍在继续)
五、必考易错点 + 高频丢分点总结
1、核心概念易错(基础丢分重灾区)
混淆“过去动作对现在有影响”vs“过去单纯一次性动作”
错:He has watched a film yesterday.(yesterday是具体过去时间,不能用现在完成时)
对:He watched a film yesterday. / He has watched a film recently.
规避:具体过去时间(yesterday、last year、in 2023)搭配一般过去时;for/since、already、yet等搭配现在完成时。
混淆“瞬间动词”vs“延续性动词”(与for/since连用)
错:She has bought this book for 2 years.(buy是瞬间动词,不能与for连用)
对:She has had this book for 2 years.
例外:瞬间动词的否定式可与for/since连用(表“未发生的动作持续多久”),如:I haven’t seen him for 3 years.(我三年没见过他了。)
2、过去分词变形「高频丢分点」
规则变形(必考)
1. 一般动词,直接加-ed:work→worked、play→played、read→read(发音变化)
2. 以e结尾,直接加-d:take→taken、write→written、dance→danced
3. 重读闭音节(辅+元+辅),双写末尾辅音字母加-ed:stop→stopped、plan→planned、fit→fitted
4. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i加-ed:study→studied、carry→carried、try→tried
易错变形对比(考试高频挖坑)
do→done(不规则) vs work→worked(规则)
take→taken(不规则) vs make→made(不规则)
run→run(不规则,原形=过去式=过去分词) vs walk→walked(规则)
lie→lain(表“躺”,不规则) vs live→lived(规则)
高频不规则过去分词(高考必考):see→seen、eat→eaten、drink→drunk、go→gone、come→come、write→written、break→broken、speak→spoken、forget→forgotten
否定 / 疑问句结构易错(考试高频挖坑)
漏写have/has
错:He not finished his homework yet. / They finished their homework already.
对:He has not finished his homework yet. / They have finished their homework already.
疑问句语序错误
错:Finished you your homework? / Has you finished your homework?
对:Have you finished your homework? / Has he finished his homework?
否定句缩写错误
正确缩写:have not→haven’t、has not→hasn’t
错:have not→have’t、has not→has’t
特殊句式 & 固定场景易错
1. 瞬间动词否定式与for/since连用(易误判为错误)
2. ✅ I haven’t heard from him for 5 years.(正确,否定式可表“未发生的动作持续”)
3. ❌ I have heard from him for 5 years.(错误,肯定式瞬间动词不可与for连用)
4. 2. since从句的时态(易误判为现在完成时)
5. ✅ He has lived here since he came to this city.(正确,since从句用一般过去时)
6. ❌ He has lived here since he has come to this city.(错误,since从句不用现在完成时)
7. 3. already与yet的用法混淆(易误用位置)
8. ✅ He has already finished his work.(肯定句,already放have/has后、过去分词前)
9. ✅ He hasn’t finished his work yet.(否定句,yet放句末)
10. ❌ He has finished already his work. / He hasn’t yet finished his work.
六、现在完成时万能做题步骤
1. 判时态:看到这些标志 → 直接锁定现在完成时
for + 时间段、since + 过去时间点/从句、already、yet、just、recently、in the past few years、so far、up to now、ever、never;
语境提示“过去动作对现在有影响”“动作持续到现在”“动作反复发生”。
2. 定have/has:根据主语单复数,确定用have还是has
单数主语(he/she/it/单数名词)→ has;
复数主语(we/you/they/复数名词/不可数名词)→ have。
3. 变过去分词:根据动词变形规则,正确写出过去分词(注意不规则动词的变形,重点记忆高考高频不规则分词)。
4. 看句式:
否定句:have/has + not + 过去分词;
一般疑问句:Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 过去分词?
七、高频考点答题模板
模板1:过去动作对现在的影响(无持续时间)
结构:主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 标志词(just、already、yet、ever、never)
例:She has just arrived at the airport. / He has never been to Paris.
模板2:动作持续到现在(与for/since连用)
结构:主语 + have/has + 延续性动词过去分词 + for + 时间段 / since + 过去时间点/从句
例:We have lived in this house for 10 years. / They have known each other since they were children.
模板3:动作反复发生(表频率)
结构:主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + several times / in the past few years等
例:I have visited this museum three times. / Great changes have taken place in the past five years.
模板4:否定 & 疑问万能公式
1. 否定:主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词
2. 例:He hasn’t finished his homework yet. / They haven’t seen that film.
3. 疑问:Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词?
4. 例:Have you read this book? / Has she been to Beijing?
八、核心避坑复盘
1. 瞬间动词(buy、leave、die等)不可与for/since连用表持续,需转化为延续性动词(如buy→have、leave→be away);否定式除外。
2. 过去分词变形:重点记忆不规则动词(高考高频如seen、eaten、gone),规则动词注意“辅音+y”变i加-ed、重读闭音节双写尾辅音。
3. 现在完成时被动语态,必须加been(核心坑):have/has + been + 过去分词。
4. 现在完成时不搭配具体过去时间(yesterday、last week),搭配具体过去时间用一般过去时。
5. since从句用一般过去时,主句用现在完成时,不可主句和从句都用现在完成时。
6. already用于肯定句(放have/has后),yet用于否定句/疑问句(放句末),不可混用位置。
7. have/has不可漏写,疑问句需将have/has提前,后面动词保持过去分词形式。
8. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:动作结果/完成 vs 动作持续过程。
九、现在完成时的被动语态
核心构成
结构:have / has + been + 过去分词(done)
人称搭配:
I/We/You/They/复数名词/不可数名词 → have + been + done
He/She/It/单数名词 → has + been + done
基本句式
1. 肯定句
主语 + have/has + been + 过去分词
例:The project has been finished on time.(这个项目已经按时完成了。)
2. 否定句
主语 + have/has + not + been + 过去分词
例:The letter has not been sent by her yet.(那封信还没有被她寄出去。)
3. 一般疑问句
Have/Has + 主语 + been + 过去分词?
回答:Yes, 主语 + have/has./ No, 主语 + have/has not.
例:Has the room been cleaned? — Yes, it has.(房间已经被打扫了吗?—— 是的。)
4. 特殊疑问句
特殊疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + been + 过去分词?
例:What has been done in the lab recently?(最近实验室里做了什么?)
核心用法
1. 表示过去发生的被动动作,对现在造成的影响或结果,常配标志词:already、yet、just、so far、up to now等。
例:The problem has been solved, so we can move on to the next step.(问题已经被解决了,所以我们可以进行下一步了。)
2. 表示从过去开始,持续到现在的被动动作(动作仍在进行或刚结束),常搭配for + 时间段、since + 过去时间点/从句等标志词。
例:This bridge has been built for 2 years.(这座桥已经被建造两年了。—— 现在仍在使用或刚完工)
3. 强调过去某一时间段内,被动动作反复发生,常搭配in the past few years、several times等标志词。
例:Many new buildings have been built in our city in the past five years.(过去五年里,我们城市里建了很多新建筑。)
4. 强调被动动作的承受者,或不知道动作执行者、无需说出执行者时用被动。
例:The book has been translated into many languages.(这本书已经被翻译成多种语言。—— 无需说出翻译者)
主动变被动 转换规则
1. 主动宾语 → 被动主语
2. 主动谓语(have/has + done)→ 被动谓语(have/has + been + done)
3. 主动主语 → 置于by后(可省略)
4. 时态保持不变(本题限定:现在完成时)
主动:They have finished the project on time.
被动:The project has been finished (by them) on time.
重点补充
1. by短语用来引出动作执行者,日常表达中常省略(尤其不知道执行者时)。
例:The machine has been repaired (by a worker).(这台机器已经被修理好了。)
2. 高频易错(核心丢分点)
① 漏写been:现在完成时被动语态必须有been,否则变成一般现在时被动(am/is/are + done)或一般过去时被动(was/were + done)。
错:The house has built for 2 years.(正确:The house has been built for 2 years.)
② 过去分词变形错误:被动语态中必须用过去分词,不可用现在分词或动词原形。
错:The letter has been writing by her.(正确:The letter has been written by her.)
③ 单复数不匹配:单数主语用has been done,复数主语用have been done。
单句语法填空限时训练
1. The old building ________ (pull) down so far.
2. The children ________ (take) care of by their teacher since last Monday.
3. A new road ________ (not, build) in our town in the past few years.
4. What ________ (do) in the classroom recently?
5. These books ________ (read) by the students already.
6. The problem ________ (discuss) by the experts several times.
7. Our classroom ________ (clean) by us since this morning.
不用变被动 / 形式不变 特殊情况
1. 不及物动词(无宾语),无被动语态,即使表“从过去持续到现在”,也用主动形式。
常见词:happen、take place、break out、appear、rise、fall、occur
例:An accident has happened since this morning.(不用 has been happened)
例:The sun has risen in the east.(不用 has been risen)
2. 状态动词(无动作,表状态),无被动语态,不用于现在完成时被动。
常见词:be、belong to、have、like、love、own
例:This book has belonged to me for 3 years.(不用 has been belonged to)
3. 主动结构表被动含义(较少见,结合语境)
某些感官动词、物性动词,主语是物,表“已经被……”时,可用主动表被动(多为口语)。
例:The dish has tasted good.(= The dish has been tasted good. 口语中常用主动)
注意:书面语中,仍建议用被动结构(has been tasted),避免出错。
单句语法填空限时训练(主动+被动混合)
1. A big fire ________ (happen) in the forest recently.
2. The story ________ (not, take) place in our city in the past few years.
3. This book ________ (belong) to my brother for 2 years, so it ________ (not, read) by me yet.
4. The music ________ (sound) beautiful, so it ________ (listen) to by many people recently.
5. What ________ (happen) in the street so far?
现在完成时态核心精练
基础版
用所给动词的正确形式填空
1. I ________ (just, finish) my homework; let’s go out to play.
2. My father ________ (not, work) in this factory for 10 years.
3. She ________ (live) in this city since she was 5 years old.
4. He ________ (never, see) this film before.
5. ________ you ________ (read) this book yet? — No, I haven’t.
6. They ________ (buy) this house for 3 years.(提示:buy转化为延续性动词)
7. She ________ (always, help) others since she came to our class.
8. The flowers ________ (smell) good; someone ________ (water) them.
9. We ________ (have) this car for 5 years; it still works well.
10. What ________ (do) your mother ________ (do) recently?
进阶版
一、单句语法填空
1. The moon ________ (not, shine) brightly recently; it’s always cloudy.
2. My sister ________ (practice) the piano for 5 years for the competition.
3. When I arrived, they ________ (finish) their work, so they ________ (rest) at that time.(提示:finish表过去动作对现在的影响)
4. He ________ (not, run) since last month; he was ill.
5. Every student ________ (not, study) hard so far; some are lazy.
6. They ask when the meeting ________ (finish) — It ________ (already, finish).
7. ________ your brother ________ (swim) in the pool since this morning?
8. This pair of shoes ________ (not, fit) me for 2 years; I need a new pair.
9. Most birds ________ (fly) south since autumn came.
10. Time ________ (wait) for no man; we ________ (work) hard so far.
二、语法填空
阅读短文,用括号内动词的适当形式填空
It is 3 o’clock in the afternoon now. Our school 1________ (be) very busy recently. Many students 2________ (do) different things. Some students 3________ (read) books in the library since this morning. My best friend Tom 4________ (play) basketball for 2 hours on the playground with his classmates. He 5________ (always, play) basketball well, but he 6________ (not, play) very well today. Our teacher Miss Li 7________ (talk) with many students in her office recently. She 8________ (help) students with their English for 3 years. Look! A group of students 9________ (clean) the classroom. They 10________ (finish) half of the work so far. At the moment, everyone 11________ (be) busy and happy because they 12________ (achieve) a lot recently.
现在完成时态过关达标练习
一、 单句语法填空 用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. He ________ (work) in the office for 8 years; he is an experienced worker.
2. My mother ________ (wash) clothes since this morning; she is very tired.
3. The bird ________ (fly) away for 3 days; it hasn’t come back.
4. She said she ________ (go) to the library many times.
5. Tea ________ (pick) in many southern areas of China in the past few years.
6. Students ________ (ask) to finish homework already.
7. The old books ________ (send) to poor schools so far.
8. The flowers ________ (look) beautiful; they ________ (water) by the gardener recently.
9. A new film ________ (show) in the cinema since last week.
10. Workers ________ (make) ________ (work) hard by the boss recently.
二、语法填空
阅读短文,用所给动词的适当形式填空。
Every afternoon this term, our school 1 ________(become) lively. So far, many students 2 ________(do) different activities. Some 3________ (sing) songs in the music room since last month. Others 4________ (draw) pictures in the art room for 2 weeks. Our teacher 5________ (organize) a sports meeting recently, so he 6________ (be) very busy now. The meeting 7________ (not, start) yet. At the moment, the classroom 8________ (clean) by the students. Some books 9________ (arrange) on the bookshelf since this morning. A new student 10 _______(introduce) to the class recently. Everyone 11________ (listen) carefully to him. No one 12________ (talk) loudly. It is a happy moment in our school because we 13________ (make) a lot of progress recently.
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