16-专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义（正文）-【金牌中考总复习】2026年中考英语总复习

第一部分 语法专题训练 1 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 1 考情归纳 2 考点诊断 3 考点梳理 4 课堂小测 2 考点 中考（广东卷）近5年考点统计 1.合成、派生法构词 2024 2.阅读猜词义 2020、2021、2022、2023、2024 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考情归纳 3 进入中考构词法和阅读猜词义考点学习前，我们先来进行该考点的自我 诊断吧。请阅读以下表格内容，并按词性要求在相应位置填写恰当的单 词。（有“×”处无须填写） 动词 名词 形容词 副词 × happiness _______ ________ care _____ _______ _________ ________ ________ comfortable ___________ ________ wonder（s） __________ ____________ _____ ________ free ______ happy happily care careful carefully comfort comfort comfortably wonder wonderful wonderfully free freedom freely 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点诊断 4 动词 名词 形容词 副词 ______ ________ warm ________ beautify _______ beautiful __________ × noise ______ _______ differ __________ _________ __________ × _______ silent ________ warm warmth warmly beauty beautifully noisy noisily difference different differently silence silently 续表 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点诊断 5 派生法 在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近 或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。加在单词前面的词缀叫前缀，加在单词 后面的词缀叫后缀。 1.前缀：除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀 一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。 （1）表示否定意义的前缀，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义 相反的新词。常用的否定前缀有： 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 6 前缀 例词 dis-主要加在名 词、形容词、 动词之前 disappear消失；dislike 不喜欢；dishonest 不诚实的； disorder混乱，骚乱；disadvantage缺点；dishonorable不 光彩的；disagree不同意 im-加在字母 m， b， p之 前 impossible不可能的；impolite粗鲁的，无礼的 in-常加在形容 词、名词之前 incorrect不正确的；informal非正式的；indirect间接的 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 7 前缀 例词 mis-加在动 词、名词前 mistake 错误；misuse 错用；misunderstand误解； misjudge误判 un-主要放于名 词、形容词、 副词前面 unhappy不愉快的；unlucky 不幸的；unfair不公平的； unknown未知的；unable不会/能的；unhealthy不健康的 non-加在形容 词、名词前 non-existence不存在；non-smoker 非吸烟者 续表 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 8 （2）表示其他意义的前缀常用的有： 前缀 例词 a-多构成表语形容词 alone单独的；asleep睡着的；awake醒着的 down-表示“往下” download下载；downstairs下楼 en-表示“使……” enjoy使高兴；endanger（使）遭危险；enlarge变 大；enable（使）能够 inter-表示“互相” Internet互联网；international国际的 kilo-表示“千” kilometre千米，公里；kilogram千克，公斤 man-表示“人；由人” man-made人造的，人工的，合成的 mid-表示“中间的” midnight 午夜；Mid-Autumn中秋 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 9 前缀 例词 re-表示“重新，再； 又” reuse再用；retell复述；rewrite重写；rebuild重建 super-表示“超级的” superman 超人；supermarket超市 tele-表示“远的；电 信的” telephone电话；telescope望远镜；television 电视 续表 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 10 2.后缀：英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。 后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会 改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。 （1）构成名词的后缀常用的有： 后缀 例词 -（a）n 表示“某国人” Australian澳大利亚人；Canadian加拿大人； European欧洲人 -ce表示“性质；程度” difference不同之处；importance重要性； patience耐性 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 11 后缀 例词 -ese 表示“某国人” Japanese日本人；Chinese中国人 -ress表示“雌性” actress女演员；waitress女服务员 -（e）r表示“从事某事的 人” teacher教师；singer歌手；driver司机；writer 作家 -hood表示关系或抽象意义 motherhood母亲身份；childhood童年； neighborhood邻居 -ian表示“精通……的人” musician音乐家；magician魔术师 续表 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 12 后缀 例词 -ing表示“动作的过程” feeling感觉；reading阅读；building建筑，建 筑物 -ion，-sion，-tion，- ation，-ition，表示“行为 的过程；状况” action行动；expression表达；pronunciation 发音,读法；invitation邀请；decision决定； discussion讨论 -ist表示“专业人员” pianist 钢琴家；scientist 科学家；artist艺术 家 续表 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 13 后缀 例词 -ment表示“性质；状态” agreement 协议；movement 运动； development发展；punishment惩罚 -ness表示“性质；状态” happiness 幸福；illness疾病；sadness悲痛； kindness和蔼 -or表示“从事某事的人” actor 演员；visitor访问者，参观者； inventor发明家 -ship 表示状态、抽象概 念 friendship友谊；membership会员资格； relationship关系 续表 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 14 后缀 例词 -th warmth温暖；truth 真理；length 长度； youth青年；death死亡；growth成长 -ty 表示特性或情况 difficulty困难；safety安全；beauty美人； ability能力 -ure表示“行为；结果” failure失败,故障；pleasure快乐，令人高兴 的事 续表 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 15 （2）构成动词的后缀常用的有： 后缀 例词 -（e）n多用于形容词、名词后变动 词，表示“使得；变得” widen加宽；strengthen加强 -ize表示“使……成为” realize意识到；organize组织 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 16 （3）构成形容词的后缀常用的有： 后缀 例词 -able表示“有能力 的” believable可信的；knowledgeable 博学的；enjoyable 令人愉快的 -al natural自然的；national 民族的，国家的；traditional 传统的 -an/ian表示“某国 （人）的” American美国（人）的；Australian澳大利亚（人） 的；Indian印度（人）的 -ed moved受感动的；interested感兴趣的；excited兴奋的 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 17 后缀 例词 -en 多用于表示 材料的名词后 “由……构成的” woolen羊毛的，羊毛制的；golden金的；wooden木制 的 -ent/-ant pleasant令人愉快的；dependent依赖的；different不同 的 -ern表示“方向的” eastern东方的；southern南方的；northern北方的； western西方的 续表 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 18 后缀 例词 -ese表示“某国人 的” Chinese中国人的；Japanese日本人的 -ful careful小心的；harmful有害的；helpful有帮助的 -ing encouraging 鼓舞人心的；interesting有趣的 -ish childish孩子气的；selfish自私的；sheepish 羞怯的 -ive active积极的；native本国的；creative创造性的 续表 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 19 后缀 例词 -less 表示“否定” careless 粗心的；useless 无用的；hopeless希望渺茫 的 -ly friendly友好的；lovely可爱的；lively活泼的 -ous famous著名的；delicious可口的；dangerous危险的 -some handsome英俊的，大方的；lonesome孤独的 续表 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 20 后缀 例词 -（t）y thirsty口渴的；noisy喧闹的；healthy健康的；sleepy 困乏的 -y 表示“天气” snowy雪的；rainy下雨的；cloudy多云的；dusty多尘 的 续表 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 21 注意：后缀词-ing与-ed的区别：加-ing的后缀词形容词常用来修饰人或 物的特征，表示“令人……的”；加-ed的后缀词形容词常用来描述人的心 理感受，表示“某人感到……”。 如：The movie was very interesting. All of us were interested in it. 那部电影很有趣。我们所有人都对它感兴趣。 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 22 根据提示填写适当形式的单词，使句子完整。 1. Here are some ___________（suggest） for you. 2. Don't use ________（person） information and it can make your password safer. 3. At present, the intelligent water rescue robot has been _______ （wide） used in China. suggestions personal widely 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 23 4. Mozart, one of the greatest __________（music）, was born here, and the city is proud of him. 5. Once you try, you will find that adding a walk into your ______ （day） life is very easy. 6. Electricity can make some workers in _______（dangerous） and even fall sometimes. musicians daily danger 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 24 7. However, the ____________（develop） of pop and Western music influenced Qinqiang Opera deep in the 1990s. 8. They always put a lot of vegetables in my noodles. They say they want me to be ________（health）. 9. __________（general） speaking, a letter includes these parts. 10. Your action will make a __________（different） to the environment. development healthy Generally difference 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 25 合成法 合成法，即将两个词以组合或各取一部分紧缩的方式合成一个单词。 后半部分表示主体，前半部分表示属性。如： 1.两个单词合成: hand+writing→handwriting书法 every+where→everywhere到处 with+in→within在……之内 man+made→man-made 人造的 English+speaking→English-speaking说英语的 two+year+old→two-year-old两岁的 well+known→well-known著名的 hard+working→hard-working勤劳的 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 26 2.两个单词各取一部分紧缩： news and broadcast→newscast新闻广播 television and broadcast→telecast电视广播 smoke and fog→smog烟雾 helicopter and airport→heliport直升机停机坪 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 27 根据括号里的中文提示，写出正确形式的单词。 1. I stayed up late last night, so I _________（睡过头） this morning. 2. I found a _________（兼职） job last week, but now I decide to find another full-time job. 3. My grandpa is used to reading a __________（报纸） in the morning. 4. I am more _____________（勤劳的） than I used to be. overslept part-time newspaper hard-working 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 28 5. An _____________（八岁的） girl is playing on the ___________ （运动场）. 6. China is my homeland and my __________（家乡） is in Hunan province. 7. In my opinion, ___________（书法） is very important. 8. We shouldn't throw rubbish ___________（到处）. 9. These old photos can remind me of my happy __________（童年）. 10. We can't live ________（没有） air and water. eight-year-old playground hometown handwriting everywhere childhood without 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 29 阅读猜词义 技巧一： 转折关系（Transition） eg.( )Tom is a lazy student, but his classmate Jim is industrious. C A. 懒惰的 B. 聪明的 C. 勤奋的 D. 勇敢的 技巧二： 同义关系（Similarity） eg.( )Tom always likes talking in class, and he is the most loquacious of all the boys in the class. A A. 健谈的 B. 好玩的 C. 刻苦的 D. 认真的 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 30 技巧三： 释义关系（Definition） eg.( )In the class, don't put your glass cup on the desk, because it is very hard but also very brittle—that is, it will break easily. A A. 易碎的 B. 坚硬的 C. 好看的 D. 实用的 技巧四： 举例 （Example） eg.( )The students should have stationery, such as pens, pencils, paper, erasers and so on. C A. 纪律 B. 规矩 C. 文具 D. 方法 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 31 技巧五： 上下文语境（Context） eg.( )This dictionary tells us about English words and how to use them in reading, writing and speaking English. If we refer to the word “colour” in the dictionary, we will find two spellings for this word.“Colour” is used in British English, while “colour” is used in American English. B A. take in B. look up C. turn in D. stand for 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 32 技巧六： 因果关系（Cause and effect） eg.( )You should blame him, because it was his fault. D A. 原谅 B. 表扬 C. 理解 D. 责备 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 33 阅读理解猜词题。 1. Many people think it helps improve a person's attention in the beauty of art. It is not only a means of communication, but also an expression of a person's thoughts.( ) B A. Direction. B. Way. C. Problem. D. Trick. 2. We have learnt a lot of knowledge at school since we were very young. We are not illiterate， in other words， we can read and write.( ) B A. 读书人 B. 文盲 C. 病人 D. 学者 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 34 3. We often take provision to the park. For example， there is meat， bread， milk， sugar and fruit.( ) A A. 食物 B. 蔬菜 C. 水果 D. 课本 4. If we ignore magic words such as “Sorry”,“Please” and“Thank you” in our everyday life, nobody would like to offer help any more.( ) C A. Come up with. B. Look forward to. C. Pay no attention to. D. Take care of. 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 35 5. Suddenly, the absent-minded professor shouted，“Heavens！ Someone stole my wallet！” His wife said，“Didn't you feel a hand in your pocket?” The professor thought for a while and said，“Yes，but I thought it was mine.” Q： What does the word “absent-minded” in the passage mean in Chinese？( ) B A. 缺席的 B. 心不在焉的 C. 专心致志的 D. 介意的 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 考点梳理 36 一、单句填空。根据提示填写适当形式的单词，使句子完整。 （共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 1. Eric was ________（luck）. He fell off the bike and hurt badly. 2. More and more __________（foreign） have come to visit China over these years. 3. She takes an ______（act） part in saving the wild animals. 4. The teacher was pleased with her ________（honest）. unlucky foreigners active honesty 5. The environment _________（pollute） is more and more serious. pollution 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 课堂小测 37 6. There were not many people in the supermarket, so it was ___________（crowd）. 7. We were touched by the ________（warm） of the welcome. 8. The teacher announced an ___________（expected） result that everyone couldn't believe. 9. Thanks for your _________（invite）, but I don't have time to the party. 10. We are supposed to complete all the work by tomorrow， but it is __________（possible）. uncrowded warmth unexpected invitation impossible 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 课堂小测 38 二、单项选择。（共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 11. I ________ with him, because I think his answer is wrong.( ) B A. agree B. disagree C. agreement D. disagreement 12. Reading well in English is ________ for many reasons, not only for taking tests.( ) A A. useful B. useless C. use D. used 13. Lily was so ________ that she made many mistakes in the Chinese test.( ) D A. care B. careful C. carefully D. careless 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 课堂小测 39 14. My teacher asked me to write a ________ passage in English. ( ) B A. 800-words B. 800-word C. 800 words D. 800 word 15. The UK is an ________ country. ( ) A A. English-speaking B. speak-English C. spoken-English D. English-spoken 16. On the other hand, they can enjoy the happiness from it and get the sense of ________.( ) B A. succeed B. success C. successful D. successfully 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 课堂小测 40 17. Edison was a great ________. During his life he had many ________.( ) B A. invent; inventor B. inventor; inventions C. inventions; inventor D. inventor; invent 18. My teacher ________ me to study hard and I made great progress in math. ( ) A A. encouraged B. courage C. encouragement D. discouraged 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 课堂小测 41 19. Tourists can choose to visit Kunming ________ they like—spring, summer, autumn or winter.( ) B A. whoever B. whenever C. whatever D. however 20. —Peter, would you like ________ to eat? —No, thanks.( ) A A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 课堂小测 42 三、小语篇阅读猜词义。（共4小题，每小题5分，共20分） 语篇一 2024 is the Year of the Loong in China and it is also called the Year of the Dragon. Dragons look like a mix of many animals such as snakes， fish and deer（鹿）, but they didn't exist in real life. They fly in the sky or swim in the sea. They can bring rain, too. They play an important role in Chinese culture. 21. What does the underlined word “exist” probably mean？( ) C A. Train. B. Connect. C. Live. D. Cheer. 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 课堂小测 43 语篇二 I was at work when I got a phone call. A man introduced himself as the headmaster.“I want to talk to you about Karl's problem.” Before he could speak again, all my feelings of disappointment（失望） and sorrow about Karl poured out to this stranger. 22. What does the underlined word “sorrow” probably mean？( ) C A. Shyness. B. Carelessness. C. Sadness. D. Kindness. 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 课堂小测 44 语篇三 One day, however, about mid-afternoon, he picked up a pebble （卵石） and it was warm. He threw it into the sea before he realized what he had done. He was used to throwing each pebble into the sea as soon as he picked it up. So when the one he wanted came along, he still threw it away. So it is with opportunity（机会）.Unless we are vigilant, it's easy to fail to realize an opportunity when it is in hand and it's just as easy to throw it away. 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 课堂小测 45 23. What does the underlined word “vigilant” probably mean?( ) C A. Brave enough. B. Hard-working enough. C. Careful enough. D. Strong enough. 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 课堂小测 46 语篇四 For more than 60 years, he kept his past experiences a secret on purpose, even from his children. It wasn't until the end of 2023 when the government was collecting and recording old soldiers' information that his life story was revealed. 24. What does the underlined word “revealed” probably mean?( ) D A. Developed. B. Invented. C. Created. D. Discovered. 专题十六 构词法和阅读猜词义 课堂小测 47 48 $