2026年译林版英语中考复习之语法篇

2026-05-04
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摘要:

该初中英语中考复习知识清单全面覆盖冠词、数词、代词、动词时态、复合句等13大语法模块,系统梳理从基础词法到句法应用的核心考点,构建完整的语法知识网络。 清单采用“考点分级+对比表格+记忆口诀”设计,如动词时态模块区分一般现在时与现在完成时用法,附短暂性动词转换表;数词篇总结“有数字无s”口诀,培养学生语言能力和思维品质。易错点标注(如冠词the的固定搭配)和情景交际实例(日常用语应答),助力学生自主高效复习,为教师教学提供精准支持。

内容正文:

译林英语中考复习之语法篇 目录 一、 冠词篇 2 二、 数词篇 4 三、 代词篇 6 四、 名词篇 9 五、 形容词副词篇 12 考点一:形容词与副词的辨析 12 考点二:形容词副词的级数比较 12 考点三:形容词副词的相关词缀 15 考点四:连接副词的辨析 15 六、 介词篇 17 考点一:时间介词 17 考点二:方位介词 17 考点三:介词短语辨析 18 考点四:重点介词辨析 19 七、 连词篇 23 考点一:并列连词的常见误用 23 考点二:并列连词词组 23 考点三:从属连词与主从关系 23 八、 动词篇 26 考点一:动词的时态 26 考点二:动词的语态 29 考点三:非谓语动词 31 九、 情态动词篇 35 十、主谓一致篇 37 十、 简单句 39 十一、 复合句 42 考点一:宾语从句 42 考点二:状语从句 43 考点三:定语从句 45 ①定语从句的关系代词 45 ②句子中含有定语从句 46 十二、 情景交际 47 考点一:日常交际用语 47 1.常见交际用语 47 2.易错点 48 3.其他交际用语 49 考点二:谚语 49 1、 冠词篇 考点一:a和an的区别 a主要加辅音字母开头的单词前,an则用于元音音素开头的单词前,关键在发音而非拼写。 常见考点 1) 发音为/ju:/的词有__________________________________________ 2) h开头但是不发音的词有______________________________________ 3) 其他易错的词:______one-way road ______18-year-old teenager ______180-year-old tree ______ X-ray 考点二:不定冠词和定冠词的区别 a/an为不定冠词,表示泛指某类人或事物中的一个;the为定冠词,特指双方已知、上文提及、独一无二或唯一的事物。 常见考点 1) a+比较级表示____________;the+比较级+of+______(2者、3者)表示__________________;the+最高级+of+______(2者、3者)表示________________________。 2) a+序数词表示____________;the+序数词表示____________ 3) a number of__________________,后面加动词的______形式; the number of _________________,后面加动词的______形式。 考点三:零冠词的使用场景 表示泛指的不可数名词或复数名词作主语、表语、宾语时,通常不用冠词;学科、三餐、球类运动、棋类游戏、交通工具等固定搭配前常省略冠词;某些专有名词(如国名、地名、人名)前亦不加冠词,但由普通名词构成的专有名称(如the United States)除外。 常见考点 1)加the与不加the的意思区别,比如in the hospital(指去医院看病) vs. in hospital(指住院治疗)。 常见的搭配有:在监狱_____________在公共场合__________在太空______________ 2)感叹句中,what和what a/an用于感叹句,强调名词的单数可数性,结构为“What + a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词!”;而what 一般用于不可数名词或复数名词,结构为“What + 形容词 + 不可数名词/复数名词!并且要和抽象名词具体化的现象进行区分 抽象名词具体化常见的词有:______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 常见搭配有:what______useful advice what ______ valuable suggestion what______great progress what ______big success 2、 数词篇 考点一:基数词和序数词的转换 写出下列数字的序数词 1____________ 2____________ 3____________5____________12____________ 4____________14____________40____________44____________19____________ 49____________90____________94____________99____________ 20____________30____________50____________ 考点二:分数的用法 分数的构成规则是:分子用____________,分母用______;当____________时,分母需加复数词尾-s。 并且表示主谓一致时, 动词形式根据分数后的名词单复数而定:若名词为不可数或单数,谓语动词用______;若名词为复数,则谓语动词用______。 写出下列分数 九分之四__________________ 四分之一(两种)____________、____________ 十二分之五__________________ 四分之三____________ 考点三:hundred、thousand、million、billion 的用法 当这些词前无冠词且后接of时,表示泛指数量,需用______形式,如:hundreds of books 意为________________________/ thousands of people意为__________________ 若表确切数量,则用______形式,如:三百个学生__________________ 口诀:有数字无s,无数字有s,有of才泛指。 考点四:数词其他用法搭配 1)表示年龄:他十二岁了________________________=______________________________ 2)表示编号顺序:第七页____________=____________,其中______要注意____________ 注意:八年级有三种表达方式,____________=____________=____________ 3)表示长度、宽度等,如:这条河长一百二十米________________________ 它的同义表达为______________________________。 什么时候名词后不要加s?__________________________________________ 4)表示“在......岁时”,搭配为“______+物主代词+____________”,例如在他四十多岁时__________________。 5)基数词+more表示____________,它的同义短语为____________+基数词。 6)序数词前不加the的情况有: ①__________________②__________________③_________________ 7)one,two除了可以变成序数词还可以变成___________和____________ 3、 代词篇 代词分为____________、____________、____________、____________、____________等。 考点一:人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的用法 人称代词分______(I, you, he, she, it, we, they)和______(me, you, him, her, it, us, them),主格作主语,宾格作宾语;物主代词分形容词性(my, your, his…)和名词性(mine, yours, his…),前者后接名词,后者独立使用,表所属关系;反身代词(myself, yourself…)强调主语或作宾语,表示“自己”。 常见考点 1) 人称代词的顺序是单数______,复数______。比如you we they的排列顺序是______ 2) 常见的搭配错误 【教我们英语】这里的【我们】是_______,不能用______ 3) 双重所有格——即“of + 名词性物主代词/名词所有格”,如:我的一个朋友____________ ;注意区分a photo of my father表示__________________,而a photo of my father’s 表示__________________ 4) 反身代词常见的短语搭配有: 玩得开心__________________ 自便__________________ 自言自语_____________________ 自学__________________ 自我介绍__________________ 注意当出现____________________________________等词时,不可以用反身代词。 考点二:不定代词 常见考点 1)neither____________ either____________both____________all____________ ____________表示“三者任意一个”,____________表示“三者都不” 2)some和any的区别,some用于____________,any用于____________;但当表示__________________时,some也可用于疑问句,如:Would you like some tea? some用于否定句和疑问句的例外情况还有:当any表示____________等强调语气时,可出现在______中,如:You can ask any teacher for help. 3)something____________anything____________everything____________nothing__________,其中none和nothing的区别在于:none一般回答__________________提问的句子,有时可以与介词______连用;nothing强调“什么都没有”,一般回答____________提问的句子。 not anything=______,表示______否定;not every表示______否定,一般等于something。 4)复合不定代词的修饰语须放在______,如:something important / nothing serious 5)each与every的区别:each强调“个体”,可作主语、宾语,后接单数动词;every强调整体中的“全部”,仅作定语,后接单数名词。 each后面______(可以、不可以)加of,every______(可以、不可以) 6)another表示____________,other表示____________,the other表示____________, others表示____________相当于____________,one...the other...表示____________, another+数字表示____________=数字+______,what other things=what __________ 7)a few ______,few______,a little ______,little ______;口诀:“有a表肯定,无a表否定;可数用______,不可数用______;其中a little还有____________的意思,所以也可以加可数名词单数。比如a little fish既可以表示____________,也可以表示____________。 考点三:it和指示代词 常见考点 1) this / that / these / those 的基本用法:单数用______或______,复数用______或______;近指用______或______,远指用______或______;this/that可指代上文提到的事物。 2) it指代上文已提及的单数事物或抽象概念,常用于替代前文出现过的名词以避免重复;也可用于强调句型“It is...it作形式主语或宾语,如:It’s important to study hard. it作主语时,需注意与真实主语的一致性:当真实主语为不定式、动名词或从句时,谓语动词恒用______; it作主语时,还常用于天气、时间、距离、自然现象等无生命主语的表达,此时it为虚义代词,无实际指代对象;如:It’s raining heavily. /It’s 8 a.m. / It’s 5 kilometers from here to school / It’s getting dark. it还可用于习语搭配中,如:It’s up to you. 意思是____________ It作形式主语时,常用结构还有:It is + 形容词/名词 + that从句 / to do sth / doing sth;注意that从句作主语时,谓语动词必须用单数形式,且that______省略;而to do sth或doing sth作真实主语时,谓语动词同样用单数,且常可省略to(如:It’s nice seeing you); it作___________时,后接宾补结构,如:I find it difficult to understand the rule. It作形式宾语时,常用结构为:主语 + 动词(如find/think/make/feel等)+ it + 形容词/名词 + to do sth / doing sth / that从句;其中it不可省略,且宾补部分需与真实宾语逻辑一致(如:I find it hard to believe that he passed the exam )。 3) one和it的区别是one泛指同类事物中的“一个”,强调类别;it特指上文已明确提及的同一事物,强调同一性。 简而言之,______表示同类同物,而______表示同类异物。 4) 在一些句型中,在表达A与B的某方面不同或者相同时,用______或______来表达。例如:The weather in China is different from ______ in England. 5) 在通话情境时,常用表达有:who is ______speaking? ______ is Daniel. 4、 名词篇 考点一:名词的数 名词的数分为可数名词与不可数名词两类;可数名词有单、复数之分,复数形式分为规则变化与不规则变化两大类: ①规则变化 1) ______________________________,例如__________________ 2) ______________________________,例如__________________,注意stomach复数是__________________ 3) 以____________+y结尾的______,例如____________;而____________+y结尾的______,例如____________ 4) o结尾的词分为两种情况:除了______、______、______、______加es,其他的都加s。(特指初中学段) 5) 以f/fe结尾的词,________________,例如__________________ ②不规则变化 man______ woman____________ 【同向区分:German__________human____________Roman________】 mouse______child______ox______ goose______ foot________ tooth__________ 单复同形的是____________、____________、____________、____________、____________ ③复合名词的复数形式,一般将主体名词变复数;若无主体名词,则将最后一个词变复数;若由连字符连接,通常只变最后一个成分。但如果是man和woman来修饰,则前后一起变化。例如:女医生 → women doctors 男老师→ ____________ 而 男学生 boy students 女学生____________ 考点二:名词的所有格 名词所有格分为’ s所有格与of所有格两类,前者多用于有生命的事物(尤其人与高级动物),后者则常用于无生命的事物或表示所属关系较远的结构。 ① s所有格的构成规则如下: 1)单数名词和不以-s结尾的人名直接加______,如Tom’s book 2)以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加______,如the teachers’ office 3)若原形以-s结尾但为单数(如James),则加’ s或’均可,推荐James’s 4)表示____________时仅后一个名词加’ s(Lucy and Lily’s room),____________时则两个名词均加’ s(Lucy’s and Lily’s rooms) 5)表示时间、路程、距离、价格、重量等抽象概念的名词,加’s构成所有格,如an hour’s walk、ten miles’ journey、five dollars’ worth、two pounds’ weight。 并且可以进行转换,比如a two hours’ drive=________________________ ②无生命事物或长修饰语常用of结构,如the cover of the book、the development of science。 需要注意to形所有格表示“的” 1)________________________2)__________________3)_________________ ③双重所有格结构为“a/an/this/that/any/no + 名词 + of + ’s所有格”,如 a friend of my father’s、this book of Tom’s 注意:双重所有格中,of 后的 ’s 所有格不可省略,否则语义不清(如 a friend of my father 会误指“我父亲的朋友”而非“我父亲的一位朋友”);此外,双重所有格不可与of所有格混淆:前者强调“其中之一”,后者仅表所属关系;常见错误是将“a photo of my sister”误写为“a photo of my sister’s”——前者指“我妹妹本人的照片”,后者则指“我妹妹拥有的某张照片”。【注:此知识点在代词篇已阐述】 ✮考点三:名词辨析 常见名词辨析 action____________ address____________ advice____________ athlete____________ activity____________advantage____________ advertisement____________ attention____________ agreement____________appearance____________ competition____________condition____________communication____________ connection____________ contribution____________collection____________ choice____________custom____________course____________cause____________ change____________chance____________courage____________challenge____________ discussion____________decision____________direction____________ development____________difference__________________difficulty____________ description____________ division____________ effect____________ emotion____________ energy____________ environment____________ expression____________ experience____________education____________example____________ examination______ effort____________ excuse____________exercise____________experiment____________ future____________force____________form____________fear____________ influence____________information____________introduction____________ interview____________invention____________invitation____________ instrument____________independence__________________ knowledge__________________language__________________journey____________ level____________list____________mood____________mind__________________ method____________message____________noise____________notice____________ object____________opinion____________purpose____________practice____________ promise____________progress____________pride____________pride____________ peace____________praise____________pleasure____________present____________ regret____________reply____________result____________report____________ research____________relationship____________ sight____________symbol____________secret____________success____________ silence____________situation____________suggestion____________ style____________skill____________task____________taste____________ temperature____________technology____________tradition____________trouble____________ train____________trade____________traffic____________treat____________ value____________voice____________wealth____________weight____________ 5、 形容词副词篇 形容词用于修饰______或______,表示性质、状态、特征或数量,如“智能的”“高端的”“全新的”。 副词则修饰______、______、其他副词或整个句子,表达时间、程度、方式、频率等维度,如“迅速地”“高度地”“精准地”“持续地”。 考点一:形容词与副词的辨析 形容词通常放在______前或______后,作______或表语;副词则多置于动词、形容词或其他副词之前,或句末作状语。 常见考点 1) 常见的系动词有:______、______、______、______、______、______、______、______、______、______、______、______等,系动词后通常加______词。 2) be动词+副词+形容词/过去分词为常见的副词搭配,例如get ____________(complete)solved;be ____________(usual)quiet,容易和系动词加形容词混淆。 3) 常见的频率副词有______________________________________________________ 4) 形容词变副词的规律 ①直接加______,例如__________________ ②以____________结尾要____________,例如____________ ③以le结尾的单词要_________________,例如comfortably、gently、simply等 ④true、whole、blue等以-e结尾的形容词,变副词时直接加-ly,例如truly ⑤形副同形的词有______、______、______、______、______等 ⑥特殊的副词,例如good--____________【注:well也可以做形容词表示____________】 5) 有些单词虽以-ly结尾,却是形容词而非副词,如______________________________ 6) 有些词的ly形式和本身意思不同 例如late(______)与lately(______)、hard(____________)与hardly(______)、close(____________)和closely(______),wide(______)和widely(______),high(______)与highly(______)等 考点二:形容词副词的等级比较 形容词副词分为原级、比较级、最高级三种形式,用于表达程度差异。 常见考点 1)形容词副词的比较级和最高级的规则变化: ① 单音节词和部分双音节词(如clever、quiet)直接加______,例如fast→faster→fastest、tall→taller→tallest; ② 以____________,例如large→larger→largest、nice→nicer→nicest; ③ 以“____________”结尾的词,变y为i再加-er/-est,例如happy→happier→happiest、busy→busier→busiest; ④ 以____________的单音节词,______末尾辅音字母再加-er/-est,例如big→bigger→biggest、hot→hotter→hottest; ⑤部分双音节和多音节词(如beautiful、important、carefully)在构成比较级和最高级时,需借助______和______,例如beautiful→__________________→__________________ ⑥不规则变化需单独记忆:bad→______→______,little→______→______,many/much→______→______,good/well→______→______,far→farther/______→farthest/______ 其中,farther/further 和 farthest/furthest 的用法存在语义差异:farther/farthest 多指具体距离,而further/furthest 则常用于抽象意义,如“进一步探讨”“更深层次的理解”。比如:深造__________________深入讨论____________ 2)原级的用法:常见于“____________”结构及“the same…as”结构中,表示两者在某方面程度相等或相同。 例如:She runs as fast as her brother. / This book is not so interesting as that one. / His attitude is the same as mine.【注:在进行比较的时候,代词用that/those;如果是和某人的事物进行比较,后者应该用名词性物主代词】 “as…as”结构的否定形式“not as/______…as”,表示“不如……那样……”,如:This phone is not as durable as the previous model. /Her presentation was not so confident as expected. 3)比较级的用法 ①“比较级+______”的句型,表示“比......怎么样”,如:He is taller than his sister. 当出现具体数值时,应放在比较级前面,例如:The river is 5 meters wider than before. ② “________________________等修饰比较级”,用于强调程度,如:This movie is much more exciting than the last one. ③ “the+比较级…, the+比较级…”结构,表示“__________________”,如:The harder you work,the more you achieve. / The more you read, the wiser you become. ④ “________________________”,表示“越来越……”,如:The weather is getting warmer and warmer. /Her English is improving faster and faster. 【注】:➊多音节词的结构为“more and more+形容词/副词”或者“less and less +形容词/副词”,例如,越来越昂贵________________________ ➋当表示数量的越来越少时,可数的用____________,不可数的用____________,如果句子中有a number of,那么这里的少要改成____________;例如:The number of the kids is smaller and smaller. 同理:价格用____________表示,人口(population)用____________表示。 例如:The price of the house is _____________(越来越便宜) The population of some developed countries is becoming __________________(越来越少) ⑤ “less+原级+than”结构,表示“不如……那样……”,强调程度更低,如:This solution is less effective than the one proposed last year. ⑥“the+比较级+of+______(2者/3者)”,表示“__________________”。如:She is the taller of the two sisters. 【注:和最高级的区别,一个是两者,一个是三者】 ⑦ “a+比较级”表示“更……一点”或“一种更……的……”,如:a better solution(一种更好的方案)、a more efficient approach(一种更高效的方法)。 ⑧ “比较级+than+any other+名词(单数)”结构,表示“比其他任何一个……都……”,强调在同类中独一无二的比较优势,如:He is taller than any other student in his class. 【注:此结构中,“any other+单数名词”排除了主语自身,确保逻辑严谨;若泛指三者以上,则用“比较级+than+any+名词(复数)”结构,表示“比任何……都……”,如:He is taller than any student in his class.】 填空:Beijing is bigger than ____________city in China. Beijing is bigger than ____________city in Japan. 4)最高级的用法 最高级表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中程度最高、范围最广或数量最多,常与“______”连用,并多伴有in/of/among短语限定比较范围 ①最高级前不加the的特殊情况:____________、____________、____________ ②“____________+the+最高级+名词复数”表示“__________________”,例如 The Palace Museum is one of the biggest museums in the world. ③“序数词+最高级”表示“第……最……”,强调在序列中占据的特定高位,如:She is the third tallest student in her grade.______________________________ ④含有最高级的句型:“最高级+that+I’ve ever seen/heard/met/read about.”表示“我所见过/听过/遇到/读到的最……” 例如:This is the most interesting speech that I’ve ever heard. 5)比较级和最高级的常见句型互换 ①Jim is taller than any other boy in our class = Jim is the ______ boy in our class. =Jim is taller than ______ ______ ______ in our class. =Jim is taller than any of the other boys in our class. ②Tom is not as/so tall as mike.= Mike is ______ than Tom.=Tom is the shorter of the ______.=Tom is shorter than Mike.=Tom is less taller than Mike. 考点三:形容词副词的相关词缀 常见的反义前缀有`un-`、`in-`、`im-`、`ir-`、`dis-`、`non-`、`mis- 1)初中阶段`in-`开头的常见反义词有:____________、____________、incomplete 2) `im-` 多用于以 `m`、`p`、`b` 开头的形容词前,如:____________、____________、____________、____________ 3)dis开头的有____________、____________ 常见的形容词后缀有______、______、______、______、______、______、______等 考点四:连接副词的辨析 however表示“______”,用于句首或句中,前后需用逗号隔开,强调语义转折,语气较正式;常置于句首时,后接逗号,如:However,it is often misused as a conjunction linking two independent clauses without proper punctuation—a common error that can lead to comma splices or fused sentences. 【注:however和but的区别是__________________________________________】 therefore表示“____________”,用于句首或句中,前后需用逗号隔开,强调因果关系,语气正式;常置于句首时,后接逗号,如:Therefore,the conclusion logically follows from the premises, and it is widely accepted in formal argumentation. instead表示“____________”,用于句首或句中,前后需用逗号隔开,强调替代关系,语气中性偏正式;常置于句首时,后接逗号,如:Instead, she opted for a minimalist approach—clean lines, neutral tones, and functional elegance. otherwise表示“____________”,用于句首或句中,前后需用逗号隔开,强调条件未满足时的替代结果,语气略带警示或紧迫 moreover表示“____________”,用于句首或句中,前后需用逗号隔开,强调递进关系,语气正式;常置于句首时,后接逗号,如:Moreover,it serves to add supporting evidence or reinforce a previously stated point—often introducing a fact 6、 介词篇 介词是英语中使用频率极高但又极易出错的一类虚词,其核心功能在于表达名词或代词与其他词之间的逻辑关系,如时间、地点、方向、方式、原因、对象等。 考点一:时间介词: at用于具体时刻,比如①____________②____________③____________④____________ on用于具体某日,比如①____________②____________③____________ in用于较长时间段,比如①____________②____________③____________④____________ 【注: 当遇到具体的早中晚,应该用时间介词______,比如在一个下雨的晚上____________】 【注:不需要加时间介词的词有___________________________________________________】 其他时间介词 after______before______during______till/until____________since______within______ 考点二:方位介词 ①in和on的区别:in表示在某范围内(内部),on表示在某表面(接触) 常考的in和on的区别,比如in the tree____________on the tree____________ in the wall__________________on the wall__________________ in the newspaper__________________on the newspaper__________________ ②on/above/over的区别:on表示______表面,above强调垂直方向上的“高于”,不接触;over则强调覆盖、跨越或正上方 ③in/on/to的区别:in表示在____________,on表示____________,to表示____________;to常用于地理方位描述,比如Japan is to the east of China ④across、through、along、past区别:across强调____________,through强调____________,along强调沿着某线性路径行进,past强调从旁边____________。 比如:______ the street(横穿街道)、______ the forest(穿过森林)、______the river(沿着河流)、______ the school(从学校旁经过) ⑤under、below、beneath区别:under强调____________,below泛指____________,beneath强调位置在正下方,比如 beneath the surface(表层之下)。 ⑥beside、by、next to、near区别:beside强调“在……旁边”,常含陪伴意味;by侧重“靠近、临近”,语气较中性;next to强调“紧邻、挨着”,空间关系最紧密;near表示“在……附近”,距离最近,但不一定紧贴。 ⑦in和at的区别:in加______地方,at加______地方。 ⑧in front of、in the front of区别:in front of指在某物体______的前方,in the front of指在某物体______的前方。 ⑨between、among区别:between强调“在______之间”;among则用于“______之间”。 考点三:介词短语辨析 1) in the way________on the way____________by the way___________in some ways___________ in all____________after all____________first of all____________above all____________ in time____________at times____________on time____________ in the end____________at the end of ____________ 2) 带up的短语 hold up____________make up____________tidy up____________break up____________ hurry up____________cheer up____________take up____________give up____________ grow up____________use up____________cut up____________grow up____________ put up____________ set up____________pick up____________dress up____________ eat up____________look up____________ 3) 带out的短语 cut out____________work out____________find out____________put out____________ point out____________tired out____________hand out____________break out____________ get out____________run out____________turn out____________carry out____________ look out____________ 4) 带down的短语 write down____________break down____________turn down____________ calm down____________fall down____________come down____________cut down______ 5) 带away的短语 pass away____________wash away____________throw away____________run away_________ 6) 带about的短语 worry about____________talk about____________care about____________ think about____________learn about____________hear about____________ 7) 带off的短语 take off____________show off______set off=let of____________turn off____________ knock off____________put off____________ 考点四:重点介词辨析 1)against表示“______”,强调立场上的对立或物理上的倚靠;如 be against the policy(反对该政策)、lean against the wall(倚靠在墙上)。此外,against 还可表示“____________”,常用于视觉或效果描述,如 a red dress against white walls(白墙映衬下的红裙),凸显差异与张力。 beyond表示“____________”,既可指空间上的“在……那一边”,如 beyond the hills(山的那一边),也常用于抽象意义,如 beyond expectations(____________)、____________(毫无疑问),体现程度或逻辑上的延展性。 across 表示“____________”,强调从一边到另一边的动态过程,如 cross the street(过马路)、swim across the river(游过河); through 表示“____________”,强调路径的纵深与阻隔的穿透,如 walk through the forest(穿过森林)、look through the window(透过窗户看); over 表示“越过、在……上方”,强调空间上的跨越或高度上的覆盖,如 jump over the fence(跳过篱笆)、fly over the city(飞越城市)。 with表示____________、____________、____________、____________,其中with和in作为后置定语的区别是`with 表示“伴随、具有、使用、关于”,其中 with 和 in 作为后置定语的区别是:with 强调所带的附属特征或伴随状态(如 a girl with blue eyes),而 in 则强调所处的材质环境或状态本身(如 a dress in silk)。 而with意为“和”的时候,主谓一致时,“with + 名词”结构不改变主语单复数的本质,如 the teacher with his students is arriving(教师偕学生正抵达),真正主语仍是 the teacher。 by表示____________、____________、____________、____________ except表示“____________”,强调排除关系,如 Everyone except Tom went to the party(除了汤姆,其他人都去了派对) besides 表示“除……之外(还包括)”,强调附加关系,如 Besides English,she speaks French and Spanish(除了英语,她还会法语和西班牙语) 2)____________表示“由……制成”,强调原材料可辨识、未发生本质变化,如 glass is made of sand(玻璃由沙子制成)、a table made of oak(橡木制成的桌子); ____________ 表示“由……制成”,强调原材料经化学或深度加工后已不可辨识,如 paper is made from wood(纸由木材制成)、wine is made from grapes(葡萄酒由葡萄酿成); ____________表示“由……制造/制作”,强调动作的执行者(人或机构),如 this sculpture was made by a local artist(这座雕塑由本地艺术家创作)、the software is made by an open-source community(该软件由开源社区开发); ____________表示“在……(地点)制造”,强调地理来源与生产地,如 a car made in Germany(德国制造的汽车)、silk made in Hangzhou(杭州产的丝绸) 4) ____________表示“看”,强调有意识地将视线投向某物,如 look at the blackboard(看黑板)、look at me(看着我); ____________ 表示“寻找”,强调有目的的主动搜寻过程,如 look for lost keys(寻找遗失的钥匙)、look for a new job(求职); ____________ 表示“照看、照料”,强调持续性的关心与责任 ____________表示“查阅、仰望”,如________________________(在字典中查单词)、look up at the stars(仰望星空) ____________ 表示“当心、留意”,强调对潜在危险或变化的警觉 ____________ 表示“期待”,后接名词或动名词,隐含积极的情感张力 5) hear from和hear of的区别在于:前者表示“__________________”,强调双向沟通与主动联系,如 I haven’t heard from my cousin since last summer(我自去年夏天起未收到表兄的来信);后者表示“____________”,后者表示单向的信息获取,不涉及对方的主动回应,如 I’ve never heard of this company before(我之前从未听说过这家公司)。 6) as和for的区别在于:前者表示“作为……的身份/角色”,强调功能、身份或用途,如 She works as a translator(她以翻译员身份工作);后者表示“为了……的目的/利益”,强调动机、原因或受益对象,如 He donated money for the children’s education(他为儿童教育捐款)。 例如:be famous for____________be famous as____________ work for____________work as____________ 7) die of表示“因……而死”,强调______原因(如疾病、衰老、情感创伤等),如 She died of cancer last year(她去年因癌症去世); die from 表示“因……而死”,强调______原因(如事故、环境、暴力等),如 He died from a car accident(他死于车祸)。 8) increase by 表示“____________”,强调变化幅度,如 Prices increased by 10% last quarter(上季度价格上涨了10%); increase to 表示“____________”,强调变化后的最终数值,如 Production increased to 5,000 units per month(产量增至每月5000台) 9) turn on____________turn down____________turn up____________turn off____________ 10) break out____________break into____________break down____________ 11) cut in___________cut out____________cut down____________cut up____________ 12) put on____________put out____________put up____________put away____________ 13) be good at____________be good for____________be good to____________ 14) 填合适的介词 talk ______sb ______sth tell sb sth=tell sth______sb provide sb ______sth=provide sth______ sth=present sb ______ sth=give sth______sb buy sb sth=buy sth______sb keep in touch______ spend money/time ______sth=spend money/time______doing sth==pay money/time ______sth be absent______ be different______ be similar______ be the same ______be proud ______ be afraid ______ be friendly/kind/nice______ be busy______ be crazy______ be patient______ be satisfied______ be curious______ be strict______ be full ______=be filled______ it is adj ______sb to do表示人的性格,it is adj ______sb to do表示时间的特征 15) 特殊的介词to 这里的to为介词,后面需要加动名词 初中阶段含有介词to的短语有__________________、__________________、__________________、__________________ 16) 辨析介词的不可忽视性 ①在“特殊疑问词+to do”句型中 I wonder which place to live.(×) I wonder which place to live in.(√ ) I wonder who to talk about the story.(×) I wonder who to talk about the story with.(√) 判断对错:I don’t know which floor to live in this building. ( ) ②在宾语从句中 判断对错: I wonder which city we should live in China. ( ) I wonder which shop I should go to buy the book. ( ) ③在“be+形容词+to do”结构中 判断对错: This problem is easy to deal. ( ) 7、 连词篇 连词用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子,分为并列连词(如and, but, or, so)和从属连词(如because, although,if, when等)。 并列连词连接两个或多个语法地位相同的成分,如词与词、短语与短语、分句与分句,强调并列、转折、选择或因果关系。 从属连词则引导从句,充当主句的状语、定语或宾语成分,体现时间、原因、条件、让步等逻辑关系。 考点一:并列连词的常见误用 1)“but”与“however”:“but”为______,须连接两个语法结构对等的成分(如:He is tired,buthe keeps working);而“however”是______,需用逗号与主句隔开(如:He is tired; however, he keeps working)。 2)“so”与“therefore”:______须连接两个独立分句(He was ill, so he stayed home),后者则为过渡副词,须用分号或句号与前句隔开(He was ill; therefore, he stayed home)。 3)because和so不能同时出现在一个句子中,若想表达因果关系,要么用“because”引导____________从句(He didn’t go to school because he was ill),要么用“so”连接两个并列分句(He was ill,so he didn’t go to school)。 考点二:并列连词词组 常见的并列连词词组包括:not only...but also...(____________)、either...or...(____________)、neither...nor...(____________)、both...and...(____________)、whether...or...(____________)。 需要注意:这些词组在使用时需遵循“______原则”(即谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致), 此外,“not only...but also...”结构中,若“not only”位于______,主谓要倒装,如:“Not only did he finish the task,but also he helped others. ;but also结构中的“also”常可______,且倒装仅限于“not only”置于句首时成立。 考点三:从属连词与主从关系 常见从属连词包括:when, while, since, although, though,even though, because, as, if, unless, until, so that, in order that等。它们引导状语从句,须依附于主句存在,不可独立成句;使用时需特别注意时态呼应(如主将从现)、省略条件(当主从句主语一致且含be动词时可省略)及标点规范(从句在前时,从句与主句之间须用逗号隔开,从句在后则通常不加逗号。 1) 引导时间状语从句的从属连词 when表示时间或动作发生的时刻,如“When the bell rang,the students left the classroom.” while强调两个动作同时进行,如“When he was reading,his friend was writing.” since表示“______”,常与______连用,如“Since 2024,we have implemented three major optimization ” as表示“______”或“当……时” before表示“在……之前”,after表示“在……之后” until表示“直到……为止”,常与延续性动词连用,如“The meeting lasted until 6 p.m.”可与______互换。 as soon as表示“____________”,如“As soon as the rain stopped,children rushed out to play.”遵循____________原则,即主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表示将来。 once表示“一旦……就……”,与as soon as用法基本相同。 whenever表示“无论何时”或“每当……就……”,如“Whenever he visits,he brings a gift.;强调动作发生的任意性与重复性,常用于泛指时间场合 2) 引导条件状语从句的从属连词 if表示“______”,引导真实条件句,如“If it rains tomorrow,we will cancel the picnic.”;主将从现、____________、____________均为常见搭配,主句可用一般将来时、情态动词或祈使句,从句则用一般现在时表示将来,从句不可使用将来时态或“be going to”结构。 unless表示“____________”,相当于“______”,如“Unless you study hard,you won’t pass the exam.”;unless引导的条件句也遵循主将从现等时态规则,且常带有强烈的警示或提醒意味。 3) 引导原因状语从句的从属连词 because表示“因为”,用于说明直接、明确的原因,语气______,常置于主句之后;如“She didn’t attend the meeting because she was ill.” 【注:】because后不可用so,二者不可连用 since可表示“既然;鉴于”,语气较because委婉,常置于句首,引导已知事实的推论原因,如“Since you’re already here, let’s begin the review.”;用于提出建议或请求,隐含逻辑前提已成立。 as表示“因为”时,语气最弱,多用于附加说明或已知信息的补充,常置于句首或句中;如“As it was getting late,we decided to wrap up the meeting. 4) 引导目的状语从句的从属连词 so that表示“____________”,引导的从句表示目的,从句中常含情态动词(如can,could, may, might, will),如“so that we can ensure all stakeholders are fully informed and aligned with the latest project updates. in order that 与 so that 同义,但更正式、书面化,从句中须用 may/might/can/could 等情态动词 5) 引导让步状语从句的从属连词 although/though 表示“____________”,引导让步状语从句,主句与从句语义对立但逻辑成立,语气中性偏正式;如 “Although the timeline is tight,the team remains committed to delivering high-quality outputs on schedule. 6) 引导结果状语从句的从属连词 so…that… 表示“____________”,引导结果状语从句 such…that… 与 so…that… 用法相近,但需注意:so 后接____________,such 后接______ 8、 动词篇 动词主要分动词的时态、语态、和非谓语形式。 考点一:动词的时态 1) 初中的六个时态:____________、____________、____________、____________、____________、____________ 2) 一般现在时的考点主要体现在①__________________②__________________ 3) 现在进行时的考点主要体现在 ①现在进行时的的结构是“be + 现在分词(doing)”,常与now、look、listen、at the moment等时间状语连用;其中________________________等词并没有进行时态; ②现在进行时的语境常用于描述“说话时正在发生的动作”,或“现阶段持续进行但未必此刻发生的动作”,比如找人、请求帮忙、描述画面、请勿打扰等情境;此外,现在进行时还可用于表达“将来已安排好的计划”,尤其与表示未来的时间状语(如tomorrow, next week)连用,如 “She is flying to Berlin tomorrow for the annual review. 4)一般将来时的考点主要体现在①will/shall和be going to 的区别,____________强调主观意愿或临时决定,____________强调已有计划或迹象表明将发生的事情。 ②there be句型和一般将来时的结合,常用 “____________” 或 “____________” 结构 ③和条件状语从句搭配时,主句用一般将来时,从句须用一般现在时表将来(即“______”) ④和一些动词搭配,比如hope sb will do sth表示“希望某人做某事”,但需注意:hope 后不接宾语从句的 that 省略后直接跟不定式 ,希望做某事____________ ⑤容易忽略的一般将来时的时间状语:____________、____________ 4) 一般过去时的考点主要体现在 ①规则动词与不规则动词的过去式变化(尤其需熟记常见不规则动词表); 【注:过去式和原形一样的动词有__________________________________________】 ②过去时与since/for引导的时间状语连用时的误用 例如:My father______(work)in this factory for 20 years, but now he is a teacher. ③时间状语的识别与匹配,如yesterday、last week、in 2023等明确过去时间点的短语,常与一般过去时连用。【注:容易忽略的一般过去时的标志词:_________________前几天】 ④动词过去式的变化规律 动词过去式分为规则和不规则两种,其中不规则变化仍为考点。规则变化中,需要双写尾字母的词有________________________________________________ 5) 现在完成时的考点主要体现在 ①现在完成时的时间状语有______、______、______、______、______、______、______、______、______、__________________=__________________=__________________ ②延续性动词与for/since引导的时间段搭配,表示“动作从过去某一时刻开始,持续至今并可能继续下去 短暂性动词 延续性动词 open close start/begin end/finish/complete borrow buy leave/go come/arrive/reach die be married catch a cold join become return get up fall asleep fall in love fall ill go abroad lose one’s way go on a business ③现在完成时与一般过去时的关键区别在于:前者强调与现在的联系(如结果、影响、经验),后者仅陈述过去某时发生的事实,时间明确且与现在无关。例如:“I have lost my keys.I can’t find them anywhere.”(强调结果对现在的影响) vs. “I lost my keys yesterday.”(仅陈述过去事实) 需要注意:现在完成时包含三种情况:一是“____________”(如I have finished my homework),强调动作已结束且与现在有关;二是“____________”(如I have lived here for ten years),强调动作从过去开始持续至今;三是“经历”(如I have been to Paris three times),强调过去的经历对现在的影响或意义。 ④现在完成时的常见错误包括: ⑴误用短暂性动词与for/since连用。 如“I have borrowed the book for two weeks.”应改为“I have had the book for two weeks” ⑵误将一般过去时与since/for混用(如“I lived here since 2015”); ⑶混淆have been to /have gone to / have been in 的用法 “have been to 表示________________________;have gone to 表示________________________;have been in 表示________________________。 ⑷现在完成时和反义疑问句的结合: 当主句为现在完成时,反义疑问句的助动词仍用have/has,而非did。 例如:“She has already left,hasn’t she?” 在这个过程中,容易出现两个错误。 第一是将have的意思进行了混淆,当have为实义动词时,反义疑问句中应使用do/does/did,而非have;而当have为助动词时,则必须使用have/has 例:She has a car, ____________she?(____________动词) She has finished the report, ____________she?(____________动词) She has had the book for two weeks, ____________ she?(____________动词) 第二是将’s的缩写形式误判为助动词——例如将“She’s left”中的’s等同于has,而忽略其也可能是is的缩写(如“She’s tired”),导致反义疑问句错误生成为“hasn’t she?”而非“isn’t she?” 例She’s left, ____________ she? She’s tired, ____________ she? 6)过去进行时的考点主要体现在 ①对于时态的敏感识别(如一些时间状语at 8 p.m. yesterday,at this time last week);还有语境的考察,常见的两种语境为⑴____________________________________⑵____________________________________ ②辨析when、while、as和during在时间状语从句中的用法差异 when引导的时间状语从句可表示“一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行”,主句常用过去进行时,从句用一般过去时; while强调两个动作同时进行,主从句均用____________; as表示“一边……一边……”或“随着……”,强调动作的同步性或渐进性,主从句时态需保持一致 during为介词,后接名词或动名词,不可引导从句;常与过去进行时搭配使用,如“was/were + doing during + 名词短语”;例如“ I was reading during the meeting”。 考点二:动词的语态 动词的语态分为主动语态和被动语态两种。被动语态的考点主要有 1)被动语态的基本结构(be + 过去分词),需结合不同时态灵活变形,如一般过去时的________________________、现在完成时的________________________等、 2)无被动的情况 ①句型结构为“S+V”或“S+V+P” 主谓结构本身不含宾语,主要是动词为不及物动词,常见的不及物动词有___________________________________ 等; 主系表结构本身不含宾语,常见的系动词有⑴感官系动词________________________ ⑵变化系动词________________________⑶保持类系动词________________________ ⑷其他类系动词________________________ ②句中已有宾语,但动词为某些特定动词(如have、own、belong to、fit、suit、cost、lack等),其语义本身已含“拥有、归属、匹配、耗费”等内在指向,逻辑上无法承受“被拥有”“被属于”等被动表达,故无被动语态 ③主动形式表被动含义,常见于以下三类情形: 其一,在描述主语固有性质或状态时,表达一种属性,例如____________、____________ 其二,某些动词的不定式作定语时,若与所修饰名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且动作尚未发生,则常用主动形式表被动含义,如“the book to read”(待读的书) 其三,当________________________等词后面加ing时,常以主动形式表达被动意义,例如这辆车需要被洗一洗了________________________ ✭常见动词及动词词组被动对比 无被动 有被动 break 短语 梦想成真 出版 用完 举行 sell短语 上升 3)特殊句型的被动 ①双宾语的被动语态转换,有两种变化,需要注意介词 主动语态 被动语态 bring sb. sth. 把某物带给某人 sb be brought sth / sth be brought to sb lend sb. sth. 把某物借给某人 sb be lent sth/ sth be lent to sb offer sb. sth. 将某物给某人 sb be offered sth/ sth be offered to sb pass sb. sth. 把某物递给某人 sb be passed sth/ sth be passed to sb pay sb. sth. 付给某人某物(钱) sb be paid sth/ sth be paid to sb send sb. sth.把某物送给某人 sb be sent sth/ sth be sent to sb sell sb. sth.把某物卖给某人 sb be sold sth/ sth be sold to sb show sb. sth. 拿某物给某人看 sb be shown sth/ sth be shown to sb teach sb. sth. 教某人某物 sb be taught sth/ sth be taught to sb tell sb. sth.告诉某人某情况 sb be told sth/ sth be told to sb buy sb. sth. 为某人买某物 make sb. sth.为某人制作某物 sb be made sth/ sth be made for sb Provide sb with sth为某人提供某物 ②含有宾补的句型 感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice及使役动词let, make, have等,动词后省略to不定式,变为被动语态时,应加上____________. 一感 二听 三让 四看 考点三:非谓语动词 非谓语动词分为不定式(to do)、动词-ing形式(动名词和现在分词)和过去分词(done) 非谓语动词主要分为两大考点 1) 固定搭配 初中常见固定搭配总结(填对应动词形式或中文释义) have the ability____________ take action ____________afford____________ advise sb____________ suggest sb____________ allow sb____________be busy____________ be too busy doing意为__________________be too busy to do意为____________ ask/tell/require/need sb____________ mind____________ pay attention to____________(与之类似的词组有___________________、________________________、________________________) be used to____________used to____________ be used to do意为____________ avoid____________can’t wait____________can’t help____________except sb____________ Continue____________have no choice but ____________choose____________ encourage sb____________ decide____________try____________dream of____________ have difficulty /trouble/problem__________________fail____________finish____________ remember to do意为____________remember doing意为____________ forget to do意为____________forget doing意为____________ stop to do意为____________stop doing意为____________ hear sb do意为____________hear sb doing意为____________ see sb do意为____________;see sb doing意为____________ be+adj+enough____________give up____________had better____________ help sb____________hope sb____________ hope____________ have fun=____________=____________+____________ it is fun____________ imagine ____________invite sb____________keep____________make sb____________ manage____________ miss____________need doing意为____________plan____________ practice____________ be ready____________ refuse ____________risk____________ seem____________regret____________ succeed in____________ remind sb____________ prefer to do意为___________________,prefer to do sth rather than do sth意为____________;________________________意为喜欢做某事而不喜欢做另一事 be willing____________ teach sb____________ thank you for____________ warn sb____________ take turns____________ be worth____________ there is no need_______ spend____________ it takes sb sometime____________ why not=____________+____________ when to do意为____________,when doing 意为____________ it is adj of/for sb ____________=____________is adj for sb have sb____________ find/think/make/feel it adj ____________force sb____________ there be sb doing意为_____________________there be sth to do意为_____________________ 【注1】:感叹句和固定搭配的结合会干扰句子成分判断 例如:what great fun it is ______________ what great fun they have______________ what great difficulty we have______________ how pleased they are______________ what a long time it has taken ______________ 【注2】:定语从句会产生句子成分判断的干扰,需要判断是否为固定搭配 例如:The life we have used to _______(change) a lot over the years. That is only way we can imagine __________ (reduce) the waste of water in the bathroom. The charity show he devoted much time to__________(prove) to be a success. 2) 分析句子成分,判断谓语和非谓语动词的逻辑关系 ①to do的用法 ⑴to do做____________,表达目的,常放在句首或者句末 ⑵to do做____________,常接在ask、tell、invite、encourage、warn等动词后 ⑶to do做主语、表语或宾语,如:To learn English well is important. / His dream is to become a doctor. / I want to go home. ⑷to do做____________,修饰名词或代词,表示“将要发生的动作”,如:I have a lot of homework to do. / The man to speak next is our head teacher. ⑸to do做________状语,表“出乎意料的结果”,常与only连用,如:He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. ⑹to do做________状语,多用于形容词后,表“令人……的原因”,如:She was surprised to hear the news. ②ing的用法 ⑴ing做____________,表示主动或进行,常作主语、表语、宾语或定语,如:Swimming is good for health. / Her hobby is painting. / I enjoy reading. /The boy standing by the window is my brother./ The girl wearing a red dress is our new teacher. ⑵ing做________,常接在see、hear、watch、feel、notice等感官动词后,以及have、get、keep、leave等使役动词后,如:I saw him crossing the street.,他正匆匆穿过马路。 ⑶ing做________,表“自然的结果”或“伴随状况”,如:He stood there smiling. / She walked into the room, smiling softly at the familiar faces gathered around her. ⑶ing做________,表示“正在发生的动作”或“与被修饰名词有主谓关系”,如:The girl singing on the stage is my sister. /The boy playing basketball on the court is our classmate. ⑷ing做状语,表“时间、原因、方式或条件”,常可转换为相应的状语从句,如:Hearing the news, she burst into tears.(= 她听到这个消息后,突然哭了起来。) ⑸ing做状语,表“让步”,常以“though/although + ing” 如:Though knowing the risks,he decided to proceed anyway.(= 尽管知道有风险,他仍决定继续推进。) ⑹ing做独立主格结构,表伴随、原因或条件,逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,如:The meeting being over,everyone left the room quietly.(= 会议结束后,大家安静地离开了会议室。 ⑺ing做________,常用于固定搭配或动名词短语,如:I can’t help laughing./ He avoided answering the question directly. / She insisted on finishing the report before deadline. ⑻ing做主语补足语,用于被动语态中补充说明主语的状态或特征,如:The old photo, lying forgotten in the drawer,suddenly brought back a flood of memories.(= 那张被遗忘在抽屉里的旧照片,突然唤起了无数回忆。) ⑼ing做________,说明主语的性质、特征或身份,常与系动词连用,如:Her favorite activity is hiking. /The job sounds exciting. /His hobby is collecting vintage stamps. ⑽ing做________,对前面名词进行解释说明,逻辑上与之等同,如:Her dream,traveling the world on a motorcycle.终于在三十岁那年成真。,那辆旧摩托车载着她穿越戈壁与雨林,车轮碾过十年光阴,也碾碎了所有“来不及”的借口。 ③done的用法 ⑴done做________,表被动与完成,逻辑上相当于一个被动语态的定语从句,如:The documents sent yesterday have not been reviewed yet.(= 昨日寄出的文件尚未完成审阅。) ⑵done做________,常用于感官动词或使役动词之后,强调动作已完成且结果已呈现,如:I found the door locked when I arrived. /She made him finish the assignment before dinner. ⑶done做主语补足语,用于被动结构中说明主语所承受的动作结果,如:The proposal,once submitted and thoroughly reviewed,was ultimately approved by the steering committee. ⑷done做________,表示主语所处的被动状态或完成结果,多与系动词连用,如:The manuscript is already done. /The contract remains unsigned,though all terms are done being negotiated. ⑸done做________,表条件、让步或原因,如:Given the tight deadline,the team worked overtime.(原因状语,隐含“尽管疲惫不堪,仍选择坚守”),也悄然重塑着每个参与者的认知边界——当“完成”不再仅是动作的终点,而成为一种可被凝视、被命名、被反复校准的状态时,语言便从工具升华为镜像。 ⑹done做独立主格,以逻辑主语+done形式构成,表伴随、原因或条件,如:All tasks done, the team dispersed quietly. ⑺done做插入语,以独立结构形式出现,表达说话人的态度或评价,如:Done with formalities,we proceeded directly to the core discussion. 9、 情态动词篇 情态动词的用法主要分为三类:表能力、表许可、表推测。 考点一:表能力: can/could 表现在/过去能力,________强调通过努力达成的结果;情态动词本身无时态变化,故表将来能力需用 will be able to。 【注:此时can和could的区别为时态区别】 例如:“She can speak three languages”强调天赋或习得能力;“He was able to escape the fire”则突出在危急中凭借意志与行动达成的突破。 考点二:表许可: may/might 表正式请求或允许,can/could 表日常许可(后者更________),must/should 表义务性许可 许可的否定形式需注意:may not 表“________”,而 must not 表“________”。 考点三:表推测: must 表高置信度肯定推测意为________,can’t/couldn’t 表高置信度否定推测意为________may/might/could 表中等置信度推测意为________,且 may/might 无时态差异,而 could 可表过去推测(“当时可能……”) 易错点 ①can/could的区别 在表达能力时,can与could均表能力,但can强调客观具备的、稳定的能力,而could更侧重过去时态 在表达许可时,can/could均表许可,但can用于现在或将来的一般性许可,语气直接而确定;could语气________ 例题: 1. Could he play the football at the age of 7? Yes, he ________. 2. Could you swim across the river? Yes, I ________. 3. Could you please pass the book? Yes, I ________ 4. Can you help me with this task? Yes, I________ 5. Could I get out for a ball game? No, you ________. 【批注:简而言之,表能力时,谁问谁答;表许可时,统一can回答】 ②must的用法 ⑴表示许可时,must意为________,mustn't意为________ 当can/could/may等词提问时,想表达坚决地禁止可用mustn't,语气最强烈。 例:May I have a rest? Yes,you may/can. May I have a rest? No, you can’t/shouldn’t/mustn’t.(不可以用may not) 而must提问时,肯定回答用________,否定回答不能用mustn't,而是用________或________ 例:Must I finish the report today?Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t / don’t have to. ⑵表示推测时,must意为________,mustn’t不用于推测,无此用法,常见误用需警惕。 如果要表示不可能,应该用________ can could may must should 表能力 √ √表过去 表许可 √ √更委婉 √ √ must必须 mustn't禁止 needn't没必要 √ 表推测 √ can't不可能 √ may可能 may not可能不 √ must肯定 【注:虚拟语气表示的推测本表格不做考虑】 十、主谓一致篇 在英语句子里,谓语受主语支配,其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。主谓一致主要遵循三项原则:意义(语法)一致原则,形式一致原则,就近一致原则。 考点一:意义(语法)一致 只要确定句子的主语是单数意义,则谓语用________,句子的主语意义复数,则谓语用________。具体表现如下: 1.不可数名词作主语,一律视为_______。 2.表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或句子作主语时,谓语动词用_______。 3. “ one, either, neither, each of +复数名词或代词”作主语时,谓语用_______。 Either of the stories is very funny. 4. something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody, no one 等不定代词作主语,谓语通常是_______。 5. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语,通常看作___________,谓语动词用_______。 Ten pounds was missing from the box. 6. a series of, a kind of, a piece of, a pair of 等量词修饰名词,通常以量词的单复数形式来决定谓语的单复数。 This pair of glasses_______ very expensive. Two series of new stamps_______ been ordered. 7. a number of +复数名词,“许多……”,_______;the number of +复数名词,“……的数目”,_______。 8. 主语后_______, together with, along with, _______, besides,_______, but, other than, rather than等短语时,谓语动词的数要和这些短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致。 Mr. Green together with his children goes to the park every Sunday. 9. “the +adj.”结构指一类人时,谓语动词用_______,如果指个别人或表示抽象的概念,谓语动词用单数。 The disabled are well taken care of in this country. The dead in this accident was 20, a girl from Nanjing University. 10. _______、_______、all, some, the rest, half of, most of, part of 等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的含义确定。 The rest of the workers are still very tired. 考点二:形式一致原则 1.every /each/no +名词+and every/ each/ no +名词作主语时,谓语用_______。 Every boy and every girl is having sports now. 【注:each放在前面用单数,但each放在主语后做定语则不受影响;例如We each like the hiking. 和Each of us likes hiking.的区别】 2.“one +单数名词+and a half”作主语时,谓语动词用_______。 One apple and a half was on the table. 3.“more than one +单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用_______。 More than one student has failed the exam. 4.“many a +单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用_______。 Many a child was playing there. 批注:more than one +单数名词和many a +单数名词,表示的是复数意义。 【注意】以上四种情况,如果从意义上来讲,主语有复数意义,但由于名词都是以单数形式出现的,故谓语用单数形式,谓语形式上与主语的单数形式一致。 考点三:就近一致原则 1.谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有:________________________________________________________等。 Either I or they _______responsible for the result of the matter. Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude _______(have) caused me any distress. 2.在_______句中谓语可与后面最近的一个主语一致。 In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people. 3.当一个句子是由 there 或here引起,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常和最靠近它的主语一致。 There_______ a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. There _______twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. Here _______ a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer. 10、 简单句 考点一:特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句主要考察特殊疑问词的选择 主要注意 ⑴带how的特殊疑问词辨析,how long______________how often___________how far___________ how much___________ how tall___________ how soon___________ ⑵why=___________for, 都表示为什么 【注:how long 和how far不能单纯看题目中的数字,要看实际意思,例如答句中出现“thirty minutes’ walk”不能只看30分钟就去选择how long,而应该选择how far】 ⑶通过答句来确定疑问句的,常见的主要考察带like的句型 What’s ... like?______________________What does ... look like?_____________________ what’s ....?______________________what does...like?______________________ how is ...?______________________how do you like=how do you _____,意为___________ 考点二:反义疑问句 反义疑问句主要考察否定形式,以及答句 ⑴陈述部分为肯定句时,疑问部分用否定形式;反之亦然。简而言之,前肯后否,前否后肯。 但需注意若陈述部分含有______________________等否定词时,疑问部分仍用肯定形式。 而一些否定前缀(如un-, im-, dis-, il-, ir-等)不构成否定含义,疑问部分仍按原句的肯定/否定形式处理。 ⑵答句部分需遵循“实事求是”原则:问句为肯定,答句用Yes/No;问句为否定,答句仍用Yes/No,但语义需与事实一致。 例如:She didn’t come to school today,did she? — _____, she did.(不,她今天来学校了。) — _____, she didn’t.(是的,她今天没来学校。) 这种看似矛盾的应答方式,恰恰体现了英语思维中“事实优先”的逻辑——Yes/No 回应的是说话人对事实的确认与否,而非对问句形式的附和。 【注:关于反义疑问句和现在完成时的结合,详情看动词时态篇】 考点三:感叹句 感叹句的结构为 What + 形容词 + 名词 + 主谓! what a/an +adj+名词单数+主谓! what +adj+名词复数+主谓! what+adj+不可数名词+主谓! How + 形容词/副词 + 主谓! how+adj+主谓! how+adv+主谓! 主要考察①what a/an 和 what 的区别 要注意应该辨析名词的单复数与否,以及是否为可数名词。 例如: __________interesting news! __________interesting news report! __________interesting reports! __________useful information! __________useful suggestion! 【注】:注意抽象名词具体化的现象,即本为不可数名词在特定语境下可视为可数名词,此时需加冠词或复数形式。例如一场大雨__________一次成功__________【详情见冠词篇】 ②what和how的区别 what主要修饰名词,how主要修饰形容词或副词;二者不可混用,需紧扣中心词的词性判断。 一般句子长度会进行干扰,要抓住中心词的本质属性——是名词,还是形容词/副词? 例如:_____beautiful the flowers are! 这里的形容词和名词之间并不是紧密相连的,意味着“beautiful”是中心词,修饰主语“the flowers”,因此应选How。 _____beautiful flowers there are!这里的形容词和名词紧密相连,意味着“flowers”是中心词,修饰语“beautiful”需由what引导,因此应选What。 _____ excellent works of art the man has devoted himself to for many years these are! 这句话原先的主语是these,谓语是are,中间插入了定语从句_________________________,所以真正的结构是____________________________________________ ③感叹句和固定搭配的结合【详情见非谓语固定搭配篇】 考点四:并列句和祈使句 并列句由两个或两个以上意义相关、语法地位平等的分句构成, 常用并列连词有 and、but、or、so、for 等,需根据分句间的逻辑关系(顺承、转折、选择、因果、推论)精准选用【详情见连词篇】 祈使句以动词原形开头,主语(you)通常省略,表达命令、请求、建议或劝告;语气强度由动词选择、标点(感叹号增强语气)及附加成分(如please、do、be sure to)调节。 祈使句常和and、or、but 等并列连词构成复合结构,也和条件状语从句、时间状语从句自然衔接,形成“祈使句 + 连词 + 陈述句”的经典句式 如:Turn off the lights and you’ll save energy! “Hurry up, or we’ll miss the train!” 【注:这里也可和一般将来时进行结合】 11、 复合句 复合句是指包含一个主句和一个或多个从句,各从句通过从属连词(如that, whether, because, although, when, if等)或关系词(who, which, whose, whom, that, where, when, why)与主句连接,承担名词性、形容词性或副词性功能。 从句按功能可分为三类:名词性从句(主语、宾语、表语、同位语)、定语从句(修饰名词或代词)和状语从句(表时间、条件、原因、让步等)。 考点一:宾语从句 1. 宾语从句的三要素是_____________、____________________、__________________ 2. 常用that连接词的标志有 sb’s sure; sb know(s); 常用if/whether/what....等连接词的标志有 sb is not sure; sb don’t know;_______________;______________ if和whether的区别是____________________________________________________________ 【注1】:当主句为__________、__________、__________等时,连接词应用__________ 【注2】:特殊疑问词的考点 (1) how long和how soon的区别:how long要与__________动词共用,而且表达的是时间段的概念,答句一般是____________________。how soon要与____________________动词共用,而且表达的是时间点的概念,答句一般是____________________,如: a. ---I wonder _____________ the meeting will last. ---For 2 hours./Until 10:00. b. ---I wonder _____________ the meeting will start. ---In 5 minutes./Not until 10:00. (2) what和how的区别: I wonder what I should do. I wonder how I should do it. I wonder what I should do with it. I wonder how I should deal with it. I wonder what I can call it? 没有how和call的结合,是错误表达! I wonder what the life will be like? I wonder how the life will be? I wonder what you think of the film? I wonder how you like the film? 3.时态部分,当主句是现在时,从句___________________________________ 主句是过去时,从句___________________________ Could you please 为___________________,并不是过去时。 当遇到__________________,统一用一般现在时。 4. 语序部分,应该用__________语序。 注意what,who,which作主语的情况,what’s the matter 和____________________不改变语序。 判断语序是否正确,并改正 I wonder who can help me.( ) I wonder who can he talk with.( ) I wonder what the life will be like in 20 years.( ) I wonder what kind of activity will be held next week.( ) 5.宾语从句喜欢考察___________的缺失,例如 I want to know which shop to go to to buy my schoolbag. 考点二:状语从句 1.时间状语从句:when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon as 等引导,主句为一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表将来。 ①when/while/as的区别:__________表时间点或时间段,动作可延续或非延续;__________强调两个延续性动作同时发生,常译作“当……时”;__________ 表“一边……一边……”或“随着”,强调动作同步性或渐进性,多用于短暂动作或状态变化。【详情见过去进行时】 ②until和not until的区别:__________强调“直到……为止”,主句为肯定形式,且和__________动词连用,常见的疑问词有____________________;__________强调“直到……才……”,主句为否定形式,且和__________动词连用,常见的疑问词有__________,且not until常可倒装(如Not until he arrived did the meeting begin.) 2.条件状语从句:由 if, unless, as long as, in case 等引导,遵循“__________” if 和unless的区别:if 表“__________”,引导肯定条件;unless 表“__________”,相当于“如果……不……”,引导否定条件,常可与if…not互换。 【注:当if引导宾语从句时意为__________,引导条件状语从句时意为__________,并且时态有所不同。 例如:I don’t know if he will come tomorrow. If he comes home, I will tell you.】 3.让步状语从句:由 although, though, even if, even though 等引导,主句与从句时态各自独立,不强制遵循“主将从现”,但需逻辑一致、时态合理。 需要注意__________和__________不能连用。 4.原因状语从句:由 because, since, as, now that 等引导,时态依语境自由选择,但需注意__________和__________不能连用。 ★几个表示原因的连接词because、since、as、for、because of的用法区别: because 是从属连词,后接__________ because of 后接__________词 as与since多用于已知事实或显而易见的原因,语气较轻;而because强调最直接、最重要的原因,语气最强,且不能置于句首(如不可说 Because he was tired,he slept.应改为 Since/As/For he was tired… 或 He slept because he was tired.) for 是并列连词,表补充说明,语气较弱,多用于书面语,且for 不可置于句首,且仅用于并列分句中作补充说明。 5.结果状语从句:由 so...that... 和such...that...引导,主句与从句时态需保持逻辑一致,如 “He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.” 主要考察 ①so 和such的区别:so 修饰形容词或副词,such 修饰名词(短语) 其中需要注意⑴表示“多多少少”依旧用so,如 so many/much/few/little;并且要分清以下几个短语意思 so many fish__________so little fish__________ such little fish__________ so few fish__________so much fish__________ ⑵ such 后接 a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词时,可与 so + 形容词 + a/an + 单数可数名词互换(如 such a clever boy = so clever a boy) ②结果状语从句和其他结果状语/原因状语的转换 例如: He is so young that he can’t drive a car. =He is __________ __________ __________ __________ a car. =He is __________ __________ __________ __________ __________a car. =He can’t drive a car __________ he is too young. 6.目的状语从句:由 so that, in order that 引导,常含“为了……”之意 so that 后接从句,表示目的,主句与从句时态需协调;in order that 语义相同但更正式, 两者均不可置于句首,且从句中常含情态动词(如 may, might,can, could, should 等)以体现未然性与意图性。 例如: She studied hard so that she could pass the exam. =She studied hard in order that she might pass the exam. 考点三:定语从句 定语从句是指句子的定语部分是一个句子,定语从句一般在名词和代词后,如: Anyone that found anything unusual can contact the police. I will never forget the days I spent in Shanghai last year. 定语从句主要考察两个方向 ①定语从句的关系代词 1. 当定语从句的先行词是人,并且关系代词在句中做主语时,关系代词用_____________________;关系代词在句中做宾语时,关系代词用_____________________,并且可以_____________________。 当定语从句的先行词是物,并且关系代词在句中做主语时,关系代词用_____________________;关系代词在句中做宾语时,关系代词用_____________________,并且可以_____________________。 2. 以下几种情况只能用that,不能用who或者which,如: This is the best film that I have watched. (先行词前有________) This is the first book that I have bought. (先行词前有________) This is the only book that I have. (先行词前有the only或者the very) That’s all that I know. (先行词是________) The man and his dog that I always meet are standing by the gate. (先行词________________) Who is the girl that spoke to you just now? (当主句中疑问词是who或者which) 3. 以下两种情况不能用that,如: This is the man with whom I talked yesterday? (不能放在________后,并且注意代替人的时候,who也不能放在介词后,介词后要用宾格) He broke my cup, which made me very angry. (不能放在“________”后) ②句子中含有定语从句 当句子中含有定语从句时,容易产生干扰,我们要会分析句子成分,判断出定语从句的头和尾,然后从定语从句中去掉。如: The sunlight we are all used to ________ (include) seven different colors. 第一步,先断句:The sunlight|we are all used to|__________ (include)|seven different colors. 第二步,确定主谓:主语是the sunlight,句中有两个谓语动词,一个是be used to习惯于,一个是包括,谓语动词应该是主语发出的动作,阳光不会习惯于,只会包括,所以包括才是谓语动词。【详情见非谓语篇】 12、 情景交际 情景交际常见于单项选择题,主要考察各种情境下的得体表达与语用逻辑,如问候、请求、道歉、邀请、建议等高频场景。需结合文化背景与身份关系,避免直译式表达偏差。 考点一:日常交际用语 1.常见交际用语 问句/上句 答句/下句 你好吗? 最近怎么样? 1. 2. 3. fine,thank you not bad 很高兴见到你 Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you,too. 再见 1.see you 2. see you too 表达歉意 sorry ★1.that’s OK! 2.forget it 3.it’s nothing 4. 5. 6. 表达感谢 thanks、thank you ★1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 请求帮助 could you please... can you... would you please... ★答应1. 2. 不答应 1.I’m sorry I can’t. 2. 提出要求 would you mind.... 【mind后加动词__________形式】 ★介意 1. 2. 不介意 1. 2. 3. 【注意never mind是__________】 观点讨论 ★同意对方观点 1. 2. 3. 不认同对方观点 1. 2. 3. 2.易错点 ⑴that’s right/that’s all right/all right 的区别:that’s right 表示__________,用于赞同对方观点; that’s all right 表示__________,用于回应道歉或感谢; 其中 all right 为____________________,表许可或勉强接受。 ⑵with pleasure /it’s pleasure的区别:with pleasure 表示“非常乐意”,用于应答__________;it’s my pleasure 则强调“这是我的荣幸”,用于回答__________。 ⑶回答would you like 开头的句型时,需注意其语境: 若对方表达提议(如“Would you like some tea?”),应回答__________或__________; 若为意愿询问(如“Would you like to join us?”),应回答__________或__________。 ⑷表达建议的句型有 ①what about=__________+动词__________形式 ②shall we do sth? ③would you please do sth? ④would you like+__________? ⑤why don’t you=__________+动词__________形式 ⑥let’s do sth 3.其他交际用语 forget it__________it depends__________go ahead__________no way__________ come on__________take it easy__________well done__________what for__________ it’s a pity__________exactly__________congratulations__________ you bet__________ wait a moment__________good luck__________ have fun=__________ 考点二:谚语 写出中文意思 The early bird catches the worm.______________________________ Many hands make light work.______________________________ A friend in need is a friend indeed______________________________ Actions speak louder than words______________________________ Practice makes perfect______________________________ When in Rome,do as Romans do.______________________________ No pain, no gain.______________________________ It never rains but it pours.______________________________ A miss is as good as a mile.______________________________ The grass is always greener on the other.______________________________ Great minds think alike.______________________________ One tree can’t make a forest.______________________________ Where there is a will, there is a way.______________________________ Every dog has its day.______________________________ Don’t put all eggs in one basket.______________________________ Don’t burn the candle at both ends.______________________________ Two heads are better than one.______________________________ A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.______________________________ All roads lead to Rome.______________________________ Rome wasn’t built in a day.______________________________ Slow but sure win the race.______________________________ Better late than never.______________________________ East or west, home is best.______________________________ Love me, love my dog.______________________________ Failure is the mother of success.______________________________ Well begun is half done.______________________________ He laughs best who laughs last.______________________________ It’s never too late to learn.______________________________ It’s no use crying over split milk.______________________________ Seeing is believing______________________________ A thousand mile trip begins with one step.______________________________ Look before you leap.______________________________ Strike while the iron is hot.______________________________ Easier said than done.______________________________ Don’t judge a book by its cover.______________________________ Time and tide wait for no man.______________________________ Pride goes before a fall.______________________________ Every time counts.______________________________ Each coin has two sides.______________________________ Every man has his faults.______________________________ Once bitten, twice shy.______________________________ 第 1 页 共 6 页 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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