专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（山东专用）2026年高考英语二模分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2026·山东德州·二模） In today’s digital age, education is undergoing a profound and far-reaching transformation. Traditional classrooms, once mainly dominated by textbooks and face-to-face lectures, are gradually evolving into modern multimodal learning environments. In these new settings, students process information not only through words but also through images, audio, video and various interactive digital tools. This change clearly shows how modern teenagers prefer to absorb and understand knowledge efficiently. Multimodal learning makes use of different sensory and digital forms to present learning materials. For example, a history lesson may combine printed textbooks with short documentaries, interactive timelines, audio podcasts and vivid infographics. This way of teaching meets different learning needs: visual learners benefit much from charts and videos, auditory learners improve by listening to recordings and speeches, and hands-on students learn better through practical activities and virtual experiences. Research has strongly proved the advantages of multimodal learning. A 2025 study carried out by the Global Education Research Institute showed that students using this kind of learning materials remembered 60% more information and were 45% more focused in class than those who only used traditional textbooks. They were also more willing to take part in class discussions and finish learning tasks with greater confidence and energy. Modern technology has greatly sped up this educational change. Devices like smartphones and tablets provide students with rich and convenient multimodal learning resources. Many famous platforms, including Khan Academy and TED-Ed, offer high-quality videos and interactive lessons that are easy to reach. Teachers also use digital whiteboards, virtual reality field trips and online programs to create lively and impressive class experiences. However, some challenges still exist. Some critics warn that too much digital information may cause overload. The digital divide is another serious problem, since not all students have the same chance to use digital tools. Some educators also worry that overuse of technology may reduce real communication and weaken critical thinking. Even so, multimodal learning points to the future of education and helps young people gain key skills for the 21st century. 1. What is mainly talked about in the first two paragraphs? A. The importance of digital education. B. An introduction to multimodal learning. C. Different attitudes toward traditional classes. D. Ways to improve teenagers’ learning efficiency. 2. Why does the author mention the 2025 study? A. To explain how to carry out educational research. B. To compare different learning methods in school. C. To support the effectiveness of multimodal learning. D. To show the harmful effects of traditional textbooks. 3. How is Paragraph 4 mainly developed? A. By listing examples. B. By analyzing causes. C. By recording findings. D. By making comparisons. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Digital Tools: Keys to Effective Learning B. New Learning Methods: Gains and Problems C. Modern Education: Challenges and Prospects D. Multimodal Learning: A New Educational Trend Passage 2 （2026·山东青岛·二模） As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though. Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right. It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently. In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. 1. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard? A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing. C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection. 2. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible? A. Computers are much easier to operate. B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast. C. Typing patterns vary from person to person. D. Data security measures are guaranteed. 3. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard? A. It’ll be environment-friendly. B. It’ll reach consumers soon. C. It’ll be made of plastics. D. It’ll help speed up typing. 4. Where is this text most likely from? A. A diary. B. A guidebook C. A novel. D. A magazine. Passage 3 （2026·山东济南·二模） On a snowy morning in Stockholm, the Candela C-8 looks like a standard speedboat. Once it picks up speed, something extraordinary happens: the hull (船体) lifts entirely out of the water, “flying” half a meter above the surface. This is the new generation of electric hydrofoils (水翼船). They are ideal for urban transport, says Gustav Hasselskog, the founder of Candela technology company. They are quiet, emission-free and cheap to run — the C-8’s cost per mile is about 5% of that of a traditional speedboat. In many cities, to reduce the disturbance caused by large waves, boats are usually speed-limited. Hydrofoils, however, cause almost no wake and thus travel faster. Hasselskog believes they could reshape urban transport by shifting traffic from blocked roads to underused waterways, which he terms “blue highways”. The Candela C-8 is supported by three thin, red struts (支柱), which are linked to two underwater wings that turn forward motion into lift. By lifting the hull out of the water, the boat reduces drag by as much as 80 percent, saving a huge amount of energy. Sensors around the boat measure waves and control systems adjust the wings 100 times a second, providing such a solid, smooth ride that the boat feels as though it is on rails. The power needed to drive a hydrofoil varies directly with its mass, so minimizing a hull’s overall weight is also of importance. The wings must be small enough to reduce drag and strong enough to bear the boat’s weight. The solution is to borrow from aerospace and motor racing, and use carbon fiber. As for motors, Candela now has a partnership with makers of electric vehicles, allowing electric boats to use standard fast-chargers designed for cars. The potential impact is significant with nearly half of the world’s population living in coastal regions where cities are often stuck in traffic. While large traditional public boats will still be needed for heavy routes, on short passenger-only routes in cities, electric hydrofoils may be about to take off. 1. What does Gustav Hasselskog expect the Candela C-8 to do? A. Boost coastal tourism. B. Remodel urban traffic. C. Lower travel expenses. D. Promote road building. 2. Which part of the Candela C-8 plays a vital role in its high energy efficiency? A. Its type of drive. B. Its power source. C. Its control systems. D. Its underwater wings. 3. What does the author think of the large traditional public boats? A. They are out of date. B. They show huge potential. C. They are irreplaceable. D. They need to be improved. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Electric Hydrofoils: A New Solution to City Traffic B. Traditional Speedboats: Features and Cost Analysis C. The Candela C-8: Reshaping Heavy-route Transport D. Carbon Fiber: Equipping the Candela C-8 with Wings Passage 4 （2026·山东青岛·二模） Mark Twain’s words strike a deep chord (心弦) with writers, “The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and a lightning bug.” This quote shows the tiring process of rewriting a novel. The first draft feels like an exciting first date — full of promise and relaxation. You finish with a broad smile, imagining readers applauding your brilliance. But that honeymoon period lasts only about 48 hours. Soon, the sinking feeling sets in as you revisit your draft, realizing the hard part has just begun. Rewriting is where real writers emerge. It’s time to dig deep, pulling out the tools and techniques you’ve gathered over the years. You revisit your favorite authors, hoping they’ll offer guidance for navigating the rocky road of revision. Rewriting demands you comb through each sentence, ensuring it contains the exact right word. Every character must earn its place in the story, and each chapter should contribute meaningfully to the narrative. Even your beloved pieces of dialogue may need to be cut. I learned this while working on my novel. The rewriting process haunted (萦绕) me, and I often questioned if the effort was worth it. One night, nearing 2 a.m. after an exhausting session, I thought about abandoning my work. That’s when I came across the film In Time, which highlighted my deepest fear: the time invested in my novel. At that moment, I struck a deal with myself. I decided to cease the self-criticism and recapture the joy that fueled my writing. I committed to evaluating my work page by page, asking, “Do I love it?” If not, I replaced it. Here’s my advice: reawaken your passion and examine your work one page at a time. Writing is a journey, and the rewriting period bridges inspiration and a satisfying finished product. Remember, the “right word” is the key to excellence. 1. What do Mark Twain’s words imply? A. Revising is a rocky road. B. Readers’ feeling matters. C. Quoting precisely is a must. D. The first draft rarely falls short. 2. What does the author think of rewriting? A. Time-wasting. B. Labor-saving. C. Heartbreaking. D. Painstaking. 3. What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A. Which word should be highlighted. B. Why the writing process is questioned. C. What the film In Time talks about. D. How the passion for rewriting is fueled. 4. What does the author’s advice show? A. The role of inspiration in writing. B. The importance of proper wording. C. The reason for making rewriting unique. D. The journey to creating an excellent product. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （2026·山东临沂·二模） Understanding and reacting to our emotions is how we survive. They may alert us and grab our attention, as when we feel fear and should run away. They may also assure us — we feel joy when we’re safe and nourished after a meal. But, perhaps no other sense has played a larger role in obtaining emotional cues from our environment than sight. Our ability to infer emotion from visual cues is primal. If we see someone who looks cross, we may feel fear; while encountering a person who looks happy may elicit a sense of calm or happiness. Although unproven, cognitive science suggests that visual art can evoke emotions in the viewer by exploiting emotional cues we’ve learned to read for thousand years. Certainly, studies using functional brain imaging technology bear this out. The same regions of the brain that are involved in experiencing emotion are activated when shown a piece of pleasing artwork. The use of color and symbolism can be recognizable to the viewer and evoke an emotion, even in abstract works. This can happen even if the conscious mind isn’t aware of the reason for the sudden onset of emotion. Red, for example, can indicate anger. A series of lines in disarray, like those found in the work of painter Franz Kline, can evoke uncomfortable feelings of disorder. The color red, and lines in disorder are all called cognitive antecedents. By including them in visual art, the artist may present an emotional state to be decoded and experienced by the viewer later on. The emotions elicited by a work of art aren’t necessarily intentional. They’re often individually and culturally specific. A Japanese viewer of the white turkeys depicted in Monet’s “Turkeys at Montgeron” may experience a sense of sadness or melancholy since white is associated with death in their culture. Perhaps an understanding of exactly how to elicit a specific emotion in the viewer is best left unsolved. To some, the best works of art are open to interpretation. 1. How do we primarily pick up emotional cues from the environment? A. With our eyes. B. With our tongues. C. With our ears. D. With our hands. 2. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The origins of human emotions. B. The methods of evoking emotions. C. The causes of people’s feelings. D. The underlying logic of visual art. 3. What does the author try to show by mentioning the Japanese viewer in paragraph 4? A. The popularity of Monet’s works. B. The impact of color selection. C. Color symbolism across cultures. D. Japanese people’s taste in art. 4. What does the author say about art appreciation? A. It should follow strict rules. B. It allows for varied readings. C. It depends on artist’s skills. D. It requires special guidance. Passage 2 （2026·山东肥城·二模） Doctors at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London have successfully implanted a microchip at the back of the eye, giving people affected by blindness new hope and a chance to regain their reading vision. The new procedure targets people suffering from a severe form of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which causes blindness in more than 250,000 people in the UK and five million worldwide. During surgery, a 2 mm-square microchip — thinner than a human hair — is placed under the retina (视网膜). Patients then wear special glasses with a small video camera. The glasses send images through infrared light to the implant which relays them to a pocket-sized processor. This processor sharpens the images before sending them through the optic nerve (视神经) to the brain, restoring some visual sensitivity for reading. The study involved 38 participants across five European countries. It focused on the Prima implant, developed by Pixium Vision Science Corporation in California. Among the 32 people who received the implant, 27 regained partial sight and the ability to read. After one year, their reading vision improved by about 25 letters — or five lines — on a standard eye chart. The Prima implant is not yet approved for the public. However, Dr. Muqit, who led the UK team, hopes it will be available to some patients under the National Health Service (NHS) within a few years. Dr. Peter Bloomfield, research director at the Macular Society, said the results are encouraging for patients who have no current treatment options. He explained, “Artificial vision may offer a lot of hope to many, particularly after previous disappointments in the world of dry AMD treatment.” He added, “We are now watching closely to see if the Prima implant will be approved for use here in the UK, and crucially whether it could be made available on the NHS.” Experts believe this medical breakthrough could one day help those with other eye conditions. For millions living with blindness, this isn’t just a step forward in science — it’s a life-changing moment filled with hope, courage, and the promise of seeing the world again. 1. How do doctors help blind patients regain reading vision? A. By operating on their optic nerve. B. By equipping patients with a camera. C. By placing a microchip in their eyes. D. By treating dry AMD with special drugs. 2. What do we know about the glasses mentioned in paragraph 2? A. They are connected to the optic nerve. B. They can restore reading vision rapidly. C. They have a small video camera built in. D. They can help sharpen the images directly. 3. What can we conclude from Dr. Peter Bloomfield’s words? A. Artificial vision has a bright future. B. The implant is approved in the UK. C. NHS offers free treatment to patients. D. Dry AMD has no breakthroughs nowadays. 4. What might the follow-up research focus on? A. Future medical cost reduction. B. Wider eye disease application. C. Long-term medical safety monitoring. D. Higher vision sensitivity improvement. Passage 3 （2026·山东泰安·二模） Doctors in London have taken a major step forward in medical science by helping children born blind to see again through the use of gene therapy. The treatment was designed for a rare inherited eye condition that affects the retina — the part of the eye responsible for transforming light into signals the brain can understand. The children in the treatment group suffered from a severe form of retinal dystrophy (营养不良) caused by a faulty gene. This fault meant that the light-sensing cells in their eyes could not function properly. As a result, these children were legally classified as blind, even though some could still tell light from dark. In the new procedure, surgeons injected (注射) a healthy copy of the faulty gene into one eye during a keyhole operation that lasted about an hour. The gene was carried safely inside a harmless virus and placed precisely in the light-sensitive layer of the retina. The goal was to help damaged cells recover their ability to respond to light. After the operation, researchers monitored the children’s progress for several years. The results were published in a respected medical journal. Many families reported remarkable improvements. One parent said that before the treatment, his son could not notice bright objects even when they were held just inches from his face. After the operation, the boy began to reach for toys and recognize people at a short distance. He even reacted to sunlight shining through a window — the first time he had shown any response to light. According to James Bainbridge, a senior retinal specialist involved in the work, the therapy not only helps the eye cells to work better but also encourages the brain to interpret visual signals more effectively. Although further research is still needed to confirm long-term safety, the future of gene treatment for visual disorders is bright with the potential to revolutionize treatment options and bring new hope to those living with visual disabilities. 1. What can we learn about the faulty gene? A. It makes the light-sensing cells perform poorly. B. It prevents people distinguishing light from dark. C. It affects how the brain transforms the light signals. D. It causes severe damage to the outer part of the eyes. 2. Why is the treatment described as “a major step forward”? A. It shortens the time needed for eye surgery. B. It removes a harmful virus from the patients’ eyes. C. It intends to cure the most common retinal diseases. D. It helps address a certain eye problem at its root. 3. Why does the author mention the father and his son in paragraph 4? A. To present the fact. B. To prove the effect. C. To predict the trend. D. To explain the theory. 4. What is the author’s attitude toward the future of this treatment? A. Favorable. B. Indifferent. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. Passage 4 （2026·山东聊城·二模） At top universities, there’s a phenomenon known as “Stanford Duck Syndrome (综合征)”. Like ducks, students appear to move gracefully. However, beneath the surface, they’re kicking desperately to keep up. Experts from Stanford’s Health Services uncovered this troubling trend: during the day, many Stanford students are seen socializing in cafés, seemingly without any stress or the need to study. However, under the cover of night, they immerse themselves in constant academic work, occasionally burning the midnight oil till dawn, in a deliberate attempt to uphold the false image of effortless accomplishment. This comes at a high price: tiredness and anxiety are widespread. Furthermore, it leads to a common misconception: true geniuses achieve success with ease, while those working hard are less capable. In an effort to challenge this misconception, researchers designed an experiment. Participants were asked to observe a series of colors carefully while scientists tracked their brain activity throughout the process. The experiment was divided into two parts: one with easily distinct colors and the other with nearly identical ones, requiring greater efforts to distinguish. As the difficulty of the task intensified, there was an evident increase in brain activity, particularly in areas linked to memory and abstract reasoning. The finding indicates that with the intensification of task demands, a growing number of brain regions become activated. Our brain functions like a muscle. Without effort, even our inborn talents will fade over time. This pushes us to reconsider the underlying culture that might lead to this phenomenon. Instead of focusing too much on outcomes or singing high praise for inborn talents, we should emphasize the learning process and continuous improvement. By encouraging a culture that values effort, we can help students realize that intelligence is not fixed but grows through hard work. Such a shift would not only reduce the pressures associated with the “Stanford Duck Syndrome”, but also have a profound impact on personal development and the future of education. 1. What does the “Stanford Duck Syndrome” probably refer to? A. Valuing academic achievement over well-being. B. Displaying graceful public image to engage peers. C. Masking their diligence to cast an image of genius. D. Seeking relief from pressure through social activities. 2. What is the disadvantage of “Stanford Duck Syndrome”? A. It causes students to stay up late frequently. B. It covers up students’ real genius and potential. C. It makes students value social life over academic work. D. It generates tension and false concepts regarding success. 3. The experiment mentioned in paragraph 3 is designed primarily to __________. A. provide evidence against the myth of effortless genius B. explain why talents will decline without constant practice C. illustrate the link between color recognition and intellectual growth D. reveal how challenging tasks promote brain activity 4. What does the author intend to convey through this passage? A. No sweat, no sweet. B. Great hopes make great men. C. Slow and steady wins the race. D. Empty vessels make the most noise. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （2026·山东滕州·二模） Scientists say a huge percentage of bird species are in danger because their habitats, or homelands, are disappearing. Traditional migration paths take birds through countries that are not protecting the places for birds to stop, rest and feed. The scientists studied the migration or flight paths of almost 1,500 species. They decided that 91 percent of them passed through dangerous areas. The major danger for migratory birds is development. Buildings and pavements have covered the places where birds stop and feed as they move from one part of the world to another. One of the scientists who worked on the study says “Many of these important places have been lost to land reclamation because of urban, industrial and agricultural land expansion”. The problem, according to scientists, is that many of these small birds die along their migration paths because they don’t have a safe place to feed and rest. There is no place to restore their energy for the next part of their journey. Countries in North Africa, Central Asia and those along the coasts of East Asia are having the most difficult time in protecting land. The scientists say these countries do not have enough areas that are safe for birds. One species that doesn’t exist now is the Eskimo curlew. “Our world gets poorer every time we lose a species,” one of the scientists says. The researchers say countries need to work together and come up with safe stopping areas for birds that pass through their boundaries. For example, one country might have preserved safe zones for migrating birds. But a neighbor country might not. A bird might die. One scientist who is not connected with the report tells Los Angeles Times that while some habitats are changing, more work can be done to make urban areas safe for birds. He says small changes, like planting more native plants or keeping cats out of the areas birds would be likely to use, could make a big difference. 1. What mainly caused the disappearing of birds’ habitats? A. The decrease of awareness to protect birds. B. Natural disasters. C. Overuse of land by human beings. D. The rising sea level. 2. What may be the main reason for many birds’ death on the way of migration? A. Tiredness and hunger. B. Beast attack on the ground. C. Hunting of humans. D. The long journey. 3. According to the last two paragraphs, how should we protect the migrating birds? A. By keeping fewer cats or dogs. B. By restoring their destroyed habitats. C. By helping change the birds’ migration paths. D. By preserving the ecological environments on their migration paths. 4. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To call on people to protect the birds’ habitats. B. To analyze the reasons for disappearing of birds’ habitats. C. To offer some solutions to the problem of birds’ habitats. D. To tell us a huge percentage of bird species are in danger. Passage 2 （2026·山东滕州·二模） A new study suggests that 20 minutes of sunlight before waking can help fight morning fatigue (疲惫), offering a potential solution for those struggling with long-term sleep insufficiency. While inadequate sleep poses health risks, simply sleeping more isn’t always practical or effective, as many still wake up tired. Researchers at Osaka Metropolitan University found that pre-waking sunlight exposure may reduce fatigue, building on previous studies showing artificial dawn simulation can help. However, artificial light sources, often placed at bedside level, can lead to inconsistent exposure due to movement during sleep. A more stable alternative? Natural sunlight, which is freely available in most areas. For those without light pollution, leaving curtains open at night allows natural dawn light to enter. Others may use motorized curtains that reopen at a set morning time. To test this approach, the researchers conducted a crossover randomized controlled trial with 19 university students (ages 20–30) who maintained regular sleep schedules. Participants slept in a university lab furnished like a bedroom. All windows were shaded except for one facing east, making it the only source of natural light. The researchers installed light-shielding curtains on the east-facing window, plus a motorized device they could set to open the curtains at a specific time each morning. They used this setup to create three situations for participants: natural light exposure for 20 minutes before waking, natural light exposure from dawn until waking, and no natural light exposure. Results showed that both sunlight-exposed situations improved alertness and reduced self-reported sleepiness compared to no light. However, 20 minutes of pre-waking sunlight was most effective, significantly lowering objective sleepiness (measured via brain activity) compared to the other conditions. The team suggests prolonged exposure from dawn may disrupt sleep by providing too much light too soon. Daisuke Matsushita, a living environment design scientist involved in the study, hopes future research will optimize natural light exposure for better wakefulness, accounting for seasonal and daily variations. This could lead to more comfortable and energizing mornings. 1. Why is artificial dawn simulation sometimes ineffective in reducing morning fatigue? A. Because it requires expensive equipment. B. Because it cannot mimic natural sunlight accurately. C. Because it only works in areas without light pollution. D. Because it may be interrupted by the users’ movement. 2. The word “light-shielding” in paragraph 4 can probably be replaced by ______. A. light-emitting B. light-blocking C. light-reflecting D. light-absorbing 3. What can we learn about the study? A. Only the window facing south let light in. B. No light exposure improved sleeping quality. C. Participants were required to sleep in three situations. D. Two sunlight-exposed methods were equally effective. 4. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Motorized curtains can improve sleep quality. B. People should sleep longer to fight morning fatigue. C. Exposure to light sources is likely to solve sleep problems. D. 20 minutes of pre-waking sunlight may reduce morning tiredness. Passage 3 （2026·山东聊城·二模） It is now officially confirmed: Iceland has lost its long-standing mosquito-free status. On October 21, 2025, the country’s Natural Science Institute announced that three mosquitoes had been detected near Réykjavík, the capital. This marks the first documented occurrence of mosquitoes in Iceland’s natural environment. Historically, Iceland, owing to its cold, harsh climate, was one of the only two regions on Earth entirely free of mosquitoes — the other being Antarctica. However, climate change is fundamentally changing this ecological balance. This spring, Iceland recorded unprecedented high temperatures, reaching 26.6℃ on May 15, with some areas experiencing abnormality of over 10℃ above the long-term average, according to the Icelandic Meteorological Office. Iceland is not the first territory to forfeit its mosquito-free status, said news outlet Live Science. Hawaii remained free of mosquitoes until 1826, when the insects were accidentally brought in by European and American ships and thrived in the islands’ hot, humid climate. In recent decades, global warming has enabled mosquitoes to expand their range into the islands’ higher-altitude forests, which were once too’ cold to sustain their survival. Mosquitoes are by nature adapted to warm conditions. The Conversation explains that they are ectothermic (变温的), meaning their body temperature is regulated by their surroundings. Mosquito larvae (幼虫) require temperatures between 7℃ and 16℃ to develop, while adult mosquitoes thrive in temperatures exceeding 27℃ and enter hibernation (冬眠) when temperatures drop below 10℃. Apart from rising temperatures, climate change fuels mosquito reproduction also by changing normal rainfall patterns, noted in the Stanford Report. The World Mosquito Program, a non-profit initiative led by Monash University in Australia, points out that mosquitoes depend on still, impure water to breed before maturing into flying adults. Floods create ideal breeding pools, while droughts lead people to store water, further expanding mosquito habitats. 1. What can we know from the first two paragraphs? A. Mosquitoes have destroyed the ecological balance. B. Few insects could survive Iceland’s harsh conditions. C. Mosquitoes begin to appear in Iceland. D. Iceland’s temperature rises by over 10℃. 2. What does the underlined word “forfeit” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Acquire. B. Claim. C. Lose. D. Preserve. 3. Why does the author mention droughts in the last paragraph? A. To illustrate that mosquitoes cannot survive without water. B. To explain why people have to store water during dry weather. C. To prove that rainfall patterns have been changed by climate change. D. To show changed rainfall patterns indirectly cause more mosquitoes. 4. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Higher-altitude forests become habitats for mosquitoes. B. Mosquitoes adapt easily to warm weather. C. Floods and droughts fuel the reproduction of mosquitoes. D. Climate change drives the spread of mosquitoes. Passage 4 （2026·山东青岛·二模） When we talk of human actions harming the environment, we often think of pollution, overuse of resources or destruction of habitats. But introducing new species into areas where they don’t naturally live can also be destructive. One such invasive (入侵的) species is the zebra mussel. Zebra mussels live in fresh water and are native to the Caspian and Black Seas, which are found in between Europe and Asia. These seas are less salty than most, so a freshwater species like the zebra mussel can live there and in nearby lakes. By attaching onto ships, the mollusks (软体动物) have spread to much of Europe and North America, causing a problem for the environment and humans alike. When species are abruptly introduced to a new ecosystem, they often damage the balance of that ecosystem, and zebra mussels are no exception. They feed by phytoplankton (浮游植物) and other nutrients out of the water when they pass through their shells, and they do so with striking efficiency. This means that when zebra mussels arrive in a new area, they consume so much phytoplankton that other species that also eat the same food source struggle to get a sufficient amount of food. Since those other creatures, in turn, are a food source for still other species, zebra mussels harm everything in the lake. Zebra mussels also create problems for humans because they multiply so quickly. They often grow on objects made by humans, and groups of them can prevent these objects from functioning. For example, zebra mussels have been known to obstruct the flow of water through pipes, which can prevent communities from getting clean drinking water. They attach to these objects firmly enough that they can prove difficult and expensive to clean. Removal of zebra mussels is incredibly difficult, so only by stopping them from spreading can people limit the troubles they cause. Governments of areas affected are taking steps to prevent their spread mostly by privately-owned boats. So, boaters must clean, drain (排空), and dry their boats and motors before entering one lake or another to defend against their further spread. 1. Why does the author mention the environmental problems in the beginning? A. To introduce the topic. B. To predict the ending. C. To emphasize the effects. D. To illustrate an argument. 2. What can we learn about zebra mussels? A. They need salty water to survive. B. They only exist in Europe and Asia. C. They often break the balance of the ecosystem. D. They eat less phytoplankton than any other species. 3. What does the underlined word “obstruct” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Avoid. B. Block. C. Control. D. Direct. 4. What does the last paragraph focus on? A. The damages caused by zebra mussels. B. The difficulties zebra mussels encounter. C. The measures to stop zebra mussels spreading. D. The rapid reproduction speed of zebra mussels. 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2026·山东胶州·二模） Secret codes (密码) once thought impossible to crack now face a challenge from quantum computers. Luckily, to protect information, physicists have developed a theoretically foolproof system called device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) , which uses entangled quantum particles (纠缠态量子粒子) to fix weak points in existing methods. Now, a team in China has demonstrated the technique in real city conditions, an advance that could clear the way for a secure quantum internet in which trust is taken for granted. Most cryptography (密码学) works by encrypting messages with a secret code that requires a special key to decode. The challenge lies in making sure the key can’t be decoded when sent. For instance, the keys in one popular encryption scheme are based on the prime factors of large numbers, which take enormous effort to crack. But such calculations could be quick work for the large quantum computers. QKD offers a solution, but it has a weakness: hardware must be perfect. DI-QKD removes the need for trust in the hardware, by employing another feature of quantum mechanics — entanglement — which closely links properties of widely separated quantum particles. If the sender and receiver entangle a pair of particles across the network, they can each perform tests that confirm the particles’ properties are strongly linked, well beyond chance. After this “handshake”, they can be sure they’re the only ones on the channel. Then, other measurements on the entangled particles can establish a key, which can be shared with confidence that nobody can decode it. In 2022, a UK-based team managed to create and share a DI-QKD key for only about 2 meters. Now, Jianwei Pan and his colleagues have extended this to practically useful distances. After collecting data for 26 days, they showed they had the statistics to establish and share a key across 11 kilometers. The researchers also showed that in theory — and given about 23 years for data collection — they could have sent a key across 100 kilometers. Pan’s group now plans to explore ways to perform DI-QKD using satellites in space. 1. What is the advance made by Chinese scientists? A. They put forward a coding theory. B. They enhanced DI-QKD practicality. C. They set up the quantum internet. D. They discovered quantum entanglement. 2. The author explains the encryption principle by __________. A. providing a definition B. making a comparison C. giving an example D. citing a statement 3. What is the main idea of paragraph 3? A. What entanglement is. B. How DI-QKD works. C. What prevents key sharing. D. How particles connect. 4. What is the limitation implied in the last paragraph? A. Long data collection time. B. Strict laboratory conditions. C. Unstable entangled particles. D. Heavy reliance on satellites. Passage 2 （2026·山东济南·二模） You leave an hour of online surfing with the sense that the world is falling apart. In the real world, however, a neighbor you disagree with politically helps you start your car. The dissonance is no accident. It is how today’s Internet works. To better understand this gap, researchers surveyed 1,090 adults and found that people dramatically overestimate how common harmful behavior on the Internet is. On Reddit, participants thought harmful commenters were 13 times more common, estimating 43% of users post harmful content, while the actual figure is just 3%. Most offensive posts come from a small group of highly active users, whose outsized posts shape public beliefs, creating the “majority illusion” that makes this minority seem like the norm, drowning out the silent majority. Our brains are wired to notice threats and moral breaks — negative content sticks in our minds. Additionally, social media algorithms (算法) prioritize content that causes strong reactions to keep users engaged, with falsehoods spreading faster than truth. Bot networks (僵尸网络) add to the noise: it has been reported that bad bots make up roughly a third of global web traffic, misleading what trends and who appears popular. Measuring online harmful content is tricky, as automated tools often miss unobvious aggressive remarks. But what matters more is not “how harmful is the Internet,” but what ordinary users perceive as normal. Social psychologists call this dynamic “pluralistic ignorance”: people privately reject harmful norms but go along with them publicly. This misconception formed online creates a dangerous gap, fueling public distrust, preventing public participation, and lowering moral standards — if we think “everyone is awful,” we’re less likely to be kind. While there is no silver bullet, practical steps — rooted in policy and personal awareness — can narrow the gap. The key lies in recognizing online engagement doesn’t equal approval: skip “most engaging” feeds and ground our views in actual world connections. Imagine a public square where the loudest few don’t seize the microphone — disagreement remains, but the air resounds with daily life: neighbors helping start cars, strangers holding doors. Online, we can make that reality visible again. 1. What does the underlined word “dissonance” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Disorder. B. Prejudice. C. Contrast. D. Debate. 2. What does the “majority illusion” refer to in the text? A. A false impression. B. A harmful behavior. C. An overestimated post. D. A minority of commenters. 3. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Why global web traffic misleads people. B. Why the minority feels like the majority. C. How we identify online harmful content. D. What harm online misconception causes. 4. What is the author’s suggestion in the last paragraph? A. Acting like the loudest few. B. Improving moral standards. C. Avoiding online engagement. D. Valuing real-life interactions. Passage 3 （2026·山东潍坊·二模） Artificial intelligence is contributing to significant advances in many academic and technical fields. Although the application of AI tools can benefit science and society, it also creates risks. AI slop — low-quality, inaccurate content from Generative AI like ChatGPT — floods scientific literature with false data and misleading reasoning. AI review tools favour such slop. After ChatGPT’s 2022 release, scientists lacking oversight submit error-ridden papers. AI slop also appears in paper mills (工厂) — companies mass-producing papers; in 2022 alone, 416 mill-produced articles were withdrawn. Though fake (伪造的) research existed before Generative AI, this new technology has facilitated its expansion, driving a transition from individual bad actors to illegal businesses. Unfortunately, professional journals continue to publish AI slop. This problem arises partially from novel challenges specific to Generative AI, such as the difficulties involved in detecting AI slop; the complexities in enforcing policies that require disclosure (公开) of AI assistance; and the increase in submissions arising from AI assistance. The AI slop trend also results from long-standing failures in the review system. Even before Generative AI, overstretched volunteer reviewers and editors lacked the time and resources to ensure high standards, allowing many low-quality papers to pass. AI-generated and AI-assisted papers are pushing an already overstressed system to the breaking point. Even the very citations that provide continuity and prior evidence in scientific papers are being undermined by Generative AI. Librarians have reported increasing requests for access to AI-generated citations that do not exist. Many such citations have already entered the academic literature, contributing to the reduction of trust in science. When researchers cite such slop, they pollute the academic world with unreliable or biased analyses, damaging confidence in the entire scientific ecosystem. What can we do to contain the AI slop in scientific research? Researchers who use AI to conduct literature searches should carefully check references for reliability. AI developers and companies bear some responsibility for ensuring that these tools are trained on high-quality research papers and data. For example, scientific institutions can pressure developers to fine-tune their AI models using the most reliable sources and to openly share the results of their safety and accuracy tests with users. This is just the beginning of a long journey. 1. How does the new technology lead to the expansion of fake research? A. It transforms illegal businesses. B. It saves struggling paper mills. C. It eliminates misleading reasoning. D. It boosts the production of false papers. 2. What can we learn about the academic review system? A. It is overburdened. B. It is underestimated. C. It is rich in resources. D. It is efficient in checks. 3. What does the underlined word “undermined” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Inspected. B. Ignored. C. Weakened. D. Mixed. 4. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. AI slop should be tackled collectively. B. AI companies should be fined severely. C. AI tools can be trained on various data. D. AI developers are the root cause of AI slop. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （2026·山东青岛·二模） Scientists at Finland’s Aalto University have found that using artificial intelligence (AI) almost removes and reverses (逆转)the Dunning-Kruger effect, a phenomenon that people who aren’t very good at a given task are overconfident, while people with high ability tend to underestimate their skills. Their research showed that when using common chatbots to solve problems, everyone (regardless of their skill level) tended to put too much faith in the quality of the answers, with the most experienced AI users doing so the most. In the study, scientists gave 500 subjects logical reasoning tasks, with half allowed to use ChatGPT. Both groups were later quizzed on both their AI literacy and how well they thought they performed, and promised extra rewards if they assessed their own performance accurately. The reasons behind the findings are varied. Because AI users were usually satisfied with their answer after only one question or prompt (提示), accepting the answer without further checking or confirmation, they can be said to have engaged in what Robin Welsch, an Aalto University computer scientist, calls “cognitive (认知) offloading” — exploring the question with reduced reflection, and approaching it in a more “shallow” way. Such less engagement in our own reasoning means we bypass the usual feedback process of critical thinking, which reduces our ability to assess our performance accurately. Even more revealing was the fact that we all overestimate our abilities when using AI, regardless of our intelligence, with the gap between high-and low-skill users reducing. The study owed this to the fact that large language models (LLMs) help everyone perform better to some degree. Meanwhile, the Aalto team warned of several potential impacts as AI becomes more widespread. Firstly, metacognitive accuracy overall might suffer. Without reflecting on results, error checking or deeper reasoning, we risk weakening our ability to source information reliably, the scientists said in the study. What’s more, the flattening of the Dunning-Kruger Effect will mean we’ll all continue to overestimate our abilities while using AI, with the more AI-literate among us doing so even more — leading to an increased climate of miscalculated decision-making and a drop in their skills. 1. What did Aalto University researchers discover about AI chatbot use? A. Low-ability users became less confident. B. It strengthened the Dunning-Kruger Effect. C. Users generally over-trusted the chatbot’s answers. D. Only beginners often thought highly of their abilities. 2. Which aspect of the research is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The purpose. B. The process. C. The subjects. D. The findings. 3. Why do the users often overestimate their abilities? A. LLMs’ aid improves users’ task performance. B. Users often skip the process of critical thinking. C. AI tools contribute to users’ metacognitive accuracy. D. The gap between high-and low-skill AI users is bridged. 4. What will be probably talked about in the following paragraph? A. Regulations for narrowing AI users’ skill gap. B. Guidelines for sourcing information reliably. C. Methods for preventing users’ cognitive decline. D. Tips for improving the subjects’ performance. Passage 2 （2026·山东东营·二模） A new investigation into the reliability of advanced artificial intelligence models emphasizes a significant risk for scientific research. The study, published in JMIR Mental Health, found that large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI’s GPT-4o frequently generate inaccurate references, with these errors becoming more common when the AI is instructed on less familiar or highly specialized topics. While past studies have documented that LLMs can fabricate (编造) references, it has been less clear how the nature of a given topic might influence the frequency of these errors. A team of researchers from the School of Psychology at Deakin University in Australia sought to explore this question within the field of mental health. To conduct their study, the researchers asked GPT-4o to generate different literature reviews. These reviews centered on three mental health conditions chosen for their varying levels of public recognition and research coverage: major depressive disorder (a widely known and heavily researched condition), binge eating disorder (moderately known), and body dysmorphic disorder (a less-known condition with a smaller body of research). After generating the reviews, the researchers examined all 176 references provided by the AI. The analysis showed that the rate of reference fabrication was strongly linked to the topic. For major depressive disorder, the most well-researched condition, only 6 percent of references were fabricated. In contrast, the fabrication rate rose sharply to 28 percent for binge eating disorder and 29 percent for body dysmorphic disorder. The study has some limitations that the researchers acknowledge. Still, the study’s results offer clear insights for the academic community. Researchers using these models are advised to be cautious and perform thorough human checks of every reference an AI generates. The findings also suggest that academic journals and institutions may need to develop new standards and tools to safeguard the integrity of published research in an era of AI-assisted writing. 1. What is the new study mainly about? A. The precision of AI references. B. The impact of AI on mental health. C. The reliance on AI in daily life. D. The convenience of AI in research. 2. Why were the three mental disorders selected for the study? A. They vary in severity. B. They attract media coverage. C. They lack sufficient study. D. They differ in public visibility. 3. What is the author’s attitude toward the study findings? A. Approving. B. Dismissive. C. Unclear. D. Doubtful. 4. What is a suitable title for the text? A. GPT-4o: A Reliable Writing Assistant B. GPT-4o: A Revolution in Literature Reviews C. AI References: A Risk for Academic Integrity D. AI References: A Solution to Research Inaccuracy Passage 3 （2026·山东济宁·二模） When you were little, did you fight with your brother or sister about who would get the last gummy bear? Or who got to sit in the front of the ride? Behind these cases lies a hidden mindset — zero-sum thinking, a term that comes from math. In a zero-sum game, the total of gains and losses among the players always adds up to zero. Oskar Morgenstern first formally described this concept in the 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Since then it has been widely used in economic theories and game theory. Drawing on ideas of evolutionary psychology, some have argued that zero-sum thinking arose as a cognitive (认知的) adaptation within early-human ancestors who were forced to compete over limited resources. As such, the tendency to subjectively view resource distribution as zero-sum might have been the dominant strategy in our evolutionary past, giving individuals with higher zero-sum beliefs a relative advantage over others. Thus, in modern environments, zero-sum beliefs are adopted under similar conditions of threat and resource-shortage and can be overridden only with thoughtful reflection. Zero-sum beliefs have important intrapersonal and interpersonal consequences. At the intrapersonal level, greater approval of zero-sum beliefs is associated with more negative (and less positive) effects, more greed and lower life satisfaction. Zero-sum beliefs can also be interpersonally detrimental, such as when negotiators who believe that their counterparts gain at their expense overlook opportunities for mutually beneficial deals. More broadly, people who adopt zero-sum beliefs often feel lonelier. Thus, zero-sum beliefs are associated with both the quality and the quantity of close personal relationships. To fight these effects, we can remember to remain mindful that there are numerous opportunities for non-zero-sum interactions with others, such as finding opportunities to exchange surpluses or favors with others. Doing so provides the necessary ingredients for trust and mutual benefit to form, which are both necessary for any business or economy to function optimally, in good times and in bad. 1. Which is the core of zero-sum mindset? A. Every coin has two sides. B. The other’s gain is your loss. C. Many hands make light work. D. United we stand, divided we fall. 2. What does paragraph 2 try to stress concerning zero-sum thinking? A. It is unique to humans. B. It tends to be short-lived. C. It helped ancestors survive. D. It is hardwired into humans. 3. What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Dynamic. B. Complex. C. Harmful. D. Consistent. 4. Which of the following does the author probably agree with? A. Trust is a two-way street. B. A true win-win is attainable. C. Opportunity knocks but once. D. Economy undergoes thick and thin. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （2026·山东东营·二模） As our planet steadily gets warmer, our bodies will need to deal with the stresses of higher temperatures. A new study shows that continued exposure to heat waves can age the body as much as regular drinking or smoking. Led by a team from the University of Hong Kong in China, the investigation looked at data from 24,922 people who had gone through medical examinations between 2008 and 2022. The researchers compared their records with the number of heat waves each person had probably experienced based on their registered addresses. The results showed that those who had been exposed to more heat waves had higher scores for biological markers associated with biological aging — a measure of the functionality of tissues, organs, and cells. The participants were sorted into four groups depending on heat wave exposure, and each step up from group to group was associated with an extra 0.023 to 0.031 years in biological age. The researchers say it puts heat waves in the same category as smoking, drinking, diet, and exercise in terms of how much they can affect biological aging. While this isn’t an entirely new connection, and doesn’t show direct cause and effect, it outperforms many earlier studies in that it measures heat waves over a long period of time in a large group of people. The findings add to what we know about both heat waves and aging. Since the elderly, those in rural areas, and physical workers are often more exposed to heat than others, this study highlights the need for further policy development to address environmental inequalities and enhance population adaptation to the health impacts of heat waves. The findings are also important in the context of aging populations. By 2050, some 16 percent of people worldwide are expected to be aged 65 or over, and as we all live longer lives, targeted policies and interventions are urgently needed to make sure those extra years are lived as healthily as possible. 1. How did the researchers conduct the study? A. By interviewing participants. B. By analyzing existing statistics. C. By performing health checkups. D. By tracking real-time heat waves. 2. What happened to people exposed to more heat waves? A. They tended to exercise less. B. They fell into unhealthy habits. C. They showed signs of faster aging. D. They had better biological functions. 3. What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A. Distinct strengths of the study. B. Major limitations of the study. C. Possible reasons for the findings. D. Suggestions for future studies. 4. What is implied in the last paragraph? A. Longer life guarantees healthier aging. B. The elderly should look after themselves. C. Efforts are needed to boost healthy aging. D. Adaptation to aging reduces heat exposure. Passage 2 （2026·山东东营·二模） For years, researchers have pointed to a potential upside of Antarctic melting: as glaciers melt, iron trapped in the ice would be released into the ocean, fueling algae (海藻) blooms that absorb carbon dioxide. This process, known as iron fertilization, was seen as a rare positive feedback in a warming world. However, new research from Rutgers University challenges that assumption. In the most precise measurement to date, scientists found that melt-water from an Antarctic ice shelf contributes far less iron to the surrounding ocean than previously believed. The study, published in Communications Earth and Environment, raises questions about current climate models. The Southern Ocean supports abundant phytoplankton (浮游植物) growth, which forms the foundation of the Antarctic food web. These microscopic plants feed krill, which sustain penguins, seals, and whales. As they grow, phytoplankton absorb massive amounts of carbon dioxide, making this region the world’s largest oceanic carbon sink. Until now, scientists’ understanding of iron sources came mainly from computer models. In 2022, researchers traveled aboard an icebreaker to West Antarctica’s Dotson Ice Shelf to collect direct measurements. They sampled seawater at points where it flows into and out of cavities beneath the ice shelf. Back in the lab, scientists measured iron concentrations and analyzed isotopic (同位素的) ratios to trace the iron’s origin. The results were unexpected. Melt-water accounted for only about 10% of the dissolved iron flowing out of the ice cavity (洞). The majority came from deep ocean water (62%) and sediments on the continental shelf (28%). “Roughly 90% of the dissolved iron coming out of the ice shelf cavity comes from deep waters and sediments outside the cavity, not from melt-water,” said lead author Venkatesh Chinni. The isotopic data also pointed to processes beneath the glacier itself. A liquid melt-water layer lacking dissolved oxygen appears to help dissolve iron oxides in bedrock, potentially releasing more iron than melting ice shelves do. The findings challenge long-held assumptions about iron sources in the Southern Ocean as the planet warms. “Our claim is that the melt-water itself carries very little iron,” said principal investigator Rob Sherrell. He noted that most iron comes from bedrock erosion, not from the ice driving sea level rise, a conclusion many scientists may find surprising. 1. What assumption does the new research challenge? A. Melt-water releases large amounts of iron. B. Iron in ocean helps slow warming. C. Antarctic melting matters for climate. D. Algae blooms absorb large amounts of CO₂. 2. Why do scientists focus on iron levels in the Southern Ocean? A. Because iron is a nutrient. B. Because iron is vital for plant and animal growth. C. Because iron levels affect climate model accuracy. D. Because iron supports carbon-absorbing phytoplankton. 3. What did the new study find about the source of iron in the Southern Ocean? A. Deep ocean water is not the main iron source. B. Sediments contribute less iron than melt-water. C. Melt-water plays a minor role in iron supply. D. The ice itself releases more iron than expected. 4. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A. Iron’s Importance to Ocean’s Carbon Sink B. Study: Antarctic Iron Comes from Elsewhere C. Iron’s Role in Southern Ocean Ecosystem D. Iron Data: Key to Climate Models Passage 3 （2026·山东临沂·二模） The time for action is now, at least when it comes to climate change. If the world’s major governments don’t enact measures that limit global warming, it may be impossible to stop its progress, according to a study published in the journal Earth System Dynamics. The study, led by scientists in the United Kingdom and Netherlands, claims that in 2035, we will cross a point of no return — after which it will be extremely unlikely we can stop Earth’s temperature from rising by 2 degrees Celsius(2℃)and kicking off a dangerous medley of global disasters. The 2 degrees Celsius mark is critical for Earth’s well-being. Once the planet warms an additional 2 degrees Celsius, scientists predict a range of catastrophic effects, from widespread flooding in coastal areas to searing heat waves and extreme storms. One important area that could slow the movement toward a point of no return in 2035 is the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. But even this will require marked progress. Scientists have calculated that the share of renewables worldwide must grow by at least two percent each year in order to slow the march toward climate change. Two percent a year may not sound like much, but in the 20 years leading up to 2017, the percentage of energy from renewables grew by a paltry total of 3.6 percent. There is hope, though. If the use of renewable energy were to outpace the scientists’ model, say by 5 percent per annum, the climate change deadline could move back by at least a decade, the researchers note. Likewise, developing technology to remove carbon dioxide and other gases from the atmosphere could help slow climate change. These gases alter Earth’s atmosphere and allow it to trap more heat from the sun and cause temperatures to rise. “We hope that ‘having a deadline’ may stimulate the sense of responsibility to act for politicians and policy makers,” Henk Dijkstra, a professor at Utrecht University in the Netherlands and one of the study authors, said in a statement. “Very little time is left.” 1. Why is the year 2035 critical to the Earth? A. It will be a record-breaking hot year. B. It’s a key point for our earth’s health. C. It is when fossil fuels will run out. D. It’s a year of frequent natural disasters. 2. What annual minimum growth in renewables do we need to slow the progress? A. 2%. B. 3.6%. C. 5%. D. 7%. 3. What does the underlined word “outpace” in paragraph 5 mean? A. Match. B. Keep up with. C. Do better than. D. Continue. 4. How did Henk Dijkstra feel about the current situation? A. Optimistic. B. Concerned. C. Doubtful. D. Satisfied. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D Passage 2【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. D Passage 3【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A Passage 4【答案】1. A 2. D 3. D 4. B 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B Passage 2【答案】1. C 2. C 3. A 4. B Passage 3【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A Passage 4【答案】1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1【答案】1. C 2. A 3. D 4. A Passage 2【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D Passage 3【答案】1. C 2. C 3. D 4. D Passage 4【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1【答案】1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A Passage 2【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D Passage 3【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C Passage 2【答案】1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C Passage 3【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. B 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C Passage 2【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B Passage 3【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2026·山东德州·二模） In today’s digital age, education is undergoing a profound and far-reaching transformation. Traditional classrooms, once mainly dominated by textbooks and face-to-face lectures, are gradually evolving into modern multimodal learning environments. In these new settings, students process information not only through words but also through images, audio, video and various interactive digital tools. This change clearly shows how modern teenagers prefer to absorb and understand knowledge efficiently. Multimodal learning makes use of different sensory and digital forms to present learning materials. For example, a history lesson may combine printed textbooks with short documentaries, interactive timelines, audio podcasts and vivid infographics. This way of teaching meets different learning needs: visual learners benefit much from charts and videos, auditory learners improve by listening to recordings and speeches, and hands-on students learn better through practical activities and virtual experiences. Research has strongly proved the advantages of multimodal learning. A 2025 study carried out by the Global Education Research Institute showed that students using this kind of learning materials remembered 60% more information and were 45% more focused in class than those who only used traditional textbooks. They were also more willing to take part in class discussions and finish learning tasks with greater confidence and energy. Modern technology has greatly sped up this educational change. Devices like smartphones and tablets provide students with rich and convenient multimodal learning resources. Many famous platforms, including Khan Academy and TED-Ed, offer high-quality videos and interactive lessons that are easy to reach. Teachers also use digital whiteboards, virtual reality field trips and online programs to create lively and impressive class experiences. However, some challenges still exist. Some critics warn that too much digital information may cause overload. The digital divide is another serious problem, since not all students have the same chance to use digital tools. Some educators also worry that overuse of technology may reduce real communication and weaken critical thinking. Even so, multimodal learning points to the future of education and helps young people gain key skills for the 21st century. 1. What is mainly talked about in the first two paragraphs? A. The importance of digital education. B. An introduction to multimodal learning. C. Different attitudes toward traditional classes. D. Ways to improve teenagers’ learning efficiency. 2. Why does the author mention the 2025 study? A. To explain how to carry out educational research. B. To compare different learning methods in school. C. To support the effectiveness of multimodal learning. D. To show the harmful effects of traditional textbooks. 3. How is Paragraph 4 mainly developed? A. By listing examples. B. By analyzing causes. C. By recording findings. D. By making comparisons. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Digital Tools: Keys to Effective Learning B. New Learning Methods: Gains and Problems C. Modern Education: Challenges and Prospects D. Multimodal Learning: A New Educational Trend 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍了在数字时代，教育正经历深刻变革，传统课堂逐渐向多模态学习环境演变。多模态学习利用多种感官和数字形式呈现学习材料，满足不同学生的学习需求，虽存在一些挑战，但它指明了教育的未来方向，能帮助年轻人获得21世纪的关键技能。 【1题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“In today’s digital age, education is undergoing a profound and far-reaching transformation. Traditional classrooms, once mainly dominated by textbooks and face-to-face lectures, are gradually evolving into modern multimodal learning environments. In these new settings, students process information not only through words but also through images, audio, video and various interactive digital tools.(在当今数字时代，教育正在经历深刻而深远的变革。传统教室曾经主要以教科书和面对面讲座为主，如今正逐渐演变成现代多模态学习环境。在这些新环境中，学生不仅通过文字处理信息，还通过图像、音频、视频和各种交互式数字工具处理信息。)”以及第二段中的“Multimodal learning makes use of different sensory and digital forms to present learning materials.(多模态学习利用不同的感官和数字形式来呈现学习材料。)”可知，文章第一段提到数字时代教育发生变革，传统课堂向多模态学习环境演变；第二段具体介绍了多模态学习的定义，并举例说明其呈现方式和能满足不同学习需求的特点。由此可知，前两段主要介绍了多模态学习。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Research has strongly proved the advantages of multimodal learning. A 2025 study carried out by the Global Education Research Institute showed that students using this kind of learning materials remembered 60% more information and were 45% more focused in class than those who only used traditional textbooks. They were also more willing to take part in class discussions and finish learning tasks with greater confidence and energy.(研究有力地证明了多模态学习的优势。全球教育研究所2025年进行的一项研究表明，使用这种学习材料的学生比只使用传统教科书的学生记住的信息多60%，在课堂上注意力更集中45%。他们也更愿意参加课堂讨论，更有信心和精力完成学习任务。)”可知，前文提出“研究已有力证明多模态学习的优势”这一观点，随后列举2025年的研究成果，所以作者提到2025年的研究是为了支持多模态学习的有效性。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“Modern technology has greatly sped up this educational change. Devices like smartphones and tablets provide students with rich and convenient multimodal learning resources. Many famous platforms, including Khan Academy and TED-Ed, offer high-quality videos and interactive lessons that are easy to reach. Teachers also use digital whiteboards, virtual reality field trips and online programs to create lively and impressive class experiences.(现代技术大大加快了这一教育变革。智能手机和平板电脑等设备为学生提供了丰富便捷的多模态学习资源。许多知名平台，包括可汗学院和TED-Ed，提供易于获取的高质量视频和互动课程。教师还使用数字白板、虚拟现实实地考察和在线程序来创造生动而令人印象深刻的课堂体验。)”可知，第四段通过列举智能手机、平板电脑、可汗学院、TED-Ed、数字白板、虚拟现实实地考察和在线程序等例子来展开论述，所以第四段主要是通过列举例子来展开的。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“In today’s digital age, education is undergoing a profound and far-reaching transformation. Traditional classrooms, once mainly dominated by textbooks and face-to-face lectures, are gradually evolving into modern multimodal learning environments.(在当今数字时代，教育正在经历深刻而深远的变革。传统教室曾经主要以教科书和面对面讲座为主，如今正逐渐演变成现代多模态学习环境。)”以及最后一段中的“However, some challenges still exist.(然而，一些挑战仍然存在。)”以及“ Even so, multimodal learning points to the future of education and helps young people gain key skills for the 21st century.(即便如此，多模态学习指向教育的未来，有助于年轻人获得21世纪的关键技能。)”可知，文章主要介绍了多模态学习这一新的教育趋势，所以D选项“Multimodal Learning: A New Educational Trend(多模态学习：一种新的教育趋势)”最符合文章标题。 Passage 2 （2026·山东青岛·二模） As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though. Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right. It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently. In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. 1. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard? A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing. C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection. 2. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible? A. Computers are much easier to operate. B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast. C. Typing patterns vary from person to person. D. Data security measures are guaranteed. 3. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard? A. It’ll be environment-friendly. B. It’ll reach consumers soon. C. It’ll be made of plastics. D. It’ll help speed up typing. 4. Where is this text most likely from? A. A diary. B. A guidebook C. A novel. D. A magazine. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. D 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，而指纹扫描等这些防盗技术仍然很昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的防止个人身份和数据在电子空间被盗的高科技智能键盘，而且这项技术也不贵。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段的At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.和第二段的Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段的The key board could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities可知，用户打字的力度和按键之间的时间是不同的，这使得智能键盘能够识别人。故选C。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段的The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日面世。故选B。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的防止个人身份和数据在电子空间被盗的高科技智能键盘，由此可推断本文最有可能来自于一本科学杂志。故选D。 Passage 3 （2026·山东济南·二模） On a snowy morning in Stockholm, the Candela C-8 looks like a standard speedboat. Once it picks up speed, something extraordinary happens: the hull (船体) lifts entirely out of the water, “flying” half a meter above the surface. This is the new generation of electric hydrofoils (水翼船). They are ideal for urban transport, says Gustav Hasselskog, the founder of Candela technology company. They are quiet, emission-free and cheap to run — the C-8’s cost per mile is about 5% of that of a traditional speedboat. In many cities, to reduce the disturbance caused by large waves, boats are usually speed-limited. Hydrofoils, however, cause almost no wake and thus travel faster. Hasselskog believes they could reshape urban transport by shifting traffic from blocked roads to underused waterways, which he terms “blue highways”. The Candela C-8 is supported by three thin, red struts (支柱), which are linked to two underwater wings that turn forward motion into lift. By lifting the hull out of the water, the boat reduces drag by as much as 80 percent, saving a huge amount of energy. Sensors around the boat measure waves and control systems adjust the wings 100 times a second, providing such a solid, smooth ride that the boat feels as though it is on rails. The power needed to drive a hydrofoil varies directly with its mass, so minimizing a hull’s overall weight is also of importance. The wings must be small enough to reduce drag and strong enough to bear the boat’s weight. The solution is to borrow from aerospace and motor racing, and use carbon fiber. As for motors, Candela now has a partnership with makers of electric vehicles, allowing electric boats to use standard fast-chargers designed for cars. The potential impact is significant with nearly half of the world’s population living in coastal regions where cities are often stuck in traffic. While large traditional public boats will still be needed for heavy routes, on short passenger-only routes in cities, electric hydrofoils may be about to take off. 1. What does Gustav Hasselskog expect the Candela C-8 to do? A. Boost coastal tourism. B. Remodel urban traffic. C. Lower travel expenses. D. Promote road building. 2. Which part of the Candela C-8 plays a vital role in its high energy efficiency? A. Its type of drive. B. Its power source. C. Its control systems. D. Its underwater wings. 3. What does the author think of the large traditional public boats? A. They are out of date. B. They show huge potential. C. They are irreplaceable. D. They need to be improved. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Electric Hydrofoils: A New Solution to City Traffic B. Traditional Speedboats: Features and Cost Analysis C. The Candela C-8: Reshaping Heavy-route Transport D. Carbon Fiber: Equipping the Candela C-8 with Wings 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了新型电动水翼船Candela C-8，其通过水翼技术实现高效、平稳航行，有望缓解城市交通压力，为沿海城市提供新的交通解决方案。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Hasselskog believes they could reshape urban transport by shifting traffic from blocked roads to underused waterways, which he terms “blue highways”.(Hasselskog认为，它们可以通过将交通从拥堵的道路转移到未充分利用的水路上来重塑城市交通，他称之为“蓝色高速公路”)”可知，Hasselskog期望Candela C-8重塑城市交通。故选B项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“The Candela C-8 is supported by three thin, red struts (支柱), which are linked to two underwater wings that turn forward motion into lift. By lifting the hull out of the water, the boat reduces drag by as much as 80 percent, saving a huge amount of energy.(Candela C-8由三根细长的红色支柱支撑，这些支柱与两个水下机翼相连，将向前的运动转化为升力。通过将船体抬离水面，船只减少了高达80%的阻力，节省了大量能源)”可知，Candela C-8的水下机翼使其获得升力，减少了阻力，从而提高了能源效率。故选D项。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“While large traditional public boats will still be needed for heavy routes, on short passenger-only routes in cities, electric hydrofoils may be about to take off.(虽然大型传统公共船只仍然需要用于繁忙航线，但在城市的短途客运航线上，电动水翼船可能即将起飞)”可知，作者认为大型传统公共船只对于繁忙航线是必要的，即它们是不可替代的。故选C项。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“This is the new generation of electric hydrofoils (水翼船). (这是新一代的电动水翼船)”、第二段“Hasselskog believes they could reshape urban transport by shifting traffic from blocked roads to underused waterways, which he terms “blue highways”. (Hasselskog认为，它们可以通过将交通从拥堵的道路转移到未被充分利用的水道来重塑城市交通，他称之为“蓝色高速公路”)”和最后一段“The potential impact is significant with nearly half of the world’s population living in coastal regions where cities are often stuck in traffic. While large traditional public boats will still be needed for heavy routes, on short passenger-only routes in cities, electric hydrofoils may be about to take off. (潜在影响是巨大的，因为世界上近一半的人口生活在沿海地区，这些地区的城市经常陷入交通拥堵。虽然大型传统公共船只在繁忙航线上仍然需要，但在城市中短途的客运航线上，电动水翼船可能即将起飞)”可知，文章主要介绍了电动水翼船C-8的特点和优势，以及它如何通过利用城市水道来缓解交通拥堵，成为城市交通的新解决方案。故A项“Electric Hydrofoils: A New Solution to City Traffic (电动水翼船：城市交通的新解决方案)”能概括文章内容，最适合做文章标题。故选A项。 Passage 4 （2026·山东青岛·二模） Mark Twain’s words strike a deep chord (心弦) with writers, “The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and a lightning bug.” This quote shows the tiring process of rewriting a novel. The first draft feels like an exciting first date — full of promise and relaxation. You finish with a broad smile, imagining readers applauding your brilliance. But that honeymoon period lasts only about 48 hours. Soon, the sinking feeling sets in as you revisit your draft, realizing the hard part has just begun. Rewriting is where real writers emerge. It’s time to dig deep, pulling out the tools and techniques you’ve gathered over the years. You revisit your favorite authors, hoping they’ll offer guidance for navigating the rocky road of revision. Rewriting demands you comb through each sentence, ensuring it contains the exact right word. Every character must earn its place in the story, and each chapter should contribute meaningfully to the narrative. Even your beloved pieces of dialogue may need to be cut. I learned this while working on my novel. The rewriting process haunted (萦绕) me, and I often questioned if the effort was worth it. One night, nearing 2 a.m. after an exhausting session, I thought about abandoning my work. That’s when I came across the film In Time, which highlighted my deepest fear: the time invested in my novel. At that moment, I struck a deal with myself. I decided to cease the self-criticism and recapture the joy that fueled my writing. I committed to evaluating my work page by page, asking, “Do I love it?” If not, I replaced it. Here’s my advice: reawaken your passion and examine your work one page at a time. Writing is a journey, and the rewriting period bridges inspiration and a satisfying finished product. Remember, the “right word” is the key to excellence. 1. What do Mark Twain’s words imply? A. Revising is a rocky road. B. Readers’ feeling matters. C. Quoting precisely is a must. D. The first draft rarely falls short. 2. What does the author think of rewriting? A. Time-wasting. B. Labor-saving. C. Heartbreaking. D. Painstaking. 3. What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A. Which word should be highlighted. B. Why the writing process is questioned. C. What the film In Time talks about. D. How the passion for rewriting is fueled. 4. What does the author’s advice show? A. The role of inspiration in writing. B. The importance of proper wording. C. The reason for making rewriting unique. D. The journey to creating an excellent product. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. D 4. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了修改在写作中的重要性，讲述了修改的艰辛以及作者重新找回写作热情的经历。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段““The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and a lightning bug.” This quote shows the tiring process of rewriting a novel. (“准确的词和几乎准确的词之间的区别就是闪电和萤火虫之间的区别。”这句话说明了改写小说的累人过程。)”以及第二段“You revisit your favorite authors, hoping they’ll offer guidance for navigating the rocky road of revision. (你重温你最喜欢的作家，希望他们能为你在艰难的修订之路上提供指导)”可知，马克·吐温的话暗示修改是一条艰难的路。故选A项。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“This quote shows the tiring process of rewriting a novel. (这句话说明了改写小说的累人过程。)”和第三段“Rewriting demands you comb through each sentence, ensuring it contains the exact right word. (改写要求你仔细梳理每一句话，确保用词精准无误。)”可知，作者认为改写是辛苦且细致的。故选D项。 【3题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第四段“I decided to cease the self-criticism and recapture the joy that fueled my writing. (我决定停止自我批评，重新找回激发我写作的乐趣。)”以及段落内容可知，本段主要讲述作者如何重新找回写作与修改的热情。故选D项。 【4题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Remember, the “right word” is the key to excellence. (记住，“准确的用词”是优秀作品的关键。)”可知，作者的建议表明了恰当用词的重要性。故选B项。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （2026·山东临沂·二模） Understanding and reacting to our emotions is how we survive. They may alert us and grab our attention, as when we feel fear and should run away. They may also assure us — we feel joy when we’re safe and nourished after a meal. But, perhaps no other sense has played a larger role in obtaining emotional cues from our environment than sight. Our ability to infer emotion from visual cues is primal. If we see someone who looks cross, we may feel fear; while encountering a person who looks happy may elicit a sense of calm or happiness. Although unproven, cognitive science suggests that visual art can evoke emotions in the viewer by exploiting emotional cues we’ve learned to read for thousand years. Certainly, studies using functional brain imaging technology bear this out. The same regions of the brain that are involved in experiencing emotion are activated when shown a piece of pleasing artwork. The use of color and symbolism can be recognizable to the viewer and evoke an emotion, even in abstract works. This can happen even if the conscious mind isn’t aware of the reason for the sudden onset of emotion. Red, for example, can indicate anger. A series of lines in disarray, like those found in the work of painter Franz Kline, can evoke uncomfortable feelings of disorder. The color red, and lines in disorder are all called cognitive antecedents. By including them in visual art, the artist may present an emotional state to be decoded and experienced by the viewer later on. The emotions elicited by a work of art aren’t necessarily intentional. They’re often individually and culturally specific. A Japanese viewer of the white turkeys depicted in Monet’s “Turkeys at Montgeron” may experience a sense of sadness or melancholy since white is associated with death in their culture. Perhaps an understanding of exactly how to elicit a specific emotion in the viewer is best left unsolved. To some, the best works of art are open to interpretation. 1. How do we primarily pick up emotional cues from the environment? A. With our eyes. B. With our tongues. C. With our ears. D. With our hands. 2. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The origins of human emotions. B. The methods of evoking emotions. C. The causes of people’s feelings. D. The underlying logic of visual art. 3. What does the author try to show by mentioning the Japanese viewer in paragraph 4? A. The popularity of Monet’s works. B. The impact of color selection. C. Color symbolism across cultures. D. Japanese people’s taste in art. 4. What does the author say about art appreciation? A. It should follow strict rules. B. It allows for varied readings. C. It depends on artist’s skills. D. It requires special guidance. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了视觉是人类获取情感信号的主要方式，视觉艺术可通过色彩、线条等唤起观者情绪，并受文化差异影响，同时指出优秀的艺术作品应允许不同解读。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“But, perhaps no other sense has played a larger role in obtaining emotional cues from our environment than sight.(但是，在从周围环境中获取情感信号方面，也许没有其他感官比视觉发挥的作用更大了。)”可知，我们主要通过眼睛获取环境中的情感信号。故选A项。 【2题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“Our ability to infer emotion from visual cues is primal.(我们从视觉线索中推断情绪的能力是原始的。)”以及“Although unproven, cognitive science suggests that visual art can evoke emotions in the viewer by exploiting emotional cues we’ve learned to read for thousand years.(尽管未经证实，但认知科学表明，视觉艺术可以通过利用我们已经学会解读数千年的情绪线索来唤起观众的情绪。)”可知，本段主要阐述视觉艺术影响情感的内在逻辑，即通过视觉线索来推断和唤起情绪。故选D项。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“The emotions elicited by a work of art aren’t necessarily intentional. They’re often individually and culturally specific. A Japanese viewer of the white turkeys depicted in Monet’s ‘Turkeys at Montgeron’ may experience a sense of sadness or melancholy since white is associated with death in their culture.(艺术作品所引发的情绪并不一定是故意的。它们往往具有个体和文化特异性。一位日本观众在观看莫奈的《蒙热龙火鸡》中描绘的白色火鸡时，可能会感到悲伤或忧郁，因为在他们的文化中，白色与死亡有关。)”可推知，作者提到日本观众是为了说明不同文化中颜色象征意义的差异。故选C项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“To some, the best works of art are open to interpretation.(对一些人来说，最好的艺术作品是可以有多种解读的。)”可知，作者认为艺术欣赏允许有不同的理解。故选B项。 Passage 2 （2026·山东肥城·二模） Doctors at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London have successfully implanted a microchip at the back of the eye, giving people affected by blindness new hope and a chance to regain their reading vision. The new procedure targets people suffering from a severe form of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which causes blindness in more than 250,000 people in the UK and five million worldwide. During surgery, a 2 mm-square microchip — thinner than a human hair — is placed under the retina (视网膜). Patients then wear special glasses with a small video camera. The glasses send images through infrared light to the implant which relays them to a pocket-sized processor. This processor sharpens the images before sending them through the optic nerve (视神经) to the brain, restoring some visual sensitivity for reading. The study involved 38 participants across five European countries. It focused on the Prima implant, developed by Pixium Vision Science Corporation in California. Among the 32 people who received the implant, 27 regained partial sight and the ability to read. After one year, their reading vision improved by about 25 letters — or five lines — on a standard eye chart. The Prima implant is not yet approved for the public. However, Dr. Muqit, who led the UK team, hopes it will be available to some patients under the National Health Service (NHS) within a few years. Dr. Peter Bloomfield, research director at the Macular Society, said the results are encouraging for patients who have no current treatment options. He explained, “Artificial vision may offer a lot of hope to many, particularly after previous disappointments in the world of dry AMD treatment.” He added, “We are now watching closely to see if the Prima implant will be approved for use here in the UK, and crucially whether it could be made available on the NHS.” Experts believe this medical breakthrough could one day help those with other eye conditions. For millions living with blindness, this isn’t just a step forward in science — it’s a life-changing moment filled with hope, courage, and the promise of seeing the world again. 1. How do doctors help blind patients regain reading vision? A. By operating on their optic nerve. B. By equipping patients with a camera. C. By placing a microchip in their eyes. D. By treating dry AMD with special drugs. 2. What do we know about the glasses mentioned in paragraph 2? A. They are connected to the optic nerve. B. They can restore reading vision rapidly. C. They have a small video camera built in. D. They can help sharpen the images directly. 3. What can we conclude from Dr. Peter Bloomfield’s words? A. Artificial vision has a bright future. B. The implant is approved in the UK. C. NHS offers free treatment to patients. D. Dry AMD has no breakthroughs nowadays. 4. What might the follow-up research focus on? A. Future medical cost reduction. B. Wider eye disease application. C. Long-term medical safety monitoring. D. Higher vision sensitivity improvement. 【答案】1. C 2. C 3. A 4. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了伦敦医生通过在患者眼中植入微芯片帮助失明患者恢复阅读视力及相关情况。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Doctors at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London have successfully implanted a microchip at the back of the eye, giving people affected by blindness new hope and a chance to regain their reading vision.(伦敦摩尔菲尔德眼科医院的医生成功地在眼睛后部植入了一个微芯片，给失明患者带来了新的希望和恢复阅读视力的机会。)”可知，医生通过在患者眼中植入微芯片来帮助失明患者恢复阅读视力。故选C。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Patients then wear special glasses with a small video camera.(然后患者戴上装有小型摄像头的特殊眼镜。)”可知，第二段提到了眼镜内置了一个小型摄像机。故选C。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Dr. Peter Bloomfield, research director at the Macular Society, said the results are encouraging for patients who have no current treatment options. He explained, “Artificial vision may offer a lot of hope to many, particularly after previous disappointments in the world of dry AMD treatment.”(Macular Society的研究主任Peter Bloomfield博士说，对于目前没有治疗选择的患者来说，这些结果是令人鼓舞的。他解释说：“人工视觉可能会给很多人带来很多希望，尤其是在干性AMD治疗领域此前令人失望之后。”)”可推知，从Peter Bloomfield博士的话中我们可以得出人工视觉有光明的前景。故选A。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Experts believe this medical breakthrough could one day help those with other eye conditions.(专家们认为，这一医学突破可能有一天会帮助其他眼病患者。)”可知，后续研究可能会关注更广泛的眼部疾病应用。故选B。 Passage 3 （2026·山东泰安·二模） Doctors in London have taken a major step forward in medical science by helping children born blind to see again through the use of gene therapy. The treatment was designed for a rare inherited eye condition that affects the retina — the part of the eye responsible for transforming light into signals the brain can understand. The children in the treatment group suffered from a severe form of retinal dystrophy (营养不良) caused by a faulty gene. This fault meant that the light-sensing cells in their eyes could not function properly. As a result, these children were legally classified as blind, even though some could still tell light from dark. In the new procedure, surgeons injected (注射) a healthy copy of the faulty gene into one eye during a keyhole operation that lasted about an hour. The gene was carried safely inside a harmless virus and placed precisely in the light-sensitive layer of the retina. The goal was to help damaged cells recover their ability to respond to light. After the operation, researchers monitored the children’s progress for several years. The results were published in a respected medical journal. Many families reported remarkable improvements. One parent said that before the treatment, his son could not notice bright objects even when they were held just inches from his face. After the operation, the boy began to reach for toys and recognize people at a short distance. He even reacted to sunlight shining through a window — the first time he had shown any response to light. According to James Bainbridge, a senior retinal specialist involved in the work, the therapy not only helps the eye cells to work better but also encourages the brain to interpret visual signals more effectively. Although further research is still needed to confirm long-term safety, the future of gene treatment for visual disorders is bright with the potential to revolutionize treatment options and bring new hope to those living with visual disabilities. 1. What can we learn about the faulty gene? A. It makes the light-sensing cells perform poorly. B. It prevents people distinguishing light from dark. C. It affects how the brain transforms the light signals. D. It causes severe damage to the outer part of the eyes. 2. Why is the treatment described as “a major step forward”? A. It shortens the time needed for eye surgery. B. It removes a harmful virus from the patients’ eyes. C. It intends to cure the most common retinal diseases. D. It helps address a certain eye problem at its root. 3. Why does the author mention the father and his son in paragraph 4? A. To present the fact. B. To prove the effect. C. To predict the trend. D. To explain the theory. 4. What is the author’s attitude toward the future of this treatment? A. Favorable. B. Indifferent. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍伦敦医生利用基因疗法帮助先天失明儿童重见光明，以及该疗法的原理、效果和未来前景。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The children in the treatment group suffered from a severe form of retinal dystrophy caused by a faulty gene. This fault meant that the light-sensing cells in their eyes could not function properly.(治疗组的儿童患有由缺陷基因引起的严重视网膜营养不良。这种缺陷意味着他们眼睛中的感光细胞无法正常工作)”可知，缺陷基因会使感光细胞工作不佳。故选A项。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Doctors in London have taken a major step forward in medical science by helping children born blind to see again through the use of gene therapy.(伦敦的医生通过基因疗法帮助先天失明的儿童重见光明，在医学上迈出了重要一步)”以及第三段中的“In the new procedure, surgeons injected a healthy copy of the faulty gene into one eye during a keyhole operation that lasted about an hour.(在新的手术过程中，外科医生在一个持续约一小时的锁孔手术中，将缺陷基因的健康副本注射到一只眼睛中)”可知，该疗法通过注入健康基因从根源上解决特定眼疾问题，因此被称为“重要一步”。故选D项。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Many families reported remarkable improvements. One parent said that before the treatment, his son could not notice bright objects even when they were held just inches from his face. After the operation, the boy began to reach for toys and recognize people at a short distance.(许多家庭报告说情况有了显著改善。一位家长说，在治疗前，他的儿子即使把明亮的物体放在离脸几英寸远的地方也注意不到。手术后，这个男孩开始去够玩具，并能在短距离内认出人)”可知，作者提到这位父亲和他的儿子，是为了举例证明基因疗法的效果显著。故选B项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Although further research is still needed to confirm long-term safety, the future of gene treatment for visual disorders is bright with the potential to revolutionize treatment options and bring new hope to those living with visual disabilities.(尽管仍需要进一步研究来确认长期安全性，但视觉障碍基因治疗的未来是光明的，有望彻底改变治疗方案，为视觉障碍患者带来新的希望)”可知，作者认为这种疗法的未来是光明的，对其未来持支持态度。故选A项。 Passage 4 （2026·山东聊城·二模） At top universities, there’s a phenomenon known as “Stanford Duck Syndrome (综合征)”. Like ducks, students appear to move gracefully. However, beneath the surface, they’re kicking desperately to keep up. Experts from Stanford’s Health Services uncovered this troubling trend: during the day, many Stanford students are seen socializing in cafés, seemingly without any stress or the need to study. However, under the cover of night, they immerse themselves in constant academic work, occasionally burning the midnight oil till dawn, in a deliberate attempt to uphold the false image of effortless accomplishment. This comes at a high price: tiredness and anxiety are widespread. Furthermore, it leads to a common misconception: true geniuses achieve success with ease, while those working hard are less capable. In an effort to challenge this misconception, researchers designed an experiment. Participants were asked to observe a series of colors carefully while scientists tracked their brain activity throughout the process. The experiment was divided into two parts: one with easily distinct colors and the other with nearly identical ones, requiring greater efforts to distinguish. As the difficulty of the task intensified, there was an evident increase in brain activity, particularly in areas linked to memory and abstract reasoning. The finding indicates that with the intensification of task demands, a growing number of brain regions become activated. Our brain functions like a muscle. Without effort, even our inborn talents will fade over time. This pushes us to reconsider the underlying culture that might lead to this phenomenon. Instead of focusing too much on outcomes or singing high praise for inborn talents, we should emphasize the learning process and continuous improvement. By encouraging a culture that values effort, we can help students realize that intelligence is not fixed but grows through hard work. Such a shift would not only reduce the pressures associated with the “Stanford Duck Syndrome”, but also have a profound impact on personal development and the future of education. 1. What does the “Stanford Duck Syndrome” probably refer to? A. Valuing academic achievement over well-being. B. Displaying graceful public image to engage peers. C. Masking their diligence to cast an image of genius. D. Seeking relief from pressure through social activities. 2. What is the disadvantage of “Stanford Duck Syndrome”? A. It causes students to stay up late frequently. B. It covers up students’ real genius and potential. C. It makes students value social life over academic work. D. It generates tension and false concepts regarding success. 3. The experiment mentioned in paragraph 3 is designed primarily to __________. A. provide evidence against the myth of effortless genius B. explain why talents will decline without constant practice C. illustrate the link between color recognition and intellectual growth D. reveal how challenging tasks promote brain activity 4. What does the author intend to convey through this passage? A. No sweat, no sweet. B. Great hopes make great men. C. Slow and steady wins the race. D. Empty vessels make the most noise. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍了“斯坦福鸭子综合征”，揭示其弊端并呼吁重视努力以促进个人和教育发展。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“However, under the cover of night, they immerse themselves in constant academic work, occasionally burning the midnight oil till dawn, in a deliberate attempt to uphold the false image of effortless accomplishment. (然而，在夜幕的掩护下，他们沉浸在持续的学业工作中，偶尔熬夜到黎明，故意试图维持轻松取得成就的虚假形象)”可知，“斯坦福鸭子综合征”指的是学生掩饰自己的勤奋，塑造天才形象。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“This comes at a high price: tiredness and anxiety are widespread. Furthermore, it leads to a common misconception: true geniuses achieve success with ease, while those working hard are less capable. (这要付出高昂的代价：疲劳和焦虑普遍存在。此外，它还导致了一种常见的误解：真正的天才轻松取得成功，而努力工作的人能力较差)”可知，“斯坦福鸭子综合征”的缺点是它会产生关于成功的紧张和错误观念。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“In an effort to challenge this misconception, researchers designed an experiment. (为了挑战这种误解，研究人员设计了一个实验)”以及第四段“Our brain functions like a muscle. Without effort, even our inborn talents will fade over time. (我们的大脑就像肌肉一样。不努力，即使我们与生俱来的天赋也会随着时间的推移而消失)”可知，这个实验主要是为了提供反对轻松天才神话的证据。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。文章先介绍了“斯坦福鸭子综合征”，指出其带来的错误观念，接着通过实验说明不努力天赋会消失，最后强调应重视努力过程，说明不付出努力就不会有收获，所以作者通过这篇文章想要传达的是“No sweat, no sweet. (不劳无获)”。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （2026·山东滕州·二模） Scientists say a huge percentage of bird species are in danger because their habitats, or homelands, are disappearing. Traditional migration paths take birds through countries that are not protecting the places for birds to stop, rest and feed. The scientists studied the migration or flight paths of almost 1,500 species. They decided that 91 percent of them passed through dangerous areas. The major danger for migratory birds is development. Buildings and pavements have covered the places where birds stop and feed as they move from one part of the world to another. One of the scientists who worked on the study says “Many of these important places have been lost to land reclamation because of urban, industrial and agricultural land expansion”. The problem, according to scientists, is that many of these small birds die along their migration paths because they don’t have a safe place to feed and rest. There is no place to restore their energy for the next part of their journey. Countries in North Africa, Central Asia and those along the coasts of East Asia are having the most difficult time in protecting land. The scientists say these countries do not have enough areas that are safe for birds. One species that doesn’t exist now is the Eskimo curlew. “Our world gets poorer every time we lose a species,” one of the scientists says. The researchers say countries need to work together and come up with safe stopping areas for birds that pass through their boundaries. For example, one country might have preserved safe zones for migrating birds. But a neighbor country might not. A bird might die. One scientist who is not connected with the report tells Los Angeles Times that while some habitats are changing, more work can be done to make urban areas safe for birds. He says small changes, like planting more native plants or keeping cats out of the areas birds would be likely to use, could make a big difference. 1. What mainly caused the disappearing of birds’ habitats? A. The decrease of awareness to protect birds. B. Natural disasters. C. Overuse of land by human beings. D. The rising sea level. 2. What may be the main reason for many birds’ death on the way of migration? A. Tiredness and hunger. B. Beast attack on the ground. C. Hunting of humans. D. The long journey. 3. According to the last two paragraphs, how should we protect the migrating birds? A. By keeping fewer cats or dogs. B. By restoring their destroyed habitats. C. By helping change the birds’ migration paths. D. By preserving the ecological environments on their migration paths. 4. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To call on people to protect the birds’ habitats. B. To analyze the reasons for disappearing of birds’ habitats. C. To offer some solutions to the problem of birds’ habitats. D. To tell us a huge percentage of bird species are in danger. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. D 4. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了很大一部分鸟类正处于危险之中——它们的栖息地或家园正在消失。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“The major danger for migratory birds is development. Buildings and pavements have covered the places where birds stop and feed as they move from one part of the world to another.(对候鸟来说，最大的危险是发展。建筑物和人行道覆盖了鸟类从世界的一个地方飞到另一个地方时停下来觅食的地方)”可知，鸟类栖息地消失的主要原因是发展造成的，即人类过度使用土地。故选C。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“The problem, according to scientists, is that many of these small birds die along their migration paths because they don’t have a safe place to feed and rest. There is no place to restore their energy for the next part of their journey.(根据科学家的说法，问题是许多这些小鸟在迁徙途中死亡，因为它们没有一个安全的地方觅食和休息。没有地方让它们为下一段旅程恢复能量)”可知，许多鸟类在迁徙途中死亡的主要原因可能是疲惫和饥饿。故选A。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One scientist who is not connected with the report tells Los Angeles Times that while some habitats are changing, more work can be done to make urban areas safe for birds.(一位与该报告无关的科学家告诉《洛杉矶时报》，虽然一些栖息地正在发生变化，但可以做更多的工作来确保城市地区对鸟类的安全)”以及最后一段“He says small changes, like planting more native plants or keeping cats out of the areas birds would be likely to use, could make a big difference.(他说，一些小的改变，比如种植更多的本地植物，或者让猫远离鸟类可能使用的地区，可能会产生很大的影响)”推知，要保护好迁徙的动物，就要保护好迁徙途中的生态环境。故选D。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Scientists say a huge percentage of bird species are in danger because their habitats, or homelands, are disappearing.(科学家表示，很大一部分鸟类物种处于危险之中，因为它们的栖息地或家园正在消失)”结合文章主要介绍了很大一部分鸟类正处于危险之中的原因是它们的栖息地或家园正在消失，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是呼吁人们保护鸟类的栖息地。故选A。 Passage 2 （2026·山东滕州·二模） A new study suggests that 20 minutes of sunlight before waking can help fight morning fatigue (疲惫), offering a potential solution for those struggling with long-term sleep insufficiency. While inadequate sleep poses health risks, simply sleeping more isn’t always practical or effective, as many still wake up tired. Researchers at Osaka Metropolitan University found that pre-waking sunlight exposure may reduce fatigue, building on previous studies showing artificial dawn simulation can help. However, artificial light sources, often placed at bedside level, can lead to inconsistent exposure due to movement during sleep. A more stable alternative? Natural sunlight, which is freely available in most areas. For those without light pollution, leaving curtains open at night allows natural dawn light to enter. Others may use motorized curtains that reopen at a set morning time. To test this approach, the researchers conducted a crossover randomized controlled trial with 19 university students (ages 20–30) who maintained regular sleep schedules. Participants slept in a university lab furnished like a bedroom. All windows were shaded except for one facing east, making it the only source of natural light. The researchers installed light-shielding curtains on the east-facing window, plus a motorized device they could set to open the curtains at a specific time each morning. They used this setup to create three situations for participants: natural light exposure for 20 minutes before waking, natural light exposure from dawn until waking, and no natural light exposure. Results showed that both sunlight-exposed situations improved alertness and reduced self-reported sleepiness compared to no light. However, 20 minutes of pre-waking sunlight was most effective, significantly lowering objective sleepiness (measured via brain activity) compared to the other conditions. The team suggests prolonged exposure from dawn may disrupt sleep by providing too much light too soon. Daisuke Matsushita, a living environment design scientist involved in the study, hopes future research will optimize natural light exposure for better wakefulness, accounting for seasonal and daily variations. This could lead to more comfortable and energizing mornings. 1. Why is artificial dawn simulation sometimes ineffective in reducing morning fatigue? A. Because it requires expensive equipment. B. Because it cannot mimic natural sunlight accurately. C. Because it only works in areas without light pollution. D. Because it may be interrupted by the users’ movement. 2. The word “light-shielding” in paragraph 4 can probably be replaced by ______. A. light-emitting B. light-blocking C. light-reflecting D. light-absorbing 3. What can we learn about the study? A. Only the window facing south let light in. B. No light exposure improved sleeping quality. C. Participants were required to sleep in three situations. D. Two sunlight-exposed methods were equally effective. 4. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Motorized curtains can improve sleep quality. B. People should sleep longer to fight morning fatigue. C. Exposure to light sources is likely to solve sleep problems. D. 20 minutes of pre-waking sunlight may reduce morning tiredness. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了大阪Metropolitan大学的研究，表明醒来前20分钟的阳光照射有助于对抗早晨疲劳，还说明了研究过程和结果。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Researchers at Osaka Metropolitan University found that pre-waking sunlight exposure may reduce fatigue, building on previous studies showing artificial dawn simulation can help. However, artificial light sources, often placed at bedside level, can lead to inconsistent exposure due to movement during sleep.(大阪城市大学的研究人员发现，睡醒前接触阳光可能减轻疲劳感，该结论基于先前关于人工黎明模拟光照助益的研究。然而，通常放置在床头的模拟光源可能因睡眠时的翻身动作导致光照接触不规律)”可知，人工黎明模拟光源会被用户的移动打断，所以有时在减轻早晨疲劳方面会无效。故选D项。 【2题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“The researchers installed light-shielding curtains on the east-facing window, plus a motorized device they could set to open the curtains at a specific time each morning.(研究人员在朝东的窗户上安装了……窗帘，再加上一个机动装置，他们可以在每天早上的特定时间打开窗帘)”中“they could set to open the curtains at a specific time each morning”可推知，为了控制光照，研究人员安装的是阻挡光线的窗帘，然后让它在每天早上的特定时间打开。故划线词“light-shielding”的意思是“阻挡光线的”，与“light-blocking”同义。故选B项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“They used this setup to create three situations for participants: natural light exposure for 20 minutes before waking, natural light exposure from dawn until waking, and no natural light exposure.(他们用这个设置为参与者创造了三种情况：醒来前20分钟接受自然光照射、从黎明到醒来接受自然光照射以及不接受自然光照射)”可知，参与者需要在三种情况下睡觉。故选C项。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“A new study suggests that 20 minutes of sunlight before waking can help fight morning fatigue (疲惫), offering a potential solution for those struggling with long term sleep insufficiency.(一项新的研究表明，醒来前20分钟的阳光照射有助于对抗早晨疲劳，为那些长期睡眠不足的人提供了一个潜在的解决方案)”可知，本文主要介绍了一项新的研究，即醒来前20分钟的阳光照射可能会减少早晨的疲劳。故选D项。 Passage 3 （2026·山东聊城·二模） It is now officially confirmed: Iceland has lost its long-standing mosquito-free status. On October 21, 2025, the country’s Natural Science Institute announced that three mosquitoes had been detected near Réykjavík, the capital. This marks the first documented occurrence of mosquitoes in Iceland’s natural environment. Historically, Iceland, owing to its cold, harsh climate, was one of the only two regions on Earth entirely free of mosquitoes — the other being Antarctica. However, climate change is fundamentally changing this ecological balance. This spring, Iceland recorded unprecedented high temperatures, reaching 26.6℃ on May 15, with some areas experiencing abnormality of over 10℃ above the long-term average, according to the Icelandic Meteorological Office. Iceland is not the first territory to forfeit its mosquito-free status, said news outlet Live Science. Hawaii remained free of mosquitoes until 1826, when the insects were accidentally brought in by European and American ships and thrived in the islands’ hot, humid climate. In recent decades, global warming has enabled mosquitoes to expand their range into the islands’ higher-altitude forests, which were once too’ cold to sustain their survival. Mosquitoes are by nature adapted to warm conditions. The Conversation explains that they are ectothermic (变温的), meaning their body temperature is regulated by their surroundings. Mosquito larvae (幼虫) require temperatures between 7℃ and 16℃ to develop, while adult mosquitoes thrive in temperatures exceeding 27℃ and enter hibernation (冬眠) when temperatures drop below 10℃. Apart from rising temperatures, climate change fuels mosquito reproduction also by changing normal rainfall patterns, noted in the Stanford Report. The World Mosquito Program, a non-profit initiative led by Monash University in Australia, points out that mosquitoes depend on still, impure water to breed before maturing into flying adults. Floods create ideal breeding pools, while droughts lead people to store water, further expanding mosquito habitats. 1. What can we know from the first two paragraphs? A. Mosquitoes have destroyed the ecological balance. B. Few insects could survive Iceland’s harsh conditions. C. Mosquitoes begin to appear in Iceland. D. Iceland’s temperature rises by over 10℃. 2. What does the underlined word “forfeit” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Acquire. B. Claim. C. Lose. D. Preserve. 3. Why does the author mention droughts in the last paragraph? A. To illustrate that mosquitoes cannot survive without water. B. To explain why people have to store water during dry weather. C. To prove that rainfall patterns have been changed by climate change. D. To show changed rainfall patterns indirectly cause more mosquitoes. 4. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Higher-altitude forests become habitats for mosquitoes. B. Mosquitoes adapt easily to warm weather. C. Floods and droughts fuel the reproduction of mosquitoes. D. Climate change drives the spread of mosquitoes. 【答案】1. C 2. C 3. D 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍了由于气候变化导致的气温升高和降雨模式改变，使得蚊子传播到更多地区。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“This marks the first documented occurrence of mosquitoes in Iceland’s natural environment. (这标志着首次有记录显示蚊子出现在冰岛的自然环境中)”以及第二段“Historically, Iceland, owing to its cold, harsh climate, was one of the only two regions on Earth entirely free of mosquitoes — the other being Antarctica. (历史上，由于气候寒冷恶劣，冰岛是地球上仅有的两个完全没有蚊子的地区之一，另一个是南极洲)”可知，蚊子开始出现在冰岛。 【2题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段“Iceland is not the first territory to forfeit its mosquito-free status, said news outlet Live Science. Hawaii remained free of mosquitoes until 1826, when the insects were accidentally brought in by European and American ships and thrived in the islands’ hot, humid climate.(新闻媒体《生活科学》称，冰岛不是第一个forfeit无蚊子状态的地区。夏威夷在1826年之前都没有蚊子，直到欧洲和美国的船只意外将蚊子带入，这些蚊子在岛屿炎热潮湿的气候中繁衍生息)”可知，夏威夷原本没有蚊子，后来有了蚊子，也就是失去了无蚊子状态，所以此处表冰岛不是第一个失去无蚊子状态的地区示，forfeit意思是“失去”，与lose意义相近。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Apart from rising temperatures, climate change fuels mosquito reproduction also by changing normal rainfall patterns, noted in the Stanford Report. (斯坦福报告指出，除了气温上升，气候变化还通过改变正常的降雨模式来促进蚊子繁殖)”以及“Floods create ideal breeding pools, while droughts lead people to store water, further expanding mosquito habitats. (洪水创造了理想的繁殖池，而干旱导致人们储存水，进一步扩大了蚊子的栖息地)”可知，作者提到干旱是为了说明改变的降雨模式间接导致了更多蚊子的出现。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。文章开篇以冰岛出现蚊子为例，接着提到夏威夷等地区蚊子情况的变化，然后阐述蚊子适应的温度条件，最后说明气候变化通过改变气温和降雨模式促进蚊子繁殖，整体围绕气候变化推动蚊子传播展开。 Passage 4 （2026·山东青岛·二模） When we talk of human actions harming the environment, we often think of pollution, overuse of resources or destruction of habitats. But introducing new species into areas where they don’t naturally live can also be destructive. One such invasive (入侵的) species is the zebra mussel. Zebra mussels live in fresh water and are native to the Caspian and Black Seas, which are found in between Europe and Asia. These seas are less salty than most, so a freshwater species like the zebra mussel can live there and in nearby lakes. By attaching onto ships, the mollusks (软体动物) have spread to much of Europe and North America, causing a problem for the environment and humans alike. When species are abruptly introduced to a new ecosystem, they often damage the balance of that ecosystem, and zebra mussels are no exception. They feed by phytoplankton (浮游植物) and other nutrients out of the water when they pass through their shells, and they do so with striking efficiency. This means that when zebra mussels arrive in a new area, they consume so much phytoplankton that other species that also eat the same food source struggle to get a sufficient amount of food. Since those other creatures, in turn, are a food source for still other species, zebra mussels harm everything in the lake. Zebra mussels also create problems for humans because they multiply so quickly. They often grow on objects made by humans, and groups of them can prevent these objects from functioning. For example, zebra mussels have been known to obstruct the flow of water through pipes, which can prevent communities from getting clean drinking water. They attach to these objects firmly enough that they can prove difficult and expensive to clean. Removal of zebra mussels is incredibly difficult, so only by stopping them from spreading can people limit the troubles they cause. Governments of areas affected are taking steps to prevent their spread mostly by privately-owned boats. So, boaters must clean, drain (排空), and dry their boats and motors before entering one lake or another to defend against their further spread. 1. Why does the author mention the environmental problems in the beginning? A. To introduce the topic. B. To predict the ending. C. To emphasize the effects. D. To illustrate an argument. 2. What can we learn about zebra mussels? A. They need salty water to survive. B. They only exist in Europe and Asia. C. They often break the balance of the ecosystem. D. They eat less phytoplankton than any other species. 3. What does the underlined word “obstruct” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Avoid. B. Block. C. Control. D. Direct. 4. What does the last paragraph focus on? A. The damages caused by zebra mussels. B. The difficulties zebra mussels encounter. C. The measures to stop zebra mussels spreading. D. The rapid reproduction speed of zebra mussels. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了入侵物种斑马贻贝，它会破坏生态系统的平衡，影响人们的生活，清理起来也非常困难。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“When we talk of human actions harming the environment, we often think of pollution, overuse of resources or destruction of habitats. But introducing new species into areas where they don’t naturally live can also be destructive. One such invasive (入侵的) species is the zebra mussel. (当我们谈到人类行为对环境造成损害时，我们通常会想到污染、资源的过度使用或者栖息地的破坏。但将新物种引入它们原本不适应的区域同样会造成破坏。其中一种入侵物种就是斑马贻贝。)”可知，作者开篇先列举人们熟知的破坏环境的行为，接着引出“外来入侵物种也会破坏环境”，进而引出本文的说明对象——入侵物种斑马贻贝，因此开篇提到环境问题是为了引出主题。故选A。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“When species are abruptly introduced to a new ecosystem, they often damage the balance of that ecosystem, and zebra mussels are no exception. (当物种突然被引入一个新的生态系统时，它们往往会破坏该生态系统的平衡，斑马贻贝也不例外。)”可知，斑马贻贝会破坏生态系统的平衡，故选C。 【3题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“They often grow on objects made by humans, and groups of them can prevent these objects from functioning. (它们常常附着在人类制造的物体上，成群的它们甚至会妨碍这些物体的正常运作。)”和下文“which can prevent communities from getting clean drinking water. (从而使得一些社区无法获得干净的饮用水。)”可知，斑马贻贝堵住了管道，阻挡了水流，obstruct意思是“阻挡、堵塞”，对应block。故选B。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Governments of areas affected are taking steps to prevent their spread mostly by privately-owned boats. So, boaters must clean, drain (排空), and dry their boats and motors before entering one lake or another to defend against their further spread. (受影响地区的政府主要通过私人拥有的船只采取措施来防止它们的传播。因此，船员在进入一个湖泊或另一个湖泊之前必须清洁、排空并晾干他们的船只和发动机，以防止它们进一步传播。)”可知，最后一段介绍了政府防控斑马贻贝扩散的具体措施。故选C。 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2026·山东胶州·二模） Secret codes (密码) once thought impossible to crack now face a challenge from quantum computers. Luckily, to protect information, physicists have developed a theoretically foolproof system called device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) , which uses entangled quantum particles (纠缠态量子粒子) to fix weak points in existing methods. Now, a team in China has demonstrated the technique in real city conditions, an advance that could clear the way for a secure quantum internet in which trust is taken for granted. Most cryptography (密码学) works by encrypting messages with a secret code that requires a special key to decode. The challenge lies in making sure the key can’t be decoded when sent. For instance, the keys in one popular encryption scheme are based on the prime factors of large numbers, which take enormous effort to crack. But such calculations could be quick work for the large quantum computers. QKD offers a solution, but it has a weakness: hardware must be perfect. DI-QKD removes the need for trust in the hardware, by employing another feature of quantum mechanics — entanglement — which closely links properties of widely separated quantum particles. If the sender and receiver entangle a pair of particles across the network, they can each perform tests that confirm the particles’ properties are strongly linked, well beyond chance. After this “handshake”, they can be sure they’re the only ones on the channel. Then, other measurements on the entangled particles can establish a key, which can be shared with confidence that nobody can decode it. In 2022, a UK-based team managed to create and share a DI-QKD key for only about 2 meters. Now, Jianwei Pan and his colleagues have extended this to practically useful distances. After collecting data for 26 days, they showed they had the statistics to establish and share a key across 11 kilometers. The researchers also showed that in theory — and given about 23 years for data collection — they could have sent a key across 100 kilometers. Pan’s group now plans to explore ways to perform DI-QKD using satellites in space. 1. What is the advance made by Chinese scientists? A. They put forward a coding theory. B. They enhanced DI-QKD practicality. C. They set up the quantum internet. D. They discovered quantum entanglement. 2. The author explains the encryption principle by __________. A. providing a definition B. making a comparison C. giving an example D. citing a statement 3. What is the main idea of paragraph 3? A. What entanglement is. B. How DI-QKD works. C. What prevents key sharing. D. How particles connect. 4. What is the limitation implied in the last paragraph? A. Long data collection time. B. Strict laboratory conditions. C. Unstable entangled particles. D. Heavy reliance on satellites. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了传统密码面临量子计算机挑战，科学家研发出 DI‑QKD 系统。中国团队在真实城市环境实现 11 公里密钥分发，大幅提升实用性，但仍存在数据收集时间过长的局限。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Now, a team in China has demonstrated the technique in real city conditions, an advance that could clear the way for a secure quantum internet in which trust is taken for granted.( 如今，中国的一个团队在实际城市环境中展示了这一技术，这一进展可能为建立一个无需信任的可靠量子互联网铺平道路)”以及第四段中“Now, Jianwei Pan and his colleagues have extended this to practically useful distances.( 如今，潘建伟团队已经将这一技术扩展到了具有实际应用价值的距离范围内)”可知，中国团队在真实城市环境中验证了 DI-QKD 技术，并将距离拓展到实际可用范围，提升了其实用性。故选B项。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“For instance, the keys in one popular encryption scheme are based on the prime factors of large numbers, which take enormous effort to crack. But such calculations could be quick work for the large quantum computers. QKD offers a solution, but it has a weakness: hardware must be perfect.( 例如，一种流行的加密方案中的密钥基于大数字的质因数，破解这些密钥需要耗费巨大的努力。但对大型量子计算机来说，这些计算将是轻而易举的事情。量子密钥分发（QKD）提供了解决方案，但它有一个弱点：硬件必须完美无缺)”可推知，作者通过给出例子来解释加密原理。故选C项。 【3题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“DI-QKD removes the need for trust in the hardware, by employing another feature of quantum mechanics — entanglement — which closely links properties of widely separated quantum particles. If the sender and receiver entangle a pair of particles across the network, they can each perform tests that confirm the particles’ properties are strongly linked, well beyond chance. After this “handshake”, they can be sure they’re the only ones on the channel. Then, other measurements on the entangled particles can establish a key, which can be shared with confidence that nobody can decode it.( DI-QKD 通过利用量子力学的另一个特性——纠缠，消除了对硬件的信任需求。纠缠使相距很远的量子粒子的特性紧密相连。如果发送方和接收方在网络中对一对粒子进行纠缠操作，那么他们各自都可以进行测试，以证实这些粒子的特性之间存在着极强的关联，这种关联远远超出了偶然的可能性。完成这一“握手”之后，他们就能确定自己是这条通道上唯一的参与者。然后，对纠缠粒子进行的其他测量可以建立一个密钥，这个密钥可以放心地与他人分享，因为没有人能够破解它)”可知，第三段的主旨是DI-QKD 如何利用量子纠缠、如何完成“握手”、如何建立密钥，完整说明 DI-QKD 的工作流程。故选B项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“After collecting data for 26 days, they showed they had the statistics to establish and share a key across 11 kilometers. The researchers also showed that in theory — and given about 23 years for data collection — they could have sent a key across 100 kilometers.( 经过 26 天的数据收集，他们展示了他们拥有足够的统计数据来建立并分享跨越11公里的密钥。研究人员还表明，在理论上——并且假设数据收集需要约23年的时间——他们能够将密钥发送到100公里之外)”可推知，数据收集时间过长是当前局限。故选A项。 Passage 2 （2026·山东济南·二模） You leave an hour of online surfing with the sense that the world is falling apart. In the real world, however, a neighbor you disagree with politically helps you start your car. The dissonance is no accident. It is how today’s Internet works. To better understand this gap, researchers surveyed 1,090 adults and found that people dramatically overestimate how common harmful behavior on the Internet is. On Reddit, participants thought harmful commenters were 13 times more common, estimating 43% of users post harmful content, while the actual figure is just 3%. Most offensive posts come from a small group of highly active users, whose outsized posts shape public beliefs, creating the “majority illusion” that makes this minority seem like the norm, drowning out the silent majority. Our brains are wired to notice threats and moral breaks — negative content sticks in our minds. Additionally, social media algorithms (算法) prioritize content that causes strong reactions to keep users engaged, with falsehoods spreading faster than truth. Bot networks (僵尸网络) add to the noise: it has been reported that bad bots make up roughly a third of global web traffic, misleading what trends and who appears popular. Measuring online harmful content is tricky, as automated tools often miss unobvious aggressive remarks. But what matters more is not “how harmful is the Internet,” but what ordinary users perceive as normal. Social psychologists call this dynamic “pluralistic ignorance”: people privately reject harmful norms but go along with them publicly. This misconception formed online creates a dangerous gap, fueling public distrust, preventing public participation, and lowering moral standards — if we think “everyone is awful,” we’re less likely to be kind. While there is no silver bullet, practical steps — rooted in policy and personal awareness — can narrow the gap. The key lies in recognizing online engagement doesn’t equal approval: skip “most engaging” feeds and ground our views in actual world connections. Imagine a public square where the loudest few don’t seize the microphone — disagreement remains, but the air resounds with daily life: neighbors helping start cars, strangers holding doors. Online, we can make that reality visible again. 1. What does the underlined word “dissonance” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Disorder. B. Prejudice. C. Contrast. D. Debate. 2. What does the “majority illusion” refer to in the text? A. A false impression. B. A harmful behavior. C. An overestimated post. D. A minority of commenters. 3. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Why global web traffic misleads people. B. Why the minority feels like the majority. C. How we identify online harmful content. D. What harm online misconception causes. 4. What is the author’s suggestion in the last paragraph? A. Acting like the loudest few. B. Improving moral standards. C. Avoiding online engagement. D. Valuing real-life interactions. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了网络世界与现实世界之间的差异，指出人们往往高估网络上的有害行为，并分析了造成这种认知偏差的原因及其影响，最后提出了缩小这一差距的建议。 【1题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段中“You leave an hour of online surfing with the sense that the world is falling apart. In the real world, however, a neighbor you disagree with politically helps you start your car. The dissonance is no accident. (你上网一小时后，感觉世界要崩溃了。然而，在现实世界中，一个与你政治观点不同的邻居却帮你发动了汽车。这种dissonance并非偶然)”可知，前一句描述了网络世界带来的负面感受，后一句则通过现实中的例子展示了与网络世界截然不同的积极体验，两者形成对比。由此可推测，划线词dissonance指的是这种“对比”，与C项“Contrast”意思相近。故选C项。 【2题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Most offensive posts come from a small group of highly active users, whose outsized posts shape public beliefs, creating the “majority illusion” that makes this minority seem like the norm, drowning out the silent majority.(大多数冒犯性帖子来自一小群高度活跃的用户，他们过度的帖子塑造了公众的信念，制造了一种“多数错觉”，使这一少数群体看起来像是常态，淹没了沉默的大多数)”可知，少数高度活跃的用户通过发布大量帖子，使公众误以为他们的行为是大多数人的行为，从而形成了一种“错误的印象”。由此可推测，“majority illusion”指的是“错误的印象”。故选A项。 【3题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Our brains are wired to notice threats and moral breaks — negative content sticks in our minds. Additionally, social media algorithms (算法) prioritize content that causes strong reactions to keep users engaged, with falsehoods spreading faster than truth. Bot networks (僵尸网络) add to the noise: it has been reported that bad bots make up roughly a third of global web traffic, misleading what trends and who appears popular.(我们的大脑天生就会注意到威胁和道德上的缺陷——负面内容会留在我们的记忆中。此外，社交媒体算法会优先考虑能引起强烈反应的内容，以保持用户的参与度，而虚假信息的传播速度比真实信息更快。僵尸网络增加了噪音：据报道，恶意机器人约占全球网络流量的三分之一，误导了哪些趋势和谁看起来受欢迎)”可知，本段主要分析了为什么少数高度活跃的用户会感觉像多数，即解释了“多数错觉”产生的原因。故选B项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The key lies in recognizing online engagement doesn’t equal approval: skip “most engaging” feeds and ground our views in actual world connections. Imagine a public square where the loudest few don’t seize the microphone — disagreement remains, but the air resounds with daily life: neighbors helping start cars, strangers holding doors. Online, we can make that reality visible again.(关键在于认识到网络参与并不等于认可：跳过“最吸引人”的动态，将我们的观点建立在现实世界的联系上。想象一个广场，在那里，声音最大的几个人不会抢走麦克风——分歧依然存在，但空气中回荡着日常生活：邻居帮忙发动汽车，陌生人为你开门。在网上，我们可以让这种现实再次可见)”可知，作者建议人们应该重视现实生活中的互动，而不是仅仅关注网络上的动态。故选D项。 Passage 3 （2026·山东潍坊·二模） Artificial intelligence is contributing to significant advances in many academic and technical fields. Although the application of AI tools can benefit science and society, it also creates risks. AI slop — low-quality, inaccurate content from Generative AI like ChatGPT — floods scientific literature with false data and misleading reasoning. AI review tools favour such slop. After ChatGPT’s 2022 release, scientists lacking oversight submit error-ridden papers. AI slop also appears in paper mills (工厂) — companies mass-producing papers; in 2022 alone, 416 mill-produced articles were withdrawn. Though fake (伪造的) research existed before Generative AI, this new technology has facilitated its expansion, driving a transition from individual bad actors to illegal businesses. Unfortunately, professional journals continue to publish AI slop. This problem arises partially from novel challenges specific to Generative AI, such as the difficulties involved in detecting AI slop; the complexities in enforcing policies that require disclosure (公开) of AI assistance; and the increase in submissions arising from AI assistance. The AI slop trend also results from long-standing failures in the review system. Even before Generative AI, overstretched volunteer reviewers and editors lacked the time and resources to ensure high standards, allowing many low-quality papers to pass. AI-generated and AI-assisted papers are pushing an already overstressed system to the breaking point. Even the very citations that provide continuity and prior evidence in scientific papers are being undermined by Generative AI. Librarians have reported increasing requests for access to AI-generated citations that do not exist. Many such citations have already entered the academic literature, contributing to the reduction of trust in science. When researchers cite such slop, they pollute the academic world with unreliable or biased analyses, damaging confidence in the entire scientific ecosystem. What can we do to contain the AI slop in scientific research? Researchers who use AI to conduct literature searches should carefully check references for reliability. AI developers and companies bear some responsibility for ensuring that these tools are trained on high-quality research papers and data. For example, scientific institutions can pressure developers to fine-tune their AI models using the most reliable sources and to openly share the results of their safety and accuracy tests with users. This is just the beginning of a long journey. 1. How does the new technology lead to the expansion of fake research? A. It transforms illegal businesses. B. It saves struggling paper mills. C. It eliminates misleading reasoning. D. It boosts the production of false papers. 2. What can we learn about the academic review system? A. It is overburdened. B. It is underestimated. C. It is rich in resources. D. It is efficient in checks. 3. What does the underlined word “undermined” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Inspected. B. Ignored. C. Weakened. D. Mixed. 4. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. AI slop should be tackled collectively. B. AI companies should be fined severely. C. AI tools can be trained on various data. D. AI developers are the root cause of AI slop. 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要说明了人工智能催生大量劣质科研内容，泛滥的虚假论文与不实引文破坏学术诚信。原有审稿体系不堪重负，需研究者、企业与机构多方合力，共同整治该问题。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Though fake (伪造的) research existed before Generative AI, this new technology has facilitated its expansion, driving a transition from individual bad actors to illegal businesses.(尽管在生成式人工智能出现之前就已经存在伪造的研究，但这项新技术却推动了其规模的扩大，使这种行为从个别不良分子发展成为非法企业)”可知，这种新技术会促使伪造文件的产量增加。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Even before Generative AI, overstretched volunteer reviewers and editors lacked the time and resources to ensure high standards, allowing many low-quality papers to pass. AI-generated and AI-assisted papers are pushing an already overstressed system to the breaking point.(即便在生成式人工智能出现之前，过度劳累的志愿评审员和编辑也缺乏时间和资源来确保高标准，从而导致许多低质量的论文得以通过。而由人工智能生成和辅助撰写的论文正将本已不堪重负的系统推向崩溃的边缘)”可知，学术评审制度负担过重。 【3题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Librarians have reported increasing requests for access to AI-generated citations that do not exist. Many such citations have already entered the academic literature, contributing to the reduction of trust in science. When researchers cite such slop, they pollute the academic world with unreliable or biased analyses, damaging confidence in the entire scientific ecosystem.(图书馆工作人员反映，对于那些并不存在的由人工智能生成的参考文献的访问请求越来越多。许多此类文献已经进入了学术领域，从而导致人们对科学的信任度降低。当研究人员引用这类粗制滥造的内容时，他们会给学术界带来不可靠或有偏见的分析，从而损害整个科学生态系统的信任度)”可知，虚假引用降低学术信任、破坏科研生态，可知AI损害、削弱了引文的价值与可信度，故划线词意思是“削弱”。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Researchers who use AI to conduct literature searches should carefully check references for reliability. AI developers and companies bear some responsibility for ensuring that these tools are trained on high-quality research papers and data. For example, scientific institutions can pressure developers to fine-tune their AI models using the most reliable sources and to openly share the results of their safety and accuracy tests with users. This is just the beginning of a long journey.(使用人工智能进行文献检索的研究人员应当仔细核查参考文献的可靠性。人工智能的开发者和相关企业也需承担一定的责任，确保这些工具是基于高质量的研究论文和数据进行训练的。例如，科研机构可以向开发者施压，要求他们使用最可靠的来源对人工智能模型进行微调，并公开分享其安全性和准确性测试的结果给用户。这只是漫长旅程的开端)”可知，作者在最后一段中意在表达人工智能问题应当共同加以解决。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （2026·山东青岛·二模） Scientists at Finland’s Aalto University have found that using artificial intelligence (AI) almost removes and reverses (逆转)the Dunning-Kruger effect, a phenomenon that people who aren’t very good at a given task are overconfident, while people with high ability tend to underestimate their skills. Their research showed that when using common chatbots to solve problems, everyone (regardless of their skill level) tended to put too much faith in the quality of the answers, with the most experienced AI users doing so the most. In the study, scientists gave 500 subjects logical reasoning tasks, with half allowed to use ChatGPT. Both groups were later quizzed on both their AI literacy and how well they thought they performed, and promised extra rewards if they assessed their own performance accurately. The reasons behind the findings are varied. Because AI users were usually satisfied with their answer after only one question or prompt (提示), accepting the answer without further checking or confirmation, they can be said to have engaged in what Robin Welsch, an Aalto University computer scientist, calls “cognitive (认知) offloading” — exploring the question with reduced reflection, and approaching it in a more “shallow” way. Such less engagement in our own reasoning means we bypass the usual feedback process of critical thinking, which reduces our ability to assess our performance accurately. Even more revealing was the fact that we all overestimate our abilities when using AI, regardless of our intelligence, with the gap between high-and low-skill users reducing. The study owed this to the fact that large language models (LLMs) help everyone perform better to some degree. Meanwhile, the Aalto team warned of several potential impacts as AI becomes more widespread. Firstly, metacognitive accuracy overall might suffer. Without reflecting on results, error checking or deeper reasoning, we risk weakening our ability to source information reliably, the scientists said in the study. What’s more, the flattening of the Dunning-Kruger Effect will mean we’ll all continue to overestimate our abilities while using AI, with the more AI-literate among us doing so even more — leading to an increased climate of miscalculated decision-making and a drop in their skills. 1. What did Aalto University researchers discover about AI chatbot use? A. Low-ability users became less confident. B. It strengthened the Dunning-Kruger Effect. C. Users generally over-trusted the chatbot’s answers. D. Only beginners often thought highly of their abilities. 2. Which aspect of the research is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The purpose. B. The process. C. The subjects. D. The findings. 3. Why do the users often overestimate their abilities? A. LLMs’ aid improves users’ task performance. B. Users often skip the process of critical thinking. C. AI tools contribute to users’ metacognitive accuracy. D. The gap between high-and low-skill AI users is bridged. 4. What will be probably talked about in the following paragraph? A. Regulations for narrowing AI users’ skill gap. B. Guidelines for sourcing information reliably. C. Methods for preventing users’ cognitive decline. D. Tips for improving the subjects’ performance. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍芬兰阿尔托大学的科学家发现使用人工智能几乎消除并逆转了邓宁-克鲁格效应，研究表明使用常见聊天机器人解决问题时，用户通常过度信任聊天机器人给出的答案，且无论技能水平高低，使用人工智能时都会高估自己的能力，文章还探讨了该现象背后的原因以及可能带来的潜在影响。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Their research showed that when using common chatbots to solve problems, everyone (regardless of their skill level) tended to put too much faith in the quality of the answers, with the most experienced AI users doing so the most.(他们的研究表明，当使用普通聊天机器人解决问题时，每个人（无论技能水平如何）都倾向于过度相信答案的质量，经验最丰富的人工智能用户表现得最为明显)”可知，阿尔托大学的研究人员发现使用人工智能聊天机器人时，用户普遍过度信任聊天机器人的答案。故选C项。 【2题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段“In the study, scientists gave 500 subjects logical reasoning tasks, with half allowed to use ChatGPT. Both groups were later quizzed on both their AI literacy and how well they thought they performed, and promised extra rewards if they assessed their own performance accurately.(在这项研究中，科学家给500名受试者布置了逻辑推理任务，其中一半人被允许使用ChatGPT。随后，两组受试者都接受了关于他们的人工智能素养以及他们认为自己表现如何的测试，并承诺如果他们能准确评估自己的表现，将给予额外奖励)”可知，该段主要介绍了研究的过程，包括给受试者布置任务、分组、后续测试等。故选B项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“The study owed this to the fact that large language models （LLMs） help everyone perform better to some degree.(该研究将此归因于大型语言模型（LLMs）在某种程度上帮助每个人都表现得更好)”可知，用户经常高估自己的能力是因为大型语言模型的帮助提高了用户在任务中的表现。故选A项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Firstly, metacognitive accuracy overall might suffer. Without reflecting on results, error checking or deeper reasoning, we risk weakening our ability to source information reliably, the scientists said in the study. What’s more, the flattening of the Dunning-Kruger Effect will mean we’ll all continue to overestimate our abilities while using AI, with the more AI-literate among us doing so even more — leading to an increased climate of miscalculated decision-making and a drop in their skills.(首先，整体的元认知准确性可能会受到影响。科学家在该研究中指出，若不对结果进行反思、不做错误检查或深入推理，我们就有可能削弱自己可靠获取信息的能力。此外，邓宁 - 克鲁格效应的弱化将意味着：在使用人工智能时，我们所有人都会继续高估自己的能力，而其中对人工智能更熟悉的人，这种情况会更为严重 —— 这会导致错误决策的风气加剧，同时使他们自身的能力下降)”可知，文章最后提到了使用人工智能的潜在影响，接下来可能会讨论防止用户认知能力下降的方法。故选C项。 Passage 2 （2026·山东东营·二模） A new investigation into the reliability of advanced artificial intelligence models emphasizes a significant risk for scientific research. The study, published in JMIR Mental Health, found that large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI’s GPT-4o frequently generate inaccurate references, with these errors becoming more common when the AI is instructed on less familiar or highly specialized topics. While past studies have documented that LLMs can fabricate (编造) references, it has been less clear how the nature of a given topic might influence the frequency of these errors. A team of researchers from the School of Psychology at Deakin University in Australia sought to explore this question within the field of mental health. To conduct their study, the researchers asked GPT-4o to generate different literature reviews. These reviews centered on three mental health conditions chosen for their varying levels of public recognition and research coverage: major depressive disorder (a widely known and heavily researched condition), binge eating disorder (moderately known), and body dysmorphic disorder (a less-known condition with a smaller body of research). After generating the reviews, the researchers examined all 176 references provided by the AI. The analysis showed that the rate of reference fabrication was strongly linked to the topic. For major depressive disorder, the most well-researched condition, only 6 percent of references were fabricated. In contrast, the fabrication rate rose sharply to 28 percent for binge eating disorder and 29 percent for body dysmorphic disorder. The study has some limitations that the researchers acknowledge. Still, the study’s results offer clear insights for the academic community. Researchers using these models are advised to be cautious and perform thorough human checks of every reference an AI generates. The findings also suggest that academic journals and institutions may need to develop new standards and tools to safeguard the integrity of published research in an era of AI-assisted writing. 1. What is the new study mainly about? A. The precision of AI references. B. The impact of AI on mental health. C. The reliance on AI in daily life. D. The convenience of AI in research. 2. Why were the three mental disorders selected for the study? A. They vary in severity. B. They attract media coverage. C. They lack sufficient study. D. They differ in public visibility. 3. What is the author’s attitude toward the study findings? A. Approving. B. Dismissive. C. Unclear. D. Doubtful. 4. What is a suitable title for the text? A. GPT-4o: A Reliable Writing Assistant B. GPT-4o: A Revolution in Literature Reviews C. AI References: A Risk for Academic Integrity D. AI References: A Solution to Research Inaccuracy 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了AI模型生成参考文献的不可靠性及其对学术研究诚信构成的潜在风险。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。 根据第一段中“A new investigation into the reliability of advanced artificial intelligence models emphasizes a significant risk for scientific research. The study, published in JMIR Mental Health, found that large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI’s GPT-4o frequently generate inaccurate references (一项针对先进人工智能模型可靠性的全新调查，指出了其给科学研究带来的重大隐患。这项发表于《JMIR心理健康》期刊的研究发现，诸如人工智能公司OpenAI旗下GPT-4o之类的大型语言模型，常会生成不准确的参考文献)”以及全文围绕AI模型参考文献的错误率、准确性展开研究可知，这项新研究主要关于AI参考文献的精确度。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“These reviews centered on three mental health conditions chosen for their varying levels of public recognition and research coverage: major depressive disorder (a widely known and heavily researched condition), binge eating disorder (moderately known), and body dysmorphic disorder (a less-known condition with a smaller body of research). (这些文献综述围绕三种心理健康病症展开，选取这三种病症是因其公众认知度与研究覆盖面各不相同：重度抑郁症（广为人知且研究成果丰富）、暴食症（认知度中等）以及躯体变形障碍（知名度较低，相关研究较少）。)”可知，选择这三种心理疾病是因为它们在公众认知度上存在差异。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Still, the study’s results offer clear insights for the academic community. Researchers using these models are advised to be cautious and perform thorough human checks of every reference an AI generates. The findings also suggest that academic journals and institutions may need to develop new standards and tools to safeguard the integrity of published research in an era of AI-assisted writing. (尽管如此，该研究结果仍为学术界提供了明确的启示。研究人员在使用这类人工智能模型时，需保持谨慎，对人工智能生成的每一条参考文献都进行全面人工核查。该研究结果还表明，在人工智能辅助写作的时代，学术期刊与科研机构或许需要制定全新标准、研发相关工具，以保障已发表科研成果的学术严谨性与真实性。)”可知，作者认为该研究结果为学术界提供了清晰的见解，并给出了具体的建议，说明作者对研究结果的态度是赞同的。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是第一段中“A new investigation into the reliability of advanced artificial intelligence models emphasizes a significant risk for scientific research. The study, published in JMIR Mental Health, found that large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI’s GPT-4o frequently generate inaccurate references (一项针对先进人工智能模型可靠性的全新调查，指出了其给科学研究带来的重大隐患。这项发表于《JMIR心理健康》期刊的研究发现，诸如人工智能公司OpenAI旗下GPT-4o之类的大型语言模型，常会生成不准确的参考文献)”以及最后一段中“The findings also suggest that academic journals and institutions may need to develop new standards and tools to safeguard the integrity of published research in an era of AI-assisted writing. (研究结果还表明，在人工智能辅助写作的时代，学术期刊和机构可能需要制定新的标准和工具，以维护已发表研究的完整性。)”可知，文章主要讨论了AI生成的参考文献可能带来的学术诚信风险。C选项“AI References: A Risk for Academic Integrity (AI参考文献：学术诚信的风险)”贴合全文核心内容，适合作为文章标题。 Passage 3 （2026·山东济宁·二模） When you were little, did you fight with your brother or sister about who would get the last gummy bear? Or who got to sit in the front of the ride? Behind these cases lies a hidden mindset — zero-sum thinking, a term that comes from math. In a zero-sum game, the total of gains and losses among the players always adds up to zero. Oskar Morgenstern first formally described this concept in the 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Since then it has been widely used in economic theories and game theory. Drawing on ideas of evolutionary psychology, some have argued that zero-sum thinking arose as a cognitive (认知的) adaptation within early-human ancestors who were forced to compete over limited resources. As such, the tendency to subjectively view resource distribution as zero-sum might have been the dominant strategy in our evolutionary past, giving individuals with higher zero-sum beliefs a relative advantage over others. Thus, in modern environments, zero-sum beliefs are adopted under similar conditions of threat and resource-shortage and can be overridden only with thoughtful reflection. Zero-sum beliefs have important intrapersonal and interpersonal consequences. At the intrapersonal level, greater approval of zero-sum beliefs is associated with more negative (and less positive) effects, more greed and lower life satisfaction. Zero-sum beliefs can also be interpersonally detrimental, such as when negotiators who believe that their counterparts gain at their expense overlook opportunities for mutually beneficial deals. More broadly, people who adopt zero-sum beliefs often feel lonelier. Thus, zero-sum beliefs are associated with both the quality and the quantity of close personal relationships. To fight these effects, we can remember to remain mindful that there are numerous opportunities for non-zero-sum interactions with others, such as finding opportunities to exchange surpluses or favors with others. Doing so provides the necessary ingredients for trust and mutual benefit to form, which are both necessary for any business or economy to function optimally, in good times and in bad. 1. Which is the core of zero-sum mindset? A. Every coin has two sides. B. The other’s gain is your loss. C. Many hands make light work. D. United we stand, divided we fall. 2. What does paragraph 2 try to stress concerning zero-sum thinking? A. It is unique to humans. B. It tends to be short-lived. C. It helped ancestors survive. D. It is hardwired into humans. 3. What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Dynamic. B. Complex. C. Harmful. D. Consistent. 4. Which of the following does the author probably agree with? A. Trust is a two-way street. B. A true win-win is attainable. C. Opportunity knocks but once. D. Economy undergoes thick and thin. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要探讨了零和思维的概念、起源、影响以及应对方法。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“ In a zero-sum game, the total of gains and losses among the players always adds up to zero. (在零和博弈中，所有参与者的收益与损失之和恒为零。)”可知，零和博弈中所有人得失相加为 0，意味着一方获利，另一方必然受损。A. 凡事有利有弊；B. 他人之得，即为你之失；C. 人多力量大；D. 团结则存，分裂则亡。 【2题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Drawing on ideas of evolutionary psychology, some have argued that zero-sum thinking arose as a cognitive (认知的) adaptation within early-human ancestors who were forced to compete over limited resources. As such, the tendency to subjectively view resource distribution as zero-sum might have been the dominant strategy in our evolutionary past, giving individuals with higher zero-sum beliefs a relative advantage over others. ( 部分学者借鉴进化心理学的观点提出：零和思维是早期人类祖先为适应环境而形成的一种认知本能，彼时人类不得不围绕有限的资源展开竞争。因此，在人类进化历程中，主观上将资源分配视作零和博弈的思维倾向，曾是主流生存策略，那些零和观念更强的个体，相较他人会拥有一定生存优势。)”可知，零和思维是人类进化形成的认知本能，是进化遗留的固有思维，很难主动摆脱，属于人类与生俱来的思维模式。由此可知，第二段侧重说明零和思维是人类进化形成的固有本能。 【3题详解】 词句猜测题。根据下文“such as when negotiators who believe that their counterparts gain at their expense overlook opportunities for mutually beneficial deals. (例如，有些谈判 者认为对手的获益必然建立在自己的损失之上，因而会错失达成互利共赢协议的机会。)”可知，零和思维对人际关系产生了有害的影响，由此可知，detrimental意为“有害的”。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“To fight these effects, we can remember to remain mindful that there are numerous opportunities for non-zero-sum interactions with others, such as finding opportunities to exchange surpluses or favors with others. (为了对抗这些影响，我们可以记住，与他人进行非零和互动的机会有很多，比如寻找与他人交换剩余或恩惠的机会。)”可知，作者认为存在许多非零和互动的机会，即真正的双赢是可以实现的。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （2026·山东东营·二模） As our planet steadily gets warmer, our bodies will need to deal with the stresses of higher temperatures. A new study shows that continued exposure to heat waves can age the body as much as regular drinking or smoking. Led by a team from the University of Hong Kong in China, the investigation looked at data from 24,922 people who had gone through medical examinations between 2008 and 2022. The researchers compared their records with the number of heat waves each person had probably experienced based on their registered addresses. The results showed that those who had been exposed to more heat waves had higher scores for biological markers associated with biological aging — a measure of the functionality of tissues, organs, and cells. The participants were sorted into four groups depending on heat wave exposure, and each step up from group to group was associated with an extra 0.023 to 0.031 years in biological age. The researchers say it puts heat waves in the same category as smoking, drinking, diet, and exercise in terms of how much they can affect biological aging. While this isn’t an entirely new connection, and doesn’t show direct cause and effect, it outperforms many earlier studies in that it measures heat waves over a long period of time in a large group of people. The findings add to what we know about both heat waves and aging. Since the elderly, those in rural areas, and physical workers are often more exposed to heat than others, this study highlights the need for further policy development to address environmental inequalities and enhance population adaptation to the health impacts of heat waves. The findings are also important in the context of aging populations. By 2050, some 16 percent of people worldwide are expected to be aged 65 or over, and as we all live longer lives, targeted policies and interventions are urgently needed to make sure those extra years are lived as healthily as possible. 1. How did the researchers conduct the study? A. By interviewing participants. B. By analyzing existing statistics. C. By performing health checkups. D. By tracking real-time heat waves. 2. What happened to people exposed to more heat waves? A. They tended to exercise less. B. They fell into unhealthy habits. C. They showed signs of faster aging. D. They had better biological functions. 3. What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A. Distinct strengths of the study. B. Major limitations of the study. C. Possible reasons for the findings. D. Suggestions for future studies. 4. What is implied in the last paragraph? A. Longer life guarantees healthier aging. B. The elderly should look after themselves. C. Efforts are needed to boost healthy aging. D. Adaptation to aging reduces heat exposure. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍一项新研究，说明长期热浪会加速人体衰老，危害堪比烟酒，并分析研究优势及相关健康防护对策。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Led by a team from the University of Hong Kong in China, the investigation looked at data from 24,922 people who had gone through medical examinations between 2008 and 2022.(中国香港大学的一个研究团队主导了这项调查，研究分析了24922名在2008年至2022年间做过体检的人员数据)”可知，研究人员是通过分析已有的相关统计数据开展研究的。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The results showed that those who had been exposed to more heat waves had higher scores for biological markers associated with biological aging — a measure of the functionality of tissues, organs, and cells.(结果表明，接触热浪更多的人，与生物衰老相关的生物指标数值更高，该指标用于衡量人体组织、器官和细胞的机能)”可知，接触更多热浪的人会出现衰老加快的迹象。 【3题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“While this isn’t an entirely new connection, and doesn’t show direct cause and effect, it outperforms many earlier studies in that it measures heat waves over a long period of time in a large group of people.(虽然这并非全新的关联发现，也无法证明直接因果关系，但这项研究优于许多早期研究，因为它针对大量人群长期监测热浪情况)”可知，第四段主要讲述了这项研究区别于以往研究的独特优势。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“By 2050, some 16 percent of people worldwide are expected to be aged 65 or over, and as we all live longer lives, targeted policies and interventions are urgently needed to make sure those extra years are lived as healthily as possible.(到2050年，全球约16%人口将年满65岁及以上，随着人均寿命延长，急需针对性政策和干预措施，保障人们老年生活健康)”可知，文末暗示需要采取相关举措，助力全民健康老龄化。 Passage 2 （2026·山东东营·二模） For years, researchers have pointed to a potential upside of Antarctic melting: as glaciers melt, iron trapped in the ice would be released into the ocean, fueling algae (海藻) blooms that absorb carbon dioxide. This process, known as iron fertilization, was seen as a rare positive feedback in a warming world. However, new research from Rutgers University challenges that assumption. In the most precise measurement to date, scientists found that melt-water from an Antarctic ice shelf contributes far less iron to the surrounding ocean than previously believed. The study, published in Communications Earth and Environment, raises questions about current climate models. The Southern Ocean supports abundant phytoplankton (浮游植物) growth, which forms the foundation of the Antarctic food web. These microscopic plants feed krill, which sustain penguins, seals, and whales. As they grow, phytoplankton absorb massive amounts of carbon dioxide, making this region the world’s largest oceanic carbon sink. Until now, scientists’ understanding of iron sources came mainly from computer models. In 2022, researchers traveled aboard an icebreaker to West Antarctica’s Dotson Ice Shelf to collect direct measurements. They sampled seawater at points where it flows into and out of cavities beneath the ice shelf. Back in the lab, scientists measured iron concentrations and analyzed isotopic (同位素的) ratios to trace the iron’s origin. The results were unexpected. Melt-water accounted for only about 10% of the dissolved iron flowing out of the ice cavity (洞). The majority came from deep ocean water (62%) and sediments on the continental shelf (28%). “Roughly 90% of the dissolved iron coming out of the ice shelf cavity comes from deep waters and sediments outside the cavity, not from melt-water,” said lead author Venkatesh Chinni. The isotopic data also pointed to processes beneath the glacier itself. A liquid melt-water layer lacking dissolved oxygen appears to help dissolve iron oxides in bedrock, potentially releasing more iron than melting ice shelves do. The findings challenge long-held assumptions about iron sources in the Southern Ocean as the planet warms. “Our claim is that the melt-water itself carries very little iron,” said principal investigator Rob Sherrell. He noted that most iron comes from bedrock erosion, not from the ice driving sea level rise, a conclusion many scientists may find surprising. 1. What assumption does the new research challenge? A. Melt-water releases large amounts of iron. B. Iron in ocean helps slow warming. C. Antarctic melting matters for climate. D. Algae blooms absorb large amounts of CO₂. 2. Why do scientists focus on iron levels in the Southern Ocean? A. Because iron is a nutrient. B. Because iron is vital for plant and animal growth. C. Because iron levels affect climate model accuracy. D. Because iron supports carbon-absorbing phytoplankton. 3. What did the new study find about the source of iron in the Southern Ocean? A. Deep ocean water is not the main iron source. B. Sediments contribute less iron than melt-water. C. Melt-water plays a minor role in iron supply. D. The ice itself releases more iron than expected. 4. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A. Iron’s Importance to Ocean’s Carbon Sink B. Study: Antarctic Iron Comes from Elsewhere C. Iron’s Role in Southern Ocean Ecosystem D. Iron Data: Key to Climate Models 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于南极冰川融水的新研究，该研究通过直接测量发现，南冰洋中的铁元素主要来自深海水和沉积物，而非冰川融水，这一发现挑战了长期以来关于铁来源的传统假设。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“For years, researchers have pointed to a potential upside of Antarctic melting: as glaciers melt, iron trapped in the ice would be released into the ocean, fueling algae (海藻) blooms that absorb carbon dioxide.(多年来，研究人员一直指出南极冰川融化可能带来的一个积极影响：随着冰川融化，冰层中所含的铁会释放到海洋中，从而促进藻类的大量繁殖，而藻类能够吸收二氧化碳)”以及第二段“However, new research from Rutgers University challenges that assumption. In the most precise measurement to date, scientists found that melt-water from an Antarctic ice shelf contributes far less iron to the surrounding ocean than previously believed. The study, published in Communications Earth and Environment, raises questions about current climate models.(然而，罗格斯大学的新研究对这一假设提出了质疑。在迄今为止最为精确的测量中，科学家们发现，来自南极冰架的融水向周围海洋输送的铁元素量远低于此前的预期。该研究发表在《地球与环境通讯》杂志上，引发了对当前气候模型的质疑)”可知，它挑战的核心假设是“融水是铁的主要来源”或者“融水会大量释放铁”这一论断。故选A。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“The Southern Ocean supports abundant phytoplankton (浮游植物) growth, which forms the foundation of the Antarctic food web. These microscopic plants feed krill, which sustain penguins, seals, and whales. As they grow, phytoplankton absorb massive amounts of carbon dioxide, making this region the world’s largest oceanic carbon sink.(南冰洋为大量的浮游植物提供了适宜的生长环境，这些浮游植物构成了南极食物网的基础。这些微小的植物为磷虾提供食物，而磷虾又为企鹅、海豹和鲸鱼提供营养来源。随着它们的生长，浮游植物会吸收大量的二氧化碳，使得该地区成为世界上最大的海洋碳汇)”可知，科学家关注南冰洋中的铁含量是因为铁能为能够吸收碳的浮游植物提供养分。故选D。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段“Melt-water accounted for only about 10% of the dissolved iron flowing out of the ice cavity (洞).(融水所携带的铁元素仅占从冰洞中流出的铁元素总量的约10%)”和第六段““Roughly 90% of the dissolved iron coming out of the ice shelf cavity comes from deep waters and sediments outside the cavity, not from melt-water,” said lead author Venkatesh Chinni.(该研究的第一作者文卡特什·钦尼表示：“从冰架空洞中流出的溶解铁物质中，约90%来自空洞外部的深层海水和沉积物，而非来自融水。”)”可知，新研究发现冰川融水只贡献了约10%的铁元素，在南冰洋铁供应中作用很小。故选C。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。文章开篇介绍传统观点（冰川融水释放铁），随后通过新研究发现铁元素主要来自深海和沉积物，而非融水，并指出这一发现挑战了长期以来的假设。全文围绕“铁从何而来”这一核心问题展开，B选项“研究：南极洲的铁来自别处”最符合文章标题。故选B。 Passage 3 （2026·山东临沂·二模） The time for action is now, at least when it comes to climate change. If the world’s major governments don’t enact measures that limit global warming, it may be impossible to stop its progress, according to a study published in the journal Earth System Dynamics. The study, led by scientists in the United Kingdom and Netherlands, claims that in 2035, we will cross a point of no return — after which it will be extremely unlikely we can stop Earth’s temperature from rising by 2 degrees Celsius(2℃)and kicking off a dangerous medley of global disasters. The 2 degrees Celsius mark is critical for Earth’s well-being. Once the planet warms an additional 2 degrees Celsius, scientists predict a range of catastrophic effects, from widespread flooding in coastal areas to searing heat waves and extreme storms. One important area that could slow the movement toward a point of no return in 2035 is the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. But even this will require marked progress. Scientists have calculated that the share of renewables worldwide must grow by at least two percent each year in order to slow the march toward climate change. Two percent a year may not sound like much, but in the 20 years leading up to 2017, the percentage of energy from renewables grew by a paltry total of 3.6 percent. There is hope, though. If the use of renewable energy were to outpace the scientists’ model, say by 5 percent per annum, the climate change deadline could move back by at least a decade, the researchers note. Likewise, developing technology to remove carbon dioxide and other gases from the atmosphere could help slow climate change. These gases alter Earth’s atmosphere and allow it to trap more heat from the sun and cause temperatures to rise. “We hope that ‘having a deadline’ may stimulate the sense of responsibility to act for politicians and policy makers,” Henk Dijkstra, a professor at Utrecht University in the Netherlands and one of the study authors, said in a statement. “Very little time is left.” 1. Why is the year 2035 critical to the Earth? A. It will be a record-breaking hot year. B. It’s a key point for our earth’s health. C. It is when fossil fuels will run out. D. It’s a year of frequent natural disasters. 2. What annual minimum growth in renewables do we need to slow the progress? A. 2%. B. 3.6%. C. 5%. D. 7%. 3. What does the underlined word “outpace” in paragraph 5 mean? A. Match. B. Keep up with. C. Do better than. D. Continue. 4. How did Henk Dijkstra feel about the current situation? A. Optimistic. B. Concerned. C. Doubtful. D. Satisfied. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出如果主要政府不采取措施，全球变暖将在2035年越过不可逆转的临界点，导致地球升温2℃并引发灾难；同时提到可再生能源增长和碳清除技术可延缓这一进程，科学家呼吁政策制定者立即行动。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The study, led by scientists in the United Kingdom and Netherlands, claims that in 2035, we will cross a point of no return — after which it will be extremely unlikely we can stop Earth’s temperature from rising by 2 degrees Celsius(2℃) and kicking off a dangerous medley of global disasters.(由英国和荷兰的科学家主导的这项研究称，2035年我们将跨过一个不可逆的临界点，在此之后，人类极不可能阻止地球气温上升2摄氏度，还会引发一系列全球性的危险灾难)”以及第三段第一句“The 2 degrees Celsius mark is critical for Earth’s well-being.(2摄氏度这个标志对地球的健康至关重要)”可知，2035年是地球健康的关键节点，一旦跨过这个临界点，会引发诸多气候灾难，气温上升幅度也无法控制。故选B。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Scientists have calculated that the share of renewables worldwide must grow by at least two percent each year in order to slow the march toward climate change.(科学家计算出，全球可再生能源的比例每年必须至少增长2%，才能减缓气候变化的进程)”可知，减缓气候变化所需的可再生能源年最低增长率为2%。故选A。 【3题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第五段中“If the use of renewable energy were to outpace the scientists’ model, say by 5 percent per annum, the climate change deadline could move back by at least a decade(如果可再生能源的使用能够outpace科学家的模型，例如每年增长5%，那么气候变化的最后期限可以至少推迟十年)”可知，“outpace”在这里表示“超过、优于”，与“Do better than”意思相近。故选C。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Henk Dijkstra所说的“We hope that ‘having a deadline’ may stimulate the sense of responsibility to act for politicians and policy makers(我们希望‘设定最后期限’可以激发政治家和政策制定者采取行动的责任感)”和“Very little time is left.(剩下的时间不多了)”可知，Henk Dijkstra认为应对气候变化的时间所剩无几，他对当前的形势感到担忧。故选B。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $