精品解析：上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2025-2026学年第二学期期中考试卷高二英语试题

华东师大二附中2025-2026学年第二学期期中考试卷 高二英语 (考试时间：105分钟 卷面满分：115分) 第I卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary: (28分) Section A (8分) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. 1. The explosion heard shortly before noon on Friday in Stockholm is thought ________ by the gas leak, according to witnesses. A. to be caused B. to have been caused C. of as being caused D. of to be caused 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：据目击者称，周五中午前不久在斯德哥尔摩听到的爆炸声被认为是由煤气泄漏引起的。sth. is thought to do 为固定用法，意为“某物被认为……”。此处表示爆炸已经发生，且cause与explosion之间是逻辑上的被动关系，因此应用to have been caused。故选 B。 2. Chemical processes ________ in the plastic manufacture ________ the environment badly in some countries nowadays. A. involve … damaging B. is involved …damaged C. involving … damage D. involved … damage 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查时态。句意：如今，在一些国家，塑料制造中涉及的化学过程严重破坏了环境。本句的主语是Chemical processes，谓语动词是第二个空格。所以第一个空格是个非谓语动词，involved=which is involved。根据句尾的 nowadays可知,谓语动词是现在时,因为本题讲的是个发生在现在的事。故选D。 3. I once ________ in the countryside for ten years, and that’s why I know much about vegetables and crops. A. had worked B. have worked C. was working D. worked 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查时态。句意：我曾经在农村工作了十年，这就是为什么我对蔬菜和农作物了解很多。根据句意可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，和现在无关，应用一般过去时，表示过去一种事实，应用一般过去时。故选D。 4. Thousands of fans ________ Iraq’s victory over the ________ champion Japan when bombs exploded, leaving more than 50 dead and over 100 wounded. A. were celebrating…defending B. had celebrated…defending C. celebrated…defended D. were celebrating…defended 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查过去进行时和形容词。句意：当炸弹爆炸时，数千名球迷正在庆祝伊拉克战胜卫冕冠军日本队，造成50多人死亡，100多人受伤。“过去进行时+when+一般过去时”意为“正在做某事时这时（另一件事）发生了”，此处应用过去进行时。defending champion意为“卫冕冠军”，此处应用形容词defending表示“卫冕的”。故选A。 5. He invented a device of great importance to deep sea study. A. which some believe it is B. which some believe is C. some believe which is D. some believe it is 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：他发明了一种装置，有人认为这种装置对于深海研究具有重要意义。分析句子可知，此处为含有插入语的定语从句，插入语不影响定语从句的基本结构，关系代词需在从句中充当成分且不能重复指代。先行词为a device（物），用关系代词which引导定语从句，且必须置于从句开头。插入语为some believe（可直接去掉，不影响从句主干），从句主干应为：which is of great importance to deep sea study（which 指代 device，在从句中作主语）所以该结构为：which (从句主语) + 插入语 (some believe) + is (谓语)。 6. It was in Hudson Bay, ice melts in the summer and freezes in the fall, the polar bears’ terrible situation first came to light. A. where…that B. that…where C. that…that D. where…where 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】句意：正是在哈德逊湾 —— 这片夏季冰层融化、秋季冰层冻结的海域，北极熊的严峻生存状况首次被曝光。第一空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Hudson Bay，在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where；去掉it was和第二空句子依然完整，因此第二空考查强调句，结构为it was+强调部分+that/who+其他，本句强调地点状语，应用that。 7. A problem immediately arose such a device would require a stable source of funds. A. making B. that making C. to make D. how to make 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：一个难题立即出现了：制造这样的设备需要一个稳定的资金来源。空格后面是“such a device would require a stable source of funds”，句意完整，解释说明a problem的具体内容，因此应为同位语从句。同位语从句通常由that引导，且that在从句中不充当成分，只起连接作用。四个选项中只有B“that making”符合结构，即that引导同位语从句，从句主语是动名词短语making such a device，谓语是would require。 8. Only individuals take full responsibility for their own actions rather than shift blame to others truly mature and rational. A. do…can they become B. when…who will become C. when…can they become D. do…they will become 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】句意：只有当人们为自己的行为承担全部责任、而非推卸责任给他人时，他们才能真正变得成熟理智。第一空引导时间状语从句，表示“当”需用when引导；第二空，only+状语置于句首，主句使用部分倒装，需要将助动词/情态动词/be动词置于主语they之前，become用原形。 9. The scholar is still puzzled over the tension many people feel between religion and science. A. as B. how C. that D. when 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】句意：这位学者仍然对许多人在宗教与科学之间感受到的那种矛盾纠结感到困惑。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词the tension，指物，在定语从句中作宾语，需用关系代词that引导。 10. The sun was hot and the mood was cheerful. a tall young man with pale skin rapidly turning red. A. Walked through the crowd B. Through the crowd walking C. Through the crowd walked D. Walking through the crowd 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】句意：烈日炎炎，气氛欢快，一位皮肤白皙、脸颊迅速泛红的高大年轻男子穿过人群走来。表示地点、方位的介词短语置于句首时，句子需使用完全倒装，谓语动词置于主语之前。本句中介词短语Through the crowd放于句首，主句需倒装，谓语动词为walked，主语为a tall young man。C项符合完全倒装结构规则。 11. That’s such a well-known place ________ everyone wants to visit ________ we can find it in the map of the world. A. that…as B. as…as C. that…that D. as…that 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查定语从句和结果状语从句。句意：那是一个众所周知的每个人都想去参观的地方，以致于我们可以在世界地图上找到它。分析句子结构可知，句子可划分为大小两个层次。第一个大层次为“That’s such a good place ________ we can find it in the map of the world”，应是使用“such...that...(如此……以致于……)”结构，that 引导结果状语从句。“That’s such a well-known place ________ everyone wants to visit”为句子的第二个小层次，该层次中，“________ everyone wants to visit”为“ such a well-known place ”的定语从句，先行词在从句中作动词“visit”的宾语，且先行词是“such＋名词”，关系代词应是用as。因此，第一个空为“as”，第二个空为“that”。第二个空visit后面没有名词作先行词，因此不是定语从句，因此是状语从句such that，而第一个空有先行词因此为定语从句such as。故选D项。 12. Ambitious many national net-zero commitments sound, they are largely unbacked by enforceable laws and sufficient short-term emissions cuts. A. even B. as C. in D. how 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：尽管许多国家的净零排放承诺听起来雄心勃勃，但它们大多缺乏可执行的法律和充分的短期减排措施支持。A. even甚至；B. as尽管；C. in在……里；D. how如何。此处需要引导让步状语从句，“形容词/副词 + as + 主语 + 谓语”是as引导让步状语从句的倒装结构，表示“尽管……”。 13. Health authorities such sweeping restrictions once vaccination rates had reached a sufficiently high level. A. needn’t have imposed B. mustn’t have imposed C. shouldn’t impose D. couldn’t impose 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】句意：疫苗接种率达到足够高的水平后，卫生部门本没必要实施如此大范围的管控措施。A. needn’t have imposed本不必实施（实际施行了）；B. mustn’t have imposed结构错误；must表推测只用于肯定形式must have done；否定推测用 can’t have done，无 mustn’t have done用法；C. shouldn’t impose是现在/将来不该管控，本句had reached为过去完成时，整体语境为过去，时态不匹配；D. couldn’t impose过去不能实施，语境为已经实施过了，语义不符。根据“once vaccination rates had reached a sufficiently high level”可知，此处表示本不必做却做了。 14. all nations committed to environmental sustainability and supported on the global stage. A. May…be respected B. Shall…be respected C. Will…are respected D. Can…being respected 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】句意：愿所有致力于环境可持续性的国家在全球舞台上得到尊重并获得支持。这是一个表示祝愿的句子。“May +主语+动词原形”是一种常见的表示祝愿的结构，表达“愿……”。句意为“愿所有致力于环境可持续性的国家在全球舞台上得到尊重并获得支持”。这里用May all nations...be respected符合表达祝愿的语境。B选项Shall一般用于第一人称的将来时或表示命令、允诺等；C选项Will表将来，不符合祝愿的表达；D选项Can表示能力或可能性，且“Can...being respected”结构错误。 15. In a digitally connected world, social media platforms ranges from protecting user privacy to curbing the spread of misinformation and harmful content. A. what is expected of B. it is expected that C. where it is expected D. it is expected of 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】句意：在数字化互联的世界中，人们对社交媒体平台的要求涵盖从保护用户隐私到遏制虚假信息和有害内容传播等多个方面。空格后为谓语动词ranges，整句缺少主语，需用主语从句作主语。A选项中what引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，固定搭配be expected of sb./sth.表示“对……的要求”，结构语义均符合；B、D项结构无法充当主语；C项where引导从句在句中作状语，不符合句子成分需求。 16. Whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathetic to the people . A. to affect B. having been affected C. to have been affected D. affected 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】句意：每当我们听到自然灾害的消息，即使是在世界的遥远地区，我们也会同情受影响的人们。这里考查非谓语作定语，修饰限定前面的名词， the people与affect为被动关系，且这件事相对于谓语动词已发生，表示被动和完成的动作用过去分词作后置定语，A项to affect是动词不定式一般形式，表示将来的动作，B项having been affected是现在分词的完成被动式，一般不用于名词后作后置定语。C项to have been affected是不定式的完成被动式，通常不直接作后置定语。 Section B (10分) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Be yourself — everyone else is taken In one of my favorite studies on the meaning in life, students were divided into three groups: one wrote about their “true self,” another about their “everyday self,” and the third about the campus bookstore. They then rated their sense of life meaning. The researchers were interested in ____17____ detail the participants provided in their various essays, their assumption being that the more detailed a description one provides about one’s true self, the more likely one is ____18____ (get) authentically in touch with that sense of self. Not surprisingly, for those who wrote about their everyday self or the campus bookstore, the level of detail showed no relation to their sense of life meaning. Yet among those who wrote about their true selves, greater essay detail correlated with a stronger experience of life meaning. The empirical (实证) research backs up ____19____ philosophers proposed decades ago: There is great value in being able to live authentically and with oneself, and such self-actualization can make our lives feel truly worth ____20____ (live). As the late philosopher Lawrence Becker proclaimed, “Autonomous human lives have a dignity that is immeasurable, incommensurable, infinite, beyond price.” This theoretical insight is backed up by recent empirical research in self-determination theory, which has argued forcefully that autonomy is a fundamental human need, the satisfaction of ____21____ is important for our psychological growth, integrity and well-being. As our body needs food and water for its wellness and health, so our mind needs a few basic psychosocial experiences for its wellness and health — and among these needs, autonomy stands tall. ____22____ the need for autonomy is built into the human motivational system, it is no wonder that we find something inherently worthy and ____23____ (fulfill) in being able to live authentically. Basic psychological needs provide a robust foundation for where to find meaning in life. And what ____24____ (apply) to whole lives is true also for individual tasks. In my studies, I have shown how having autonomy at work is one of the key qualities that makes work meaningful. While much of life’s meaning derives from human connection, one cannot truly connect with others ____25____ first being in touch with oneself; otherwise, it is not the genuine self but a hollow persona (人格面具) that engages with others. Only by understanding one’s identity and origins ____26____ one begin to relate to others authentically. 【答案】17. how much 18. to get 19. what 20. living 21. which 22. Given that 23. fulfilling 24. applies 25. without 26. can 【解析】 【导语】文章主要围绕做独一无二的自己展开讨论。 【17题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：研究人员关注参与者在不同文章中所提供细节的丰富程度，他们的设想是：一个人对真实自我的描述越详尽，就越有可能真正触及自我本心。空处引导宾语从句，空格处应填入宾语从句的引导词，修饰不可数名词detail，应用how much。 【18题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。设空处为表语，表目的，空处需填to get。 【19题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：这项实证研究印证了哲学家们数十年前提出的观点：真诚坦荡、遵从本心的生活极具价值，这种自我实现能让我们的人生真正过得有意义。空处引导宾语从句，作back up的宾语，宾语从句中缺宾语，表示“……的东西”，故用连接代词what引导。 【20题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。固定搭配be worth doing sth.意为“值得做某事”，主动形式表被动含义，空处需填动名词living。 【21题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：自我决定理论的近期实证研究也佐证了这一理论观点，该理论明确提出，自主性是人类的基本需求，满足这一需求对我们的心理成长、人格完整与身心健康至关重要。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为autonomy，指物，关系词在从句中作of的宾语，且置于介词of之后，需用关系代词which引导。 【22题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：鉴于自主需求本就根植于人类的动机体系之中，我们会从遵从本心的生活里，感受到与生俱来的价值感与充实感，也就不足为奇了。前后为因果关系，解释后文“不足为奇”的原因，表示“鉴于，考虑到”应用given that引导状语从句，置于句首，首字母大写。 【23题详解】 考查形容词。句意：同上。and 连接并列形容词，修饰不定代词something，fulfilling意为“令人满足的”，符合语境。 【24题详解】 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：适用于整个人生的道理，同样也适用于各项日常事务。空处作谓语，全文为一般现在时，描述客观道理，主语为what，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式applies。 【25题详解】 考查介词。句意：尽管人生的诸多意义源自人与人之间的联结，但一个人若不先认清自我，便无法与他人建立真正的羁绊，否则，与人交往的不是真实的自我，而是空洞的人格面具。此处表示否定的条件，表示“没有”应用介词without。 【26题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：唯有认清自身的身份与来路，一个人才能真诚地与他人相处。表示“能够、可以”，用情态动词 can。 Section C (10分) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word.more than you need. A.bearing B. breakthrough C. claim D. established E. evidence F. gains G. overwhelmed H. present I. record J. roar K. securing Chinese brand ZXMOTO’s breakthrough win sparks online buzz Chinese motorcycle manufacturer ZXMOTO has sparked a wave of excitement across Chinese social media after ____27____ a historic double victory at the Superbike World Championship (WSBK) in Portugal last weekend, in what many netizens see not only as a ____28____ moment for Chinese high-end manufacturing, but also as an underdog story worthy of a film script. Brand founder and owner Zhang Xue was ____29____ with emotion as he watched the races. At the Portimao circuit, French rider Valentin Debise, racing on a ZXMOTO machine, won both Race 1 and Race 2 in the World SSP category, which runs as a support class to WSBK. Widely regarded as one of the world’s top production-based motorcycle racing series, the WSBK has long been dominated by ____30____ European and Japanese brands such as Ducati and Yamaha. ZXMOTO’s success, therefore, marked a rare moment for a Chinese motorcycle maker on the top of the podium. The first victory came on March 28, when Debise rode ZXMOTO’s 820RR-RS to win Race 1 of the Portuguese round by nearly four seconds. He then returned the following day to ____31____ Race 2, completing a double triumph. The team’s strong straight-line speed was especially noted by fans and commentators. What added to the surprise was the price gap of the motorcycles. Many Chinese netizens, as well as motorcycle. enthusiasts in overseas markets, noted this was ____32____ of China’s manufacturing strength. “As the Chinese national flag was raised on the podium, and as Zhang Xue stood trackside with tears in his eyes, everyone ____33____ felt the same emotion welling up. This was more than just a championship — it was the ____34____ of China’s motorcycle community after 20 years of perseverance, a milestone breaking the long-standing dominance of Europe, the US, and Japan.” Founded in Chongqing and ___35___ the initials of its founder, ZXMOTO has risen rapidly in just two years, a trajectory many Chinese observers described as an inspiring example of the country’s manufacturing ambitions. The team’s achievement resonated far beyond the racing community. Zhang’s name and the ZXMOTO brand quickly gained national attention, while motorcycle-related stocks in China also saw ______36______ amid the excitement. 【答案】27. K 28. B 29. G 30. D 31. C 32. E 33. H 34. J 35. A 36. F 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍中国摩托车制造商ZXMOTO在葡萄牙世界超级摩托车锦标赛（WSBK）上取得历史性双冠，引发中国社交媒体热议，被视为中国高端制造业的突破时刻，彰显了中国制造实力，并带动了相关股票上涨。 【27题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：中国摩托车制造商ZXMOTO上周末在葡萄牙世界超级摩托车锦标赛（WSBK）上取得历史性双冠，在中国社交媒体上引发了一波热议，许多网友认为这不仅是中国高端制造业的突破时刻，也是一个值得拍成电影的逆袭故事。空格处为介词after后的宾语，应填动名词形式，securing“获得”为动词secure的动名词形式，符合句意。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意同上。空格处为as的宾语，应填名词，breakthrough“突破”为名词，符合句意。 【29题详解】 考查动词。句意：品牌创始人和所有者张雪在观看比赛时情绪激动。空格处为谓语动词，根据后文“with emotion”可知，应用一般过去时的被动语态，overwhelmed“（感情上）使受不了，使不知所措”为动词overwhelm的过去分词形式，符合句意。 【30题详解】 考查形容词。句意：WSBK被广泛认为是世界上最顶尖的基于量产的摩托车赛车系列之一，长期以来一直由杜卡迪和雅马哈等老牌欧洲和日本品牌主导。空格处修饰名词brands作定语，established“已确立的，已获确认的”为形容词，符合句意。 【31题详解】 考查动词。句意：他第二天回来赢得了第二场比赛，完成了双冠。空格处为不定式后的动词原形，claim“赢得（奖项）；夺得（胜利）”为动词，符合句意。 【32题详解】 考查名词。句意：许多中国网友以及海外市场的摩托车爱好者指出，这是中国制造实力的证据。空格处为表语，且和this was保持一致，应填名词单数形式，evidence“证据”为名词，符合句意。 【33题详解】 考查形容词。句意：当中国国旗在领奖台上冉冉升起，张雪站在赛道边热泪盈眶时，在场的每个人都感受到了同样的激动。present为形容词，意为“在场的”，修饰everyone，作后置定语，符合句意。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：这不仅仅是一个冠军——这是中国摩托车界在坚持20年后的呐喊，是一个打破欧洲、美国和日本长期主导地位的里程碑。空格处为表语，且被the限定，应填名词单数形式，roar“呐喊”为名词，符合句意。 【35题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：ZXMOTO成立于重庆，以创始人的姓名首字母命名，在短短两年内迅速崛起，许多中国观察家将其描述为中国制造业雄心的鼓舞人心的例子。空格处为非谓语动词，和句子逻辑主语ZXMOTO之间是主动关系，应填现在分词形式作状语，bearing“带有（标记、特征）；显示”为动词bear的现在分词形式，符合句意。 【36题详解】 考查名词。句意：张的名字和ZXMOTO品牌迅速引起了全国的关注，而中国摩托车相关股票也在兴奋中上涨。空格处为saw的宾语，应填名词，gains“增加；上涨”为名词，符合句意。 II. Reading Comprehension: (45分) Section A (15分) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Not-so cold blooded The word reptilian (爬虫类的) doesn’t describe just lizards and snakes. When ____37____ humans, it means an unfriendly, unfeeling type of person. But scientists agree that reptiles aren’t ____38____ — they’re misunderstood. Extensive research has shown that reptiles experience a wide range of emotions and that they’re highly socially complex animals. A growing body of research pushes back on the ____39____ notion that reptiles only have the capacity for survival instincts and not for emotional intelligence. Despite this wealth of evidence demonstrating reptiles’ emotional capacity, however, they’ve retained a reputation for being as ____40____ emotionally as they are physically. These misconceptions can lead to a lack of ____41____ for reptiles’ needs in captivity (人工圈养) and in the wild, advocates say. As more and more reptilian species are threatened by habitat loss, scientists and conservationists say that recognizing reptiles’ capacity for ____42____ can help pet owners and policymakers alike take better care of them. Yet the myth of the emotionless “lizard brain” ____43____. Popularized in the 1970s by astronomer and science communicator Carl Sagan, the term refers to the parts of the human brain that we use for ____44____. According to this misconception, the human brain evolved over time by adding ____45____ more sophisticated structures to this underdeveloped lizard brain, including the limbic (边缘的) system, which is the source of our emotions. Because reptiles are our evolutionary forerunners, some researchers long believed that this instinctual part of the brain was the only part that originated with our ____46____ ancestors — and that without humanlike brain structures, reptiles didn’t have the capacity for emotions at all. Scientists have repeatedly disproven the misconception throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, with a 2019 review identifying 37 studies supporting reptiles’ emotional capacity. While they may not be outwardly ____47____ in the same way that humans or other mammals are, reptiles are indeed highly social animals and have developed complex ____48____for parental care, courtship, and nesting.Yet even as research on reptile ____49____ continues to build, the stereotypes around reptilian emotions have persisted. Part of this is simply because reptiles ____50____ their emotions differently than humans. In a 2021 study, researchers found that lizards emit chemicals to communicate with each other, meaning they’re much harder to ____51____ than their mammalian counterparts. 37. A. applied to B. bound by C. compared to D. relevant to 38. A. senseless B. hateful C. cruel D. emotionless 39. A. commonly ignored B. seemingly misleading C. widely accepted D. generally rejected 40. A. cold-blooded B. sensitive C. aggressive D. intelligent 41. A. ignorance B. awareness C. tolerance D. adaptability 42. A. emotion B. survival C. sensibility D. suffering 43. A. persists B. disappears C. changes D. emerges 44. A. emotional responses B. logical thinking C. social communication D. survival instinct 45. A. dramatically B. slightly C. progressively D. occasionally 46. A. furry B. feathered C. scaly D. leathered 47. A. attractive B. impressive C. cooperative D. expressive 48. A. rituals B. commands C. traditions D. rules 49. A. evolution B. domestication C. colonization D. socialization 50. A. hide B. experience C. show D. control 51. A. read B. trust C. capture D. approach 【答案】37. A 38. D 39. C 40. A 41. B 42. A 43. A 44. D 45. C 46. C 47. D 48. A 49. D 50. C 51. A 【解析】 【导语】主要介绍的是人们对爬行动物存在情感冷漠的误解，而研究表明它们情感丰富且社交复杂，尽管有证据，误解仍存。 【37题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：当这个词用于形容人类时，它指的是一种不友好、无情的人。A. applied to应用于，适用于；B. bound by受……约束；C. compared to与……相比；D. relevant to与……相关。根据后文“it means an unfriendly, unfeeling type of person.”可知，这个词用于描述人类时的含义。 【38题详解】 考查形容词。句意：但科学家们一致认为爬行动物并非没有情感——它们被误解了。A. senseless无意义的；B. hateful可恨的；C. cruel残忍的；D. emotionless无情感的。根据后文“they’re misunderstood”以及“Extensive research has shown that reptiles experience a wide range of emotions”可知，爬行动物并非没有情感。 【39题详解】 考查形容词短语。句意：越来越多的研究反驳了这种被广泛接受的观念，即爬行动物只有生存本能，而没有情商。A. commonly ignored普遍被忽视的；B. seemingly misleading看似误导的；C. widely accepted被广泛接受的；D. generally rejected普遍被拒绝的。由“A growing body of research pushes back on”可知，是反驳一种观念，这种观念应该是被大众广泛接受的，widely accepted符合语境。 【40题详解】 考查形容词。句意：然而，尽管有大量证据表明爬行动物有情感能力，但它们在情感上和身体上一样冷血的名声依然存在。A. cold-blooded冷血的；B. sensitive敏感的；C. aggressive好斗的；D. intelligent聪明的。根据前文“it means an unfriendly, unfeeling type of person”提到人们认为爬行动物情感冷漠，这里说名声依旧。 【41题详解】 考查名词。句意：倡导者说，这些误解可能导致在圈养和野外环境中，人们对爬行动物的需求缺乏认识。A. ignorance无知；B. awareness认识，意识；C. tolerance容忍；D. adaptability适应性。根据前文“These misconceptions”可知，因为存在误解，所以人们对爬行动物的需求缺乏认识。 【42题详解】 考查名词。句意：科学家和自然资源保护者说，认识到爬行动物的情感能力可以帮助宠物主人和政策制定者更好地照顾它们。A. emotion情感；B. survival生存；C. sensibility敏感性；D. suffering痛苦。根据前文“reptiles experience a wide range of emotions”一直说爬行动物有情感，这里说认识到它们的情感能力能帮助更好照顾它们。 【43题详解】 考查动词。句意：然而，“蜥蜴脑”没有情感的神话依然存在。A. persists持续存在；B. disappears消失；C. changes改变；D. emerges出现。根据前文“Yet”以及后文“the stereotypes around reptilian emotions have persisted”可知，这种错误观念依然存在。 【44题详解】 考查名词短语。句意：这个术语由天文学家兼科学传播者卡尔·萨根在20世纪70年代推广开来，指的是人类大脑中用于生存本能的部分。A. emotional responses情感反应；B. logical thinking逻辑思维；C. social communication社会交流；D. survival instinct生存本能。根据后文“According to this misconception, the human brain evolved over time by adding ____more sophisticated structures to this underdeveloped lizard brain”以及“this instinctual part of the brain”可知，这个词指的是用于生存本能的大脑部分。 【45题详解】 考查副词。句意：根据这种误解，人类大脑随着时间的推移，通过逐步在这个发育不全的“蜥蜴脑”上增加更复杂的结构而进化，包括边缘系统，这是我们情感的来源。A. dramatically显著地；B. slightly轻微地；C. progressively逐步地；D. occasionally偶尔。根据后文“more sophisticated structures to this underdeveloped lizard brain”可知，这里说大脑进化是逐步增加复杂结构。 【46题详解】 考查形容词。句意：因为爬行动物是我们进化的先驱，一些研究人员长期以来认为，大脑的这一本能部分是唯一起源于我们有鳞片的祖先的部分——而且没有类人猿的大脑结构，爬行动物根本没有情感能力。A. furry多毛的；B. feathered有羽毛的；C. scaly有鳞片的；D. leathered有皮革的。根据常识可知，爬行动物的特点是有鳞片。 【47题详解】 考查形容词。句意：虽然它们可能不像人类或其他哺乳动物那样在外表上富有表现力，但爬行动物确实是高度社会化的动物，并且已经发展出了复杂的育雏、求偶和筑巢仪式。A. attractive有吸引力的；B. impressive令人印象深刻的；C. cooperative合作的；D. expressive富有表现力的。根据前文“While they may not be outwardly”可知，这里说爬行动物不像人类或哺乳动物那样在外表上能明显表现情感。 【48题详解】 考查名词。句意：虽然它们可能不像人类或其他哺乳动物那样在外表上富有表现力，但爬行动物确实是高度社会化的动物，并且已经发展出了复杂的育雏、求偶和筑巢仪式。A. rituals仪式；B. commands命令；C. traditions传统；D. rules规则。这里说爬行动物在育雏、求偶和筑巢方面有复杂的行为方式，rituals可表示这些特定的行为仪式，符合语境。 【49题详解】 考查名词句意：然而，即使关于爬行动物社会化的研究不断积累，围绕爬行动物情感的刻板印象仍然存在。A. evolution进化；B. domestication驯化；C. colonization殖民化；D. socialization社会化。根据前文“highly social animals”可知，爬行动物是高度社会化动物，这里说关于它们社会化的研究。 【50题详解】 考查动词。句意：部分原因仅仅是因为爬行动物表达情感的方式与人类不同。A. hide隐藏；B. experience经历；C. show展示，表达；D. control控制。根据后文“In a 2021 study, researchers found that lizards emit chemicals to communicate with each other”可知，蜥蜴通过释放化学物质交流，即表达情感方式不同。 【51题详解】 考查动词。句意：在2021年的一项研究中，研究人员发现蜥蜴通过释放化学物质相互交流，这意味着它们比哺乳动物更难被理解。A. read理解，读懂；B. trust信任；C. capture捕获；D. approach接近。根据前文“In a 2021 study, researchers found that lizards emit chemicals to communicate with each other, meaning they’re much harder”可知，因为蜥蜴通过释放化学物质交流，所以比起哺乳动物更难被理解。 Section B (22分) Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) When danger approaches, many creatures seem to follow the ancient proverb “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” Researchers have recently found subtle ways that animals communicate with other species in this kind of cooperative defense pact. A recent study in Nature Ecology & Evolution documented more than 20 bird species on four continents that emit virtually identical “whining(哀鸣)” calls when they spot brood parasites such as cuckoos. That call, as ornithologist James Kennerley notes, is essentially a signal to recruit individuals of different species to come together against this common enemy. Brood parasites lay eggs in other birds’ nests, tricking the host parents into raising their chicks for them. At a field site in Australia, Kennerley has witnessed individuals from a dozen or more species attack a cuckoo in response to the chorus of whining calls They can be so fierce that Kennerley and his colleagues need to cage the taxidermy(标本) cuckoo used in their experiments to protect it from being destroyed. Many birds also share a common vocabulary for predators. Research shows that various songbirds — and even red squirrels — produce recognizable high-pitched “seet” calls to warn of a raptor(猛禽) in flight. The calls are too high-pitched for raptors to hear well, so the predators remain unaware as information about their arrival spreads through the forest. Besides cooperative defense, cross-species communication also aids food-finding and migration, though some interactions may be accidental. Clearly, complex cross-species communication networks are pervasive and crucial for animals’ survival. 52. According to the passage, what do we know about the “whining” calls of birds? A. They are unique to each bird species. B. They are used to call for their own kind. C. They can attract different species to fight against cuckoos. D. They were first discovered by researchers in Australia. 53. It can be inferred from the passage that . A. all crosss-pecies communication is for defensive purposes B. raptors can easily detect the “seet” calls of songbirds C. Kennerley’s experiment failed because of the aggressive birds D. crosss-pecies communication is helpful to animals’ survival 54. Which of the following statements is inconsistent with the passage? A. Brood parasites depend on other birds to raise their chicks. B. Over 20 bird species on four continents use similar “whining” calls. C. Red squirrels can produce “seet” calls to warn of flying raptors. D. All cross-species communication is deliberately planned by animals. 55. Which of the following titles best fits the passage? A. Distant Diplomacy: Cross-species Communication in Animals. B. Cooperative Defense Among Animals. C. How Birds Warn Each Other of Dangers. D. The Study of Animal Communication. 【答案】52. C 53. D 54. D 55. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍研究发现当危险来临时，许多动物会遵循“敌人的敌人就是朋友”这一原则，以微妙方式与其他物种进行跨物种交流，这种交流在防御、觅食和迁徙等方面对动物生存至关重要。 【52题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“A recent study in Nature Ecology & Evolution documented more than 20 bird species on four continents that emit virtually identical “whining(哀鸣)” calls when they spot brood parasites such as cuckoos. That call, as ornithologist James Kennerley notes, is essentially a signal to recruit individuals of different species to come together against this common enemy.(《自然·生态与进化》杂志最近的一项研究记录了四大洲20多种鸟类，当它们发现像杜鹃这样的巢寄生鸟类时，会发出几乎相同的“哀鸣”叫声。正如鸟类学家詹姆斯·肯纳利所指出的，这种叫声本质上是一种信号，用来召集不同物种的个体联合起来对抗这个共同的敌人)”可知，鸟类的“哀鸣”叫声能吸引不同物种的鸟类一起对抗杜鹃。 【53题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Clearly, complex cross-species communication networks are pervasive and crucial for animals’ survival.”(显然，复杂的跨物种交流网络无处不在，对动物的生存至关重要)”可知，跨物种交流对动物的生存有帮助。 【54题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Besides cooperative defense, cross-species communication also aids food - finding and migration, though some interactions may be accidental.(除了合作防御，跨物种交流还有助于觅食和迁徙，尽管有些互动可能是偶然的。）可知，并非所有的跨物种交流都是动物刻意计划的。 【55题详解】 主旨大意题。主要介绍研究发现当危险来临时，许多动物会遵循“敌人的敌人就是朋友”这一原则，以微妙方式与其他物种进行跨物种交流，这种交流在防御、觅食和迁徙等方面对动物生存至关重要。A选项“Distant Diplomacy: Cross-species Communication in Animals(远距离外交：动物间的跨物种交流)”为最佳标题。 (B) Artificial intelligence (AI) is a potentially world-changing technology with dual prospects: it could help cure cancers, control autonomous cars, and augment human intelligence, yet there exists widespread concern that it might lead to a robot apocalypse and the downfall of humanity. In the last decade, a particular flavour of AI, called machine learning, has become extremely powerful. Rather than programmers giving machine learning AIs a definitive list of instructions, the AIs have to learn independently, with neural networks being the most prevalent approach. Neural networks A neural network is an intricate web of connections, inspired by the way neurons connect in the human brain. Inputs work their way through the network, guided by the strength of the connections, to generate appropriate outputs. Trained by thousands to millions of examples, they gradually refine their performance. Though neural networks have been around since the 1940s and 1950s, they only attained remarkable success recently, due to the huge rise in both the amount of data we produce and the amount of computer power available — both essential for their training. Without sufficient data or computing resources, even the most advanced neural network design would fail to deliver accurate results. Artificial general intelligence However, neural networks can’t do everything. A neural network trained to do one thing is next to useless at doing something else. Thus, researchers are striving to create artificial general intelligence (AGI), which could perform any task that the human brain can. But we’re a long way from AGI at the moment, and there are apprehensions that it could surpass human intelligence and threaten humanity once realized. AI problems There’s no need to worry about AGI just yet, as we’re still far from reaching it. Instead, current AIs face pressing concerns. AI is already involved in making important decisions, such as parole eligibility in parts of the US, job suitability, loan approval, and insurance assessment. Yet AI is often biased, picking up prejudices from its training data — for instance, face recognition algorithms have lower accuracy for non-white men due to lack of diversity in data. Additionally, AI decisions are opaque; how neural networks reach conclusions is hard to analyse, making errors hard to diagnose and accountability hard to pinpoint, which impedes its use in trust-critical fields. 56. Which one is a necessary condition for neural networks to deliver accurate results? A. Being trained with massive examples and having advanced design. B. Being developed with the latest technology and tested in various fields. C. Being inspired by the way neurons connect in the human brain and well-trained. D. Having sufficient data and powerful computing resources. 57. Which of the following is true about AGI? A. It has been initially developed and tested in some scientific fields. B. It is a future goal that is not yet achieved. C. It is an upgraded version of specialized AI to handle complex tasks. D. It will definitely bring threats to humanity if fully developed. 58. What does the underlined word “opaque” in the last paragraph most probably mean? A. Clear and easy to understand B. Reliable and trustworthy C. Unclear and hard to explain D. Complex and unchangeable 【答案】56. D 57. B 58. C 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍了人工智能（AI）的相关内容，包括其潜力、机器学习中的神经网络、人工通用智能（AGI）以及当前AI面临的问题。 【56题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Though neural networks have been around since the 1940s and 1950s, they only attained remarkable success recently, due to the huge rise in both the amount of data we produce and the amount of computer power available — both essential for their training. Without sufficient data or computing resources, even the most advanced neural network design would fail to deliver accurate results.(尽管神经网络自20世纪40年代和50年代就已存在，但直到最近才取得显著成功，这是由于我们产生的数据量和可用的计算机算力的大幅提升——这两者对其训练都至关重要。没有足够的数据或计算资源，即使是最先进的神经网络设计也无法提供准确的结果。)”可知，神经网络要提供准确结果，必须有足够的数据和强大的计算资源。 【57题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Thus, researchers are striving to create artificial general intelligence (AGI), which could perform any task that the human brain can. But we’re a long way from AGI at the moment, and there are apprehensions that it could surpass human intelligence and threaten humanity once realized.(因此，研究人员正在努力创造人工通用智能（AGI），它可以执行人类大脑能执行的任何任务。但目前我们离AGI还有很长的路要走，而且有人担心，一旦实现，它可能会超越人类智能，威胁到人类。)”可知，AGI是一个尚未实现的目标。 【58题详解】 词句猜测题。根据最后一段中的“Additionally, AI decisions are opaque; how neural networks reach conclusions is hard to analyse, making errors hard to diagnose and accountability hard to pinpoint, which impedes its use in trust-critical fields.(此外，人工智能的决策是opaque的；神经网络如何得出结论很难分析，这使得错误很难诊断，责任很难确定，这阻碍了它在关键信任领域的使用。)”可知，神经网络如何得出结论很难分析，错误很难诊断，责任很难确定，所以人工智能的决策是不清晰、难以解释的，由此可知，划线单词意为“不清晰、难以解释的”，与“Unclear and hard to explain”意思一致。 (C) Outgoing personality traits are often associated with top corporate roles, but new research suggests businesses miss out when they fail to find and promote executives with more understated styles. Harvard Business School researcher Francesca Gino has found that introverts can play a crucial role in leading teams. She and her collaborators asked bosses to rate how extroverted they considered themselves and then studied how their teams worked. They found that extroverts were more dominant, drove conversations and were less receptive to new ideas. Introverts, on the other hand, listened to ideas, internalized them and were able to improve team performance. Gino said that introverts demonstrate superior performance when they are leading a team of proactive workers. It seems it's easier for extroverts to climb the corporate ladder, she noted. A 2009 study conducted by researchers found that 60 percent of top level executives displayed high levels of extroversion. But introverts clearly have something to offer, Gino said, citing examples of successful introverted leaders, such as Amazon's Jeff Bezos and Bill Gates. Extroverts feel more energized by social interactions whereas introverts are more energized by solitud — but this isn't necessarily linked to how shy or good at, say, public speaking, someone is, says Nancy Ancowitz, a business communication coach and author of Selfpromotion for Introverts: The Quiet Guide to Getting Ahead. Introverts can use simple cues to make sure their value is not overlooked, Ancowitz said. "Sometimes it's raising a finger, leaning forward, saying someone' s name — any of those cues can work. The important part is you need to be heard, you need to make your contributions known, otherwise you can get passed up for the raises and other people get the credit for your hard work.” Some·leadership traits might come a little bit more naturally to extroverts, according to Jennifer Kahnweiler, an executive coach. Kahnweiler, who defines introverts as low-key thinkers who are energized by solitude and prefer in-depth conversation to casual chatter, interviewed introverted executives who successfully climbed the corporate ranks. These leaders had learned to put careful thought into their social presentation at work and to manage expectations so that bosses and co-workers could see the up-side of their personal work style. The executives she studied had a hyperawareness about how they were viewed and managed it to their benefit. According to Gino of Harvard Business School, one of the key takeaways from her research is that anyone can learn to practice effective leadership. She found that regardless of their personality type, when pushed to try different styles, people were able to learn the positive leadership characteristics of both introverts and extroverts. 59. Unlike an extrovert, an introverted leader performs best when . A. he is engaged in meaningful conversations B. the workers he leads often take the initiatives C. he improves on the new ideas proposed by workers D. he becomes a collaborator to his boss and workers 60. Introverted leaders make their presence felt by . A. overcoming shyness in public speaking B. working hard and contributing to shared goals C. sending out verbal or nonverbal signals D. getting credit for what they have done 61. Like the extroverts, introverted leaders . A. tend to be low-key but efficient thinkers. B. know how to conduct conversation with workers. C. expect their workers and bosses to respect them. D. try to manage how other people look at them. 62. The new research mainly tells us that . A. introverts can also become great corporate leaders B. introverts should follow the examples of extroverts C. introverts should change their leadership styles D. the best leaders combine the styles of introverts and extroverts 【答案】59. B 60. C 61. D 62. A 【解析】 【导语】本文主要探讨了性格内向的人在企业领导角色中的优势及作用，指出内向者也能成为优秀的企业领导者。 【59题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Gino said that introverts demonstrate superior performance when they are leading a team of proactive workers.(吉诺说，当内向者领导一群积极主动的员工时，他们会表现出卓越的表现。)”可知，与外向者不同，内向的领导者在领导主动工作的员工时表现最佳。 【60题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Introverts can use simple cues to make sure their value is not overlooked, Ancowitz said. ‘Sometimes it’s raising a finger, leaning forward, saying someone’s name — any of those cues can work. The important part is you need to be heard, you need to make your contributions known, otherwise you can get passed up for the raises and other people get the credit for your hard work.’(安科维茨说，内向的人可以用简单的暗示来确保自己的价值不被忽视。“有时候是举起一根手指，身体前倾，说出某人的名字——任何一种暗示都可以。重要的是你需要被听到，你需要让别人知道你的贡献，否则你会错过加薪的机会，而别人会为你的辛勤工作而获得赞誉。”)”可知，内向的领导者通过发出语言或非语言信号来让别人感受到他们的存在。 【61题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“These leaders had learned to put careful thought into their social presentation at work and to manage expectations so that bosses and co-workers could see the up-side of their personal work style. The executives she studied had a hyperawareness about how they were viewed and managed it to their benefit.(这些领导者学会了在工作中仔细思考自己的社交表现，和管理期望，以便老板和同事能够看到他们个人工作风格的优点。她研究的这些高管们非常清楚别人是如何看待他们的，并利用这一点为自己谋利。)”可知，像外向者一样，内向的领导者也试图管理别人对他们的看法。 【62题详解】 主旨大意题。根据根据第一段“Outgoing personality traits are often associated with top corporate roles, but new research suggests businesses miss out when they fail to find and promote executives with more understated styles. Harvard Business School researcher Francesca Gino has found that introverts can play a crucial role in leading teams.(外向的性格特征通常与企业中的高层职位相关联，但新的研究表明，如果企业找不到并提拔风格较为低调的高管，就会错失良机。哈佛商学院研究员弗朗西斯卡·吉诺发现，内向者在领导团队方面可以发挥至关重要的作用。)”可知，新研究表明，企业如果未能发掘和提拔风格更为低调的内向型高管，就会错失良机。随后通过研究结果、具体例子和分析说明，论证了内向者也可以成为优秀的企业领导者。 Section C (8分) Directions: Fill in each blank in the article with a proper sentence given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Why do we lie? Your dog really did eat your homework, and you have no idea who took the last biscuit from the sweet jar. Lying is in your nature, but don’t worry — it’s in the nature of most humans. _____63_____. Humans are social creatures, and we have our giant brains to thank for this. They evolved to be so large because we needed the extra space to be successful at communicating with others and keeping our social group happy. This has a lot of advantages. By building bonds with others, you gain access to more resources, as friends and family will share food and shelter, helping you out when you need it. But to keep these close connections sometimes we need to lie, as it supports social bonds, and therefore you are more likely to survive and pass on your genes. _____64_____. Ever told a friend you loved their cooking? Or lied to your mom about accidentally breaking something? That’s these evolutionary mechanisms kicking in, and whether it was to protect your reputation or just avoid upsetting someone, it probably worked well to protect your relationships (if you didn’t get caught that is). Whatever reason you are lying, and however complex the lie, there are three main parts of the brain that you use when you’re lying. These parts become more active when you lie, and they can be seen using functional MRI scanners — a much more advanced version of a lie detector. However, we’ve not always had the technology to help us detect a liar. For most of history, we have relied on our observation and social skills. We learned how to monitor other people’s behaviors for signs they were not telling the truth — unusual eye contact, sweating more than usual, or elaborating on a story with details that just don’t sound believable. As our ability to lie evolved, so did our ability to detect lies. _____65_____. Sometimes lying is used to manipulate others for personal gains, such as cheating people out of money. _____66_____. A. It requires us to remember lots of different information to keep the story consistent. B. This has proven helpful, as not every lie is told because we want to keep our friends. C. Being able to detect a lie is helpful for keeping our resources safe from people who are dishonest. D. It is a skill unique to modern humans, and our ancient ancestors had no ability to communicate deceptively of any kind. E. It’s a technique that has evolved over billions of years, so it turns out you might not actually have that much to feel bad about. F. Although lying is frowned upon by society, it actually evolved as a way to fine- tune our social skills and strengthen our relationships. 【答案】63. E 64. F 65. B 66. C 【解析】 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了说谎是人类进化的本能，利于维系社交关系。人类说谎与识谎能力同步进化，善意谎言维护情谊，识破恶意谎言则能保护自身利益。 【63题详解】 前文“Lying is in your nature, but don’t worry - it’s in the nature of most humans.( 说谎是你的天性，但别担心——大多数人类都有这种天性。)”指出“说谎是人类天性，不必担心”，后文“Humans are social creatures, and we have our giant brains to thank for this. They evolved to be so large because we needed the extra space to be successful at communicating with others and keeping our social group happy.( 人类是社会性生物，这要归功于我们那巨大的大脑。它们进化得如此之大，是因为我们需要额外的空间来成功地与他人交流并让我们的社交群体保持快乐。)”开始从进化角度解释说谎的起源。E选项“It’s a technique that has evolved over billions of years, so it turns out you might not actually have that much to feel bad about.( 这是一种进化了数十亿年的技能，所以你其实不必为此感到太内疚。)”完美承接前文的 “别担心”，同时引出全文核心的 “进化视角”，逻辑连贯。 【64题详解】 第二段结尾“But to keep these close connections sometimes we need to lie, as it supports social bonds, and therefore you are more likely to survive and pass on your genes.( 但为了保持这些亲密的联系，有时我们需要说谎，因为这有助于维护社会关系，因此你更有可能生存下来并传递你的基因。)”说明“说谎能维持社会纽带、提升生存概率”，第三段随即举“善意谎言保护人际关系”的例子。F选项“Although lying is frowned upon by society, it actually evolved as a way to fine- tune our social skills and strengthen our relationships.( 尽管社会普遍不赞成说谎，但说谎实际上是随着进化而产生的一种用来完善我们社交技能并增强人际关系的手段。)”起到承上启下的作用，既总结了第二段的进化结论，又为第三段的具体例子做了铺垫。 【65题详解】 前文“We learned how to monitor other people’s behaviors for signs they were not telling the truth — unusual eye contact, sweating more than usual, or elaborating on a story with details that just don’t sound believable. As our ability to lie evolved, so did our ability to detect lies.( 我们学会了如何观察他人的行为，以寻找他们没有说实话的迹象——不寻常的眼神接触、出汗量超出平常、或者在讲述一个故事时加入一些听起来不太可信的细节。随着我们说谎能力的进化，我们识破谎言的能力也随之增强。)”指出人类的说谎能力和测谎能力是共同进化的。B选项“This has proven helpful, as not every lie is told because we want to keep our friends.( 这已被证明是有帮助的，因为并非每句谎言都是出于我们想要维系朋友关系的目的。)”是重要的转折过渡：前文一直在讲说谎的积极作用（维持关系），此处通过“并非所有谎言都是善意的”引出下文第六段关于“恶意说谎（为个人利益操纵他人）”的内容。 【66题详解】 前文“Sometimes lying is used to manipulate others for personal gains, such as cheating people out of money.( 有时说谎是为了个人利益而操纵他人，比如骗取别人的钱。)”明确提出 “有些说谎是为了操纵他人谋取私利，比如骗钱”。C选项“Being able to detect a lie is helpful for keeping our resources safe from people who are dishonest.( 能够识破谎言有助于保护我们的资源免受不诚实者的侵害。)”直接回应了这一问题，解释了测谎能力在面对恶意谎言时的实际价值，与前文“测谎能力与说谎能力共同进化”的观点形成闭环。 III. Summary Writing(10分) 67. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. In Defense of Oversharing Think about an ordinary day. You feel annoyed after a meeting but say nothing. You pull back from a friend who said something that hurt you, without explaining why. We rarely even consider that revealing a personal truth is an option. And when we do, we tend to think about it in an unfair way: We overestimate the risks and underestimate the benefits. Imagine you are considering whether to tell a friend that their comment hurt you. You will probably worry that your friend might get defensive, feel awkward, or think you’re being oversensitive. What’s less likely to come to mind are the risks of staying silent: lingering resentment(怨恨), a pattern of emotional distance, or a pattern of misunderstandings that slowly hurts the relationship. This skew (偏差) makes a certain psychological sense. The social costs of revealing are often immediate and instinctive: an awkward pause, a fleeting look of discomfort. These moments threaten and teach us quickly what to avoid. The benefits of revealing, by contrast — corrected assumptions, increased trust, a feeling of being known — tend to unfold quietly and over time. They’re harder to feel in the moment, which makes them easy to discount. But the problem runs deeper than individual psychology. The very way we talk about oversharing is flawed. We treat revealing as a personality trait — something you either have or don’t. You’re either “the kind of person who overshares,” or not. But revealing wisely is a skill. And like any skill, it improves with practice, feedback, and reflection. Treating revealing as a skill makes it less scary. Skills can be learned. They can be done imperfectly without being disastrous. And perhaps most importantly, appreciating the benefits of revealing usually requires actually doing it. Silence never teaches us what might have happened if we had spoken. Only revealing does. For most people, getting better at this skill doesn’t mean turning every interaction into a confessional(坦白). It means revealing a bit more than you normally would: explaining a reaction instead of swallowing it, sharing a constraint instead of letting others misinterpret your behavior, and naming uncertainty instead of projecting confidence you don’t feel. These are not grand acts of vulnerability. They are small moves that make our social lives run more smoothly. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 People usually overestimate the risks of sharing personal feelings and ignore the harm of silence, for its costs are immediate while benefits are long-term. Actually, proper self-revealing is a learnable skill rather than a born trait. Small and wise expressions of true thoughts can reduce misunderstanding and keep social relationships healthy. 【解析】 【导语】本文反驳了人们对“坦诚分享”的偏见，指出人们往往高估分享的即时尴尬风险、低估自我披露带来的益处；主张将明智的自我表露视为可通过练习提升的技能，而非天生性格特质，并建议通过适度、小范围的坦诚沟通，改善社交关系、减少误解。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ① We overestimate the risks and underestimate the benefits. ② What’s less likely to come to mind are the risks of staying silent. ③ But revealing wisely is a skill. And like any skill, it improves with practice, feedback, and reflection. ④ Skills can be learned. ⑤It means revealing a bit more than you normally would: explaining a reaction instead of swallowing it, sharing a constraint instead of letting others misinterpret your behavior, naming uncertainty instead of projecting confidence you don’t feel. ⑥They are small moves that make our social lives run more smoothly. 2.缜密构思 将要点①②进行整合；要点③④进行合并，要点⑤⑥进行概括合并。 3.遣词造句 People usually overestimate the risks of sharing personal feelings and ignore the harm of silence, for its costs are immediate while benefits are long-term. Actually, proper self-revealing is a learnable skill rather than a born trait. Small and wise expressions of true thoughts can reduce misunderstanding and keep social relationships healthy. 【点睛】[高分句型 1] People usually overestimate the risks of sharing personal feelings and ignore the harm of silence, for its costs are immediate while benefits are long-term. (运用了for引导的原因状语从句，并用while连接的并列句，对前三段内容进行概括总结) [高分句型 2] Small and wise expressions of true thoughts can reduce misunderstanding and keep social relationships healthy.(运用and连接的并列结构对最后一段内容进行了高度凝练概括) 第II卷 I. Spelling (5分) Directions: Write out the words according to the relevant definitions. The first letter is given to you. 68. s________ adj. better than average or better than other people or things of the same type 69. p________ n. the point when somebody / something is best, most successful, strongest, etc. 70. r________ n. opposition to authority; being unwilling to obey rules or accept normal standards of behaviour, dress, etc. 71. r________ v. to refuse to accept or consider something 72. s________ n. the place and time at which the action of a play, novel, etc. takes place 73. c________ n. the reporting of news and sport in newspapers and on the radio and television 74. p________ n. the correct relationship in size, degree, importance, etc. between one thing and another or between the parts of a whole 75. u________ adv. by everyone 76. t________ v. to find or discover somebody / something by looking carefully for them / it 77. c________ adj. that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting 【答案】68. superior 69. peak 70. rebellion 71. reject 72. setting 73. coverage 74. proportion 75. universally 76. track 77. captivating 【解析】 【68题详解】 根据汉语意思“优于一般水平的；优于同类人或事物的”。可知，答案为superior。 【69题详解】 根据汉语意思“某人 / 某物状态最佳、最成功、最强盛的巅峰时刻”。可知，答案为peak。 【70题详解】 根据汉语意思“反抗权威；不愿遵守规则、抵触主流行为举止与着装规范等”。可知，答案为rebellion。 【71题详解】 根据汉语意思“拒绝接受或考虑某事”。可知，答案为reject。 【72题详解】 根据汉语意思“戏剧、小说等故事发生的地点与时间；故事背景”。可知，答案为setting。 【73题详解】 根据汉语意思“报刊、广播、电视上的新闻与体育报道”。可知，答案为coverage。 【74题详解】 根据汉语意思“事物之间或整体各部分之间，在尺寸、程度、重要性等方面的均衡比例”。可知，答案为proportion。 【75题详解】 根据汉语意思“人人地；普遍地”。可知，答案为universally。 【76题详解】 根据汉语意思“通过仔细搜寻，找到、发现人或事物”。可知，答案为track。 【77题详解】 根据汉语意思“因趣味十足、扣人心弦而引人关注的；极具吸引力的”。可知，答案为captivating。 II. Recitation (6分) Text 1 Directions: Fill in each blank with the missing words according to the text. Romeo and Juliet is a story of love, hate and teenage ___78___ ___79___ strict parents. Macbeth shows the dangers of ___80___ ___81___. Othello deals with ___82___, ___83___ and ___84___. 【答案】78. rebellion 79. against 80. uncontrolled 81. ambition 82. jealousy 83. racism 84. betrayal 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍了莎士比亚几部经典作品所涉及的主题内容。 【78题详解】 考查名词短语。句意：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是一个关于爱情、仇恨以及青少年反抗严厉家长的故事。设空处要表达“反抗”，用rebellion against，第一空应为rebellion。 【79题详解】 考查名词短语。句意：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是一个关于爱情、仇恨以及青少年反抗严厉家长的故事。设空处要表达“反抗”，用rebellion against，第二空应为against。 【80题详解】 考查名词短语。句意：《麦克白》展示了不受控制的野心的危险。设空处要表达“不受控制的野心”，用uncontrolled ambition，第三空为uncontrolled。 【81题详解】 考查名词短语。句意：《麦克白》展示了不受控制的野心的危险。设空处要表达“不受控制的野心”，用uncontrolled ambition，第四空为ambition。 【82题详解】 考查名词。句意：《奥赛罗》涉及嫉妒、种族主义和背叛。设空处要表达“嫉妒”，用名词jealousy。 【83题详解】 考查名词。句意：《奥赛罗》涉及嫉妒、种族主义和背叛。设空处要表达“种族主义”，用名词racism。 【84题详解】 考查名词。句意：《奥赛罗》涉及嫉妒、种族主义和背叛。设空处要表达“背叛”，用名词betrayal。 【点睛】 Text 2 Directions: Fill in each blank with the missing words according to the text. However, there are serious ___85___ problems.Unlike traditional journalism, citizen journalism is largely unregulated, with little or no ___86___ — there is no one to check the facts or trace sources. Such ___87___ stories can cause ___88___ or ___89___ affect the lives of ordinary people. 【答案】85. ethical 86. accountability 87. unconfirmed 88. panic 89. otherwise 【解析】 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了公民新闻相较于传统新闻的致命缺陷 —— 缺乏监管与问责机制，进而导致未经证实的信息泛滥，最终引发公众恐慌并从多方面损害普通人的正常生活。 【85题详解】 考查形容词。句意：然而，这确实存在严重的伦理问题。根据后文“Unlike traditional journalism, citizen journalism is largely unregulated”以及“there is no one to check the facts or trace sources”指出公民新闻无人监管、不核查事实、无来源追溯，属于新闻行业道德规范缺失，因此用形容词ethical。 【86题详解】 考查名词。句意：与传统新闻业不同，公民新闻在很大程度上是不受监管的，几乎没有或完全没有责任约束——没有谁来核查事实或追踪来源。根据下文“there is no one to check the facts or trace sources”破折号是解释说明标志，“没人核查事实、没人追溯来源”的本质是：没有任何人需要为虚假或错误信息承担责任。名词accountability“追责机制”直指公民新闻最核心的制度缺陷。符合语境。 【87题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这类未经证实的报道可能会引发恐慌，或者对普通民众的生活产生其他影响。根据前文“no one to check the facts”提到无人核实事实，对应产出的就是 unconfirmed stories“未经证实的报道”。形容词unconfirmed“未经证实的”，符合语境。 【88题详解】 考查名词。句意：这类未经证实的报道可能会引发恐慌，或者对普通民众的生活产生其他影响。根据上下文内容可知，未经证实的新闻（尤其是灾难、安全类新闻）最直接、最典型的后果就是引发公众恐慌。panic为名词“恐慌”符合语境。 【89题详解】 考查副词。句意：这类未经证实的报道可能会引发恐慌，或者对普通民众的生活产生其他影响。分析句子可知，本句结构为cause panic or otherwise affect the lives of ordinary people，表示“先引发恐慌，再以其他多种形式影响普通人的生活”。副词otherwise“其他方式；除此之外”在这里起到补充说明危害维度的作用，体现了危害的全面性。 III. Phrases (6分) Directions: Filling in the blanks with the proper forms of the phrases given in the box. Each phrase can be used only once. There are two more phrases than you need. arm…with be superior to fall apart in proportion to convert…into extend…to deprive…of 90. Consumers increasingly consider handmade crafts ________ machine-made goods in terms of cultural value and artistic appeal! 91. _______ comprehensive evidence and cross-border intelligence, law enforcement agencies have successfully cracked several large-scale cyber fraud rings. 92. Children trapped in poverty-stricken areas ________ equal access to quality education and sufficient medical resources. 93. _______ preferential tax policies ________ small and micro enterprises has become a crucial step in stabilizing employment and stimulating growth. 94. The rewards obtained from hard work are rarely ________ the time and energy invested in the early stages of a career. 95. Many local communities risk _______ economically if long-term investment and industrial upgrading continue to be delayed. 【答案】90. are superior to 91. Armed with 92. are deprived of 93. ①. Extending ②. to 94. in proportion to 95. falling apart 【解析】 【90题详解】 考查形容词短语。句意：在文化价值和艺术吸引力方面，消费者越来越认为手工工艺品优于机器制造的商品！根据句意及空后“machine-made goods”可知，空处应表达“优于”，be superior to意为“优于”，符合语境，在句中作宾语从句的谓语，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语为handmade crafts，be动词用are。 【91题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：凭借全面的证据和跨境情报，执法机构已成功破获数起大规模网络诈骗团伙。根据句意及“comprehensive evidence and cross-border intelligence”可知，空处应表达“用……武装/装备”，arm…with意为“用……武装/装备”，符合语境，此处为过去分词短语作状语。 【92题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：贫困地区的儿童被剥夺了接受优质教育和获得充足医疗资源的平等机会。根据句意及空后“equal access to quality education and sufficient medical resources”可知，空处应表达“剥夺”，deprive...of意为“剥夺”，符合语境，在句中作谓语，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语为Children，与deprive之间为被动关系，用一般现在时的被动语态，be动词用are。 【93题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：将优惠税收政策扩大到小微企业，已成为稳定就业、刺激增长的关键一步。根据句意及空后“preferential tax policies”和“small and micro enterprises”可知，空处应表达“将……扩大到”，extend...to意为“将……扩大到”，符合语境，在句中作主语，用动名词形式，位于句首，首字母大写。 【94题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：从努力工作中获得的回报很少与在职业生涯早期投入的时间和精力成正比。根据句意及空前“The rewards obtained from hard work are rarely”和空后“the time and energy invested in the early stages of a career”可知，空处应表达“与……成正比”，in proportion to意为“与……成正比”，符合语境，在句中作表语。 【95题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：如果长期投资和产业升级继续被推迟，许多当地社区将面临经济崩溃的风险。根据句意及空前“Many local communities risk”和空后“economically”可知，空处应表达“崩溃”，fall apart意为“崩溃”，符合语境，risk doing sth.意为“冒险做某事”，所以空处用动名词形式。 IV. Translation 15% (3+3+4+5) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 96. 新闻圈是个信息繁杂，内容常常真伪难辨的领域。(where) (汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The world of journalism is a field where information is overwhelming and the truth of the content is often hard to distinguish. 【解析】 【详解】“新闻圈”用名词短语the world of journalism作主语；“领域”用名词field作表语；“信息繁杂，内容常常真伪难辨”用where引导的定语从句修饰先行词a field，where在从句中作地点状语，其中“信息”用名词information作从句主语，“繁杂”用形容词overwhelming作从句表语；“内容的真实性” 用名词短语the truth of the content作并列分句主语，“常常” 用副词often作状语，“真伪难辨” 用形容词短语hard to distinguish作分句表语，两个分句由and连接。描述客观情况，用一般现在时。 97. 这位导演对骨肉亲情的刻画入木三分，打动了各个年龄段的观众，这并不让人意外。(surprise) (汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It comes as no surprise that the director’s sharp portrayal of family bonds has touched audiences of all ages. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意以及句子提示词可知，该句为It comes as no surprise that…，表示“这并不令人意外的是……”的固定句型，表示“这位导演对骨肉亲情的刻画入木三分”可译为the director’s sharp portrayal of family bonds，其中，表示“入木三分”应为名词短语sharp portrayal；表示“骨肉亲情”应为名词短语family bonds；表示“打动了各个年龄段的观众”应为动词短语touch audiences of all ages，结合句意可知，此处为陈述已经完成的事情，为现在完成时。 98. 尽管时光飞逝，莎士比亚的作品依然魅力不减，超越时空文化差异，树立文学至高标杆。(remain) (汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Although time flies, Shakespeare’s works remain charming, transcend spatial-temporal and cultural differences, and set the highest benchmark in literature. 【解析】 【详解】表示“尽管时光飞逝”用although“尽管”引导让步状语从句，从句中“时光飞逝”用time flies；主句中“莎士比亚的作品”翻译为Shakespeare’s works，作主语；“依然保持”用remain作谓语；“魅力不减”用形容词charming，作表语；“超越时空文化差异”用transcend spatial-temporal and cultural differences，“树立文学至高标杆”用set the highest benchmark in literature。remain charming、transcend spatial-temporal and cultural differences和set the highest benchmark in literature为并列关系，用连词and连接。 99. 仿佛是为了凸显英语的包容性，即便存在本土对应词汇，海量外来词依然被纳入日常使用之中。(as if) (汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】As if to highlight the inclusiveness of English, massive loanwords are still included in daily use even if there are native equivalent words. 【解析】 【详解】本句话描述客观现实，所以用一般现在时态。主语为“海量外来词”，可用短语massive loanwords，该短语在句中作主语。“被纳入”可用被动结构be included，该结构在句中作谓语。“日常使用之中”可翻译为in daily use，在句中作状语，本部分译为massive loanwords are still included in daily use。“仿佛是为了”用as if to do结构，“凸显”可用动词highlight，“英语的包容性”译为the inclusiveness of English，本部分译为As if to highlight the inclusiveness of English。“即便存在本土对应词汇”可用even if引导让步状语从句，“即便”用even if，“存在”用there be句型，“本土对应词汇”译为native equivalent words，be动词用are，本部分译为even if there are native equivalent words。全句按“目的状语+主句+让步状语”顺序组合。 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 华东师大二附中2025-2026学年第二学期期中考试卷 高二英语 (考试时间：105分钟 卷面满分：115分) 第I卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary: (28分) Section A (8分) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. 1. The explosion heard shortly before noon on Friday in Stockholm is thought ________ by the gas leak, according to witnesses. A. to be caused B. to have been caused C. of as being caused D. of to be caused 2. Chemical processes ________ in the plastic manufacture ________ the environment badly in some countries nowadays. A. involve … damaging B. is involved …damaged C. involving … damage D. involved … damage 3. I once ________ in the countryside for ten years, and that’s why I know much about vegetables and crops. A. had worked B. have worked C. was working D. worked 4. Thousands of fans ________ Iraq’s victory over the ________ champion Japan when bombs exploded, leaving more than 50 dead and over 100 wounded. A. were celebrating…defending B. had celebrated…defending C. celebrated…defended D. were celebrating…defended 5. He invented a device of great importance to deep sea study. A. which some believe it is B. which some believe is C. some believe which is D. some believe it is 6. It was in Hudson Bay, ice melts in the summer and freezes in the fall, the polar bears’ terrible situation first came to light. A. where…that B. that…where C. that…that D. where…where 7. A problem immediately arose such a device would require a stable source of funds. A. making B. that making C. to make D. how to make 8. Only individuals take full responsibility for their own actions rather than shift blame to others truly mature and rational. A. do…can they become B. when…who will become C. when…can they become D. do…they will become 9. The scholar is still puzzled over the tension many people feel between religion and science. A. as B. how C. that D. when 10. The sun was hot and the mood was cheerful. a tall young man with pale skin rapidly turning red. A. Walked through the crowd B. Through the crowd walking C. Through the crowd walked D. Walking through the crowd 11. That’s such a well-known place ________ everyone wants to visit ________ we can find it in the map of the world. A. that…as B. as…as C. that…that D. as…that 12. Ambitious many national net-zero commitments sound, they are largely unbacked by enforceable laws and sufficient short-term emissions cuts. A. even B. as C. in D. how 13. Health authorities such sweeping restrictions once vaccination rates had reached a sufficiently high level. A. needn’t have imposed B. mustn’t have imposed C. shouldn’t impose D. couldn’t impose 14. all nations committed to environmental sustainability and supported on the global stage. A. May…be respected B. Shall…be respected C. Will…are respected D. Can…being respected 15. In a digitally connected world, social media platforms ranges from protecting user privacy to curbing the spread of misinformation and harmful content. A. what is expected of B. it is expected that C. where it is expected D. it is expected of 16. Whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathetic to the people . A. to affect B. having been affected C. to have been affected D. affected Section B (10分) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Be yourself — everyone else is taken In one of my favorite studies on the meaning in life, students were divided into three groups: one wrote about their “true self,” another about their “everyday self,” and the third about the campus bookstore. They then rated their sense of life meaning. The researchers were interested in ____17____ detail the participants provided in their various essays, their assumption being that the more detailed a description one provides about one’s true self, the more likely one is ____18____ (get) authentically in touch with that sense of self. Not surprisingly, for those who wrote about their everyday self or the campus bookstore, the level of detail showed no relation to their sense of life meaning. Yet among those who wrote about their true selves, greater essay detail correlated with a stronger experience of life meaning. The empirical (实证) research backs up ____19____ philosophers proposed decades ago: There is great value in being able to live authentically and with oneself, and such self-actualization can make our lives feel truly worth ____20____ (live). As the late philosopher Lawrence Becker proclaimed, “Autonomous human lives have a dignity that is immeasurable, incommensurable, infinite, beyond price.” This theoretical insight is backed up by recent empirical research in self-determination theory, which has argued forcefully that autonomy is a fundamental human need, the satisfaction of ____21____ is important for our psychological growth, integrity and well-being. As our body needs food and water for its wellness and health, so our mind needs a few basic psychosocial experiences for its wellness and health — and among these needs, autonomy stands tall. ____22____ the need for autonomy is built into the human motivational system, it is no wonder that we find something inherently worthy and ____23____ (fulfill) in being able to live authentically. Basic psychological needs provide a robust foundation for where to find meaning in life. And what ____24____ (apply) to whole lives is true also for individual tasks. In my studies, I have shown how having autonomy at work is one of the key qualities that makes work meaningful. While much of life’s meaning derives from human connection, one cannot truly connect with others ____25____ first being in touch with oneself; otherwise, it is not the genuine self but a hollow persona (人格面具) that engages with others. Only by understanding one’s identity and origins ____26____ one begin to relate to others authentically. Section C (10分) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word.more than you need. A.bearing B. breakthrough C. claim D. established E. evidence F. gains G. overwhelmed H. present I. record J. roar K. securing Chinese brand ZXMOTO’s breakthrough win sparks online buzz Chinese motorcycle manufacturer ZXMOTO has sparked a wave of excitement across Chinese social media after ____27____ a historic double victory at the Superbike World Championship (WSBK) in Portugal last weekend, in what many netizens see not only as a ____28____ moment for Chinese high-end manufacturing, but also as an underdog story worthy of a film script. Brand founder and owner Zhang Xue was ____29____ with emotion as he watched the races. At the Portimao circuit, French rider Valentin Debise, racing on a ZXMOTO machine, won both Race 1 and Race 2 in the World SSP category, which runs as a support class to WSBK. Widely regarded as one of the world’s top production-based motorcycle racing series, the WSBK has long been dominated by ____30____ European and Japanese brands such as Ducati and Yamaha. ZXMOTO’s success, therefore, marked a rare moment for a Chinese motorcycle maker on the top of the podium. The first victory came on March 28, when Debise rode ZXMOTO’s 820RR-RS to win Race 1 of the Portuguese round by nearly four seconds. He then returned the following day to ____31____ Race 2, completing a double triumph. The team’s strong straight-line speed was especially noted by fans and commentators. What added to the surprise was the price gap of the motorcycles. Many Chinese netizens, as well as motorcycle. enthusiasts in overseas markets, noted this was ____32____ of China’s manufacturing strength. “As the Chinese national flag was raised on the podium, and as Zhang Xue stood trackside with tears in his eyes, everyone ____33____ felt the same emotion welling up. This was more than just a championship — it was the ____34____ of China’s motorcycle community after 20 years of perseverance, a milestone breaking the long-standing dominance of Europe, the US, and Japan.” Founded in Chongqing and ___35___ the initials of its founder, ZXMOTO has risen rapidly in just two years, a trajectory many Chinese observers described as an inspiring example of the country’s manufacturing ambitions. The team’s achievement resonated far beyond the racing community. Zhang’s name and the ZXMOTO brand quickly gained national attention, while motorcycle-related stocks in China also saw ______36______ amid the excitement. II. Reading Comprehension: (45分) Section A (15分) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Not-so cold blooded The word reptilian (爬虫类的) doesn’t describe just lizards and snakes. When ____37____ humans, it means an unfriendly, unfeeling type of person. But scientists agree that reptiles aren’t ____38____ — they’re misunderstood. Extensive research has shown that reptiles experience a wide range of emotions and that they’re highly socially complex animals. A growing body of research pushes back on the ____39____ notion that reptiles only have the capacity for survival instincts and not for emotional intelligence. Despite this wealth of evidence demonstrating reptiles’ emotional capacity, however, they’ve retained a reputation for being as ____40____ emotionally as they are physically. These misconceptions can lead to a lack of ____41____ for reptiles’ needs in captivity (人工圈养) and in the wild, advocates say. As more and more reptilian species are threatened by habitat loss, scientists and conservationists say that recognizing reptiles’ capacity for ____42____ can help pet owners and policymakers alike take better care of them. Yet the myth of the emotionless “lizard brain” ____43____. Popularized in the 1970s by astronomer and science communicator Carl Sagan, the term refers to the parts of the human brain that we use for ____44____. According to this misconception, the human brain evolved over time by adding ____45____ more sophisticated structures to this underdeveloped lizard brain, including the limbic (边缘的) system, which is the source of our emotions. Because reptiles are our evolutionary forerunners, some researchers long believed that this instinctual part of the brain was the only part that originated with our ____46____ ancestors — and that without humanlike brain structures, reptiles didn’t have the capacity for emotions at all. Scientists have repeatedly disproven the misconception throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, with a 2019 review identifying 37 studies supporting reptiles’ emotional capacity. While they may not be outwardly ____47____ in the same way that humans or other mammals are, reptiles are indeed highly social animals and have developed complex ____48____for parental care, courtship, and nesting.Yet even as research on reptile ____49____ continues to build, the stereotypes around reptilian emotions have persisted. Part of this is simply because reptiles ____50____ their emotions differently than humans. In a 2021 study, researchers found that lizards emit chemicals to communicate with each other, meaning they’re much harder to ____51____ than their mammalian counterparts. 37. A. applied to B. bound by C. compared to D. relevant to 38. A. senseless B. hateful C. cruel D. emotionless 39. A. commonly ignored B. seemingly misleading C. widely accepted D. generally rejected 40. A. cold-blooded B. sensitive C. aggressive D. intelligent 41. A. ignorance B. awareness C. tolerance D. adaptability 42. A. emotion B. survival C. sensibility D. suffering 43. A. persists B. disappears C. changes D. emerges 44. A. emotional responses B. logical thinking C. social communication D. survival instinct 45. A. dramatically B. slightly C. progressively D. occasionally 46. A. furry B. feathered C. scaly D. leathered 47. A. attractive B. impressive C. cooperative D. expressive 48. A. rituals B. commands C. traditions D. rules 49. A. evolution B. domestication C. colonization D. socialization 50. A. hide B. experience C. show D. control 51. A. read B. trust C. capture D. approach Section B (22分) Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) When danger approaches, many creatures seem to follow the ancient proverb “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” Researchers have recently found subtle ways that animals communicate with other species in this kind of cooperative defense pact. A recent study in Nature Ecology & Evolution documented more than 20 bird species on four continents that emit virtually identical “whining(哀鸣)” calls when they spot brood parasites such as cuckoos. That call, as ornithologist James Kennerley notes, is essentially a signal to recruit individuals of different species to come together against this common enemy. Brood parasites lay eggs in other birds’ nests, tricking the host parents into raising their chicks for them. At a field site in Australia, Kennerley has witnessed individuals from a dozen or more species attack a cuckoo in response to the chorus of whining calls They can be so fierce that Kennerley and his colleagues need to cage the taxidermy(标本) cuckoo used in their experiments to protect it from being destroyed. Many birds also share a common vocabulary for predators. Research shows that various songbirds — and even red squirrels — produce recognizable high-pitched “seet” calls to warn of a raptor(猛禽) in flight. The calls are too high-pitched for raptors to hear well, so the predators remain unaware as information about their arrival spreads through the forest. Besides cooperative defense, cross-species communication also aids food-finding and migration, though some interactions may be accidental. Clearly, complex cross-species communication networks are pervasive and crucial for animals’ survival. 52. According to the passage, what do we know about the “whining” calls of birds? A. They are unique to each bird species. B. They are used to call for their own kind. C. They can attract different species to fight against cuckoos. D. They were first discovered by researchers in Australia. 53. It can be inferred from the passage that . A. all crosss-pecies communication is for defensive purposes B. raptors can easily detect the “seet” calls of songbirds C. Kennerley’s experiment failed because of the aggressive birds D. crosss-pecies communication is helpful to animals’ survival 54. Which of the following statements is inconsistent with the passage? A. Brood parasites depend on other birds to raise their chicks. B. Over 20 bird species on four continents use similar “whining” calls. C. Red squirrels can produce “seet” calls to warn of flying raptors. D. All cross-species communication is deliberately planned by animals. 55. Which of the following titles best fits the passage? A. Distant Diplomacy: Cross-species Communication in Animals. B. Cooperative Defense Among Animals. C. How Birds Warn Each Other of Dangers. D. The Study of Animal Communication. (B) Artificial intelligence (AI) is a potentially world-changing technology with dual prospects: it could help cure cancers, control autonomous cars, and augment human intelligence, yet there exists widespread concern that it might lead to a robot apocalypse and the downfall of humanity. In the last decade, a particular flavour of AI, called machine learning, has become extremely powerful. Rather than programmers giving machine learning AIs a definitive list of instructions, the AIs have to learn independently, with neural networks being the most prevalent approach. Neural networks A neural network is an intricate web of connections, inspired by the way neurons connect in the human brain. Inputs work their way through the network, guided by the strength of the connections, to generate appropriate outputs. Trained by thousands to millions of examples, they gradually refine their performance. Though neural networks have been around since the 1940s and 1950s, they only attained remarkable success recently, due to the huge rise in both the amount of data we produce and the amount of computer power available — both essential for their training. Without sufficient data or computing resources, even the most advanced neural network design would fail to deliver accurate results. Artificial general intelligence However, neural networks can’t do everything. A neural network trained to do one thing is next to useless at doing something else. Thus, researchers are striving to create artificial general intelligence (AGI), which could perform any task that the human brain can. But we’re a long way from AGI at the moment, and there are apprehensions that it could surpass human intelligence and threaten humanity once realized. AI problems There’s no need to worry about AGI just yet, as we’re still far from reaching it. Instead, current AIs face pressing concerns. AI is already involved in making important decisions, such as parole eligibility in parts of the US, job suitability, loan approval, and insurance assessment. Yet AI is often biased, picking up prejudices from its training data — for instance, face recognition algorithms have lower accuracy for non-white men due to lack of diversity in data. Additionally, AI decisions are opaque; how neural networks reach conclusions is hard to analyse, making errors hard to diagnose and accountability hard to pinpoint, which impedes its use in trust-critical fields. 56. Which one is a necessary condition for neural networks to deliver accurate results? A. Being trained with massive examples and having advanced design. B. Being developed with the latest technology and tested in various fields. C. Being inspired by the way neurons connect in the human brain and well-trained. D. Having sufficient data and powerful computing resources. 57. Which of the following is true about AGI? A. It has been initially developed and tested in some scientific fields. B. It is a future goal that is not yet achieved. C. It is an upgraded version of specialized AI to handle complex tasks. D. It will definitely bring threats to humanity if fully developed. 58. What does the underlined word “opaque” in the last paragraph most probably mean? A. Clear and easy to understand B. Reliable and trustworthy C. Unclear and hard to explain D. Complex and unchangeable (C) Outgoing personality traits are often associated with top corporate roles, but new research suggests businesses miss out when they fail to find and promote executives with more understated styles. Harvard Business School researcher Francesca Gino has found that introverts can play a crucial role in leading teams. She and her collaborators asked bosses to rate how extroverted they considered themselves and then studied how their teams worked. They found that extroverts were more dominant, drove conversations and were less receptive to new ideas. Introverts, on the other hand, listened to ideas, internalized them and were able to improve team performance. Gino said that introverts demonstrate superior performance when they are leading a team of proactive workers. It seems it's easier for extroverts to climb the corporate ladder, she noted. A 2009 study conducted by researchers found that 60 percent of top level executives displayed high levels of extroversion. But introverts clearly have something to offer, Gino said, citing examples of successful introverted leaders, such as Amazon's Jeff Bezos and Bill Gates. Extroverts feel more energized by social interactions whereas introverts are more energized by solitud — but this isn't necessarily linked to how shy or good at, say, public speaking, someone is, says Nancy Ancowitz, a business communication coach and author of Selfpromotion for Introverts: The Quiet Guide to Getting Ahead. Introverts can use simple cues to make sure their value is not overlooked, Ancowitz said. "Sometimes it's raising a finger, leaning forward, saying someone' s name — any of those cues can work. The important part is you need to be heard, you need to make your contributions known, otherwise you can get passed up for the raises and other people get the credit for your hard work.” Some·leadership traits might come a little bit more naturally to extroverts, according to Jennifer Kahnweiler, an executive coach. Kahnweiler, who defines introverts as low-key thinkers who are energized by solitude and prefer in-depth conversation to casual chatter, interviewed introverted executives who successfully climbed the corporate ranks. These leaders had learned to put careful thought into their social presentation at work and to manage expectations so that bosses and co-workers could see the up-side of their personal work style. The executives she studied had a hyperawareness about how they were viewed and managed it to their benefit. According to Gino of Harvard Business School, one of the key takeaways from her research is that anyone can learn to practice effective leadership. She found that regardless of their personality type, when pushed to try different styles, people were able to learn the positive leadership characteristics of both introverts and extroverts. 59. Unlike an extrovert, an introverted leader performs best when . A. he is engaged in meaningful conversations B. the workers he leads often take the initiatives C. he improves on the new ideas proposed by workers D. he becomes a collaborator to his boss and workers 60. Introverted leaders make their presence felt by . A. overcoming shyness in public speaking B. working hard and contributing to shared goals C. sending out verbal or nonverbal signals D. getting credit for what they have done 61. Like the extroverts, introverted leaders . A. tend to be low-key but efficient thinkers. B. know how to conduct conversation with workers. C. expect their workers and bosses to respect them. D. try to manage how other people look at them. 62. The new research mainly tells us that . A. introverts can also become great corporate leaders B. introverts should follow the examples of extroverts C. introverts should change their leadership styles D. the best leaders combine the styles of introverts and extroverts Section C (8分) Directions: Fill in each blank in the article with a proper sentence given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Why do we lie? Your dog really did eat your homework, and you have no idea who took the last biscuit from the sweet jar. Lying is in your nature, but don’t worry — it’s in the nature of most humans. _____63_____. Humans are social creatures, and we have our giant brains to thank for this. They evolved to be so large because we needed the extra space to be successful at communicating with others and keeping our social group happy. This has a lot of advantages. By building bonds with others, you gain access to more resources, as friends and family will share food and shelter, helping you out when you need it. But to keep these close connections sometimes we need to lie, as it supports social bonds, and therefore you are more likely to survive and pass on your genes. _____64_____. Ever told a friend you loved their cooking? Or lied to your mom about accidentally breaking something? That’s these evolutionary mechanisms kicking in, and whether it was to protect your reputation or just avoid upsetting someone, it probably worked well to protect your relationships (if you didn’t get caught that is). Whatever reason you are lying, and however complex the lie, there are three main parts of the brain that you use when you’re lying. These parts become more active when you lie, and they can be seen using functional MRI scanners — a much more advanced version of a lie detector. However, we’ve not always had the technology to help us detect a liar. For most of history, we have relied on our observation and social skills. We learned how to monitor other people’s behaviors for signs they were not telling the truth — unusual eye contact, sweating more than usual, or elaborating on a story with details that just don’t sound believable. As our ability to lie evolved, so did our ability to detect lies. _____65_____. Sometimes lying is used to manipulate others for personal gains, such as cheating people out of money. _____66_____. A. It requires us to remember lots of different information to keep the story consistent. B. This has proven helpful, as not every lie is told because we want to keep our friends. C. Being able to detect a lie is helpful for keeping our resources safe from people who are dishonest. D. It is a skill unique to modern humans, and our ancient ancestors had no ability to communicate deceptively of any kind. E. It’s a technique that has evolved over billions of years, so it turns out you might not actually have that much to feel bad about. F. Although lying is frowned upon by society, it actually evolved as a way to fine- tune our social skills and strengthen our relationships. III. Summary Writing(10分) 67. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. In Defense of Oversharing Think about an ordinary day. You feel annoyed after a meeting but say nothing. You pull back from a friend who said something that hurt you, without explaining why. We rarely even consider that revealing a personal truth is an option. And when we do, we tend to think about it in an unfair way: We overestimate the risks and underestimate the benefits. Imagine you are considering whether to tell a friend that their comment hurt you. You will probably worry that your friend might get defensive, feel awkward, or think you’re being oversensitive. What’s less likely to come to mind are the risks of staying silent: lingering resentment(怨恨), a pattern of emotional distance, or a pattern of misunderstandings that slowly hurts the relationship. This skew (偏差) makes a certain psychological sense. The social costs of revealing are often immediate and instinctive: an awkward pause, a fleeting look of discomfort. These moments threaten and teach us quickly what to avoid. The benefits of revealing, by contrast — corrected assumptions, increased trust, a feeling of being known — tend to unfold quietly and over time. They’re harder to feel in the moment, which makes them easy to discount. But the problem runs deeper than individual psychology. The very way we talk about oversharing is flawed. We treat revealing as a personality trait — something you either have or don’t. You’re either “the kind of person who overshares,” or not. But revealing wisely is a skill. And like any skill, it improves with practice, feedback, and reflection. Treating revealing as a skill makes it less scary. Skills can be learned. They can be done imperfectly without being disastrous. And perhaps most importantly, appreciating the benefits of revealing usually requires actually doing it. Silence never teaches us what might have happened if we had spoken. Only revealing does. For most people, getting better at this skill doesn’t mean turning every interaction into a confessional(坦白). It means revealing a bit more than you normally would: explaining a reaction instead of swallowing it, sharing a constraint instead of letting others misinterpret your behavior, and naming uncertainty instead of projecting confidence you don’t feel. These are not grand acts of vulnerability. They are small moves that make our social lives run more smoothly. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第II卷 I. Spelling (5分) Directions: Write out the words according to the relevant definitions. The first letter is given to you. 68. s________ adj. better than average or better than other people or things of the same type 69. p________ n. the point when somebody / something is best, most successful, strongest, etc. 70. r________ n. opposition to authority; being unwilling to obey rules or accept normal standards of behaviour, dress, etc. 71. r________ v. to refuse to accept or consider something 72. s________ n. the place and time at which the action of a play, novel, etc. takes place 73. c________ n. the reporting of news and sport in newspapers and on the radio and television 74. p________ n. the correct relationship in size, degree, importance, etc. between one thing and another or between the parts of a whole 75. u________ adv. by everyone 76. t________ v. to find or discover somebody / something by looking carefully for them / it 77. c________ adj. that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting II. Recitation (6分) Text 1 Directions: Fill in each blank with the missing words according to the text. Romeo and Juliet is a story of love, hate and teenage ___78___ ___79___ strict parents. Macbeth shows the dangers of ___80___ ___81___. Othello deals with ___82___, ___83___ and ___84___. Text 2 Directions: Fill in each blank with the missing words according to the text. However, there are serious ___85___ problems.Unlike traditional journalism, citizen journalism is largely unregulated, with little or no ___86___ — there is no one to check the facts or trace sources. Such ___87___ stories can cause ___88___ or ___89___ affect the lives of ordinary people. III. Phrases (6分) Directions: Filling in the blanks with the proper forms of the phrases given in the box. Each phrase can be used only once. There are two more phrases than you need. arm…with be superior to fall apart in proportion to convert…into extend…to deprive…of 90. Consumers increasingly consider handmade crafts ________ machine-made goods in terms of cultural value and artistic appeal! 91. _______ comprehensive evidence and cross-border intelligence, law enforcement agencies have successfully cracked several large-scale cyber fraud rings. 92. Children trapped in poverty-stricken areas ________ equal access to quality education and sufficient medical resources. 93. _______ preferential tax policies ________ small and micro enterprises has become a crucial step in stabilizing employment and stimulating growth. 94. The rewards obtained from hard work are rarely ________ the time and energy invested in the early stages of a career. 95. Many local communities risk _______ economically if long-term investment and industrial upgrading continue to be delayed. IV. Translation 15% (3+3+4+5) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 96. 新闻圈是个信息繁杂，内容常常真伪难辨的领域。(where) (汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 97. 这位导演对骨肉亲情的刻画入木三分，打动了各个年龄段的观众，这并不让人意外。(surprise) (汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 98. 尽管时光飞逝，莎士比亚的作品依然魅力不减，超越时空文化差异，树立文学至高标杆。(remain) (汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 99. 仿佛是为了凸显英语的包容性，即便存在本土对应词汇，海量外来词依然被纳入日常使用之中。(as if) (汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $