专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（河南专用）2026年高考英语二模分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2026·河南信阳·二模） A large U.S. study found that older adults who drink coffee — whether caffeinated or decaffeinated — tend to have a lower risk of death compared to non-coffee drinkers. The research, led by scientists from the National Institutes of Health, observed a reduced risk of death from heart disease, stroke, diabetes, infections, and other causes, though no clear link was found with cancer-related deaths. The study followed 400,000 adults aged 50-71 over 13 years. Participants reported their coffee habits once at the start of the study. Results showed that those who drank three or more cups daily had about a 10% lower risk of death than non-drinkers. This association remained even after adjusting for factors like smoking and diet. However, researchers cautioned that the findings do not prove coffee directly extends lifespan. “Coffee is widely consumed, but its health effects have been debated,” said Dr. Neal Freedman, lead author of the study. “While we can’t confirm coffee causes a longer life, these results strongly indicate it isn’t harmful and might even be beneficial.” Notably, the type of caffeine (caffeinated vs. decaf) mattered little, implying that other compounds in coffee — e.g. antioxidants — might play a role. Coffee contains over 1,000 chemicals, many of which could influence health. Of course, the study has limitations. Coffee intake was self-reported only once, and preparation methods were not analyzed. Differences in brewing might affect the health properties of coffee. Additionally, while coffee was linked to lower overall death risk, men who drank large amounts showed a slight increase in cancer deaths, though this was not strongly conclusive. Experts emphasize that lifestyle factors matter. Coffee drinkers may have shared other healthy habits. “This doesn’t mean everyone should start drinking coffee,” said Freedman. “But it offers reassurance that moderate consumption is likely safe.” Published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2012, this research adds to evidence that coffee, when enjoyed in moderation, could be a component of healthy lifestyle. Future studies will explore how specific compounds in coffee interact with the body. 28．What on earth plays a crucial role in coffee drinkers’ living longer? A．The type of caffeine (regular or decaf). B．The brewing methods used in the study. C．Coffee drinkers’ healthier life habits. D．Antioxidants and other compounds in coffee. 29．What can we learn from the study on coffee drinking? A．The Study confirms coffee directly extends lifespan. B．More studies are still needed to confirm the finding. C．Drinking coffee reduces the risk of cancer-related deaths. D．The study conducted nationwide covered all age groups. 30．What attitude should we take towards the research findings? A．Largely dismissive. B．Completely convinced. C．Uncritically enthusiastic. D．Cautiously optimistic. 31．Which of the following could be the best title for the article? A．Coffee Linked to Lower Death Risk B．Coffee Can Extend Lifespan Directly C．Decaf Coffee Has Been Proved Healthier D．New Study Confirms Coffee Cures Illnesses Passage 2 （2026·河南南阳·二模） In the summer of 2022, on Greenland’s ice sheet, researchers toiled around the clock in the snowy tunnels, operating a massive drill to take out core samples, some of which hadn’t seen daylight for 100,000 years. The vast ice sheets that cover Greenland and Antarctica formed one snowflake (雪花) at a time, as winter snow piled on top of each other and slowly turned into ice. Air pockets between the snowflakes combined into bubbles (气泡) that went into the ice with a mix of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other trapped gases — a perfect record of the atmosphere. That’s what’s unique about ice cores. By analyzing gases trapped in ice, scientists track historical greenhouse gas changes — linking them to causes like wildfires, forest growth, wetlands, or fossil fuels. Tracks of some chemicals reveal past volcanic eruptions and solar activity. Combined with tree rings and seafloor substances, this data shows how greenhouse gases shaped rainfall, growing seasons, and ice sheet stability — enabling accurate climate models to forecast future change. In layers from the past 3,000 years, scientist Steffensen and his colleagues have measured airborne lead pollution that settled over the Arctic as Romans and medieval (中世纪的) Europeans mined and smelted silver. Temporary drops in that pollution mark societal disorders like the decline of the Roman Empire after A．D．400, and the Black Death, which began around1350. Moreover, these ice cores show that during the last ice age, which began 120,000 years ago, Earth’s climate swung violently between cold dry periods and warmer wetter ones. Modern humans existed throughout that time, but “Climate change forced them to move all the time. The last 11,000 years are the most stable”, says Steffensen. It was only during this period that human civilization flowered into cities, kingdoms, and countries. “And now we are upsetting the apple cart,” Steffensen says. By seeking out these delicate records in the ice, scientists hope to reconstruct the past while they still can — allowing them to predict the future. 28．What does the underlined word “toiled” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Waited patiently. B．Worked tirelessly. C．Walked carefully. D．Explored playfully. 29．Why do scientists study ice cores? A．To control future climate changes. B．To preserve volcanic eruption records. C．To foresee the future by reading the past. D．To clarify the formation process of ice sheets. 30．What can we infer about human civilization from paragraph 4? A．It began during the last ice age. B．It caused lead poisoning globally. C．It collapsed after the Black Death. D．It developed rapidly during climate stability. 31．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Race to Save Secrets Trapped in Ice B．The Secrets of Ancient Civilizations C．The Written Human History in Ancient Ice D．The Rapid Disappearance of Arctic Ice Passage 3 （2026·河南信阳·二模） Earthworms (蚯蚓) are well-known for their ability to enrich and improve soil. Yet, their precise impact on plant growth has remained a mystery. Now, two groundbreaking studies have found that they not only boost crop yields (产量) but also protect plants from harmful microplastics. In late 2023, a research team from Colorado State University (CSU) reported that earthworms are responsible for 6.5 percent - or 140 million tons - of global food production annually. This is comparable to Russia’s annual grain harvest, which is the world’s fourth largest. CSU’s Steven Fonte and his team drew this conclusion after a comprehensive study. They surveyed earthworm populations, soil qualities, and crop yields from around the world. The researchers focused on four grains - rice, maize, wheat, and barley. The team found that the earthworms’ impact was significant in developing countries. For example, they helped increase grain yields by 10 percent in sub-Saharan Africa and 8 percent in Latin America. Fonte and his team believe farmers in these regions likely lack easy access to chemical fertilizers (化肥). This makes them more reliant on earthworm-rich organic matter, such as manure. “Earthworms are contributing a lot in these areas where we have fewer chemical inputs,” Fonte said. “If we manage our soils in a more sustainable way, we can better make use of this biodiversity and produce more sustainable agroecosystems.” Earthworms help plant growth in several ways. Their burrowing creates channels that loosen the soil and let in fresh air. This allows water to run down from the surface and be stored underground. The earthworms’ constant movement helps mix the soil’s organic matter, making the nutrients more available to plants. In a 2024 study, scientists at Nankai University found that earthworms can also protect plants from microplastic pollution. The researchers tested this by placing tomato plants in soil polluted by tiny plastics. They found that when earthworms were present, the plants grew well despite the pollution. They were also able to drive away common plant-eating insects. The scientists believe that earthworms help boost the tomato plants’ immune systems. This makes them better withstand environmental changes. 28．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The methods used in the study. B．The impact of microplastics on crops. C．The types of grains studied in the research. D．Earthworms’ contribution to global food output. 29．What is one benefit of managing soil with earthworms? A．Greater crop diversity. B．More sustainable farming. C．Richer organic matter. D．Enough chemical fertilizer supply. 30．What does the underlined word “burrowing” in paragraph 6 mean? A．Transporting. B．Resting. C．Growing. D．Digging. 31．What did the Nankai University study find about earthworms? A．They killed insects harmful to plants. B．They helped carry away microplastics. C．They protected plants from environmental stress. D．They grew well in spite of environmental pollution. Passage 4 （2026·河南开封·二模） International sportswear giants have long competed to place their high-tech running shoes on the feet of elite (精英) athletes. Now, they eye a fresh opportunity: targeting the extended hours when runners shift from gear designed for speed to footwear made for comfort. Companies that once focused only on fashion or outdoor recreation are rushing into the so-called “recovery footwear” market. “After a long run or intense workout, there’s a moment when you just want your feet to breathe,” explains Sam Poser, a senior industry analyst. “This isn’t a new trend, but what’s different now is the scale.” Traditionally, post-run shoes have been a specialized product. However, leading brands are now making a concerted effort to carve out a mainstream market. A recent survey suggests over 50% of U.S. consumers are interested in recovery footwear, not just to comfort the tired feet post-exercise but also to suit everyday casual wear. Many office workers have also joined runners as key customers, seeking relief from standing all day in rigid shoes. The trend is led by Oofos, a brand that initially sought to design a shoe to propel (推动, 驱动) wearers faster and higher. Instead, the patent foam they developed had the opposite effect; it absorbed energy like a soft cushion, rather than delivering a springy bounce. Recognizing the potential, Oofos turned to focus exclusively on recovery, creating shoes that reduce impact and ease pressure on the body. In contrast, Birkenstock takes a different approach. While Oofos emphasizes soft, shock-absorbent foam, Birkenstock prioritizes firm support. “Tired feet need stability, not just softness,” the brand argues. Its iconic soles, typically crafted from cork, provide the rigid structure that many adults seek after a long day on their feet. According to Jeff Henderson, a franchise owner of four Fleet Feet stores in Ohio, the sector has rapidly transformed into big business. “Oofos is among the fastest-growing brands this decade,” he says. “And while Birkenstock is chipping away at its market share, the recovery category as a whole has really taken off.” 28．What differs the current recovery footwear market from the traditional one? A．Involving international sportswear giants. B．Boosting athletic performance via targeted design. C．Focusing on outdoor recreation rather than sports. D．Building a mainstream market through large-scale joint efforts. 29．What can we learn about recovery footwear from the passage? A．Popularity among ordinary office workers. B．Design of springy bounce for daily activities. C．Exclusivity for professional runners after intense training. D．Similarity in materials and design concepts across brands. 30．Why did Oofos change its direction to focus on recovery footwear? A．Purpose of meeting casual wear demand. B．Failure to improve athletic performance. C．Reduction of foam material for shoes. D．Desire for high-end market competition. 31．What can be inferred from Jeff Henderson’s words? A．The recovery footwear industry is booming. B．Oofos will surely become the top-selling brand. C．Birkenstock has taken most of Oofos’ market share. D．Fleet Feet profits mainly from selling running shoes. Passage 5 （2026·河南信阳·二模） In a small village in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Marie Mbenza always goes to her field at daybreak, tending her half-acre of corn and vegetables. But getting her harvest to market is as unpredictable as the weather. Sometimes her tomatoes go bad before they reach town, a daily reality for small-scale farmers in a world where food systems are more fragile (脆弱的) than many realize. Marie is one of the farmers living through a quiet food crisis. A major report, the Resilient Food Systems Index (粮食系统韧性指数) from Economist Impact, first published in March 2026, puts numbers to her struggle. The index ranks 60 countries on how well they can handle shocks: extreme weather, sudden price increases and supply chain breakdowns. The findings reveal a deeply divided world. Marie’s country comes last, scoring 34.86 out of 100, while Portugal ranks first. There is about a 42-point gap between the weakest food system and the strongest. Nearly half of all countries fall into a “middle zone”. Not collapsing, but far from secure. One of the biggest problems in the food system is infrastructure (基础设施). The global score for transportation and delivery systems was just 56.8 out of 100. This matters because when roads are bad and storage is poor, food gets lost. Worldwide, 13.2% of food never reaches store shelves. Another 19% is wasted at home. Climate risks make things worse. The ability to respond to climate shocks scored just 56.4. While research into climate-friendly farming scored relatively well, the ability to actually help farmers put that research into practice averaged only 34. Food prices have risen fastest in low-income countries, up 23.1% over the past five years. The report points to a path forward to close divides across the world plate: better infrastructure, climate action, and making nutritious food affordable. We know what works. But the question is whether the world can move fast enough to fill the plate. 28．Why does the author begin with Marie Mbenza’s story? A．To introduce a struggling farmer. B．To make food crisis easy to feel. C．To show the changeable weather. D．To argue small farms are inefficient. 29．What is Portugal’s most likely score on the Resilient Food Systems Index? A．34.86. B．56.4. C．56.8. D．76.83. 30．What can we know about climate-friendly farming research? A．It is widely applied in poor countries. B．It scores well but reaches limited farmers. C．It has been overlooked by the report. D．It is the main cause of food price increases. 31．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Guide to Green Farming. B．A Farmer’s Confusion. C．The World’s Divided Plate. D．The Climate Change Crisis. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （2026·河南开封·二模） Most artificial-intelligence (AI) models can reliably identify patterns in data and make predictions, but struggle to use that data to come up with broad scientific concepts, such as the laws of gravity. Now, a team in China has developed a system called “AI-Newton” that, after being fed experimental data, can independently “discover” key physics principles, such as Newton’s second law describing the effect of force and mass on speeding. It is really a significant step toward automated scientific discovery and surprised the world with an essay about the findings published in Nature. The research, led by Professor Ma Yanqing, was highlighted in a news feature by the famous journal Nature in November 2025. The core challenge that the team addressed is that while most AI models are excellent at recognizing patterns and making predictions, they struggle to gain the simple, universal, and interpretable scientific laws that underlie those patterns. For example, an AI could predict a planet’s path but might not conclude Newton’s law of universal gravitation. The “AI-Newton” system overcomes this by using a technique called symbolic regression (回归). It goes through raw observational data to find the most fundamental mathematical equations that describe the physical phenomena. Unlike completing the task in one go, the AI builds a knowledge base step-by-step, mimicking the human process of scientific reasoning. In experiments involving 46 different settings with objects like balls and springs, “AI-Newton” started with noisy simulated(模拟的)data and successfully rediscovered Newton’s second law of motion (F=ma) and other key principles. Experts see this as a promising method. However, they note that achieving fully automated science is still a long-term goal. For true autonomy, an AI would also need to identify worthwhile problems and design experiments, Professor Ma’s team now plans to apply “AI-Newton” to more complex areas, such as discovering new laws within quantum (量子) theory. 28．How does “AI-Newton” differ from other AI models? A．It recognizes patterns faster. B．It generates fundamental scientific laws. C．It teaches AI systems basic physics knowledge. D．It predicts planetary movements more accurately. 29．What does the underlined word “mimicking” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Copying. B．Improving. C．Guessing. D．Preventing. 30．What is the team’s future plan for the “AI-Newton” system? A．To use it in other more complicated fields. B．To replace human scientists in physics research. C．To predict weather patterns with higher precision. D．To focus on improving its pattern recognition ability. 31．What is the best title for the text? A．How AI-Newton Helps Researchers B．Why Symbolic Regression Is Important C．A New AI That Can Find Science Rules D．Learning Newton’s Laws with Computers Passage 2 （2026·河南信阳·二模） My husband, Brandon, has been collecting toys since 17, beginning with a 3-inch Obi-Wan Kenobi, more Star Wars figures following, and eventually, our three-car garage became packed with his collectibles. He’s far from alone. Research estimates that one in three adults collects something, a pastime linked to significant cognitive and psychological benefits. I have always been struck by Brandon’s remarkably sharp memory. I wondered if his lifelong collecting habit actively trained his brain. Neuroscientist Shirley Mueller confirms its possibility. She explains building a meaningful collection demands research, planning, and organization, all of which stimulate the brain’s executive functions, serving as an effective mental exercise enhancing skills like working memory and strategic thinking. Beyond cognition, collecting engages the brain’s pleasure center, offering comfort without negative side effects. Functional MRI studies reveal that acquiring a meaningful item activates the same neural pathways as joy, fueled by anticipation. Psychologically, the hobby allows individuals to set tangible and achievable goals, promoting a strong sense of competence, progress, and personal control. This rewarding sense of agency likely explains why many turned to collecting for comfort and stability during periods of uncertainty — a key reason why the hobby saw a visible increase in popularity during the pandemic, even among newcomers. Additionally, collecting often involves positive nostalgia (怀旧). Revisiting cherished memories and items can activate the body’s relaxation response, reducing stress and promoting calm. “It’s a way for the collector to temporarily let go of burdens and find joy,” says Mueller. This also agrees with the “pleasure principle.” Furthermore, collecting fulfills fundamental humans’ social needs. The community it creates satisfies the need for connection and relatedness. Engaging with fellow enthusiasts builds social bonds and support, which are crucial for emotional well-being. For Brandon, his collection is not merely connected to the past. It is a living and evolving project that continuously sharpens his mind, offers comfort to his spirit, and connects him to a story much larger than himself. It is a personal legacy built on joy, learning, and connection. 28．Why did collecting become more popular during the pandemic? A．People had much more time at home. B．The positive nostalgia people had for old items. C．The value of collectibles increased. D．It provided a sense of control and comfort. 29．What does Paragraph 6 mainly focus on? A．The fulfillment of fundamental human needs. B．The social benefits from the collection circles. C．The cognitive improvement through collection. D．The great importance of emotional well-being. 30．What can we infer about Brandon’s collection from the text? A．It is primarily intended for investment. B．It costs him too much time and money. C．It serves as a connector with his children. D．It is a personal meaningful lifelong project. 31．What is the writer’s main purpose of writing the article? A．To discuss the economic trends in the collectibles market. B．To advocate taking up collecting as a beneficial hobby. C．To explain the various science-backed benefits of collecting. D．To share a touching personal story about her husband’s collection. Passage 3 （2026·河南信阳·二模） From an airplane, cars moving slowly on the highway closely resemble a line of ants. Unlike these human-driven vehicles, however, ants are able to avoid the frustrating stop-and-go traffic that bothers daily commutes (通勤). Researchers have therefore turned their attention to studying the ants’ teamwork-based behaviors, hoping to apply these insights to programming self-driving cars that can prevent traffic jams. As the number of cars on highways keeps growing, the stability of traffic flow gradually decreases. Studies show that when the density (密度) reaches 15 vehicles per mile per lane (车道), a single driver’s sudden brake tap can give rise to long-lasting and widespread traffic jams. Scientist Katsuhiro Nishinari, a mathematical physicist studying traffic transitions, compares this phenomenon to a phase transition, such as water turning into ice. Even small individual actions in such situations can quickly develop into major traffic issues. Katsuhiro Nishinari’s previous research has already shown that food-seeking ants can maintain smooth movement even when their population density is very high. A recent follow-up study has uncovered they usually travel in groups of 3 to 20 individuals, moving at steady speeds with proper gaps between each other and never attempting to overtake. Their behavior depends on mutual collaboration rather than individual preferences. This collective intelligence offers a lesson for human drivers today. One key takeaway is to avoid tailgating. Keeping a safe distance from the vehicle ahead helps absorb the shock waves caused by sudden braking in dense traffic — a simple practice that prioritizes the smooth flow of the whole over individual hurry. Of course, ants have the natural advantage of creating flexible paths, while cars are bound to fixed lanes. But the principle of maintaining proper spacing remains crucial for safety and efficiency on our roads. Looking ahead, the real transformation may come from technology. As Katsuhiro Nishinari points out, “Unlike human drivers who often act independently, future self-driving cars could be designed to share real-time data and function as an integrated system.” Inspired by ants, these vehicles can upgrade traffic flow as a cooperative system, potentially requiring updates to existing regulations to fully realize their benefits. 28．What can cause widespread highway traffic jams directly? A．A total of 15 cars per mile. B．Ant behaviors affecting driving. C．Reduced stability of traffic flow. D．A sudden brake at a certain density. 29．What is the purpose of mentioning the recent follow-up study in paragraph 3? A．To compare ants with human drivers. B．To criticize current traffic regulations. C．To explain the math behind traffic jams. D．To detail how ants achieve smooth movement. 30．What does the underlined word “tailgating” probably mean in paragraph 4? A．Keeping a proper distance. B．Following strict traffic rules. C．Driving too close to the front. D．Seeking efficient lane position. 31．What is Katsuhiro Nishinari’s suggestion for ant-inspired self-driving cars? A．Collect personal travel data. B．Adopt a collaborative approach. C．Redesign traffic rules constantly. D．Rely on active human intervention. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （2026·河南信阳·二模） Scientists have calculated the total volume of plastic has incredibly amounted to 8.3 billion tonnes in the last 65 years, which is equivalent to 25,000 Empire State Buildings or one billion elephants. The core problem lies in the dominance of single-use plastic packaging, which is discarded instantly after a disposable use; A study by the University of California illustrates that a mere 9% of plastic waste is recyclable,12% is incinerated, and 79% ends up in landfills, where it endures permanently owing to the non-biodegradable characteristic of plastic substances. Ecologist Dr Roland Geyer, the lead author of the research, warns that humankind is rapidly advancing toward a “Planet Plastic”, noting that existing plastic waste could approximately cover the entirety of Argentina, a nation of considerable territory in South America. The research team further estimates that 8 million tonnes of plastic flow into seas annually, sparking the concerns that plastic enters human body via food chain when sea creatures absorb it. Plastic’s widespread application stems from its versatility and durability, which make it irreplaceable for applications ranging from daily yoghurt containers to intricate spacecraft, yet these very attributes also make it an environmental issue since the only feasible method to decompose plastic, results in harmful emissions. Oceanographer Dr Erik van Sebille from Utrecht University says we’re facing a tsunami of plastic waste, and that the global waste industry needs to get its act together. Professor Richard Thompson, a marine biologist from Plymouth University, says poor design is at fault. He says if products are currently designed with recyclability in mind, they could be recycled around 20 times over. Dr Geyer agrees: The holy grail of recycling is to keep material in use and in the loop for ever if you can. But it turns out in our study that actually 90% of that material that did get recycled, which I think we calculated was 600 million tonnes — only got recycled once. 28．What can we infer about the “Planet Plastic” mentioned by Dr Roland Geyer? A．Planet is entirely made of plastic. B．Plastic will cover the Earth extensively. C．A new planet is discovered with plastic-like substances. D．Argentina is the most polluted country by plastic. 29．Why does the author mention plastic’s “versatility and durability”? A．To advocate banning plastic B．To explain plastic’s wide use despite harm C．To prove plastic most useful D．To show advantages over harms 30．What does “get its act together” mean in paragraph? A．Cooperate to improve waste management B．Ban plastic production C．Collect more plastic waste D．Reduce research investment 31．What is Professor Thompson’s attitude towards solving plastic pollution? A．Critical B．Pessimistic C．Neutral D．Optimistic Passage 2 （2026·河南开封·二模） In today’s world, making new inventions is not a field occupied only by scientists. Many young and brilliant inventors are increasingly addressing global challenges with their creative thinking and new technologies. From classrooms to international competitions, these outstanding students are applying their skills to make a difference in real life and even across the whole planet. In the UK, the team “H₂O Visionaries” from Sutton Grammar School won the 2025 Davidson Inventors Challenge. They developed a water filtration (过滤) system that uses bio-char (生物碳) made from food waste to remove heavy metal from water. Designed for developing countries, their system is both effective and financially realistic, costing around $ 0.35 per person. Similarly, a university student team called “Waste2Watts” won Swansea’s “Invent for the Planet” competition. They created a bio-transformer toilet that changes human waste into bio-fuel. This invention aims to provide sustainable sanitation (卫生设施), generate household power from the collected waste air for humans, and create fertilizer — all using locally sourced materials — which are especially beneficial to the already delicate ecosystem. In India, 16-year-old Pranet Khetan was named a national winner in the Samsung Solve for Tomorrow 2025 contest. He developed Paraspeak, an AI-powered, matchbox-sized device that helps people with speech difficulties, such as those affected by strokes or Parkinson’s disease. Unique for its focus on Hindi, the device records a user’s unclear speech and uses a custom AI model to play back a clear, translated version, making it possible for the unfortunate to communicate with others. These young innovators demonstrate that the drive to solve pressing global issues can start at any age, turning creative ideas into practical solutions, and that anyone — even the young — can really make a difference in others’ lives. 28．What is a key advantage of the H₂O Visionaries’ filtration system? A．It uses advanced AI. B．It generates electricity. C．It produces plant fertilizer. D．It is extremely cost-efficient. 29．What is the shared feature between H₂O Visionaries and Waste2Watts? A．They focus on water filtration. B．They make products from waste. C．They aim to win major contests. D．They are designed for Hindi speakers. 30．What is special about the Paraspeak device? A．It clarifies unclear speech in Hindi. B．It can treat certain medical conditions. C．It requires a separate powerful computer. D．It translates between different languages. 31．What is the text mainly about? A．Water pollution is the top global issue. B．University students lead in innovation. C．Competitions are key to young inventors. D．Young people solve world problems with creativity. Passage 3 （2026·河南洛阳·二模） It’s a sudden drop into a mangrove forest (红树林) full of three feet of salty water over thick, twisty (弯弯曲曲的) tree roots, but Andrew Otazo has no trouble finding the way. He climbs down the sudden slope like a Spider-Man, using branches and thick vines (藤) and footholds in the dirt. At the bottom, Otazo finds his treasure: trash. “You name it, any item you can name, and I have found it in the mangroves,” he says. “Microwave ovens, mattresses, sofas, sets of plates and dishes. Those are really disgusting.” But every shoe, bottle, car battery, cooler and other piece of garbage Otazo removes from the mangroves reclaims space for what should be there: bird nesting grounds and fish nurseries. Otazo is on a search to clear as much of that space as he can. He’s also working to persuade his fellow Floridians to tell their elected officials to work to cut down on plastic pollution and update outdated waste systems that carry street trash into the ocean. “If you’re relying on me, just one guy picking up trash, it is all over for us,” Otazo said. “But if what I’m doing shows other people the problem, and they agree we need to work toward a solution, that’s the idea.” Lately he’s been concentrating on the mangroves that ring Virginia Key, an island in Biscayne Bay that offers a splendid view of the city skyline. What people in the city don’t see is the piles of garbage caught in the tree roots. “It was suffering. It was the worst. It destroyed me,” Otazo recalls. He made the local news, and his trash-filled homemade backpack has been on display in the History Miami Museum ever since. “I never, ever in a million years thought people would pay attention to me because I’m picking up trash,” Otazo said. It’s a mission now. Pounds turned into tons. He reached 35,265 pounds — picked up over 184 days throughout the years — in mid-October. Otazo said he has no plans to stop. “The trash will come back, but I’m stubborn,” he said. “I’ll keep doing this until I fall over.” 28．What does the author believe a mangrove forest to be? A．A place to house birds and fishes. B．A place to pick up trash easily. C．A place to enjoy pretty city views. D．An ideal place to deal with trash. 29．What is crucial to solve the problem according to Otazo? A．Individual efforts in picking up trash. B．Persuading officials to lessen pollution. C．Government’s updating waste system. D．Raising public awareness and joint efforts. 30．What did Otazo feel about his hitting the news? A．Regretful. B．Joyful. C．Concerned. D．Unexpected. 31．Which of the following can best describe Otazo? A．A powerful Spider-Man. B．A committed conservationist. C．A lonely trash collector. D．An ambitious wildlife explorer. 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2026·河南开封·二模） The rapid development in high-tech industries like new energy and electronics has led to an increasing global demand for rare earth elements (REEs), critical materials that power these industries. Over the past decade, global production of REEs — from mining to application — has risen from 124,000 tons to 390,000 tons, a 214% increase. As large-scale mining and processing speed increase, REEs are gathering in urban air, water, soil, and even human bodies, raising urgent concerns about their environmental and health impacts. Major cities worldwide are already seeing troubling signs of REE gathering. In Beijing, soil REE concentrations have risen 39.16% above natural background levels. London’s soils tell a similar story, with some elements reaching six times their natural amounts. For city residents, this translates to greater exposure; studies show abnormal REE levels in human hair, nails and blood. In Barcelona, 62% of residents tested had REEs in their blood. The health risks of long-term, low-level REE exposure are particularly worrying. Research confirms that these elements can build up in the body, potentially causing reproductive and neurological (神经上的) harm, as well as increasing risks of high blood, kidney (肾脏) issues, and so on. More alarmingly, a mother’s REE exposure may affect her unborn child, with studies linking higher levels to an 18-23% increase in the risk of birth defects. Addressing this challenge requires action on multiple fronts. Environmentally friendly mining technologies — such as a three-stage leaching (过滤) process that cuts chemical use by 67% — offer hope. Boosting recycling of electronic products like electric vehicles and phones can also reduce reliance on new mining. While some countries have added REEs to priority pollutant lists, global cooperation is needed to strengthen urban monitoring and protect high-risk groups. 28．What is the main driver of the growing demand for REEs? A．The shortage of new energy. B．The expansion of high-tech industries. C．The growth in electronic product sales. D．The development of traditional energy industries. 29．Why is the Barcelona blood test example given? A．To link REEs with high blood pressure. B．To show Europe’s worst pollution case. C．To prove a blood test method works best. D．To show city people are widely exposed to REEs. 30．What is the status of solving REE pollution? A．It depends on new tech. B．It has already been solved. C．More action is still needed. D．There is full global cooperation. 31．What might be discussed after the last paragraph? A．New high-tech uses for REEs. B．REEs’ harm to ocean life near cities. C．A final solution to ending REE pollution. D．Global efforts to monitor city pollution. Passage 2 （2026·河南洛阳·二模） Climate change has made extreme weather events such as bush fires and floods more frequent and more likely in recent years. Will firsthand experience of these events change how people think and act about climate change, making it seem immediate and local rather than a distant or future problem? New research led by Viktoria Cologne at ETH Zurich in Switzerland may help to explain what’s going on. The study, published in Nature Climate Change, looked at the question of extreme weather and climate opinion using two global datasets (数据集). The Trust in Science and Science-related Populism (TISP) survey measures public support for climate policies and the extent that people think climate change is behind increases in extreme weather. The survey asked people how much they supported five specific actions to cut carbon emissions (排放). On average, support was fairly strong, with an average rating of 2.37 across the five policies. The study found most people around the world have experienced heatwaves and heavy rainfall in recent decades. Do people in countries with higher exposure to extreme weather events show greater support for climate policies? This study found they don’t. In most cases, living in a country where more people are exposed to disasters was not reflected in stronger support for climate action. Crucially, people who more strongly believed climate change had worsened these events were also more likely to support climate policies. In fact, this belief mattered more for policy support than whether they had actually experienced the events firsthand. This study highlights what may affect public thinking: helping people recognize the link between climate change and extreme weather events. In countries such as Australia, climate change makes up only about 1% of media coverage. What’s more, most of the coverage focuses on social or political aspects rather than scientific, ecological, or economic impacts. Many stories about disasters linked to climate change also fail to mention the link, or indeed mention climate change at all. Making these connections clearer may encourage stronger public support for climate action. 28．What does the research led by Viktoria Cologne mainly focus on? A．Two global datasets. B．People in disaster-affected areas. C．Public trust in science. D．Public support for climate policies. 29．The people who ______ are more likely to support climate policies. A．read social news regularly B．experience disasters first-hand C．have engaged in the survey D．know clearly of climate impacts 30．What can be done to help support climate policies according to the study? A．More financial support. B．More disaster-climate link reports. C．More attention to weather. D．More accurate weather forecasts. 31．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Experiencing Is Not Enough to Change Views B．Emergency Responses to Natural Disasters C．Extreme Weather Is Changing Our Lives D．Global Surveys on Climate Attitudes Passage 3 （2026·河南洛阳·二模） A lively urban forest can plant the seed of wellness in the minds and hearts of people struggling with the thick brush of mental illness. In 2022, a CNN survey found that 90% of Americans believed the U. S. was experiencing a mental health crisis. Unfortunately, the data backs it up. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, one in five U. S. adults experience mental illness. It’s a troubling trend that affects people of all backgrounds. Therefore, what is important at present is to give voice to the silent struggle so many people face and consider how we might improve people’s mental health. Experts say one way we can get there is by increasing the investment in planting trees. Research shows that access to trees reduces rates of depression, lowers levels of the brain’s main stress hormone (激素), and improves thinking function. This is especially true in cities and urban areas, where residents are significantly more likely to battle depression and anxiety. By fragmenting concrete jungles with urban forests, we can help make people happier and healthier. The positive impact of trees is well-documented in a growing body of scientific studies in the U. S. and around the world. For example, a study in Germany concluded that just living within 100 meters of a tree has the ability to reduce the need for antidepressant (抗抑郁的) drugs. In Denmark, researchers found that children living at the lowest levels of green space had a significantly higher risk of developing psychiatric (精神病的) disorders later in life as compared to children living near strong green space. Some doctors are even looking to trees as a form of medicine, specifying struggling patients with a walk in the woods to fully lose themselves in nature (a practice known as forest bathing). It’s clear that trees are not a “nice-to-have.” Trees are a must-have. Everyone deserves equal access to trees and the positive power they carry. We need to offer people hope. 28．Why does the author mention the CNN survey in paragraph 2? A．To promote the authority of CNN. B．To criticize the government’s inaction. C．To highlight the mental health crisis. D．To attract investment in green projects. 29．What does the underlined word “fragmenting” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Breaking up. B．Rooting up. C．Powering up. D．Wrapping up. 30．What is a proven effect of living near trees? A．It can heal mental illnesses. B．It improves depression condition. C．It can change people’s lifestyle. D．It ensures children’s mental health. 31．What is the author’s suggestion about making trees a must-have? A．Settling down in the woods possibly. B．Constructing several other green cities. C．Greater investment in green facilities. D．More research investment in depression. Passage 4 （2026·河南郑州·二模） With growing global energy demands and mounting concerns over pollution and climate change, the shift to clean energy sources is important. While nuclear, wind, and solar energy have played significant roles as alternatives to fossil fuels, hydrogen energy is emerging as a key player in achieving carbon neutrality (碳中和). According to Professor Liu Lifeng, hydrogen has the potential to decarbonize energy — intensive industries, thus contributing to net-zero emission (净零排放) goals. However, traditional hydrogen production methods are infamous for their significant environmental impact. A cleaner and more sustainable approach involves producing hydrogen from water through electrolysis (电解). Renewable energy-powered electrolysis is a promising method for producing “green” hydrogen, but freshwater shortage may stop large-scale expansion. To address this challenge, Liu’s team has pioneered a way to produce hydrogen from seawater. Seawater electrolysis, however, faces problems due to the presence of mixtures, which increase energy consumption and cause side reactions. To overcome these barriers, the team proposed a rather ingenious strategy involving the addition of hydrazine (肼) to seawater to enhance efficiency. Additionally, they chose platinum-tellurium foil, a highly effective catalyst (催化剂) that improves the process without causing harmful chemical side effects. Their innovative device has produced promising results. This means that hydrogen can be produced from seawater without requiring external electricity, hence lowering production costs and improving flexibility in real-world applications. Despite this significant breakthrough, challenges remain. Platinum, though an effective catalyst, is both costly and environmentally damaging to mine. The team is actively working to develop non-platinum catalysts that are both efficient and sustainable. Furthermore, hydrazine, although effective in reducing energy consumption, is highly harmful to human health. Future research will focus on identifying safer alternatives to hydrazine and further making use of the technology to ensure clean and sustainable hydrogen production. 28．Why is hydrogen energy unique? A．It is rare on the earth. B．It costs less to produce. C．It reduces carbon emission. D．It needs no tech advancement. 29．What does the underlined word “ingenious” probably mean in paragraph 3? A．Long-term. B．Brilliant. C．Complicated. D．Conventional. 30．What can we learn about seawater electrolysis? A．Hydrazine is safe enough for widespread use. B．It has completely solved the freshwater shortage. C．It can operate on its own without needing energy. D．The current catalyst is costly and bad for the environment. 31．What is the text mainly about? A．The combined impacts of various energy sources. B．A breakthrough in hydrogen production from seawater. C．The ways to cut the cost of seawater hydrogen production. D．The wide application of renewable energy-powered electrolysis. Passage 5 （2026·河南开封·二模） Historically, drug development has been associated with high failure rates. On average, only 1 in 10 promising drug candidates finally makes it to market. Turning a simple molecular (分子的) structure into a workable treatment typically takes 10 to 15 years and a budget exceeding $1 billion. This high attrition (损耗) rate has long been a massive barrier for the industry. However, generative AI has emerged as a revolutionary force. The drug industry is rapidly adopting this technology to analyze vast biological datasets. AI tools can identify promising target proteins and suggest novel molecules that could combine effectively with those targets. Furthermore, they can predict the effectiveness and toxicity of potential candidates, significantly reducing the likelihood of early-stage trial failures. According to recent data, AI-designed molecules show an 80% — 90% success rate in early-stage safety trials, a substantial increase from the historical average of 40% — 65%. While the results in later stages remain uncertain, early improvements alone could boost the overall success rate. Consulting firm McKinsey estimates that AI could add an enormous $60 bn — $110 bn in annual value to the industry, primarily by simplifying complex processes from clinical documentation to administrative efficiency. Major drug companies are increasingly partnering with AI firms and tech giants like Amazon, Google, and Nvidia. For instance, Nvidia has teamed up with Eli Lilly to build the drug industry’s most powerful supercomputer. As AI revolutionizes drug development, some industry value may shift toward technological partners, creating new economic dynamics in healthcare innovation. Yet, challenges remain. Drug firms still hold unique advantages in patent data and regulatory expertise. But as AI tackles more complex biological problems, these traditional strengths may become less critical. Additionally, governments must accelerate regulatory reviews to prevent bottlenecks as the number of new candidates increases sharply. Perhaps the biggest impact lies in patent law. Currently, long patent lives help drug companies cover investments, encouraging them to pursue high-risk discovery businesses. Yet if the costs and riskiness of innovation fall dramatically, then patent terms (which typically provide 10 — 15 years of market exclusivity) may need to become shorter. 28．What is the impact of AI on drug development from the passage? A．Rise in drug development costs for companies. B．Complete replacement of human researchers soon. C．Great promise in improving early-stage trial success. D．Reduction of patent protection term to under 10 years. 29．Why do drug companies partner with tech giants like Nvidia? A．To gain access to more advanced biological data directly. B．To reduce the risks associated with clinical documentation. C．To take the lead in setting global regulatory standards for AI. D．To establish the most powerful supercomputers for drug research. 30．What does the author suggest about the future of drug patents? A．Tech companies might eventually own all drug patents. B．They may lose their legal validity entirely as AI evolves. C．The length of patent protection could potentially be reduced. D．New patents will no longer be needed for AI-designed drugs. 31．Which can be the best title for the text? A．AI: The Key to Healthcare Patent Law Reform. B．AI: A Powerful Force in Drug Industry Transformation. C．AI: Revolution in Early-Stage Drug Target Discovery. D．AI: Transformation of Traditional Drug Companies’ Future. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （2026·河南信阳·二模） Suppose I were to ask you to name some of the greatest nurses that the world has ever known. In that case, there is an extreme probability that you will mention Florence Nightingale the wealthy woman who gave off her everything to serve the needy people of her time and become a nurse. It’s safe to say that Florence is the archetype (典型) of contemporary nurses. Florence was born on May 12th, 1820 and her journey to greatness started. She was born into privilege. She was a polymath genius who spoke multiple languages and pioneered the concepts of statistical analysis that are still used today. She even memorized the works of philosophy and would often debate with her father. She had the option of having a society life in a nice big house, with a staff of servants. However, she craved for something worth doing instead of frittering away time on useless trifles. She determined to end suffering in this world as a nurse, but both of her parents disagreed with that, for nursing was considered inferior at that time. Florence over the next 12-13 years tried convincing her parents over and over again, but they didn’t budge. When Florence turned 30, her dad was completely worn out from resisting and then sent her to Germany for nursing training. In 1853 her dream was completely realized and she undertook a job in London at a hospital. Florence didn’t know at the time that she was going to be dragged into one of the bloodiest conflicts in European history — the Crimean War. Nightingale dedicated herself to improving healthcare during the Crimean War, which led to a huge reduction in the mortality (伤亡) rates. It’s difficult to overstate the contributions that Florence Nightingale made to medicine, including her work on sanitation and hygiene and on organizational structures, and especially to nursing. Her work as well as her lite represents the power of a single determined individual who is set on bringing a positive change to society. She pulled off the inevitable and became a legend and immortal in the pages of history. 28．Why is Florence Nightingale mentioned in paragraph 1? A．To praise Nightingale’s genius in multiple fields. B．To present how tough Nightingale’s teenage life was. C．To introduce Nightingale’s impact during the Crimean War. D．To illustrate what modern-day nurses are supposed to be like. 29．What does the underlined word “budge” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Obey. B．compromise. C．Respect. D．Care. 30．Which of the following can best describes Florence Nightingale? A．Intelligent and reserved. B．Ambitious and sociable. C．Single-minded and innocent. D．committed and compassionate. 31．What can we infer about Florence Nightingale from the last two paragraphs? A．Her contribution to the healthcare system was played down. B．She was a game-changing nurse in saving people during the war C．She resisted her parents by devoting herself to a higher calling. D．She intended to participate in one of the cruelest wars in European history. Passage 2 （2026·河南·二模） For 19-year-old Marta Bernardino and Sebastiao Mendonca, the forest was the intimate backdrop of their childhood. “It was a living playground where we built our world,” says the pair. As children growing up near Lisbon, the two always believed that the forest would remain a constant in their lives. But every year, they saw fires destroy the forest near their homes, leaving scorched (烧焦) hillsides. Desperate to revive the forest, the two then-high school students set out to create Trovador, a robot capable of reaching and reforesting areas where humans have been unable to. In 2023, Bernardino and Mendonca set out to create Trovador. Their first 15 prototypes (原型), built from recycled parts, planted 28 percent faster than humans with a 90 percent survival rate. The two are currently working to improve the efficiency of the robot and hope that their current prototype is able to handle longer operations on steeper terrains. The robot is capable of climbing slopes of up to 45 degrees while detecting and avoiding any rock in its way. Trovador is also equipped to carry and plant up to 200 young trees per hour. Unlike a tractor (拖拉机), it barely makes an indent on the ground thanks to its light movement, preserving pore space for air and water in the soil. A depth camera attached to it maps any obstacle and allows it to slightly adapt its tracks in real time. It also uses artificial intelligence and sensors to analyze the pH and humidity of the soil, after which Trovador will follow a three-step dig-place-tamp sequence to plant rooted saplings instead of seeds. Miguel Jeronimo, a landscape architect, is interested in the tool. He says, “Trovador appears to be an innovative project with potential, particularly as it was developed by two young students who turned a low-cost prototype into a possible approach to one of Portugal’s environmental challenges.” While Jeronimo is hopeful about the success of Trovador, he is equally apprehensive about the robot’s durability in the actual field. He says, “Operational endurance, mobility in dense vegetation and ease of maintenance are areas that need further exploration before the system can be considered ready for broad use.” 28．Why did the two teenagers start to create Trovador? A．To replace farm tractors. B．To study soil conditions. C．To play in the nearby forest. D．To restore the burnt forest. 29．Which of the following can best describe Trovador? A．Slow but reliable. B．Costly but powerful. C．Elegant and energy-saving. D．Eco-friendly and efficient. 30．What attitude does Jerónimo have to Trovador? A．Objective. B．Doubtful. C．Uncaring. D．Critical. 31．What may be the best title for the text? A．Portugal’s Forest Fire Crisis B．The Rise of Agricultural Robots C．A Robot to Reforest the Unreachable D．Two Teenagers’ Connection with the Forest Passage 3 （2026·河南信阳·二模） For years, biologists have wondered why many water animals swim in short bursts, which are sudden, energetic movements that last only a moment, followed by long pauses (停顿). The common explanation is that such pauses allow the animals to glide (滑行), reducing drag and saving energy. But is it the case? Researchers at EPFL in Switzerland built ZBot, a robot fish that perfectly copies the shape, movement, and swimming style of a young zebrafish (斑马鱼). Then they ran experiments. They made ZBot swim without stopping in some tests, and in burst-and-glide patterns in others. They measured everything. The results surprised them. Gliding did save energy, but not for the reason they expected. When the robot swam in bursts, its motor worked harder for short periods and then shut off completely during glides. When swimming without stopping, the motor ran all the time at medium power. The motor, it turned out, was more efficient when working in short, strong bursts. The researchers called this “actuator efficiency”. It indicates how well a motor turns energy into useful work. The discovery matters far beyond zebrafish. Electric motors, such as those in factory robots, drones, or electric cars, face the same challenge. Most are built to run all the time at steady speeds. But ZBot suggests that starting and stopping, if timed right, could make batteries last longer and use less energy in many different machines. “This isn’t just about fish,” one researcher said. “It’s about rethinking how we build machines that move.” There are problems, of course. The robot is small, and its movements are simple. Making it bigger will take time. But the idea that starting and stopping can sometimes work better than running all the time challenges a long-held belief in engineering. What looks like a waste in nature, like all those pauses in swimming, often turns out to be wisdom we haven’t yet learned to understand. 28．Why did researchers build ZBot? A．To catch the real zebrafish. B．To create a new kind of motor. C．To test an idea on swimming. D．To copy the shape of zebrafish. 29．What did the researchers find out about the motor of ZBot? A．It worked better in short and strong bursts. B．It did a better job when running non-stop. C．It failed to turn energy into useful work. D．It never stopped working during glides. 30．What is mentioned about the experiment in paragraph 5? A．Its application. B．Its limitations. C．Its principles. D．Its process. 31．What does the author try to illustrate in the last paragraph? A．Nature has lessons we have missed. B．Nature’s wisdom is understandable. C．Nature wastes energy in many ways. D．Nature’s designs are far from perfect. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （2026·河南信阳·二模） Thermal paper, widely used in shopping receipts, express waybills and movie tickets, has become an indispensable part of modern daily life. However, its massive use has long brought two unsolved problems. Traditional thermal paper uses petroleum-based coatings, which are hard to degrade in the natural environment and contain harmful chemicals. Meanwhile, the printed personal information on it faces serious leakage risks, as the words can remain clear for years even in open environment. To solve these problems, Li Min, a material science expert from Zhejiang University, and her team developed a new type of plant-based thermal paper. The base of the paper is made of nano-cellulose (纳米纤维素) extracted from straw, a common agricultural waste. Inspired by the color-fading feature of anthocyanin, a natural pigment, when meeting water, the team chose it as the core colorant of the new paper. Different from traditional thermal paper which uses bisphenol A as a color developer, the new paper matches anthocyanin with biodegradable organic acid. When heated, the two components combine to form stable blue-black words, which can stay clear for over 6 months at normal room temperature, fully meeting the daily storage needs of most commercial receipts. The team carried out a set of controlled experiments to test the paper’s comprehensive performance. The results showed that the new paper’s printing clarity matches traditional commercial thermal paper. In the privacy protection test, the words on it disappeared completely within 30 seconds after being put into water. In the degradation test, it broke down fully in soil within 3 months, while traditional paper only degraded less than 10%in the same period. “Our current lab samples are still in small size,” Li says. “Large-scale industrial production may bring new challenges in material uniformity and production cost. We are clearly aware of these possible problems, and have started follow-up research to optimize the material, to promote its practical use step by step.” 28．What is a major problem of traditional thermal paper? A．It has very high production cost. B．It is not suitable for daily use. C．It breaks easily in wet environment. D．It risks serious personal information leakage. 29．What is the core colorant of the new thermal paper made from? A．Recycled waste materials. B．Natural plant extracts. C．Petroleum-based chemicals. D．Industrial by-products. 30．What result did Li’s team’s experiment confirm? A．Its printing clarity matches traditional thermal paper. B．It can be fully degraded within one month. C．Its words disappear completely in 10 seconds. D．It has a longer stable storage time. 31．What is Li Min’s attitude towards the industrial application of the new paper? A．Fully negative. B．Blindly optimistic. C．Rational and prudent. D．Totally unconcerned. Passage 2 （2026·河南信阳·二模） While coral reefs cover only a tiny fraction of the ocean floor, they are home to millions of plants and animals, representing tens of thousands of species. Researchers estimate that nearly 60 percent of the world’s coral reefs are seriously threatened. Corals depend on clean, clear, relatively shallow waters to survive. When stressed, they can lose their co-existing zooxanthelle (虫黄藻) — a process called “bleaching”, which means the coral’s color is removed. Without its food source, the coral often dies. Along polluted coastlines or on reefs where plant-eating fish have been severely reduced by fishing, the coral reefs are quickly overrun with seaweed. The climate events of 1997 — 1998, such as flooding, mudslides and destructive storms, struck a major blow to the world’s coral. “Global ocean and land temperatures averaged about four degrees Fahrenheit above normal, and sea level rose at least one inch above average,” said Dr. William Patzert, JPL oceanographer. “We saw areas where for tens or hundreds of kilometers, there was 90 percent death. Total global coral death rate may have been as high as 20 percent.” This became the best-documented global coral bleaching event in history. “For the first time,” said Patzert,“scientists were watching all the tropical oceans and seas from space, while an army of researchers and citizen scuba divers recorded the underwater devastation — the locations and intensity of coral bleaching. These data will provide an advance in our understanding of coral reefs.” Using satellite data on sea-surface temperatures, scientists are developing maps of “hot spots”, places where unusually warm sea-surface temperatures may be stressing corals. These may provide an early warning of coral reefs in distress and, possibly, another worldwide coral bleaching event. Remote sensing from satellites and aircraft is providing new ways to survey and monitor coral reefs. “We know that climate events and the heat changes around the tropics have huge impacts on corals,” said Patzert. “While we can’t change these natural events, the more we know about them and how they affect corals, the more we can do to help coral reefs survive.” 28．What can we learn about the coral reefs? A．They contribute to underwater diversity. B．They recover quickly after being bleached. C．They cover a large area of the ocean floor. D．They are threatened only by human activities. 29．What is the root cause of coral bleaching between 1997 and 1998? A．The loss of zooxanthelle. B．The rise of the sea level. C．The overgrowth of seaweed. D．The outbreak of climate events. 30．What is the author’s attitude toward using satellite data in the research? A．Critical. B．Indifferent. C．Supportive. D．Negative. 31．Which is the best title for the passage? A．Coral Reefs: Home to Marine Biodiversity B．Coral Bleaching: Causes and Monitoring Efforts C．Satellite Technology: A Solution to coral Decline D．Coral Reefs: Climate Threats and Protective Measures Passage 3 （2026·河南濮阳·二模） Scientists have long known that small marine creatures can attach to plastic debris (碎片). After Japan’s massive 2011 tsunami, some marine animals even crossed the Pacific Ocean on floating waste. However, a study published in Nature Ecology & Evolution has revealed two alarming findings. First, plastic enables coastal organisms to prosper far from their natural habitats. Second, these coastal species are reproducing successfully in these distant offshore areas. Researchers inspected over 100 pieces of plastic collected from an ocean garbage piece, where ocean currents trap 79,000 tons of waste. They identified 484 marine organisms belonging to various species. About 70% of the plastic pieces hosted at least one type of coastal organism — far more than initially expected. More surprisingly, two-thirds of the debris had both coastal and open-sea species living together. Plastic is not merely a carrier of life; it is forming unnatural groups that researchers term “novel ocean communities” “We are witnessing coastal and native open-ocean organisms coexisting on plastic,” says lead researcher Linsey Haram. “Human activity is essentially creating new ecological groups in the open ocean.” These mixed communities may pose significant risks to native marine ecosystems. Coastal creatures could compete with local species for space and food, or even feed on them. Scientists observed coastal organisms reproducing: some guarding their eggs, while others were cloning themselves. This indicates that these coastal species may establish permanent populations in the open ocean. The danger spreads globally. Plastic debris can be carried to remote beaches, where non-native species might take root. “If a species can reproduce, it can spread. If it can spread, it can invade (入侵),” notes marine expert Linda Amaral-Zettler. This invasion could disrupt the balance of local ocean ecosystems and push native species toward danger. The study uncovers a hidden impact of plastic pollution — beyond the well-known harm to fish and seabirds. “We already know a great deal about animals getting stuck in plastic,” Haram says. “This research adds an unforeseen effect, urging us to reduce plastic waste urgently. Once plastic enters the open ocean, it’s nearly impossible to reverse (逆转) the damage.” 28．Which of the following can be concluded from the study results? A．Plastic is marine species’ main habitat. B．Coastal organisms on plastic surprise us. C．Open-sea species can adapt better to plastic. D．Coastal organisms fail to reproduce naturally. 29．What can be inferred about the “novel ocean communities” from the text? A．They will spread worldwide. B．They form naturally in the ocean. C．They will disappear with less plastic. D．They may threaten native species. 30．What does the underlined word “disrupt” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Maintain. B．Improve. C．Restore. D．Destroy. 31．What is known about plastic pollution before the study? A．It assists coastal life to survive. B．It enables organisms to prosper. C．It traps and harms sea creatures. D．It creates novel ecological groups. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 参考答案 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1【答案】28．D 29．B 30．D 31．A Passage 2【答案】28．B 29．C 30．D 31．A Passage 3【答案】28．D 29．B 30．D 31．C Passage 4【答案】28．D 29．A 30．B 31．A Passage 5【答案】28．B 29．D 30．B 31．C 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1【答案】28．B 29．A 30．A 31．C Passage 2【答案】28．D 29．B 30．D 31．C Passage 3【答案】28．D 29．D 30．C 31．B 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1【答案】28．B 29．B 30．A 31．D Passage 2【答案】28．D 29．B 30．A 31．D Passage 3【答案】28．A 29．D 30．D 31．B 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1【答案】28．B 29．D 30．C 31．D Passage 2【答案】28．D 29．D 30．B 31．A Passage 3【答案】28．C 29．A 30．B 31．C Passage 4【答案】28．C 29．B 30．D 31．B Passage 5【答案】28．C 29．D 30．C 31．B 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1【答案】28．D 29．B 30．D 31．B Passage 2【答案】28．D 29．D 30．A 31．C Passage 3【答案】28．C 29．A 30．B 31．A 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1【答案】28．D 29．B 30．A 31．C Passage 2【答案】28．A 29．D 30．C 31．B Passage 3【答案】28．B 29．D 30．D 31．C / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2026·河南信阳·二模） A large U.S. study found that older adults who drink coffee — whether caffeinated or decaffeinated — tend to have a lower risk of death compared to non-coffee drinkers. The research, led by scientists from the National Institutes of Health, observed a reduced risk of death from heart disease, stroke, diabetes, infections, and other causes, though no clear link was found with cancer-related deaths. The study followed 400,000 adults aged 50-71 over 13 years. Participants reported their coffee habits once at the start of the study. Results showed that those who drank three or more cups daily had about a 10% lower risk of death than non-drinkers. This association remained even after adjusting for factors like smoking and diet. However, researchers cautioned that the findings do not prove coffee directly extends lifespan. “Coffee is widely consumed, but its health effects have been debated,” said Dr. Neal Freedman, lead author of the study. “While we can’t confirm coffee causes a longer life, these results strongly indicate it isn’t harmful and might even be beneficial.” Notably, the type of caffeine (caffeinated vs. decaf) mattered little, implying that other compounds in coffee — e.g. antioxidants — might play a role. Coffee contains over 1,000 chemicals, many of which could influence health. Of course, the study has limitations. Coffee intake was self-reported only once, and preparation methods were not analyzed. Differences in brewing might affect the health properties of coffee. Additionally, while coffee was linked to lower overall death risk, men who drank large amounts showed a slight increase in cancer deaths, though this was not strongly conclusive. Experts emphasize that lifestyle factors matter. Coffee drinkers may have shared other healthy habits. “This doesn’t mean everyone should start drinking coffee,” said Freedman. “But it offers reassurance that moderate consumption is likely safe.” Published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2012, this research adds to evidence that coffee, when enjoyed in moderation, could be a component of healthy lifestyle. Future studies will explore how specific compounds in coffee interact with the body. 28．What on earth plays a crucial role in coffee drinkers’ living longer? A．The type of caffeine (regular or decaf). B．The brewing methods used in the study. C．Coffee drinkers’ healthier life habits. D．Antioxidants and other compounds in coffee. 29．What can we learn from the study on coffee drinking? A．The Study confirms coffee directly extends lifespan. B．More studies are still needed to confirm the finding. C．Drinking coffee reduces the risk of cancer-related deaths. D．The study conducted nationwide covered all age groups. 30．What attitude should we take towards the research findings? A．Largely dismissive. B．Completely convinced. C．Uncritically enthusiastic. D．Cautiously optimistic. 31．Which of the following could be the best title for the article? A．Coffee Linked to Lower Death Risk B．Coffee Can Extend Lifespan Directly C．Decaf Coffee Has Been Proved Healthier D．New Study Confirms Coffee Cures Illnesses 【答案】28．D 29．B 30．D 31．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项大型美国研究发现喝咖啡的老年人死亡风险更低，但未证明咖啡直接延寿，需理性看待该研究结果。 28．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Notably, the type of caffeine (caffeinated vs. decaf) mattered little, implying that other compounds in coffee — e.g. antioxidants — might play a role.(值得注意的是，咖啡因的类型（含咖啡因或脱咖啡因）影响不大，这意味着咖啡中的其他物质——例如抗氧化剂——可能起到了作用。)”可知，真正在喝咖啡者长寿中起关键作用的是咖啡中的抗氧化剂和其他物质。故选D项。 29．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2012, this research adds to evidence that coffee, when enjoyed in moderation, could be a component of healthy lifestyle. Future studies will explore how specific compounds in coffee interact with the body.(这项2012年发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上的研究进一步证明，适量饮用咖啡可能是健康生活方式的一部分。未来的研究将探索咖啡中的特定物质如何与人体相互作用。)”可知，仍需要更多研究来证实该发现。故选B项。 30．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“However, researchers cautioned that the findings do not prove coffee directly extends lifespan.(然而，研究人员警告说，这些发现并不能证明咖啡直接延长寿命。)”和最后一段中的“Future studies will explore how specific compounds in coffee interact with the body.(未来的研究将探索咖啡中的特定物质如何与人体相互作用。)”可知，对该研究结果应持谨慎乐观的态度。故选D项。 31．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“A large U.S. study found that older adults who drink coffee — whether caffeinated or decaffeinated — tend to have a lower risk of death compared to non-coffee drinkers.(美国一项大型研究发现，与不喝咖啡的人相比，喝咖啡的老年人——无论是含咖啡因还是脱咖啡因的——死亡风险往往更低。)”可知，文章主要说明咖啡与较低的死亡风险相关，由此可知，“喝咖啡与降低死亡风险有关联”可以概括文章主题，适合作为最佳标题。故选A项。 Passage 2 （2026·河南南阳·二模） In the summer of 2022, on Greenland’s ice sheet, researchers toiled around the clock in the snowy tunnels, operating a massive drill to take out core samples, some of which hadn’t seen daylight for 100,000 years. The vast ice sheets that cover Greenland and Antarctica formed one snowflake (雪花) at a time, as winter snow piled on top of each other and slowly turned into ice. Air pockets between the snowflakes combined into bubbles (气泡) that went into the ice with a mix of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other trapped gases — a perfect record of the atmosphere. That’s what’s unique about ice cores. By analyzing gases trapped in ice, scientists track historical greenhouse gas changes — linking them to causes like wildfires, forest growth, wetlands, or fossil fuels. Tracks of some chemicals reveal past volcanic eruptions and solar activity. Combined with tree rings and seafloor substances, this data shows how greenhouse gases shaped rainfall, growing seasons, and ice sheet stability — enabling accurate climate models to forecast future change. In layers from the past 3,000 years, scientist Steffensen and his colleagues have measured airborne lead pollution that settled over the Arctic as Romans and medieval (中世纪的) Europeans mined and smelted silver. Temporary drops in that pollution mark societal disorders like the decline of the Roman Empire after A．D．400, and the Black Death, which began around1350. Moreover, these ice cores show that during the last ice age, which began 120,000 years ago, Earth’s climate swung violently between cold dry periods and warmer wetter ones. Modern humans existed throughout that time, but “Climate change forced them to move all the time. The last 11,000 years are the most stable”, says Steffensen. It was only during this period that human civilization flowered into cities, kingdoms, and countries. “And now we are upsetting the apple cart,” Steffensen says. By seeking out these delicate records in the ice, scientists hope to reconstruct the past while they still can — allowing them to predict the future. 28．What does the underlined word “toiled” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Waited patiently. B．Worked tirelessly. C．Walked carefully. D．Explored playfully. 29．Why do scientists study ice cores? A．To control future climate changes. B．To preserve volcanic eruption records. C．To foresee the future by reading the past. D．To clarify the formation process of ice sheets. 30．What can we infer about human civilization from paragraph 4? A．It began during the last ice age. B．It caused lead poisoning globally. C．It collapsed after the Black Death. D．It developed rapidly during climate stability. 31．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Race to Save Secrets Trapped in Ice B．The Secrets of Ancient Civilizations C．The Written Human History in Ancient Ice D．The Rapid Disappearance of Arctic Ice 【答案】28．B 29．C 30．D 31．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家在格陵兰冰盖钻取冰芯的研究。 28．词义猜测题。根据第一段“In the summer of 2022, on Greenland’s ice sheet, researchers toiled around the clock in the snowy tunnels, operating a massive drill to take out core samples, some of which hadn’t seen daylight for 100,000 years.(2022 年夏天，在格陵兰岛的冰原上，研究人员在积雪覆盖的隧道中夜以继日地toiled工作，操作着一台巨大的钻机来采集岩芯样本，其中一些样本已经沉睡了10万年仍未见天日。)”可知，研究人员夜以继日不知疲倦地工作，所以，toiled与worked tirelessly同义。故选B。 29．细节理解题。根据最后一段“By seeking out these delicate records in the ice, scientists hope to reconstruct the past while they still can — allowing them to predict the future.(通过在冰层中寻找这些珍贵的记录，科学家希望在还来得及的时候还原过去，从而预测未来。)”可知，科学家研究冰芯是为了通过解读过去来预见未来。故选C。 30．推理判断题。根据第四段“The last 11,000 years are the most stable”, says Steffensen. It was only during this period that human civilization flowered into cities, kingdoms, and countries.(斯特菲森内表示：“过去11000年是最为稳定的时期。”正是在这段时期，人类文明才发展出了城市、王国和国家。)”可知，人类文明在气候稳定时期快速发展。故选D。 31．主旨大意题。全文围绕冰芯中封存的气候与人类历史秘密展开，强调科学家正抓紧时间研究这些珍贵信息，同时指出人类正在打破稳定气候。A选项“抢救冰封秘密的竞赛”既体现研究紧迫性，又概括核心内容，最适合作为标题。故选A。 Passage 3 （2026·河南信阳·二模） Earthworms (蚯蚓) are well-known for their ability to enrich and improve soil. Yet, their precise impact on plant growth has remained a mystery. Now, two groundbreaking studies have found that they not only boost crop yields (产量) but also protect plants from harmful microplastics. In late 2023, a research team from Colorado State University (CSU) reported that earthworms are responsible for 6.5 percent - or 140 million tons - of global food production annually. This is comparable to Russia’s annual grain harvest, which is the world’s fourth largest. CSU’s Steven Fonte and his team drew this conclusion after a comprehensive study. They surveyed earthworm populations, soil qualities, and crop yields from around the world. The researchers focused on four grains - rice, maize, wheat, and barley. The team found that the earthworms’ impact was significant in developing countries. For example, they helped increase grain yields by 10 percent in sub-Saharan Africa and 8 percent in Latin America. Fonte and his team believe farmers in these regions likely lack easy access to chemical fertilizers (化肥). This makes them more reliant on earthworm-rich organic matter, such as manure. “Earthworms are contributing a lot in these areas where we have fewer chemical inputs,” Fonte said. “If we manage our soils in a more sustainable way, we can better make use of this biodiversity and produce more sustainable agroecosystems.” Earthworms help plant growth in several ways. Their burrowing creates channels that loosen the soil and let in fresh air. This allows water to run down from the surface and be stored underground. The earthworms’ constant movement helps mix the soil’s organic matter, making the nutrients more available to plants. In a 2024 study, scientists at Nankai University found that earthworms can also protect plants from microplastic pollution. The researchers tested this by placing tomato plants in soil polluted by tiny plastics. They found that when earthworms were present, the plants grew well despite the pollution. They were also able to drive away common plant-eating insects. The scientists believe that earthworms help boost the tomato plants’ immune systems. This makes them better withstand environmental changes. 28．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The methods used in the study. B．The impact of microplastics on crops. C．The types of grains studied in the research. D．Earthworms’ contribution to global food output. 29．What is one benefit of managing soil with earthworms? A．Greater crop diversity. B．More sustainable farming. C．Richer organic matter. D．Enough chemical fertilizer supply. 30．What does the underlined word “burrowing” in paragraph 6 mean? A．Transporting. B．Resting. C．Growing. D．Digging. 31．What did the Nankai University study find about earthworms? A．They killed insects harmful to plants. B．They helped carry away microplastics. C．They protected plants from environmental stress. D．They grew well in spite of environmental pollution. 【答案】28．D 29．B 30．D 31．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。这是一篇关于蚯蚓对农作物生长及环境保护作用的说明文。文章主要介绍了两项突破性研究，指出蚯蚓不仅有助于提高作物产量，还能保护植物免受有害微塑料的影响。 28．主旨大意题。根据第二段“In late 2023, a research team from Colorado State University (CSU) reported that earthworms are responsible for 6.5 percent - or 140 million tons - of global food production annually. This is comparable to Russia’s annual grain harvest, which is the world’s fourth largest. (2023年底，科罗拉多州立大学（CSU）的一个研究小组报告称，蚯蚓每年占全球粮食产量的6.5%，即1.4亿吨。这与俄罗斯的粮食年产量相当，俄罗斯是世界第四大粮食生产国。)”可知，本段主要讲述蚯蚓对全球粮食产量的贡献。故选D。 29．细节理解题。根据第五段“If we manage our soils in a more sustainable way, we can better make use of this biodiversity and produce more sustainable agroecosystems. (如果我们以更可持续的方式管理土壤，我们就能更好地利用这种生物多样性，产生更可持续的农业生态系统。)”可知，用蚯蚓管理土壤的一个好处是更可持续的农业。故选B。 30．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“creates channels that loosen the soil and let in fresh air (开辟通道，使土壤松动，让新鲜空气进入)”可知，蚯蚓会挖洞，开辟通道，使土壤松动，让新鲜空气进入。故划线词意思是“挖洞”。故选D。 31．细节理解题。根据最后一段“They found that when earthworms were present, the plants grew well despite the pollution. They were also able to drive away common plant-eating insects. The scientists believe that earthworms help boost the tomato plants’ immune systems. This makes them better withstand environmental changes. (他们发现，当蚯蚓存在时，尽管有污染，植物还是长得很好。它们还能赶走常见的食草昆虫。科学家们认为蚯蚓有助于增强番茄植株的免疫系统。这使它们能够更好地抵御环境变化。)”可知，南开大学的研究发现蚯蚓保护植物免受环境压力。故选C。 Passage 4 （2026·河南开封·二模） International sportswear giants have long competed to place their high-tech running shoes on the feet of elite (精英) athletes. Now, they eye a fresh opportunity: targeting the extended hours when runners shift from gear designed for speed to footwear made for comfort. Companies that once focused only on fashion or outdoor recreation are rushing into the so-called “recovery footwear” market. “After a long run or intense workout, there’s a moment when you just want your feet to breathe,” explains Sam Poser, a senior industry analyst. “This isn’t a new trend, but what’s different now is the scale.” Traditionally, post-run shoes have been a specialized product. However, leading brands are now making a concerted effort to carve out a mainstream market. A recent survey suggests over 50% of U.S. consumers are interested in recovery footwear, not just to comfort the tired feet post-exercise but also to suit everyday casual wear. Many office workers have also joined runners as key customers, seeking relief from standing all day in rigid shoes. The trend is led by Oofos, a brand that initially sought to design a shoe to propel (推动, 驱动) wearers faster and higher. Instead, the patent foam they developed had the opposite effect; it absorbed energy like a soft cushion, rather than delivering a springy bounce. Recognizing the potential, Oofos turned to focus exclusively on recovery, creating shoes that reduce impact and ease pressure on the body. In contrast, Birkenstock takes a different approach. While Oofos emphasizes soft, shock-absorbent foam, Birkenstock prioritizes firm support. “Tired feet need stability, not just softness,” the brand argues. Its iconic soles, typically crafted from cork, provide the rigid structure that many adults seek after a long day on their feet. According to Jeff Henderson, a franchise owner of four Fleet Feet stores in Ohio, the sector has rapidly transformed into big business. “Oofos is among the fastest-growing brands this decade,” he says. “And while Birkenstock is chipping away at its market share, the recovery category as a whole has really taken off.” 28．What differs the current recovery footwear market from the traditional one? A．Involving international sportswear giants. B．Boosting athletic performance via targeted design. C．Focusing on outdoor recreation rather than sports. D．Building a mainstream market through large-scale joint efforts. 29．What can we learn about recovery footwear from the passage? A．Popularity among ordinary office workers. B．Design of springy bounce for daily activities. C．Exclusivity for professional runners after intense training. D．Similarity in materials and design concepts across brands. 30．Why did Oofos change its direction to focus on recovery footwear? A．Purpose of meeting casual wear demand. B．Failure to improve athletic performance. C．Reduction of foam material for shoes. D．Desire for high-end market competition. 31．What can be inferred from Jeff Henderson’s words? A．The recovery footwear industry is booming. B．Oofos will surely become the top-selling brand. C．Birkenstock has taken most of Oofos’ market share. D．Fleet Feet profits mainly from selling running shoes. 【答案】28．D 29．A 30．B 31．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了运动恢复鞋市场的兴起与发展。文章指出，传统上跑后恢复鞋属于小众专业产品，但如今各大品牌正合力将其推向主流市场；Oofos和Birkenstock等品牌以不同技术路线进入该领域，同时办公室职员等非跑步人群也成为重要消费群体，整个恢复鞋行业正迅速壮大。 28．细节理解题。根据第三段“Traditionally, post-run shoes have been a specialized product. However, leading brands are now making a concerted effort to carve out a mainstream market. (传统上，跑后鞋是一种专业产品。然而，领先品牌现在正在齐心协力开拓主流市场。)”可知，如今的恢复鞋市场与传统市场的不同之处在于，各大品牌正通过大规模共同努力将其打造成主流市场。 29．细节理解题。根据第三段“Many office workers have also joined runners as key customers, seeking relief from standing all day in rigid shoes. (许多办公室职员也加入跑步者的行列，成为主要顾客，寻求从整天穿着僵硬鞋子站立中得到缓解。)”可知，恢复鞋在普通办公室职员中也很受欢迎。 30．细节理解题。根据第四段“The trend is led by Oofos, a brand that initially sought to design a shoe to propel (推动, 驱动) wearers faster and higher. Instead, the patent foam they developed had the opposite effect; it absorbed energy like a soft cushion, rather than delivering a springy bounce. Recognizing the potential, Oofos turned to focus exclusively on recovery, creating shoes that reduce impact and ease pressure on the body. (这一趋势由Oofos品牌引领。该品牌最初旨在设计一款能帮助穿着者跑得更快、跳得更高的鞋子。然而，他们研发的专利泡沫却产生了相反的效果；这种泡沫像柔软的垫子一样吸收能量，而不是提供弹性的跳跃感。意识到其中的潜力后，Oofos转而专注于恢复功能，设计出能够减少冲击并减轻身体压力的鞋子。)”可知，Oofos原本想提升运动表现，但专利泡沫未能实现这一目标，反而适合恢复场景，因此转向恢复鞋领域。 31．推理判断题。根据最后一段“According to Jeff Henderson, a franchise owner of four Fleet Feet stores in Ohio, the sector has rapidly transformed into big business. “Oofos is among the fastest-growing brands this decade,” he says. “And while Birkenstock is chipping away at its market share, the recovery category as a whole has really taken off.” (据俄亥俄州四家Fleet Feet门店的连锁店老板杰夫·亨德森称，该行业已迅速发展成为一项大产业。“Oofos是这十年中增长最快的品牌之一，”他说道，“而Birkenstock则正在蚕食其市场份额，但整个康复类产品的市场却确实取得了显著的增长。”)”可推知，恢复鞋行业正在蓬勃发展。 Passage 5 （2026·河南信阳·二模） In a small village in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Marie Mbenza always goes to her field at daybreak, tending her half-acre of corn and vegetables. But getting her harvest to market is as unpredictable as the weather. Sometimes her tomatoes go bad before they reach town, a daily reality for small-scale farmers in a world where food systems are more fragile (脆弱的) than many realize. Marie is one of the farmers living through a quiet food crisis. A major report, the Resilient Food Systems Index (粮食系统韧性指数) from Economist Impact, first published in March 2026, puts numbers to her struggle. The index ranks 60 countries on how well they can handle shocks: extreme weather, sudden price increases and supply chain breakdowns. The findings reveal a deeply divided world. Marie’s country comes last, scoring 34.86 out of 100, while Portugal ranks first. There is about a 42-point gap between the weakest food system and the strongest. Nearly half of all countries fall into a “middle zone”. Not collapsing, but far from secure. One of the biggest problems in the food system is infrastructure (基础设施). The global score for transportation and delivery systems was just 56.8 out of 100. This matters because when roads are bad and storage is poor, food gets lost. Worldwide, 13.2% of food never reaches store shelves. Another 19% is wasted at home. Climate risks make things worse. The ability to respond to climate shocks scored just 56.4. While research into climate-friendly farming scored relatively well, the ability to actually help farmers put that research into practice averaged only 34. Food prices have risen fastest in low-income countries, up 23.1% over the past five years. The report points to a path forward to close divides across the world plate: better infrastructure, climate action, and making nutritious food affordable. We know what works. But the question is whether the world can move fast enough to fill the plate. 28．Why does the author begin with Marie Mbenza’s story? A．To introduce a struggling farmer. B．To make food crisis easy to feel. C．To show the changeable weather. D．To argue small farms are inefficient. 29．What is Portugal’s most likely score on the Resilient Food Systems Index? A．34.86. B．56.4. C．56.8. D．76.83. 30．What can we know about climate-friendly farming research? A．It is widely applied in poor countries. B．It scores well but reaches limited farmers. C．It has been overlooked by the report. D．It is the main cause of food price increases. 31．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Guide to Green Farming. B．A Farmer’s Confusion. C．The World’s Divided Plate. D．The Climate Change Crisis. 【答案】28．B 29．D 30．B 31．C 【导语】本文以刚果农民Marie Mbenza的具体事例为切入点，引用《粮食系统韧性指数》报告，揭示了全球粮食系统应对冲击能力不均衡的现状，分析了基础设施薄弱、气候变化应对不足等问题，并指出了可能的解决方向。 28．推理判断题。根据第一段“In a small village in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Marie Mbenza always goes to her field at daybreak, tending her half-acre of corn and vegetables. But getting her harvest to market is as unpredictable as the weather. Sometimes her tomatoes go bad before they reach town, a daily reality for small-scale farmers in a world where food systems are more fragile (脆弱的) than many realize.(在刚果民主共和国的一个小村庄里，玛丽·姆本扎总是天一亮就去田里，照料她那半英亩的玉米和蔬菜。但将收成运到市场却和天气一样难以预测。有时她的西红柿在运到镇上之前就坏了，这是世界上粮食系统比许多人意识到的更脆弱的情况下，小农户的日常现实。)”以及第二段“Marie is one of the farmers living through a quiet food crisis.(玛丽是经历这场无声粮食危机的农民之一。)”可知，作者以Marie Mbenza的故事开篇，是通过具体案例让读者直观感受到粮食危机对个体农民的真实影响，使抽象的“粮食危机”概念变得具体可感。 29．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Marie’s country comes last, scoring 34.86 out of 100, while Portugal ranks first. There is about a 42-point gap between the weakest food system and the strongest(玛丽的国家排名最后，得分34.86分（满分100分），而葡萄牙排名第一。最薄弱的粮食系统和最强的粮食系统之间约有42分的差距。)”可知，刚果民主共和国得分34.86，葡萄牙排名第一，两者差距约42分，因此葡萄牙得分约为34.86 + 42 = 76.86，与选项D的76.83最接近。 30．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“While research into climate-friendly farming scored relatively well, the ability to actually help farmers put that research into practice averaged only 34.(虽然气候友好型农业研究得分相对较高，但实际帮助农民将研究付诸实践的能力平均只有34分。)”可知，气候友好型农业研究本身评分较高，但农民实际应用能力得分极低，说明研究虽好但能接触到、应用到这项研究的农民有限，难以真正落地。 31．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“The findings reveal a deeply divided world.(研究结果揭示了一个严重分裂的世界。)”和“Nearly half of all countries fall into a “middle zone”. Not collapsing, but far from secure.(近一半的国家处于‘中间地带’。没有崩溃，但远未安全。)以及第三段中的“The global score for transportation and delivery systems was just 56.8 out of 100.(运输和配送系统的全球得分仅为56.8分（满分100分）)和最后一段中的“The report points to a path forward to close divides across the world plate(报告指出了缩小全球粮食差距的途径)”可知，全文围绕全球粮食系统的不平等展开，通过指数排名、数据对比和解决方案讨论，突出“分裂”这一核心问题。选项C“The World’s Divided Plate(世界分裂的粮食格局)”准确概括了主题。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （2026·河南开封·二模） Most artificial-intelligence (AI) models can reliably identify patterns in data and make predictions, but struggle to use that data to come up with broad scientific concepts, such as the laws of gravity. Now, a team in China has developed a system called “AI-Newton” that, after being fed experimental data, can independently “discover” key physics principles, such as Newton’s second law describing the effect of force and mass on speeding. It is really a significant step toward automated scientific discovery and surprised the world with an essay about the findings published in Nature. The research, led by Professor Ma Yanqing, was highlighted in a news feature by the famous journal Nature in November 2025. The core challenge that the team addressed is that while most AI models are excellent at recognizing patterns and making predictions, they struggle to gain the simple, universal, and interpretable scientific laws that underlie those patterns. For example, an AI could predict a planet’s path but might not conclude Newton’s law of universal gravitation. The “AI-Newton” system overcomes this by using a technique called symbolic regression (回归). It goes through raw observational data to find the most fundamental mathematical equations that describe the physical phenomena. Unlike completing the task in one go, the AI builds a knowledge base step-by-step, mimicking the human process of scientific reasoning. In experiments involving 46 different settings with objects like balls and springs, “AI-Newton” started with noisy simulated(模拟的)data and successfully rediscovered Newton’s second law of motion (F=ma) and other key principles. Experts see this as a promising method. However, they note that achieving fully automated science is still a long-term goal. For true autonomy, an AI would also need to identify worthwhile problems and design experiments, Professor Ma’s team now plans to apply “AI-Newton” to more complex areas, such as discovering new laws within quantum (量子) theory. 28．How does “AI-Newton” differ from other AI models? A．It recognizes patterns faster. B．It generates fundamental scientific laws. C．It teaches AI systems basic physics knowledge. D．It predicts planetary movements more accurately. 29．What does the underlined word “mimicking” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Copying. B．Improving. C．Guessing. D．Preventing. 30．What is the team’s future plan for the “AI-Newton” system? A．To use it in other more complicated fields. B．To replace human scientists in physics research. C．To predict weather patterns with higher precision. D．To focus on improving its pattern recognition ability. 31．What is the best title for the text? A．How AI-Newton Helps Researchers B．Why Symbolic Regression Is Important C．A New AI That Can Find Science Rules D．Learning Newton’s Laws with Computers 【答案】28．B 29．A 30．A 31．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国研究团队成功研发出名为“AI-Newton”的人工智能系统。这套新系统能通过实验数据自主学习物理学基本定律。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段“Most artificial-intelligence (AI) models can reliably identify patterns in data and make predictions, but struggle to use that data to come up with broad scientific concepts, such as the laws of gravity. Now, a team in China has developed a system called “AI-Newton” that, after being fed experimental data, can independently “discover” key physics principles, such as Newton’s second law describing the effect of force and mass on speeding.(大多数人工智能（AI）模型能够可靠地识别数据中的规律并做出预测，却很难利用这些数据提出广泛的科学概念，比如万有引力定律。如今，中国一个团队研发了一套名为“AI-Newton”的系统，在输入实验数据后，它能自主“发现”重要的物理定律，例如描述力和质量对加速度影响的牛顿第二定律。)”可知，AI-Newton与其他AI的区别是它能生成基础科学定律。故选B项。 29．词句猜测题。根据第三段“It goes through raw observational data to find the most fundamental mathematical equations that describe the physical phenomena. Unlike completing the task in one go, the AI builds a knowledge base step-by-step, mimicking the human process of scientific reasoning.(它会梳理原始观测数据，找出描述物理现象的最基本数学方程。与一次性完成任务不同，该人工智能会逐步构建知识库，mimicking人类的科学推理过程。)”可知，AI-Newton通过筛选原始观测数据，找出最简洁的数学方程来描述物理现象，不是一次性完成任务，而是采用逐步完成的方式，这模拟了人类的推理过程。据此可推测划线词mimicking表“模拟”，与A项“Copying”意思最接近。故选A项。 30．细节理解题。根据最后一段“For true autonomy, an AI would also need to identify worthwhile problems and design experiments, Professor Ma’s team now plans to apply “AI-Newton” to more complex areas, such as discovering new laws within quantum(量子)theory.(要实现真正的自主性，人工智能还需要识别有价值的问题并设计实验。马教授的团队现在计划将“AI-Newton”应用于更复杂的领域，例如在量子理论中发现新的定律。)”可知，团队未来计划是把它用于其他更复杂的领域。故选A项。 31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Now, a team in China has developed a system called “AI-Newton” that, after being fed experimental data, can independently “discover” key physics principles, such as Newton’s second law describing the effect of force and mass on speeding.(如今，中国的一个团队研发了一个名为“AI-Newton”的系统，在输入实验数据后，它可以自主“发现”关键的物理学原理，比如描述力和质量对加速度影响的牛顿第二定律。)”以及下文内容可知，本文主要介绍一种能够发现科学规律的新型人工智能，所以C项A New AI That Can Find Science Rules(一种能发现科学规律的新型人工智能)符合文意。故选C项。 Passage 2 （2026·河南信阳·二模） My husband, Brandon, has been collecting toys since 17, beginning with a 3-inch Obi-Wan Kenobi, more Star Wars figures following, and eventually, our three-car garage became packed with his collectibles. He’s far from alone. Research estimates that one in three adults collects something, a pastime linked to significant cognitive and psychological benefits. I have always been struck by Brandon’s remarkably sharp memory. I wondered if his lifelong collecting habit actively trained his brain. Neuroscientist Shirley Mueller confirms its possibility. She explains building a meaningful collection demands research, planning, and organization, all of which stimulate the brain’s executive functions, serving as an effective mental exercise enhancing skills like working memory and strategic thinking. Beyond cognition, collecting engages the brain’s pleasure center, offering comfort without negative side effects. Functional MRI studies reveal that acquiring a meaningful item activates the same neural pathways as joy, fueled by anticipation. Psychologically, the hobby allows individuals to set tangible and achievable goals, promoting a strong sense of competence, progress, and personal control. This rewarding sense of agency likely explains why many turned to collecting for comfort and stability during periods of uncertainty — a key reason why the hobby saw a visible increase in popularity during the pandemic, even among newcomers. Additionally, collecting often involves positive nostalgia (怀旧). Revisiting cherished memories and items can activate the body’s relaxation response, reducing stress and promoting calm. “It’s a way for the collector to temporarily let go of burdens and find joy,” says Mueller. This also agrees with the “pleasure principle.” Furthermore, collecting fulfills fundamental humans’ social needs. The community it creates satisfies the need for connection and relatedness. Engaging with fellow enthusiasts builds social bonds and support, which are crucial for emotional well-being. For Brandon, his collection is not merely connected to the past. It is a living and evolving project that continuously sharpens his mind, offers comfort to his spirit, and connects him to a story much larger than himself. It is a personal legacy built on joy, learning, and connection. 28．Why did collecting become more popular during the pandemic? A．People had much more time at home. B．The positive nostalgia people had for old items. C．The value of collectibles increased. D．It provided a sense of control and comfort. 29．What does Paragraph 6 mainly focus on? A．The fulfillment of fundamental human needs. B．The social benefits from the collection circles. C．The cognitive improvement through collection. D．The great importance of emotional well-being. 30．What can we infer about Brandon’s collection from the text? A．It is primarily intended for investment. B．It costs him too much time and money. C．It serves as a connector with his children. D．It is a personal meaningful lifelong project. 31．What is the writer’s main purpose of writing the article? A．To discuss the economic trends in the collectibles market. B．To advocate taking up collecting as a beneficial hobby. C．To explain the various science-backed benefits of collecting. D．To share a touching personal story about her husband’s collection. 【答案】28．D 29．B 30．D 31．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍收藏爱好对人认知、心理与社交等方面的积极作用。 28．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Psychologically, the hobby allows individuals to set tangible and achievable goals, promoting a strong sense of competence, progress, and personal control. This rewarding sense of agency likely explains why many turned to collecting for comfort and stability during periods of uncertainty — a key reason why the hobby saw a visible increase in popularity during the pandemic, even among newcomers.(从心理层面来看，这种爱好使人们能够设定具体且可实现的目标，从而增强胜任感、进步感和对个人的掌控感。这种令人满足的自主感很可能解释了为什么在不确定时期，许多人会通过收集来寻求安慰和稳定——这也是为什么在疫情期间，这项爱好不仅在老手中，而且在新手中都出现了显著的受欢迎程度的增长)”可知，在不确定时期(如疫情)，收藏因其能提供可实现的目标、掌控感和稳定感，从而带来慰藉，这正是其流行度激增的关键原因。故选D。 29．主旨大意题。根据第六段“Furthermore, collecting fulfills fundamental humans’ social needs. The community it creates satisfies the need for connection and relatedness. Engaging with fellow enthusiasts builds social bonds and support, which are crucial for emotional well-being.(此外，收藏满足了人类的基本社交需求。它所创造的社区满足了人们对联系和关系的需求。与其他爱好者交流可以建立社会联系和支持，这对情感健康至关重要。)”可知，第六段主要讲的是收藏圈子带来的社交益处。故选B。 30．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“For Brandon, his collection is not merely connected to the past. It is a living and evolving project that continuously sharpens his mind, offers comfort to his spirit, and connects him to a story much larger than himself. It is a personal legacy built on joy, learning, and connection.(对于Brandon而言，他的收藏不仅仅与过去有关。它是一个鲜活且不断发展的项目，它持续地锻炼着他的思维，给予他精神上的慰藉，并让他与一个远比他自己更为宏大的故事紧密相连。这是一份建立在快乐、学习和联系之上的个人遗产)”可知，Brandon的收藏不仅是怀旧，更是一个“持续发展、锻炼思维、抚慰心灵并连接更宏大故事”的项目，且称之为“建立在快乐、学习与连接上的个人遗产”。由此可推断，它是一项个人有意义且终身的项目。故选D。 31．推理判断题。根据全文内容，结合第二段中“He’s far from alone. Research estimates that one in three adults collects something, a pastime linked to significant cognitive and psychological benefits.(他并非个例。研究显示，三分之一的成年人会进行某种收藏活动，这种爱好对认知和心理有着显著的益处)”可知，文章以Brandon的收藏经历为引，通过神经科学研究系统阐述了收藏在认知(如提升执行功能)、心理(如提供掌控感和怀旧慰藉)及社交(如建立社群连接)等方面的科学依据益处。因此，作者主要目的是解释收藏的各种科学支持的益处。故选C。 Passage 3 （2026·河南信阳·二模） From an airplane, cars moving slowly on the highway closely resemble a line of ants. Unlike these human-driven vehicles, however, ants are able to avoid the frustrating stop-and-go traffic that bothers daily commutes (通勤). Researchers have therefore turned their attention to studying the ants’ teamwork-based behaviors, hoping to apply these insights to programming self-driving cars that can prevent traffic jams. As the number of cars on highways keeps growing, the stability of traffic flow gradually decreases. Studies show that when the density (密度) reaches 15 vehicles per mile per lane (车道), a single driver’s sudden brake tap can give rise to long-lasting and widespread traffic jams. Scientist Katsuhiro Nishinari, a mathematical physicist studying traffic transitions, compares this phenomenon to a phase transition, such as water turning into ice. Even small individual actions in such situations can quickly develop into major traffic issues. Katsuhiro Nishinari’s previous research has already shown that food-seeking ants can maintain smooth movement even when their population density is very high. A recent follow-up study has uncovered they usually travel in groups of 3 to 20 individuals, moving at steady speeds with proper gaps between each other and never attempting to overtake. Their behavior depends on mutual collaboration rather than individual preferences. This collective intelligence offers a lesson for human drivers today. One key takeaway is to avoid tailgating. Keeping a safe distance from the vehicle ahead helps absorb the shock waves caused by sudden braking in dense traffic — a simple practice that prioritizes the smooth flow of the whole over individual hurry. Of course, ants have the natural advantage of creating flexible paths, while cars are bound to fixed lanes. But the principle of maintaining proper spacing remains crucial for safety and efficiency on our roads. Looking ahead, the real transformation may come from technology. As Katsuhiro Nishinari points out, “Unlike human drivers who often act independently, future self-driving cars could be designed to share real-time data and function as an integrated system.” Inspired by ants, these vehicles can upgrade traffic flow as a cooperative system, potentially requiring updates to existing regulations to fully realize their benefits. 28．What can cause widespread highway traffic jams directly? A．A total of 15 cars per mile. B．Ant behaviors affecting driving. C．Reduced stability of traffic flow. D．A sudden brake at a certain density. 29．What is the purpose of mentioning the recent follow-up study in paragraph 3? A．To compare ants with human drivers. B．To criticize current traffic regulations. C．To explain the math behind traffic jams. D．To detail how ants achieve smooth movement. 30．What does the underlined word “tailgating” probably mean in paragraph 4? A．Keeping a proper distance. B．Following strict traffic rules. C．Driving too close to the front. D．Seeking efficient lane position. 31．What is Katsuhiro Nishinari’s suggestion for ant-inspired self-driving cars? A．Collect personal travel data. B．Adopt a collaborative approach. C．Redesign traffic rules constantly. D．Rely on active human intervention. 【答案】28．D 29．D 30．C 31．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了蚂蚁的团队协作行为对缓解交通拥堵的启示及未来自动驾驶汽车的应用前景。 28．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Studies show that when the density (密度) reaches 15 vehicles per mile per lane (车道), a single driver’s sudden brake tap can give rise to long-lasting and widespread traffic jams.(研究表明，当密度达到每车道每英里15辆车时，单个驾驶员的突然刹车会导致持续时间长、范围广的交通堵塞。)”可知，在特定密度下，单个驾驶员的突然刹车会直接导致大面积高速公路交通堵塞。故选D。 29．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Katsuhiro Nishinari’s previous research has already shown that food-seeking ants can maintain smooth movement even when their population density is very high. A recent follow-up study has uncovered they usually travel in groups of 3 to 20 individuals, moving at steady speeds with proper gaps between each other and never attempting to overtake.(Katsuhiro Nishinari此前的研究已经表明，觅食的蚂蚁即使在种群密度很高的情况下也能保持平稳移动。最近的一项后续研究发现，它们通常以3到20只为一组旅行，以稳定的速度移动，彼此之间保持适当的间隙，从不试图超车。)”可知，第三段提到最近的后续研究是为了详细说明蚂蚁如何实现平稳移动。故选D。 30．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“One key takeaway is to avoid tailgating. Keeping a safe distance from the vehicle ahead helps absorb the shock waves caused by sudden braking in dense traffic — a simple practice that prioritizes the smooth flow of the whole over individual hurry.(其中关键的一点就是避免tailgating。与前车保持安全距离有助于吸收密集交通中突然刹车产生的冲击波——这是一种优先考虑整体顺畅而非个人匆忙的简单做法。)”可知，与前车保持安全距离可以避免追尾，故tailgating意思是“与前车距离太近”。故选C。 31．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“As Katsuhiro Nishinari points out, “Unlike human drivers who often act independently, future self-driving cars could be designed to share real-time data and function as an integrated system.” Inspired by ants, these vehicles can upgrade traffic flow as a cooperative system, potentially requiring updates to existing regulations to fully realize their benefits.(正如Katsuhiro Nishinari指出的那样，“与经常独立行动的人类驾驶员不同，未来的自动驾驶汽车可以被设计成共享实时数据并作为一个集成系统运行。”受蚂蚁的启发，这些车辆可以作为一个协作系统来升级交通流量，可能需要更新现有法规以充分实现其优势。)”可知，Katsuhiro Nishinari建议受蚂蚁启发的自动驾驶汽车应采用协作方法。故选B。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （2026·河南信阳·二模） Scientists have calculated the total volume of plastic has incredibly amounted to 8.3 billion tonnes in the last 65 years, which is equivalent to 25,000 Empire State Buildings or one billion elephants. The core problem lies in the dominance of single-use plastic packaging, which is discarded instantly after a disposable use; A study by the University of California illustrates that a mere 9% of plastic waste is recyclable,12% is incinerated, and 79% ends up in landfills, where it endures permanently owing to the non-biodegradable characteristic of plastic substances. Ecologist Dr Roland Geyer, the lead author of the research, warns that humankind is rapidly advancing toward a “Planet Plastic”, noting that existing plastic waste could approximately cover the entirety of Argentina, a nation of considerable territory in South America. The research team further estimates that 8 million tonnes of plastic flow into seas annually, sparking the concerns that plastic enters human body via food chain when sea creatures absorb it. Plastic’s widespread application stems from its versatility and durability, which make it irreplaceable for applications ranging from daily yoghurt containers to intricate spacecraft, yet these very attributes also make it an environmental issue since the only feasible method to decompose plastic, results in harmful emissions. Oceanographer Dr Erik van Sebille from Utrecht University says we’re facing a tsunami of plastic waste, and that the global waste industry needs to get its act together. Professor Richard Thompson, a marine biologist from Plymouth University, says poor design is at fault. He says if products are currently designed with recyclability in mind, they could be recycled around 20 times over. Dr Geyer agrees: The holy grail of recycling is to keep material in use and in the loop for ever if you can. But it turns out in our study that actually 90% of that material that did get recycled, which I think we calculated was 600 million tonnes — only got recycled once. 28．What can we infer about the “Planet Plastic” mentioned by Dr Roland Geyer? A．Planet is entirely made of plastic. B．Plastic will cover the Earth extensively. C．A new planet is discovered with plastic-like substances. D．Argentina is the most polluted country by plastic. 29．Why does the author mention plastic’s “versatility and durability”? A．To advocate banning plastic B．To explain plastic’s wide use despite harm C．To prove plastic most useful D．To show advantages over harms 30．What does “get its act together” mean in paragraph? A．Cooperate to improve waste management B．Ban plastic production C．Collect more plastic waste D．Reduce research investment 31．What is Professor Thompson’s attitude towards solving plastic pollution? A．Critical B．Pessimistic C．Neutral D．Optimistic 【答案】28．B 29．B 30．A 31．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇文章主要介绍了全球塑料总量庞大，一次性塑料污染严重，塑料因特性广泛应用却难降解，专家呼吁行业行动、优化设计以提升回收利用率。 28．推理判断题。根据第二段“Ecologist Dr Roland Geyer, the lead author of the research, warns that humankind is rapidly advancing toward a “Planet Plastic”, noting that existing plastic waste could approximately cover the entirety of Argentina, a nation of considerable territory in South America.(该研究的主要作者、生态学家罗兰·盖耶博士警告称，人类正迅速朝着一个“塑料星球”迈进。他指出，现有的塑料废弃物大约能覆盖整个阿根廷，而阿根廷是南美洲面积较大的国家)”可知，塑料将会大量覆盖地球。故选B。 29．推理判断题。根据第四段“Plastic’s widespread application stems from its versatility and durability, which make it irreplaceable for applications ranging from daily yoghurt containers to intricate spacecraft, yet these very attributes also make it an environmental issue since the only feasible method to decompose plastic, results in harmful emissions.(塑料之所以能得到广泛应用，是因为其具有多样性和耐用性，这使其在从日常的酸奶容器到复杂航天器等各种应用中都不可或缺。然而，正是这些特性也使塑料成为了一个环境问题，因为分解塑料的唯一可行方法会产生有害排放物)”可知，作者提及塑料的“多功能性和耐用性”是为了解释塑料尽管存在危害却仍被广泛使用的原因。故选B。 30．词句猜测题。根据划线词前文“we’re facing a tsunami of plastic waste(我们正面临着一场塑料垃圾的洪流)”以及“the global waste industry needs to ...(全球废弃物处理行业需要……)”可知，我们正面临着一场塑料垃圾的洪流，可推断“get its act together”是指全球废品行业需完善垃圾处理工作。故划线词意思是“共同合作以改善废物管理”。故选A。 31．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Professor Richard Thompson, a marine biologist from Plymouth University, says poor design is at fault. He says if products are currently designed with recyclability in mind, they could be recycled around 20 times over.(普利茅斯大学的海洋生物学家理查德·汤普森教授表示，设计不当是造成这一问题的原因。他指出，如果产品在设计时就考虑到可回收性，那么它们可以被回收利用约20次)”可知，Thompson教授认为改善产品设计可提升回收利用率，态度乐观，故选D。 Passage 2 （2026·河南开封·二模） In today’s world, making new inventions is not a field occupied only by scientists. Many young and brilliant inventors are increasingly addressing global challenges with their creative thinking and new technologies. From classrooms to international competitions, these outstanding students are applying their skills to make a difference in real life and even across the whole planet. In the UK, the team “H₂O Visionaries” from Sutton Grammar School won the 2025 Davidson Inventors Challenge. They developed a water filtration (过滤) system that uses bio-char (生物碳) made from food waste to remove heavy metal from water. Designed for developing countries, their system is both effective and financially realistic, costing around $ 0.35 per person. Similarly, a university student team called “Waste2Watts” won Swansea’s “Invent for the Planet” competition. They created a bio-transformer toilet that changes human waste into bio-fuel. This invention aims to provide sustainable sanitation (卫生设施), generate household power from the collected waste air for humans, and create fertilizer — all using locally sourced materials — which are especially beneficial to the already delicate ecosystem. In India, 16-year-old Pranet Khetan was named a national winner in the Samsung Solve for Tomorrow 2025 contest. He developed Paraspeak, an AI-powered, matchbox-sized device that helps people with speech difficulties, such as those affected by strokes or Parkinson’s disease. Unique for its focus on Hindi, the device records a user’s unclear speech and uses a custom AI model to play back a clear, translated version, making it possible for the unfortunate to communicate with others. These young innovators demonstrate that the drive to solve pressing global issues can start at any age, turning creative ideas into practical solutions, and that anyone — even the young — can really make a difference in others’ lives. 28．What is a key advantage of the H₂O Visionaries’ filtration system? A．It uses advanced AI. B．It generates electricity. C．It produces plant fertilizer. D．It is extremely cost-efficient. 29．What is the shared feature between H₂O Visionaries and Waste2Watts? A．They focus on water filtration. B．They make products from waste. C．They aim to win major contests. D．They are designed for Hindi speakers. 30．What is special about the Paraspeak device? A．It clarifies unclear speech in Hindi. B．It can treat certain medical conditions. C．It requires a separate powerful computer. D．It translates between different languages. 31．What is the text mainly about? A．Water pollution is the top global issue. B．University students lead in innovation. C．Competitions are key to young inventors. D．Young people solve world problems with creativity. 【答案】28．D 29．B 30．A 31．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如今许多年轻且才华横溢的发明家正凭借创造性思维和新技术应对全球挑战，文章列举了英国、印度等地年轻发明家及其团队的发明成果，表明年轻人能用创造力解决世界问题。 28．细节理解题。根据第二段“Designed for developing countries, their system is both effective and financially realistic, costing around $0.35 per person. (该系统专为发展中国家设计，既有效又经济实惠，每人成本约0.35美元。)”可知，“H₂O Visionaries”过滤系统的关键优势是成本极低。故选D项。 29．细节理解题。根据第二段“They developed a water filtration (过滤) system that uses bio-char (生物碳) made from food waste to remove heavy metal from water. (他们开发了一种水过滤系统，该系统使用由食物垃圾制成的生物碳来去除水中的重金属。)”以及第三段“They created a bio-transformer toilet that changes human waste into bio-fuel. (他们发明了一种生物转化厕所，可以将人类排泄物转化为生物燃料。) ”可知，“H₂O Visionaries”和“Waste2Watts”的共同特点是用废物制造产品。故选B项。 30．细节理解题。根据第四段“Unique for its focus on Hindi, the device records a user’s unclear speech and uses a custom AI model to play back a clear, translated version (该设备专注于印地语，这是其独特之处，它可以记录用户不清晰的语音，并使用定制的人工智能模型播放清晰、翻译后的版本)”可知，“Paraspeak”设备的特别之处是它能澄清印地语中不清晰的语音。故选A项。 31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Many young and brilliant inventors are increasingly addressing global challenges with their creative thinking and new technologies. (许多年轻而才华横溢的发明家正越来越多地用他们的创造性思维和新技术应对全球挑战。)”以及最后一段“These young innovators demonstrate that the drive to solve pressing global issues can start at any age, turning creative ideas into practical solutions, and that anyone — even the young — can really make a difference in others’ lives. (这些年轻的创新者表明，解决紧迫全球问题的动力可以在任何年龄开始，将创造性想法转化为实际解决方案，任何人，即使是年轻人，都能真正改变他人的生活。)”可知，文章主要讲述了年轻人用创造力解决世界问题。故选D项。 Passage 3 （2026·河南洛阳·二模） It’s a sudden drop into a mangrove forest (红树林) full of three feet of salty water over thick, twisty (弯弯曲曲的) tree roots, but Andrew Otazo has no trouble finding the way. He climbs down the sudden slope like a Spider-Man, using branches and thick vines (藤) and footholds in the dirt. At the bottom, Otazo finds his treasure: trash. “You name it, any item you can name, and I have found it in the mangroves,” he says. “Microwave ovens, mattresses, sofas, sets of plates and dishes. Those are really disgusting.” But every shoe, bottle, car battery, cooler and other piece of garbage Otazo removes from the mangroves reclaims space for what should be there: bird nesting grounds and fish nurseries. Otazo is on a search to clear as much of that space as he can. He’s also working to persuade his fellow Floridians to tell their elected officials to work to cut down on plastic pollution and update outdated waste systems that carry street trash into the ocean. “If you’re relying on me, just one guy picking up trash, it is all over for us,” Otazo said. “But if what I’m doing shows other people the problem, and they agree we need to work toward a solution, that’s the idea.” Lately he’s been concentrating on the mangroves that ring Virginia Key, an island in Biscayne Bay that offers a splendid view of the city skyline. What people in the city don’t see is the piles of garbage caught in the tree roots. “It was suffering. It was the worst. It destroyed me,” Otazo recalls. He made the local news, and his trash-filled homemade backpack has been on display in the History Miami Museum ever since. “I never, ever in a million years thought people would pay attention to me because I’m picking up trash,” Otazo said. It’s a mission now. Pounds turned into tons. He reached 35,265 pounds — picked up over 184 days throughout the years — in mid-October. Otazo said he has no plans to stop. “The trash will come back, but I’m stubborn,” he said. “I’ll keep doing this until I fall over.” 28．What does the author believe a mangrove forest to be? A．A place to house birds and fishes. B．A place to pick up trash easily. C．A place to enjoy pretty city views. D．An ideal place to deal with trash. 29．What is crucial to solve the problem according to Otazo? A．Individual efforts in picking up trash. B．Persuading officials to lessen pollution. C．Government’s updating waste system. D．Raising public awareness and joint efforts. 30．What did Otazo feel about his hitting the news? A．Regretful. B．Joyful. C．Concerned. D．Unexpected. 31．Which of the following can best describe Otazo? A．A powerful Spider-Man. B．A committed conservationist. C．A lonely trash collector. D．An ambitious wildlife explorer. 【答案】28．A 29．D 30．D 31．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。Andrew Otazo长期深入红树林清理大量垃圾，保护鸟类与鱼类的生存环境。他不仅亲身行动，还呼吁公众与政府共同关注并解决塑料污染问题，坚持环保不动摇。 28．细节理解题。根据第二段“But every shoe, bottle, car battery, cooler and other piece of garbage Otazo removes from the mangroves reclaims space for what should be there: bird nesting grounds and fish nurseries.(但奥塔佐从红树林中清理出来的每双鞋子、每一个瓶子、每一块汽车电池、每一个冷藏箱以及其他各类垃圾，都为原本应存在的东西腾出了空间：为鸟类提供了筑巢之地，也为鱼类提供了育幼之所)”可知，作者认为红树林是一个供鸟类和鱼类栖息的地方。故选A。 29．细节理解题。根据第三段““If you’re relying on me, just one guy picking up trash, it is all over for us,” Otazo said. “But if what I’m doing shows other people the problem, and they agree we need to work toward a solution, that’s the idea.”(奥塔佐说：“如果你指望我一个人去捡垃圾来解决问题，那对我们来说一切都完了。但只要我所做的能向其他人表明这个问题的存在，而且他们也认同我们需要共同努力寻找解决方案，那才是我们所期望的。”)”可知，根据奥塔佐的观点，解决这个问题的关键是提高公众意识并共同努力。故选D。 30．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“I never, ever in a million years thought people would pay attention to me because I’m picking up trash(我万万没想到，人们居然会因为我捡垃圾而关注我)”可知，奥塔佐对于发表这条新闻感到意外。故选D。 31．推理判断题。根据第二段“But every shoe, bottle, car battery, cooler and other piece of garbage Otazo removes from the mangroves reclaims space for what should be there: bird nesting grounds and fish nurseries.(但奥塔佐从红树林中清理出来的每双鞋子、每一个瓶子、每一块汽车电池、每一个冷藏箱以及其他各类垃圾，都为原本应存在的东西腾出了空间：为鸟类提供了筑巢之地，也为鱼类提供了育幼之所)”以及Andrew Otazo长期深入红树林清理大量垃圾，保护鸟类与鱼类的生存环境。他不仅亲身行动，还呼吁公众与政府共同关注并解决塑料污染问题，坚持环保不动摇。可知，奥塔佐是一位坚定的环保主义者。故选B。 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2026·河南开封·二模） The rapid development in high-tech industries like new energy and electronics has led to an increasing global demand for rare earth elements (REEs), critical materials that power these industries. Over the past decade, global production of REEs — from mining to application — has risen from 124,000 tons to 390,000 tons, a 214% increase. As large-scale mining and processing speed increase, REEs are gathering in urban air, water, soil, and even human bodies, raising urgent concerns about their environmental and health impacts. Major cities worldwide are already seeing troubling signs of REE gathering. In Beijing, soil REE concentrations have risen 39.16% above natural background levels. London’s soils tell a similar story, with some elements reaching six times their natural amounts. For city residents, this translates to greater exposure; studies show abnormal REE levels in human hair, nails and blood. In Barcelona, 62% of residents tested had REEs in their blood. The health risks of long-term, low-level REE exposure are particularly worrying. Research confirms that these elements can build up in the body, potentially causing reproductive and neurological (神经上的) harm, as well as increasing risks of high blood, kidney (肾脏) issues, and so on. More alarmingly, a mother’s REE exposure may affect her unborn child, with studies linking higher levels to an 18-23% increase in the risk of birth defects. Addressing this challenge requires action on multiple fronts. Environmentally friendly mining technologies — such as a three-stage leaching (过滤) process that cuts chemical use by 67% — offer hope. Boosting recycling of electronic products like electric vehicles and phones can also reduce reliance on new mining. While some countries have added REEs to priority pollutant lists, global cooperation is needed to strengthen urban monitoring and protect high-risk groups. 28．What is the main driver of the growing demand for REEs? A．The shortage of new energy. B．The expansion of high-tech industries. C．The growth in electronic product sales. D．The development of traditional energy industries. 29．Why is the Barcelona blood test example given? A．To link REEs with high blood pressure. B．To show Europe’s worst pollution case. C．To prove a blood test method works best. D．To show city people are widely exposed to REEs. 30．What is the status of solving REE pollution? A．It depends on new tech. B．It has already been solved. C．More action is still needed. D．There is full global cooperation. 31．What might be discussed after the last paragraph? A．New high-tech uses for REEs. B．REEs’ harm to ocean life near cities. C．A final solution to ending REE pollution. D．Global efforts to monitor city pollution. 【答案】28．B 29．D 30．C 31．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了高科技产业（如新能源和电子产业）的快速发展导致全球对稀土元素（REEs）的需求不断增加，稀土元素在城市环境中的聚集引发了对其环境和健康影响的担忧，文章还阐述了解决稀土污染问题的措施及现状。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段“The rapid development in high - tech industries like new energy and electronics has led to an increasing global demand for rare earth elements (REEs), critical materials that power these industries. (新能源和电子等高科技产业的快速发展导致全球对稀土元素（REEs）的需求不断增加，稀土元素是为这些产业提供动力的关键材料。)”可知，高科技产业的扩张是稀土元素需求增长的主要驱动力。故选B项。 29．推理判断题。根据第二段“For city residents, this translates to greater exposure; studies show abnormal REE levels in human hair, nails and blood. In Barcelona, 62% of residents tested had REEs in their blood. (对于城市居民来说，这意味着接触更多；研究表明，人体头发、指甲和血液中的稀土元素水平异常。在巴塞罗那，62%的受检居民血液中含有稀土元素。)”可知，提到巴塞罗那的血液检测例子是为了表明城市居民广泛接触到了稀土元素。故选D项。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Addressing this challenge requires action on multiple fronts. Environmentally friendly mining technologies — such as a three-stage leaching (过滤) process that cuts chemical use by 67% — offer hope. Boosting recycling of electronic products like electric vehicles and phones can also reduce reliance on new mining. While some countries have added REEs to priority pollutant lists, global cooperation is needed to strengthen urban monitoring and protect high-risk groups. (应对这一挑战需要多方面的行动。环保采矿技术——如可将化学物质使用量减少67%的三级浸出工艺——带来了希望。提高电动汽车和手机等电子产品的回收利用率也可以减少对新采矿的依赖。虽然一些国家已将稀土元素列入优先污染物清单，但需要全球合作来加强城市监测和保护高风险群体。)”可知，目前全球合作措施仍不足，解决稀土污染问题还需要采取更多行动。故选C项。 31．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While some countries have added REEs to priority pollutant lists, global cooperation is needed to strengthen urban monitoring and protect high-risk groups. (虽然一些国家已将稀土元素列入优先污染物清单，但需要全球合作来加强城市监测和保护高风险群体。)”可推测，文章接下来可能会讨论全球在监测城市污染方面的努力。故选D项。 Passage 2 （2026·河南洛阳·二模） Climate change has made extreme weather events such as bush fires and floods more frequent and more likely in recent years. Will firsthand experience of these events change how people think and act about climate change, making it seem immediate and local rather than a distant or future problem? New research led by Viktoria Cologne at ETH Zurich in Switzerland may help to explain what’s going on. The study, published in Nature Climate Change, looked at the question of extreme weather and climate opinion using two global datasets (数据集). The Trust in Science and Science-related Populism (TISP) survey measures public support for climate policies and the extent that people think climate change is behind increases in extreme weather. The survey asked people how much they supported five specific actions to cut carbon emissions (排放). On average, support was fairly strong, with an average rating of 2.37 across the five policies. The study found most people around the world have experienced heatwaves and heavy rainfall in recent decades. Do people in countries with higher exposure to extreme weather events show greater support for climate policies? This study found they don’t. In most cases, living in a country where more people are exposed to disasters was not reflected in stronger support for climate action. Crucially, people who more strongly believed climate change had worsened these events were also more likely to support climate policies. In fact, this belief mattered more for policy support than whether they had actually experienced the events firsthand. This study highlights what may affect public thinking: helping people recognize the link between climate change and extreme weather events. In countries such as Australia, climate change makes up only about 1% of media coverage. What’s more, most of the coverage focuses on social or political aspects rather than scientific, ecological, or economic impacts. Many stories about disasters linked to climate change also fail to mention the link, or indeed mention climate change at all. Making these connections clearer may encourage stronger public support for climate action. 28．What does the research led by Viktoria Cologne mainly focus on? A．Two global datasets. B．People in disaster-affected areas. C．Public trust in science. D．Public support for climate policies. 29．The people who ______ are more likely to support climate policies. A．read social news regularly B．experience disasters first-hand C．have engaged in the survey D．know clearly of climate impacts 30．What can be done to help support climate policies according to the study? A．More financial support. B．More disaster-climate link reports. C．More attention to weather. D．More accurate weather forecasts. 31．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Experiencing Is Not Enough to Change Views B．Emergency Responses to Natural Disasters C．Extreme Weather Is Changing Our Lives D．Global Surveys on Climate Attitudes 【答案】28．D 29．D 30．B 31．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一项研究：亲身经历极端天气不足以改变气候观念。 28．细节理解题。根据第二段“New research led by Viktoria Cologne at ETH Zurich in Switzerland may help to explain what’s going on. The study, published in Nature Climate Change, looked at the question of extreme weather and climate opinion using two global datasets (数据集).(瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院的维多利亚·科隆领导的一项新研究可能有助于解释正在发生的事情。这项发表在《自然气候变化》上的研究利用两个全球数据集研究了极端天气和气候观点的问题)”以及第三段中“The Trust in Science and Science-related Populism (TISP) survey measures public support for climate policies and the extent that people think climate change is behind increases in extreme weather.(“信任科学与科学相关民粹主义”（TISP）调查衡量了公众对气候政策的支持程度，以及人们认为气候变化是极端天气增多原因的程度)”可知，该研究主要关注公众对气候政策的支持情况。故选D。 29．细节理解题。根据第五段“Crucially, people who more strongly believed climate change had worsened these events were also more likely to support climate policies. In fact, this belief mattered more for policy support than whether they had actually experienced the events firsthand.(至关重要的是，那些更强烈地认为气候变化加剧了这些事件的人也更有可能支持气候政策。事实上，这种信念对政策支持的重要性超过了他们是否亲身经历过这些事件)”可知，清楚了解气候影响的人更有可能支持气候政策。故选D。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Many stories about disasters linked to climate change also fail to mention the link, or indeed mention climate change at all. Making these connections clearer may encourage stronger public support for climate action.(许多关于气候变化相关灾难的报道也没有提到这种联系，甚至根本没有提到气候变化。使这些联系更加清晰可能会鼓励公众更强烈地支持气候行动)”可知，根据这项研究，更多关于灾害与气候联系的报道可以帮助支持气候政策。故选B。 31．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第五段中“In fact, this belief mattered more for policy support than whether they had actually experienced the events firsthand.(事实上，这种信念对政策支持的重要性超过了他们是否亲身经历过这些事件)”可知，文章主要讨论了极端天气事件与公众对气候政策支持之间的关系，指出亲身经历极端天气事件并不一定会增加公众对气候政策的支持，而帮助人们认识到气候变化与极端天气事件之间的联系更为重要。因此，A选项“亲身经历不足以改变观点”符合文章主旨，是文章的最佳标题。故选A。 Passage 3 （2026·河南洛阳·二模） A lively urban forest can plant the seed of wellness in the minds and hearts of people struggling with the thick brush of mental illness. In 2022, a CNN survey found that 90% of Americans believed the U. S. was experiencing a mental health crisis. Unfortunately, the data backs it up. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, one in five U. S. adults experience mental illness. It’s a troubling trend that affects people of all backgrounds. Therefore, what is important at present is to give voice to the silent struggle so many people face and consider how we might improve people’s mental health. Experts say one way we can get there is by increasing the investment in planting trees. Research shows that access to trees reduces rates of depression, lowers levels of the brain’s main stress hormone (激素), and improves thinking function. This is especially true in cities and urban areas, where residents are significantly more likely to battle depression and anxiety. By fragmenting concrete jungles with urban forests, we can help make people happier and healthier. The positive impact of trees is well-documented in a growing body of scientific studies in the U. S. and around the world. For example, a study in Germany concluded that just living within 100 meters of a tree has the ability to reduce the need for antidepressant (抗抑郁的) drugs. In Denmark, researchers found that children living at the lowest levels of green space had a significantly higher risk of developing psychiatric (精神病的) disorders later in life as compared to children living near strong green space. Some doctors are even looking to trees as a form of medicine, specifying struggling patients with a walk in the woods to fully lose themselves in nature (a practice known as forest bathing). It’s clear that trees are not a “nice-to-have.” Trees are a must-have. Everyone deserves equal access to trees and the positive power they carry. We need to offer people hope. 28．Why does the author mention the CNN survey in paragraph 2? A．To promote the authority of CNN. B．To criticize the government’s inaction. C．To highlight the mental health crisis. D．To attract investment in green projects. 29．What does the underlined word “fragmenting” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Breaking up. B．Rooting up. C．Powering up. D．Wrapping up. 30．What is a proven effect of living near trees? A．It can heal mental illnesses. B．It improves depression condition. C．It can change people’s lifestyle. D．It ensures children’s mental health. 31．What is the author’s suggestion about making trees a must-have? A．Settling down in the woods possibly. B．Constructing several other green cities. C．Greater investment in green facilities. D．More research investment in depression. 【答案】28．C 29．A 30．B 31．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了美国面临严重心理健康危机，研究表明亲近树木可缓解抑郁、减轻压力。城市森林有助于改善心理健康，人们应重视并加大对绿化的投入。 28．推理判断题。根据第二段“In 2022, a CNN survey found that 90% of Americans believed the U. S. was experiencing a mental health crisis. Unfortunately, the data backs it up.( 2022年，美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）的一项调查发现，90%的美国人认为美国正面临一场心理健康危机。不幸的是，相关数据也证实了这一点)”可知，作者提及CNN的这项调查是为了突出心理健康危机这一问题。故选C。 29．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“By fragmenting concrete jungles with urban forests, we can help make people happier and healthier.(通过用城市森林fragmenting钢筋水泥的丛林，我们可以让人们变得更快乐、更健康)”可知，此处指用城市森林打破/分割水泥丛林，来让人们快乐健康。故划线词意思是“分割，打破”。故选A。 30．细节理解题。根据第四段“For example, a study in Germany concluded that just living within 100 meters of a tree has the ability to reduce the need for antidepressant (抗抑郁的) drugs. In Denmark, researchers found that children living at the lowest levels of green space had a significantly higher risk of developing psychiatric (精神病的) disorders later in life as compared to children living near strong green space. Some doctors are even looking to trees as a form of medicine, specifying struggling patients with a walk in the woods to fully lose themselves in nature (a practice known as forest bathing).(例如，德国的一项研究得出结论：仅仅居住在距离树木100米范围内，就能减少对抗抑郁药物的需求。在丹麦，研究人员发现，居住在绿地覆盖率最低区域的孩子，日后患精神疾病的风险明显高于居住在有丰富绿地附近的孩子。一些医生甚至将树木视为一种药物，建议病情严重的患者去森林中散步，让他们完全沉浸在大自然中（这种做法被称为“森林浴”）)”可知，生活在树木附近被证实能够改善抑郁状况。故选B。 31．细节理解题。根据第三段“Experts say one way we can get there is by increasing the investment in planting trees.(专家们表示，我们实现这一目标的一种途径是加大植树造林的投入力度)”可知，作者建议增加对绿色设施的投入。故选C。 Passage 4 （2026·河南郑州·二模） With growing global energy demands and mounting concerns over pollution and climate change, the shift to clean energy sources is important. While nuclear, wind, and solar energy have played significant roles as alternatives to fossil fuels, hydrogen energy is emerging as a key player in achieving carbon neutrality (碳中和). According to Professor Liu Lifeng, hydrogen has the potential to decarbonize energy — intensive industries, thus contributing to net-zero emission (净零排放) goals. However, traditional hydrogen production methods are infamous for their significant environmental impact. A cleaner and more sustainable approach involves producing hydrogen from water through electrolysis (电解). Renewable energy-powered electrolysis is a promising method for producing “green” hydrogen, but freshwater shortage may stop large-scale expansion. To address this challenge, Liu’s team has pioneered a way to produce hydrogen from seawater. Seawater electrolysis, however, faces problems due to the presence of mixtures, which increase energy consumption and cause side reactions. To overcome these barriers, the team proposed a rather ingenious strategy involving the addition of hydrazine (肼) to seawater to enhance efficiency. Additionally, they chose platinum-tellurium foil, a highly effective catalyst (催化剂) that improves the process without causing harmful chemical side effects. Their innovative device has produced promising results. This means that hydrogen can be produced from seawater without requiring external electricity, hence lowering production costs and improving flexibility in real-world applications. Despite this significant breakthrough, challenges remain. Platinum, though an effective catalyst, is both costly and environmentally damaging to mine. The team is actively working to develop non-platinum catalysts that are both efficient and sustainable. Furthermore, hydrazine, although effective in reducing energy consumption, is highly harmful to human health. Future research will focus on identifying safer alternatives to hydrazine and further making use of the technology to ensure clean and sustainable hydrogen production. 28．Why is hydrogen energy unique? A．It is rare on the earth. B．It costs less to produce. C．It reduces carbon emission. D．It needs no tech advancement. 29．What does the underlined word “ingenious” probably mean in paragraph 3? A．Long-term. B．Brilliant. C．Complicated. D．Conventional. 30．What can we learn about seawater electrolysis? A．Hydrazine is safe enough for widespread use. B．It has completely solved the freshwater shortage. C．It can operate on its own without needing energy. D．The current catalyst is costly and bad for the environment. 31．What is the text mainly about? A．The combined impacts of various energy sources. B．A breakthrough in hydrogen production from seawater. C．The ways to cut the cost of seawater hydrogen production. D．The wide application of renewable energy-powered electrolysis. 【答案】28．C 29．B 30．D 31．B 【导语】文章讲述了随着全球能源需求增加与环境问题加剧，清洁能源转型愈发重要并介绍了氢能的低碳优势、淡水电解制氢的局限，以及科研团队研发海水制氢技术的创新成果与现存待解决的难题。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段“hydrogen energy is emerging as a key player in achieving carbon neutrality (碳中和). According to Professor Liu Lifeng, hydrogen has the potential to decarbonize energy — intensive industries, thus contributing to net-zero emission (排放) goals (在实现碳中和的进程中，氢能正逐渐成为关键力量。刘利峰教授指出，氢能有望推动能源密集型产业实现脱碳，从而助力净零排放目标的达成).”可知，氢能能够助力高耗能产业降碳，减少碳排放，这是其独特优势。 29．词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词下文“involving the addition of hydrazine (肼) to seawater to enhance efficiency. Additionally, they chose platinum-tellurium foil, a highly effective catalyst (催化剂) that improves the process without causing harmful chemical side effects (具体做法是向海水中添加肼，以提升效率。此外，他们选用了铂碲箔——一种高效催化剂，该催化剂能在优化制氢过程的同时，避免产生有害的化学副作用)”可知，海水制氢存在诸多难题，为突破困境，团队提出新型策略提升制氢效率，由此可判断该策略巧妙且高效。B选项“Brilliant (高明的，巧妙的)”符合语境。 30．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Platinum, though an effective catalyst, is both costly and environmentally damaging to mine (铂虽是高效催化剂，但其开采成本高昂且会破坏环境)”可知，当前海水制氢使用的催化剂造价高、不利于生态环境。 31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“While nuclear, wind, and solar energy have played significant roles as alternatives to fossil fuels, hydrogen energy is emerging as a key player in achieving carbon neutrality (碳中和). According to Professor Liu Lifeng, hydrogen has the potential to decarbonize energy — intensive industries, thus contributing to net-zero emission (排放) goals(尽管核能、风能和太阳能作为化石燃料的替代能源已发挥了重要作用，但氢能正逐渐成为实现碳中和的关键力量。刘利峰教授指出，氢能有望推动能源密集型产业实现脱碳，从而助力净零排放目标的达成)”、倒数第二段“Their innovative device has produced promising results. This means that hydrogen can be produced from seawater without requiring external electricity, hence lowering production costs and improving flexibility in real-world applications.( 他们研发的创新装置已取得了令人振奋的成果。这意味着，无需借助外部电力即可从海水中制取氢气，从而降低了生产成本，并提升了该技术在实际应用场景中的灵活性)”以及最后一段“Platinum, though an effective catalyst, is both costly and environmentally damaging to mine (铂虽是高效催化剂，但其开采成本高昂且会破坏环境)”可知，文章先介绍氢能的发展前景与淡水制氢的短板，核心讲述科研团队研发海水制氢的创新突破，同时说明了该项技术的实际成效与仍需攻克的难题，主要讲的是海水制氢领域的一项突破。 Passage 5 （2026·河南开封·二模） Historically, drug development has been associated with high failure rates. On average, only 1 in 10 promising drug candidates finally makes it to market. Turning a simple molecular (分子的) structure into a workable treatment typically takes 10 to 15 years and a budget exceeding $1 billion. This high attrition (损耗) rate has long been a massive barrier for the industry. However, generative AI has emerged as a revolutionary force. The drug industry is rapidly adopting this technology to analyze vast biological datasets. AI tools can identify promising target proteins and suggest novel molecules that could combine effectively with those targets. Furthermore, they can predict the effectiveness and toxicity of potential candidates, significantly reducing the likelihood of early-stage trial failures. According to recent data, AI-designed molecules show an 80% — 90% success rate in early-stage safety trials, a substantial increase from the historical average of 40% — 65%. While the results in later stages remain uncertain, early improvements alone could boost the overall success rate. Consulting firm McKinsey estimates that AI could add an enormous $60 bn — $110 bn in annual value to the industry, primarily by simplifying complex processes from clinical documentation to administrative efficiency. Major drug companies are increasingly partnering with AI firms and tech giants like Amazon, Google, and Nvidia. For instance, Nvidia has teamed up with Eli Lilly to build the drug industry’s most powerful supercomputer. As AI revolutionizes drug development, some industry value may shift toward technological partners, creating new economic dynamics in healthcare innovation. Yet, challenges remain. Drug firms still hold unique advantages in patent data and regulatory expertise. But as AI tackles more complex biological problems, these traditional strengths may become less critical. Additionally, governments must accelerate regulatory reviews to prevent bottlenecks as the number of new candidates increases sharply. Perhaps the biggest impact lies in patent law. Currently, long patent lives help drug companies cover investments, encouraging them to pursue high-risk discovery businesses. Yet if the costs and riskiness of innovation fall dramatically, then patent terms (which typically provide 10 — 15 years of market exclusivity) may need to become shorter. 28．What is the impact of AI on drug development from the passage? A．Rise in drug development costs for companies. B．Complete replacement of human researchers soon. C．Great promise in improving early-stage trial success. D．Reduction of patent protection term to under 10 years. 29．Why do drug companies partner with tech giants like Nvidia? A．To gain access to more advanced biological data directly. B．To reduce the risks associated with clinical documentation. C．To take the lead in setting global regulatory standards for AI. D．To establish the most powerful supercomputers for drug research. 30．What does the author suggest about the future of drug patents? A．Tech companies might eventually own all drug patents. B．They may lose their legal validity entirely as AI evolves. C．The length of patent protection could potentially be reduced. D．New patents will no longer be needed for AI-designed drugs. 31．Which can be the best title for the text? A．AI: The Key to Healthcare Patent Law Reform. B．AI: A Powerful Force in Drug Industry Transformation. C．AI: Revolution in Early-Stage Drug Target Discovery. D．AI: Transformation of Traditional Drug Companies’ Future. 【答案】28．C 29．D 30．C 31．B 【导语】文章主要讲述了人工智能在药物开发中的应用、影响、挑战及对未来药物专利的潜在影响。 28．细节理解题。根据第二段“Furthermore, they can predict the effectiveness and toxicity of potential candidates, significantly reducing the likelihood of early-stage trial failures.(此外，它们还可以预测潜在候选药物的有效性和毒性，大大降低了早期试验失败的可能性)”以及第三段“According to recent data, AI-designed molecules show an 80% — 90% success rate in early-stage safety trials, a substantial increase from the historical average of 40% — 65%.(根据最新数据，人工智能设计的分子在早期安全性试验中的成功率为80% - 90%，比历史平均水平40% - 65%大幅提高)”可知，人工智能在提高早期试验成功率方面有很大希望。 29．细节理解题。根据第四段“For instance, Nvidia has teamed up with Eli Lilly to build the drug industry’s most powerful supercomputer.(例如，英伟达已与礼来公司合作，建造制药行业最强大的超级计算机)”可知，制药公司与英伟达等科技巨头合作是为了建立最强大的药物研究超级计算机。 30．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Yet if the costs and riskiness of innovation fall dramatically, then patent terms (which typically provide 10 — 15 years of market exclusivity) may need to become shorter.(然而，如果创新的成本和风险大幅下降，那么专利期限（通常提供10 - 15年的市场独占期）可能需要缩短)”可知，作者认为专利保护期限可能会缩短。 31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“However, generative AI has emerged as a revolutionary force. The drug industry is rapidly adopting this technology to analyze vast biological datasets.(然而，生成式人工智能已经成为一股革命性的力量。制药业正在迅速采用这项技术来分析庞大的生物数据集)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了人工智能在药物开发中的应用及其带来的变革，因此B选项“AI: A Powerful Force in Drug Industry Transformation.(人工智能：制药业变革的强大力量)”最符合文章主旨。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （2026·河南信阳·二模） Suppose I were to ask you to name some of the greatest nurses that the world has ever known. In that case, there is an extreme probability that you will mention Florence Nightingale the wealthy woman who gave off her everything to serve the needy people of her time and become a nurse. It’s safe to say that Florence is the archetype (典型) of contemporary nurses. Florence was born on May 12th, 1820 and her journey to greatness started. She was born into privilege. She was a polymath genius who spoke multiple languages and pioneered the concepts of statistical analysis that are still used today. She even memorized the works of philosophy and would often debate with her father. She had the option of having a society life in a nice big house, with a staff of servants. However, she craved for something worth doing instead of frittering away time on useless trifles. She determined to end suffering in this world as a nurse, but both of her parents disagreed with that, for nursing was considered inferior at that time. Florence over the next 12-13 years tried convincing her parents over and over again, but they didn’t budge. When Florence turned 30, her dad was completely worn out from resisting and then sent her to Germany for nursing training. In 1853 her dream was completely realized and she undertook a job in London at a hospital. Florence didn’t know at the time that she was going to be dragged into one of the bloodiest conflicts in European history — the Crimean War. Nightingale dedicated herself to improving healthcare during the Crimean War, which led to a huge reduction in the mortality (伤亡) rates. It’s difficult to overstate the contributions that Florence Nightingale made to medicine, including her work on sanitation and hygiene and on organizational structures, and especially to nursing. Her work as well as her lite represents the power of a single determined individual who is set on bringing a positive change to society. She pulled off the inevitable and became a legend and immortal in the pages of history. 28．Why is Florence Nightingale mentioned in paragraph 1? A．To praise Nightingale’s genius in multiple fields. B．To present how tough Nightingale’s teenage life was. C．To introduce Nightingale’s impact during the Crimean War. D．To illustrate what modern-day nurses are supposed to be like. 29．What does the underlined word “budge” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Obey. B．compromise. C．Respect. D．Care. 30．Which of the following can best describes Florence Nightingale? A．Intelligent and reserved. B．Ambitious and sociable. C．Single-minded and innocent. D．committed and compassionate. 31．What can we infer about Florence Nightingale from the last two paragraphs? A．Her contribution to the healthcare system was played down. B．She was a game-changing nurse in saving people during the war C．She resisted her parents by devoting herself to a higher calling. D．She intended to participate in one of the cruelest wars in European history. 【答案】28．D 29．B 30．D 31．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔这位伟大护士的生平事迹，包括她的成长背景、追求护士职业的决心以及在克里米亚战争期间对医疗保健的贡献等。 28．推理判断题。根据第一段中“It’s safe to say that Florence is the archetype (典型) of contemporary nurses. (可以肯定地说，弗洛伦斯是当代护士的典型)”可知，文章第一段提到弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔是为了说明现代护士应该是怎样的，因为她被视为当代护士的典型。故选D项。 29．词义猜测题。根据第三段中“However, she craved for something worth doing instead of frittering away time on useless trifles. She determined to end suffering in this world as a nurse, but both of her parents disagreed with that, for nursing was considered inferior at that time. (然而，她渴望做一些有价值的事情，而不是把时间浪费在无用的琐事上。她决定以护士的身份结束这个世界的痛苦，但她的父母都不同意，因为当时护理被认为是一种低下的职业)”以及“Florence over the next 12-13 years tried convincing her parents over and over again (在接下来的12—13年里，弗洛伦斯一次又一次地试图说服她的父母)”可知，弗洛伦斯想要成为护士，但她的父母不同意，她花了12—13年的时间试图说服他们，但他们没有“妥协”，由此可推测，划线词budge意为“妥协”。故选B项。 30．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Nightingale dedicated herself to improving healthcare during the Crimean War, which led to a huge reduction in the mortality (伤亡) rates. (南丁格尔致力于在克里米亚战争期间改善医疗保健，这导致了死亡率的大幅下降)”以及最后一段中“Her work as well as her lite represents the power of a single determined individual who is set on bringing a positive change to society. (她的工作和生活代表了一个坚定的个人决心为社会带来积极变化的力量)”可推知，弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔致力于改善医疗保健，为减少战争伤亡做出了巨大贡献，同时她的决心和行动也体现了她对社会带来积极改变的坚定信念，所以她是一个有奉献精神和富有同情心的人。故选D项。 31．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Florence didn’t know at the time that she was going to be dragged into one of the bloodiest conflicts in European history — the Crimean War. Nightingale dedicated herself to improving healthcare during the Crimean War, which led to a huge reduction in the mortality (伤亡) rates. (弗洛伦斯当时并不知道她将被卷入欧洲历史上最血腥的冲突之一 —— 克里米亚战争。南丁格尔致力于在克里米亚战争期间改善医疗保健，这导致了死亡率的大幅下降)”可推知，弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔在战争期间拯救了很多人，她是一位改变局面的护士。故选B项。 Passage 2 （2026·河南·二模） For 19-year-old Marta Bernardino and Sebastiao Mendonca, the forest was the intimate backdrop of their childhood. “It was a living playground where we built our world,” says the pair. As children growing up near Lisbon, the two always believed that the forest would remain a constant in their lives. But every year, they saw fires destroy the forest near their homes, leaving scorched (烧焦) hillsides. Desperate to revive the forest, the two then-high school students set out to create Trovador, a robot capable of reaching and reforesting areas where humans have been unable to. In 2023, Bernardino and Mendonca set out to create Trovador. Their first 15 prototypes (原型), built from recycled parts, planted 28 percent faster than humans with a 90 percent survival rate. The two are currently working to improve the efficiency of the robot and hope that their current prototype is able to handle longer operations on steeper terrains. The robot is capable of climbing slopes of up to 45 degrees while detecting and avoiding any rock in its way. Trovador is also equipped to carry and plant up to 200 young trees per hour. Unlike a tractor (拖拉机), it barely makes an indent on the ground thanks to its light movement, preserving pore space for air and water in the soil. A depth camera attached to it maps any obstacle and allows it to slightly adapt its tracks in real time. It also uses artificial intelligence and sensors to analyze the pH and humidity of the soil, after which Trovador will follow a three-step dig-place-tamp sequence to plant rooted saplings instead of seeds. Miguel Jeronimo, a landscape architect, is interested in the tool. He says, “Trovador appears to be an innovative project with potential, particularly as it was developed by two young students who turned a low-cost prototype into a possible approach to one of Portugal’s environmental challenges.” While Jeronimo is hopeful about the success of Trovador, he is equally apprehensive about the robot’s durability in the actual field. He says, “Operational endurance, mobility in dense vegetation and ease of maintenance are areas that need further exploration before the system can be considered ready for broad use.” 28．Why did the two teenagers start to create Trovador? A．To replace farm tractors. B．To study soil conditions. C．To play in the nearby forest. D．To restore the burnt forest. 29．Which of the following can best describe Trovador? A．Slow but reliable. B．Costly but powerful. C．Elegant and energy-saving. D．Eco-friendly and efficient. 30．What attitude does Jerónimo have to Trovador? A．Objective. B．Doubtful. C．Uncaring. D．Critical. 31．What may be the best title for the text? A．Portugal’s Forest Fire Crisis B．The Rise of Agricultural Robots C．A Robot to Reforest the Unreachable D．Two Teenagers’ Connection with the Forest 【答案】28．D 29．D 30．A 31．C 【导语】主要介绍19岁的玛尔塔·贝尔纳迪诺和塞巴斯蒂昂·门东萨为恢复被火灾破坏的森林，制造出名为Trovador的机器人，该机器人具有环保、高效等特点，同时也面临一些有待改进之处。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段“But every year, they saw fires destroy the forest near their homes, leaving scorched (烧焦) hillsides. Desperate to revive the forest, the two then - high school students set out to create Trovador(但每年，他们都看到大火摧毁了他们家附近的森林，留下烧焦的山坡。为了恢复森林，这两名当时还是高中生的学生开始制造Trovador)”可知，这两名青少年制造Trovador是为了恢复被烧毁的森林。 29．推理判断题。根据第二段“Their first 15 prototypes (原型), built from recycled parts, planted 28 percent faster than humans with a 90 percent survival rate.(他们最初的15个原型机由回收零件制成，种植速度比人类快28%，成活率达到90%)”以及第三段“Unlike a tractor (拖拉机), it barely makes an indent on the ground thanks to its light movement, preserving pore space for air and water in the soil.(与拖拉机不同，由于它移动轻便，几乎不会在地面上留下凹痕，为土壤中的空气和水保留了孔隙空间)”可知，Trovador不仅种植效率高，而且对土壤环境友好。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Miguel Jeronimo, a landscape architect, is interested in the tool. He says, “Trovador appears to be an innovative project with potential, particularly as it was developed by two young students who turned a low-cost prototype into a possible approach to one of Portugal’s environmental challenges.” While Jeronimo is hopeful about the success of Trovador, he is equally apprehensive about the robot’s durability in the actual field.(景观设计师米格尔・热罗尼莫对这款工具十分感兴趣。他表示：“特罗瓦多是一个极具潜力的创新项目，尤其难得的是，它由两名年轻学生研发而成。二人将一个低成本的原型装置，转化为能够应对葡萄牙其中一项环境难题的可行方案。” 热罗尼莫既对 “特罗瓦多” 项目的前景充满期待，同时也十分担忧这款机器人在真实野外环境中的耐用性)”可知，杰罗尼莫既看到了Trovador的潜力，又指出其存在的问题，态度是客观的。 31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“For 19-year-old Marta Bernardino and Sebastiao Mendonca, the forest was the intimate backdrop of their childhood. “It was a living playground where we built our world,” says the pair. As children growing up near Lisbon, the two always believed that the forest would remain a constant in their lives. But every year, they saw fires destroy the forest near their homes, leaving scorched (烧焦) hillsides. Desperate to revive the forest, the two then-high school students set out to create Trovador, a robot capable of reaching and reforesting areas where humans have been unable to.(19 岁的玛尔塔・贝尔纳迪诺与塞巴斯蒂昂・门东萨自幼便与森林相伴，森林是他们童年最亲切的背景。 两人说道：“森林是一座鲜活的乐园，我们在那里构筑了属于自己的世界。” 作为在里斯本郊外长大的孩子，他们一直以为这片森林会永远陪伴在身边。可年复一年，火灾不断吞噬着家附近的森林，只留下一片片被烧焦的山坡。 为了让森林重焕生机，当时还在读高中的二人决心研发出特罗瓦多机器人。这款机器人能够抵达人类难以涉足的区域，并完成植树造林工作。)”文章主要围绕玛尔塔·贝尔纳迪诺和塞巴斯蒂昂·门东萨制造Trovador机器人来恢复难以到达地区的森林展开，C选项“一个为难以到达之地重新造林的机器人”为最佳标题。 Passage 3 （2026·河南信阳·二模） For years, biologists have wondered why many water animals swim in short bursts, which are sudden, energetic movements that last only a moment, followed by long pauses (停顿). The common explanation is that such pauses allow the animals to glide (滑行), reducing drag and saving energy. But is it the case? Researchers at EPFL in Switzerland built ZBot, a robot fish that perfectly copies the shape, movement, and swimming style of a young zebrafish (斑马鱼). Then they ran experiments. They made ZBot swim without stopping in some tests, and in burst-and-glide patterns in others. They measured everything. The results surprised them. Gliding did save energy, but not for the reason they expected. When the robot swam in bursts, its motor worked harder for short periods and then shut off completely during glides. When swimming without stopping, the motor ran all the time at medium power. The motor, it turned out, was more efficient when working in short, strong bursts. The researchers called this “actuator efficiency”. It indicates how well a motor turns energy into useful work. The discovery matters far beyond zebrafish. Electric motors, such as those in factory robots, drones, or electric cars, face the same challenge. Most are built to run all the time at steady speeds. But ZBot suggests that starting and stopping, if timed right, could make batteries last longer and use less energy in many different machines. “This isn’t just about fish,” one researcher said. “It’s about rethinking how we build machines that move.” There are problems, of course. The robot is small, and its movements are simple. Making it bigger will take time. But the idea that starting and stopping can sometimes work better than running all the time challenges a long-held belief in engineering. What looks like a waste in nature, like all those pauses in swimming, often turns out to be wisdom we haven’t yet learned to understand. 28．Why did researchers build ZBot? A．To catch the real zebrafish. B．To create a new kind of motor. C．To test an idea on swimming. D．To copy the shape of zebrafish. 29．What did the researchers find out about the motor of ZBot? A．It worked better in short and strong bursts. B．It did a better job when running non-stop. C．It failed to turn energy into useful work. D．It never stopped working during glides. 30．What is mentioned about the experiment in paragraph 5? A．Its application. B．Its limitations. C．Its principles. D．Its process. 31．What does the author try to illustrate in the last paragraph? A．Nature has lessons we have missed. B．Nature’s wisdom is understandable. C．Nature wastes energy in many ways. D．Nature’s designs are far from perfect. 【答案】28．C 29．A 30．B 31．A 【导语】文章探究水生动物短时冲刺间歇游动的原因，通过机器鱼实验得出全新能耗结论，赋能机械动力研发革新。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段“For years, biologists have wondered why many water animals swim in short bursts... The common explanation is that such pauses allow the animals to glide, reducing drag and saving energy. But is it the case?(多年来，生物学家一直想知道为什么许多水生动物会短促游动……普遍的解释是，这种停顿能让动物滑行，减少阻力、节省能量。但事实真的如此吗？)”以及第二段“Researchers at EPFL in Switzerland built ZBot, a robot fish that perfectly copies the shape, movement, and swimming style of a young zebrafish (斑马鱼). Then they ran experiments.(瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院的研究人员制造出了ZBot，这是一条能完美复制幼年斑马鱼外形、动作和游动方式的机器鱼。然后他们进行了实验。)”可知，研究人员研制ZBot是为了验证关于水生动物游动方式的相关猜想。 29．细节理解题。根据第三段“The motor, it turned out, was more efficient when working in short, strong bursts.(事实证明，发动机在短时高强度运转时，工作效率更高)”可知，研究人员发现ZBot的发动机短时高强度运转时运转效果更好。 30．主旨大意题。根据第五段“There are problems, of course. The robot is small, and its movements are simple. Making it bigger will take time.(当然，这项实验也存在短板。这款机器鱼体型小巧，游动动作也十分简易，想要将其规模化改造还需要耗费大量时间)”可知，第五段主要介绍了本次实验存在的不足之处，也就是实验的局限性。 31．推理判断题。根据最后一段“What looks like a waste in nature, like all those pauses in swimming, often turns out to be wisdom we haven’t yet learned to understand.(自然界中看似浪费资源的行为，就像水生动物游动时的各类停顿，往往蕴藏着我们尚未参悟的智慧)”可知，作者最后一段想要说明大自然中藏着诸多我们未曾发掘、值得借鉴的经验。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （2026·河南信阳·二模） Thermal paper, widely used in shopping receipts, express waybills and movie tickets, has become an indispensable part of modern daily life. However, its massive use has long brought two unsolved problems. Traditional thermal paper uses petroleum-based coatings, which are hard to degrade in the natural environment and contain harmful chemicals. Meanwhile, the printed personal information on it faces serious leakage risks, as the words can remain clear for years even in open environment. To solve these problems, Li Min, a material science expert from Zhejiang University, and her team developed a new type of plant-based thermal paper. The base of the paper is made of nano-cellulose (纳米纤维素) extracted from straw, a common agricultural waste. Inspired by the color-fading feature of anthocyanin, a natural pigment, when meeting water, the team chose it as the core colorant of the new paper. Different from traditional thermal paper which uses bisphenol A as a color developer, the new paper matches anthocyanin with biodegradable organic acid. When heated, the two components combine to form stable blue-black words, which can stay clear for over 6 months at normal room temperature, fully meeting the daily storage needs of most commercial receipts. The team carried out a set of controlled experiments to test the paper’s comprehensive performance. The results showed that the new paper’s printing clarity matches traditional commercial thermal paper. In the privacy protection test, the words on it disappeared completely within 30 seconds after being put into water. In the degradation test, it broke down fully in soil within 3 months, while traditional paper only degraded less than 10%in the same period. “Our current lab samples are still in small size,” Li says. “Large-scale industrial production may bring new challenges in material uniformity and production cost. We are clearly aware of these possible problems, and have started follow-up research to optimize the material, to promote its practical use step by step.” 28．What is a major problem of traditional thermal paper? A．It has very high production cost. B．It is not suitable for daily use. C．It breaks easily in wet environment. D．It risks serious personal information leakage. 29．What is the core colorant of the new thermal paper made from? A．Recycled waste materials. B．Natural plant extracts. C．Petroleum-based chemicals. D．Industrial by-products. 30．What result did Li’s team’s experiment confirm? A．Its printing clarity matches traditional thermal paper. B．It can be fully degraded within one month. C．Its words disappear completely in 10 seconds. D．It has a longer stable storage time. 31．What is Li Min’s attitude towards the industrial application of the new paper? A．Fully negative. B．Blindly optimistic. C．Rational and prudent. D．Totally unconcerned. 【答案】28．D 29．B 30．A 31．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了浙江大学李旻团队为解决传统热敏纸难以降解、信息易泄露等问题，研发的一种以植物提取物为原料的新型环保热敏纸及其性能特点。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Meanwhile, the printed personal information on it faces serious leakage risks, as the words can remain clear for years even in open environment. (同时，其上打印的个人信息面临严重的泄露风险，因为即使在开放环境中，字迹也能保持清晰数年)”可知，传统热敏纸的一个主要问题是存在严重的个人信息泄露风险。故选D项。 29．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Inspired by the color-fading feature of anthocyanin, a natural pigment, when meeting water, the team chose it as the core colorant of the new paper. (受天然色素花青素遇水褪色特性的启发，团队选择它作为新纸的核心着色剂)”可知，新型热敏纸的核心着色剂来源于天然植物提取物。故选B项。 30．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The results showed that the new paper’s printing clarity matches traditional commercial thermal paper. (结果显示，新型纸的打印清晰度与传统的商业热敏纸相当)”可知，李旻团队的实验证实了新型纸的打印清晰度与传统热敏纸相当。故选A项。 31．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Large-scale industrial production may bring new challenges in material uniformity and production cost. We are clearly aware of these possible problems, and have started follow-up research to optimize the material, to promote its practical use step by step. (大规模工业化生产可能会在材料均匀性和生产成本方面带来新的挑战。我们清楚地意识到这些可能存在的问题，并已开始后续研究以优化材料，逐步推进其实际应用)”可知，李旻对新型纸的工业应用既认识到可能存在的挑战，又采取了积极的后续研究，态度是理性且审慎的。故选C项。 Passage 2 （2026·河南信阳·二模） While coral reefs cover only a tiny fraction of the ocean floor, they are home to millions of plants and animals, representing tens of thousands of species. Researchers estimate that nearly 60 percent of the world’s coral reefs are seriously threatened. Corals depend on clean, clear, relatively shallow waters to survive. When stressed, they can lose their co-existing zooxanthelle (虫黄藻) — a process called “bleaching”, which means the coral’s color is removed. Without its food source, the coral often dies. Along polluted coastlines or on reefs where plant-eating fish have been severely reduced by fishing, the coral reefs are quickly overrun with seaweed. The climate events of 1997 — 1998, such as flooding, mudslides and destructive storms, struck a major blow to the world’s coral. “Global ocean and land temperatures averaged about four degrees Fahrenheit above normal, and sea level rose at least one inch above average,” said Dr. William Patzert, JPL oceanographer. “We saw areas where for tens or hundreds of kilometers, there was 90 percent death. Total global coral death rate may have been as high as 20 percent.” This became the best-documented global coral bleaching event in history. “For the first time,” said Patzert,“scientists were watching all the tropical oceans and seas from space, while an army of researchers and citizen scuba divers recorded the underwater devastation — the locations and intensity of coral bleaching. These data will provide an advance in our understanding of coral reefs.” Using satellite data on sea-surface temperatures, scientists are developing maps of “hot spots”, places where unusually warm sea-surface temperatures may be stressing corals. These may provide an early warning of coral reefs in distress and, possibly, another worldwide coral bleaching event. Remote sensing from satellites and aircraft is providing new ways to survey and monitor coral reefs. “We know that climate events and the heat changes around the tropics have huge impacts on corals,” said Patzert. “While we can’t change these natural events, the more we know about them and how they affect corals, the more we can do to help coral reefs survive.” 28．What can we learn about the coral reefs? A．They contribute to underwater diversity. B．They recover quickly after being bleached. C．They cover a large area of the ocean floor. D．They are threatened only by human activities. 29．What is the root cause of coral bleaching between 1997 and 1998? A．The loss of zooxanthelle. B．The rise of the sea level. C．The overgrowth of seaweed. D．The outbreak of climate events. 30．What is the author’s attitude toward using satellite data in the research? A．Critical. B．Indifferent. C．Supportive. D．Negative. 31．Which is the best title for the passage? A．Coral Reefs: Home to Marine Biodiversity B．Coral Bleaching: Causes and Monitoring Efforts C．Satellite Technology: A Solution to coral Decline D．Coral Reefs: Climate Threats and Protective Measures 【答案】28．A 29．D 30．C 31．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了珊瑚礁虽在海底覆盖面积小，却是众多生物家园，但如今面临严重威胁，重点阐述了1997 — 1998年珊瑚礁白化的原因以及利用卫星数据监测珊瑚礁的相关情况。 28．推理判断题。根据第一段“While coral reefs cover only a tiny fraction of the ocean floor, they are home to millions of plants and animals, representing tens of thousands of species.(虽然珊瑚礁只覆盖了海底的一小部分，但它们是数百万动植物的家园，代表了成千上万的物种)”可知，珊瑚礁为众多海洋生物提供栖息地，有助于海洋生物多样性，即对水下生物多样性有贡献。故选A项。 29．细节理解题。根据第三段“The climate events of 1997 — 1998, such as flooding, mudslides and destructive storms, struck a major blow to the world’s coral.(1997 — 1998年的气候事件，如洪水、泥石流和破坏性风暴，对世界珊瑚礁造成了重大打击)”以及“Total global coral death rate may have been as high as 20 percent.(全球珊瑚总死亡率可能高达20%。)”可知，1997 - 1998年珊瑚白化的根本原因是气候事件的爆发。故选D项。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Using satellite data on sea-surface temperatures, scientists are developing maps of “hot spots”, places where unusually warm sea-surface temperatures may be stressing corals. These may provide an early warning of coral reefs in distress and, possibly, another worldwide coral bleaching event. Remote sensing from satellites and aircraft is providing new ways to survey and monitor coral reefs.(利用卫星提供的海面温度数据，科学家们正在绘制“热点”地图，在这些地方，异常温暖的海面温度可能给珊瑚带来压力。这些数据可能为处于困境的珊瑚礁以及可能发生的另一次全球珊瑚白化事件提供早期预警。卫星和飞机的遥感技术为调查和监测珊瑚礁提供了新方法)”可知，作者认为利用卫星数据对监测珊瑚礁有积极作用，所以作者对在研究中使用卫星数据持支持态度。故选C项。 31．主旨大意题。主要介绍了珊瑚礁虽在海底覆盖面积小，却是众多生物家园，但如今面临严重威胁，重点阐述了1997 - 1998年珊瑚礁白化的原因以及利用卫星数据监测珊瑚礁的相关情况。B选项“珊瑚白化：原因和监测努力”为最佳标题。故选B项。 Passage 3 （2026·河南濮阳·二模） Scientists have long known that small marine creatures can attach to plastic debris (碎片). After Japan’s massive 2011 tsunami, some marine animals even crossed the Pacific Ocean on floating waste. However, a study published in Nature Ecology & Evolution has revealed two alarming findings. First, plastic enables coastal organisms to prosper far from their natural habitats. Second, these coastal species are reproducing successfully in these distant offshore areas. Researchers inspected over 100 pieces of plastic collected from an ocean garbage piece, where ocean currents trap 79,000 tons of waste. They identified 484 marine organisms belonging to various species. About 70% of the plastic pieces hosted at least one type of coastal organism — far more than initially expected. More surprisingly, two-thirds of the debris had both coastal and open-sea species living together. Plastic is not merely a carrier of life; it is forming unnatural groups that researchers term “novel ocean communities” “We are witnessing coastal and native open-ocean organisms coexisting on plastic,” says lead researcher Linsey Haram. “Human activity is essentially creating new ecological groups in the open ocean.” These mixed communities may pose significant risks to native marine ecosystems. Coastal creatures could compete with local species for space and food, or even feed on them. Scientists observed coastal organisms reproducing: some guarding their eggs, while others were cloning themselves. This indicates that these coastal species may establish permanent populations in the open ocean. The danger spreads globally. Plastic debris can be carried to remote beaches, where non-native species might take root. “If a species can reproduce, it can spread. If it can spread, it can invade (入侵),” notes marine expert Linda Amaral-Zettler. This invasion could disrupt the balance of local ocean ecosystems and push native species toward danger. The study uncovers a hidden impact of plastic pollution — beyond the well-known harm to fish and seabirds. “We already know a great deal about animals getting stuck in plastic,” Haram says. “This research adds an unforeseen effect, urging us to reduce plastic waste urgently. Once plastic enters the open ocean, it’s nearly impossible to reverse (逆转) the damage.” 28．Which of the following can be concluded from the study results? A．Plastic is marine species’ main habitat. B．Coastal organisms on plastic surprise us. C．Open-sea species can adapt better to plastic. D．Coastal organisms fail to reproduce naturally. 29．What can be inferred about the “novel ocean communities” from the text? A．They will spread worldwide. B．They form naturally in the ocean. C．They will disappear with less plastic. D．They may threaten native species. 30．What does the underlined word “disrupt” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Maintain. B．Improve. C．Restore. D．Destroy. 31．What is known about plastic pollution before the study? A．It assists coastal life to survive. B．It enables organisms to prosper. C．It traps and harms sea creatures. D．It creates novel ecological groups. 【答案】28．B 29．D 30．D 31．C 【导语】主要介绍一项新研究，阐述塑料垃圾携带海岸生物远洋繁衍，形成新型群落并威胁海洋生态平衡。 28．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“About 70% of the plastic pieces hosted at least one type of coastal organism — far more than initially expected.(大约七成塑料碎片上生存着至少一种海岸生物，数量远超最初预期。)”可知，附着在塑料上的海岸生物数量与种类超乎想象，令人意外。 29．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“These mixed communities may pose significant risks to native marine ecosystems. Coastal creatures could compete with local species for space and food, or even feed on them.(这类混合群落会给本土海洋生态系统带来巨大隐患，海岸生物会与本地物种争夺生存资源甚至捕食本地生物。)”可知，这种新型海洋群落会威胁本土海洋生物的生存。 30．词句猜测题。根据第五段中的“This invasion could disrupt the balance of local ocean ecosystems and push native species toward danger.(这种入侵可能disrupt当地海洋生态系统的平衡，并将本土物种推向危险的境地。)”可知，外来物种入侵会打破原本的生态平衡，给本土物种带来生存危机，因此，画线单词“disrupt”暗示“破坏、扰乱”符合语境。 31．$