内容正文:
Unit 5 Power of Ideas.Section B知识清单
Part1核心单词
1 reality /rɪ'æləti/ n. 现实;事实
reality 的一词多义:(1)n. [U] 现实;实际情况。指客观存在的真实状态,与“想象、理想”相对。(2)n. [C] 真实的事物;实际经历。指“具体的真实事件或体验”。
常用短语:(1)in reality 事实上;实际上(相当于in fact)
(2)turn...into reality 把……变成现实
(3)the reality of...……的真实情况
相关词形:(1)real adj. 真的 (2)really adv. 真正地
(3)realize v. 实现;认识到
辨析:reality, truth 与fact
reality
“现实;实际情况”,与“想象、虚构、理想” 相对,指实际存在的整体状态。
truth
“真相;真理”,与“谎言”相对,指具体事件的真实本质或普遍真理。
fact
“事实;实情”,与“无根据的说法、猜测”相对,指真实发生、可验证的事件/ 信息。
例:He seems friendly, but in reality he is very cold.他看起来很友好,但实际上他很冷漠。
Hard work can turn your dreams into reality.努力工作能让你的梦想成真。
The movie shows the realities of farmers' lives.这部电影展现了农民生活的真实情况。
2 responsible /rɪ'spɒnsəbl/ adj. 作为原因的;有责任的
responsible adj. 既可表示“作为原因的;有责任的”,也可用来形容人“有责任心的;可靠的”。
常见用法:be responsible for (doing) sth 对(做)某事负责
相关词形:(1)response n. 回应;响应;答复 (2)responsibility n. 责任;职责
例:Carelessness is responsible for many mistakes in exams. 粗心是考试中很多错误的原因。
She is responsible for cleaning the classroom today.她今天负责打扫教室。
The responsible teacher checks our homework carefully every day. 这位负责任的老师每天认真检查我们的作业。
He smiled in response to her greeting.他微笑着回应她的问候。
She has many responsibilities as a monitor.作为班长,她有很多职责。
3 rapid /'ræpɪd/ adj. 迅速的;瞬间的
rapid adj. 快速的;迅速的;瞬间的。常见用法:
(1) rapid development/progress/change 快速的发展/ 进步/ 变化
(2)a rapid increase/decline 快速增长/ 下降
相关词形:rapidly adv. 快速地;迅速地
辨析:rapid 与fast
rapid
强调“过程/ 变化快”。rapid growth(快速增长)、rapid change(快速变化)、rapid development(快速发展)
fast
强调“动作或运行快”。the fast car(快车)、the fast runner(跑得快的人)、fast response(快速反应)
例:The rapid development of technology changes our life. 科技的快速发展改变了我们的生活。
With the teacher's help, he made rapid progress in English.在老师的帮助下,他在英语上取得了快速的进步。
There has been a rapid increase in the number of students. 学生数量有了快速增长。
4 shape /ʃeɪp/ v. 塑造 n. 形状
shape 既可作动词,意为“塑造”,也可作名词,意为“形状;外形”。
常见用法:(1)shape... into... 把……塑造成……
(2)in the shape of... 呈……形状
(3)in good/bad shape 身体健康/ 不健康
(4)out of shape 身体不好;变形的;走样的
例:The artist shaped the clay into a cup.艺术家把黏土塑造成了一个杯子。
The birthday candle is in the shape of a flower.生日蜡烛是花朵形状的。
After exercising for a month, he is in good shape now.锻炼一个月后,他现在身体状态很好。
5 expensive /ɪk'spensɪv/ adj. 昂贵的;价格高的
expensive adj. 昂贵的;价格高的。主语通常是“物品、服务”(如衣服、食物、旅行等)。be expensive for sb 对某人来说很贵。反义词为cheap adj. 便宜的。
相关词形:(1)expense n. 费用;开销。at the expense of以……为代价
(2)expensively adv. 花钱多地,形容物品“昂贵的/ 便宜的”用expensive/cheap;形容价格“高/ 低”用high/low。
例:The computer is too expensive for me.这台电脑对我来说太贵了。
Medical expenses can be a burden to some people.医疗费用对一些人来说可能是个负担。
He achieved success at the expense of his health.他以自己的健康为代价获得了成功。
6 none /nʌn/ pron. 没有一个;毫无
none 意为“没有一个;毫无”。有两个关键特点:
(1)可指代“人”或“物”;(2)可用于“三者及以上”的范围。
辨析:none, no one 与nothing
none
可指人,也可指物;可以与of 连用,构成 “none of + 名词/ 代词”结构;回答 how many(接可数名词)或 how much(接不可数名词)引导的问句。
no one
仅指人;不能与of 连用;回答who 引导的问句。
nothing
仅指物;不能与of 连用;回答what 引导的问句。
例:There are three pens on the desk, but none works.桌子上有三支钢笔,但没有一支能用。
All students were asked to attend the event, but none came. 所有学生都被邀请参加活动,但没有一个人来。
None of the boys likes swimming.这些男孩中没有一个喜欢游泳。
None of the water is left. 一点水也没剩下。
7 certain /'sɜːtn/ adj. 某些;确定的 pron.(不提及人或事物的名称时用)某些
certain 的一词多义:
(1) adj. 确定的;肯定的。
(2) adj. 确信的;有把握的。
(3)pron. 某些。
常见用法:be certain + (that) 从句 确定……;(be) certain of/ about sth 对某事有把握;(be) certain to do sth 肯定会做某事
相关词形:certainly adv. 肯定;当然
例:It is certain that the Spring Festival is the most important festival in China.春节一定是中国最重要的节日。
If you practice more, you are certain to improve your English. 如果你多练习,英语肯定会进步。
She is certain that her dad will come to the parents' meeting. 她确定她的爸爸会来参加家长会。
8 suitable /'suːtəbl/ adj. 合适的;适宜的
suitable adj.合适的;适宜的。常见用法:
(1)be suitable for... 适合……
(2)be suitable to do sth 适合做某事
suit v. 适合;合……心意 n. [C] 西装
suit... to... 使……适合……
例:This book is suitable for middle school students.这本书适合中学生。
Light clothes are suitable to wear in summer.轻薄的衣服适合在夏天穿。
This dress suits you.= This dress is suitable for you.这条裙子适合你。
My dad bought a new suit for his friend.我爸爸给他的朋友买了一套新西装。
You need to suit your study plan to your schedule.你需要让你的学习计划适合你的日程安排。
9 afford /ə'fɔːd/ v. 买得起;能做
afford v. 买得起;能做。
常见短语:(1)afford sth 负担得起某物 (2)afford to do sth 负担得起做某事
相关词形:affordable adj. 价格合理的;负担得起的。常见用法:affordable prices 实惠的价格;be affordable for...对……来说负担得起
例:Most young people working in the city can't afford houses. 大多数在城里工作的年轻人买不起房子。
We can't afford to go abroad this summer.今年夏天我们没有足够的钱去国外。
Fresh vegetables are affordable for everyone here.这里的新鲜蔬菜对所有人来说都买得起。
Part2 核心短语
1 later on 后来;其后
辨析:later on, later, after that 与soon after
later on
不接时间段,单独使用
later
可接时间段(时间段 + later),也可单独使用
after that
强调“在某个具体事情之后”,that 指代“那件事”
instead of
soon after 强调“不久之后”,时间间隔短
例:Let's go to the library later on. 我们稍后去图书馆吧。
He came back half an hour later. 他半小时后回来了。
I cleaned my room, and after that I cooked dinner.我打扫了房间,在那之后做了晚饭。
Soon after breakfast, we went to school.早饭后没多久,我们就去上学了。
2 speed up (使)加速
speed up是“动副”结构的动词短语,意为“(使)加速”,可表示加快动作/ 事物的速度(如开车加速),也可表示促使进程加快(如推动项目进度)。反义短语:slow down (使)放慢速度、减速
例:The driver speeded up to pass the slow truck.司机加快速度,超过了那辆慢卡车。
We need to speed up the project to finish it on time.我们需要加快项目进度,以便按时完成。
The bus slowed down for the next stop.公交车慢下来准备停靠下一站。
3 result in 造成;导致
result in 意为“造成;导致”。
result 的常见用法:
(1)get good/bad results 取得好/ 差结果
(2)the result of... ……的结果
(3)as a r esult 因此,结果
例:The community's efforts to plant trees resulted in a greener neighborhood. 社区种树的努力让小区变得更绿意盎然了。
The heavy rain brought a surprising result — the flowers in the garden bloomed. 大雨带来了意外的结果——园子里的花绽放了。
The result of the game is 3:2. 比赛结果是 3:2。
4 lead to 导致;造成
lead to 表示“导致;造成;通向”。
lead 的常见用法有:
(1)lead sb from ...to... 带领某人从……到……
(2)lead sb to do sth 促使某人做某事
辨析:lead to 与result in
lead to
均表示“导致、造成”,后接名词或名词性短语。
①侧重“逐步引导、循序渐进走向某结果”,强调从原因到结果的发展过程;②主语可为人、事物或行为(如习惯、努力、建议等),适用范围更广。
result in
①侧重“直接造成、最终形成某结果”,强调结果,弱化过程;
②主语多为事物或行为(如事故、故障、灾害等)。
例:Kindness and smiles always lead to warm friendships. 善意和微笑总会促成温暖的友谊。
The small path through the forest leads to a quiet lake.穿过森林的小径通向一片宁静的湖泊。
The old guide led us from the valley to the top of the mountain at sunrise. 在日出时,老向导带领我们从山谷登上了山顶。
Her grandma's stories about stars led her to love astronomy.她的奶奶关于星星的故事促使她爱上了天文学。
5 depend on 依靠;取决于,后接名词、代词或动名词。
例:All of these things depend on one invention—papermaking.
6 such as例如
(1) such as“例如”,用于列举几个例子,其后直接跟名词或名词短语。
(2) for example“例如”,一般只列举一个例子,作插入语,用逗号隔开。
例:In ancient China, many different materials were used to write on, such as animal bones, bronze wares, stones, wood, bamboo, and even silk.
7 in... times 表示“在……时代/ 时期”
in ancient/modern times 在古代/现代
例:In his times, some kinds of bark—the outside part of trees— were used to make clothes.
8 it seems that... 似乎;好像……
例:However, it seems that its inventors, Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright, were not looking to change the world at all.
Part3 核心句子
1 However, all of these materials were either difficult to use and store or very expensive. 然而,所有这些材料要么使用和储存起来很困难,要么非常昂贵。
(1)分析结构 这是一个简单句。主语为all, 系动词为were,表语为either... or... 所连接的并列成分。介词短语of these materials 作定语,修饰主语all。
(2)either... or... 意为“要么…… 要么……;或者……或者……”,强调在两者中选择其一。either... or... 主要用于连接并列成分。连接主语时,谓语动词遵循“就近原则”(谓语动词的单复数形式与靠近它的主语保持一致)。
例:Either you or he is right. 要么你对,要么他对。
Either my sister or my parents are at home.要么我姐姐,要么我父母在家。
She either reads books or listens to music in her free time. 她空闲时要么看书,要么听音乐。
I want either an apple or a banana.我想要一个苹果或者一根香蕉。
2 To everyone’s surprise, this paper was soft, light, easy to make and use, and most importantly, cheap.
长难句分析:这是一个简单句。To everyone’s surprise 是介词短语作插入语;this paper 是主语,was 是系动词,soft, light, easy to make and use, cheap 是多个形容词(短语)并列作表语,most importantly 也是插入语,用于强调重点。
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