Unit3 Grammar：冠词和方位介词 知识点整理及练习 2025-2026学年译林版英语七年级下册

该初中英语讲义以“概念-分类-用法”逻辑构建7BU3语法知识体系，将冠词（不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词）和方位介词（如at/in/on、above/over等）按功能分类，通过框架图梳理知识脉络，标注超纲内容明确重难点分布，结合实例呈现内在联系。 讲义亮点在于分层练习设计，如以“神州18号发射”“博物馆志愿者”为语境设计冠词选择题，结合“by+交通工具”等固定搭配对比零冠词用法，培养语言运用和逻辑思维品质。知识梳理含短语拓展（如date from同义短语）和用法对比（如enough修饰位置），助力学生掌握学习策略，支持自主复习与教师精准教学。

7BU3 Grammar：冠词 注：标★题目超纲 冠词是一种放在名词前帮助说明名词的虚词，它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有两种，一种是不定冠词，a和an；一种是定冠词，the。英语中也有些特定场合不用冠词，即通常所说的零冠词。 一、不定冠词a，an的用法 不定冠词a和an表示“一个”，和可数名词单数连用。a用于读音以辅音音素开头的可数名词单数前，an用于读音以元音音素开头的可数名词单数前。 1.用于表示数量“一”，意思和one差不多，但不如one强烈。 He's a teacher. 他是一名教师。 2.用于初次提到某人或某物，但不具体说明哪个人或哪个物。 I saw a girl riding a horse. 我看见一个骑着马的女孩。 3.用于表示时间、速度等意义的名词前，相当于every或per，意为“每一”。 I swim a mile a day. 我每天游一英里。 4.用来泛指某类人或物，但不具体说明是何人或何物。 A child needs love. 孩子需要爱。 5.用于序数词前，表示“再一，又一”，相当于another。 I can't wait to see it a second time. 我都迫不及待想要再看一遍了。 6.当breakfast，lunch，dinner前面有形容词修饰时，其前可加a，表示“一顿…的早饭、午饭或晚饭”。 We had a wonderful dinner at the restaurant. 我们在那家餐厅享用了一顿非常美味的晚餐。 7.用于习惯用语或固定短语中。 a bit：一点儿 a couple of：一对 a lot of：许多 have a good time：玩的愉快 have a look：看一看 have a rest：休息一下 in a hurry：匆忙 in a word：总而言之 on an average：平均 [巩固练习]选择 1.—Shenzhou-18 with three astronauts was sent up on April 25th, 2024. It’s such ________ exciting event. —Yes. And the astronauts are our heroes. I want to be ________ useful person like them. A. a，an B. an，a C. a，the D.an，the 2.It’s reported that it’ll be rainy today. Remember to take ________ umbrella with you, Cindy. A.a B.an C.the D./ 3.Mike is ________ honest boy. We all trust him. A.a B.an C.the D./ 4.There was ________ one-meter-tall robot welcoming me when I went into the bank. A.a B.an C.the D./ 5.I volunteered as ________ guide in Chengdu Museum last weekend. A.a B.an C.the D./ 答案：BBBAA 二、定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“这(那)个”之意，但语气比this，that弱，表示某个或某些特定的人或物。定冠词的用法如下： 1.用于指某人或某些特定的人或物。 I pointed at the boy sitting nearest me. 我指了指坐得离我最近的那个男孩。 2.用于指上文已经提到的人或物。 There is a girl in the classroom. The girl is my sister. 教室里有一个女孩。这个女孩是我的妹妹。 3.用于指双方都知道的人或物。 Give me the bad news first. 先告诉我坏消息吧。 4.用于世界上独一无二的事物前。 The moon rises first. 月亮会先爬起来。 5.用于序数词前 I spent most time on the first question. 我在第一个问题上花的时间最多。 6.用于形容词或副词的最高级前，但副词最高级前可省略。在含有比较级的句子中，表示两者中“较…的一个”时，需要加定冠词the。 Iceland is the largest island in the world. 冰岛是世界上最大的岛屿。 7.用在姓氏复数前面表示一家人或夫妇二人。 The Blacks are both teachers. 布莱克夫妇都是老师。 8.用在表示江河、海洋、山脉的名词以及某些国名、组织/机构、建筑前。 the national Museum of China：中国国家博物馆 9.用在表示方向、方位的名词前。 Rain is spreading from the west. 雨正从西边袭来。 《牛津词典》 10.用在play之后、西洋乐器名词之前。 play the piano：弹钢琴 play the guitar：弹吉他 11.用于店铺名词前 at the tailor’s：在裁缝店 at the baker’s：在面包房 12.用于固定短语中 in the morning：在上午 [巩固练习]选择 1.I bought a new computer last weekend. ________ computer is made in China. A.A B.An C.The D./ 2.Linda often plays ________ piano after school. A.a B.an C.the D./ 3.Beijing, ________ capital of China, is ________ city with a long history. A./；the B.a；the C.the；a D/；the 4.—What’s ______ matter with you, Jerry? —I have a headache. A.a B.an C.the D./ 5.Look at the photo of my family! ________ man in a white T-shirt is my father. A.a B.an C.the D./ 答案：CCCCC 三、零冠词 特殊场合下不用冠词即称为零冠词。下面是零冠词的具体用法： 1.名词前已经有做定语用的物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或所有格修饰时。 This shirt needs washing. 这件衬衣该洗了。 《牛津词典》 2.名词复数表示某人类人或事物时 Cats are very clean animals. 猫是颇爱干净的动物。 《牛津词典》 3.在表示球类、棋类、语言、学科和三餐的名词前 I enjoy playing basketball. 我喜欢打篮球。 《牛津词典》 4.在表示洲名、国名、人名的名词前 I lived in America when I was little. 我小时候生活在美国。 《牛津词典》 5.当不可数名词表示一般概念或类别时。 He drank lots of milk. 他喝了许多奶。 《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》 6.在表示节日、星期、季节、月份等的名词前。 Teachers' Day is in the ninth month of the year. 教师节在一年的第九个月。 7.在表示称呼或独一无二的职位、头衔的名词前。 I saw Tom three days ago. 我三天前见过汤姆。 《牛津词典》 8.在部分表示“市政设施”(包括街道、公园、学校、车站等)的名词前。 Can you tell me the way to Leicester Square? 你能告诉我去莱斯特广场的路吗？ 《牛津词典》 9.在一些抽象的不可数名词前。 Time waits for no man. 时光不等人。 10.在“by+交通工具”结构中，by与交通工具之间。 Many people travel to work by car. 许多人乘车去工作单位。 《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》 11.在一些习惯用语中。 back to back：背靠背 day and night：日日夜夜 day by day：一天又一天 face to face：面对面 right and wrong：是非 [注意]在某些词组中，名词前用冠词与不用冠词的意义有所不同： 1.go to school：去上学 go to the school：去学校 2.in class：在上课 in the class：在班级中 3.in front of：在…(外部)的前面 in the front of：在…(内部)的前面 [巩固练习]选择 1.Mary usually rides ________ bike to school. Sometimes she also goes by ________ bus. A.a；不填 B.不填；a C.the；a D.a；a 2.—Does your mother go to work by ________ car every day? —No. She usually takes ________ bus. A.a；the B.the；a C./；a D.a；/ 3.—Shall we play ______ basketball this afternoon? —Good idea! Do you have ______ basketball? A.the; a B.a; a C./; / D./; a 答案：ACD [巩固练习]选择 1.My grandma has got ________ garden. And ________ flowers in it are beautiful. A.a；the B.an；the C.不填；不填 D.an；不填 2.—How do you like ________ movie Nezha 2? —I think it is ________ exciting movie. A.the；a B.a；the C.the；an D.a；an 3.—How time flies! Junior high school days are over. —Yes, I will miss ________ 3-year happy school life. A.a B.an C.the D./ 4.—Karm, what are you doing? —I’m reading an article. ________ article is about Dazhou. A.A B.An C.The D./ 5.Fengming Tower, ________ amazing tower, is fantastic with the colourful lights at night. A.a B.an C.the D./ 6.—Paul, can you tell me what ________ film is about? —Sure. It’s about how ________ emperor became powerful. A.a；a B.an；the C.a；an D.the；an 7.—Look! Do you know ________ 100-year-old lady in a black coat? —Yes, She is ________ old teacher in our school. A.the；an B.an；the C./；a D.a；the 8.Kelly’s cheese cakes were sold out within half ________ hour at the night market. A.a B.an C.the D./ 9.We usually go swimming in ________ summer. But in ________ summer of 2018, we didn’t. A./；/ B.a；a C./；the D.a；/ 10.—What________ interesting book! —Yes, ________book is really amazing. A.a；an B.an；the C.an；a D.the；the 11.Bao Yinyin, ________ girl from Nantong, came first in ________ 100-metre hurdles at the Asian Youth Athletics Championships on April 17, 2015. A.the；a B.a；the C.the；an D.an；the 12.______ hard-working person will have more opportunities to succeed. A.A B.An C.The D./ 13.—What’s the most important tradition in Chinese family? —I think it’s to respect ______ old and love ______ young. A.an；the B.an；a C.the；the D.the；a 14.As an old saying goes, “He who has never been to ______ Great Wall is not a true man.” A.a B.an C.the D./ 15.Tianwen I probe (探测器）sent ______ first picture of Mars back to China in February, 2021. A.a B.an C.the D./ 16.This is ______ story of friendship. Let’s read ______ story together. A.a；an B.an；the C.an；a D.a；the 17.China is ______ Asian country, while France is ______ European country. A.an；a B.a；an C.an；an D.a；a 18.As ______ teacher, it’s important to be ______ good role model for their students. A.the; a B.a; the C.a; a D.the; the 19.Everyone needs to know ______ importance of rubbish sorting（分类）. A.a B.an C.the D./ 20.—Tina, you’re too careless. You missed ______ “n” in ______ word “Internet” again. —Sorry, Ms. Gao. I will be more careful next time. A.an；the B.the；an C.the；a D./；the 答案：1-5ACCCB 6-10DABCB 11-15BACCC 16-20DACCA Grammar：方位介词 注：标★题目超纲 英语中方位介词可以表示人或物体的位置。 1.at，表示“在…处”，一般指较小的比较具体的地点。 A red bus stopped at the bus stop. 一辆红色的公共汽车停在了汽车站。 2.in，意为“在…内部；在…里面” There are fifteen boats in the box. 在盒子里有15只小船。 3.on，表示“在…上面”，两者互相接触；表示“(方向)在，向，对” There are two pens on the desk. 桌子上有两支钢笔。 The bus station is on the left. 公共汽车站在左边。 4.above和over，表示“在…上方”。前者表示“高于某物”，不是垂直的；后者则表示“在某物垂直的正上方”，两者之间不接触。 We were flying above the clouds. 我们在云层上面飞行。 《牛津词典》 They held a large umbrella over her. 他们给她撑起一把大伞。 5.below和under，表示“在…下方”。前者表示“低于某物”；后者则表示“在某物垂直的正下方”，两者之间不接触。 The sun sank below the horizon. 太阳落到了地平线下。 《牛津词典》 I hid under the bed. 我躲在床底下。 《牛津词典》 6.beside，表示“在…旁边”，与next to意思相近。 He went and sat beside her. 他走过去坐在她身边。 《牛津词典》 7.inside和outside，前者意为“在…里面”；后者则表示“在…外面”。 Inside the box was a gold watch. 盒子里装着一只金表。 《牛津词典》 I'll meet you outside the school. 我在学校外面等你。 《牛津词典》 8.between和among，前者强调两者之间；后者则指三者或三者以上的同类事物之间 Between the door and the window there is a desk. 门和窗户的中间有一张书桌。 They walked among the crowds in the square. 他们走在广场上的人群之中。 [巩固练习]单项选择 1.My father goes jogging ________ the Taihu Lake for an hour in the morning. A.between B.over C.through D.along 2.—There ________ a flower show in Su Qian San Taishan Park next month. Can you find it? —Of course, it’s ________ north of Su Qian. A.is going to have；in the B.will be；to the C.is going to be；in the D.will have；on the 3.The Marco Polo Memorial Hall stands at the east end of Dongguan Street _________ Yangzhou. A.to B.on C.at D.in 4.When I come to meet my good friend Sandy, I like to put my hands ________ her eyes and let her guess who I am. A.above B.over C.against D.between 5.All roads lead to Rome. The roads are just ________ your feet. A.under B.in C.on D.over 6.Last night, a thief walked ________ the street, jumped _______ a tall wall and ran away. A.through；across B.over；across C.above；over D.across；over 7.Tibet is ________ the west of China and you can go there to see some amazing views. A.on B.to C.in D.at 8.—Where is the library? —It’s ________ the west of the school, ________ the south of our classroom. A.to；to B.on；in C.to；in D.in；to 9.—Why are you standing there, Maggie? —I can’t see the blackboard clearly. Two tall boys are sitting ________ me. A.behind B.in front of C.next to D.beside 10.As we all know, Taiwan is part of China and it is _________ the southeast of China. A.in B.to C.on D.at 11.The hikers climbed ________ the hill and then walked ________ the field to reach the campsite. A.over；across B.across；over C.over；over D.across；across 12.My father goes jogging ________ the Taihu Lake for an hour in the morning. A.between B.over C.through D.along 13.Shanghai is ________ the east of China and ________ the west of Japan. A.in；in B.to；to C.in；to D.on；to 答案：DCDBA DCDBA ADC 【知识梳理1】It dates from 2008.(35) 它始于 2008 年。 date from，短语，意为“追溯到；始于”，同义短语：date back to. The word dates back to/dates from the 1600s. 这个单词可以追溯到17世纪。 [拓展] 1.out of date：过时的 Your computer is out of date. 你的电脑过时了。 2.up to date：最新的 All the data are up to date. 所有的数据都是最新的。 【知识梳理2】It is big enough for 91,000 people and is now a popular place for sports and music events.(P35) enough，副词，意为“足够地；充足地；充分地”，修饰形容词、副词时，要放在被修饰词之后。 I didn’t get enough sleep last night. 我昨晚没睡够。 I’m sure we work hard enough to make it. 我坚信我们一定能够成功完成任务。 [巩固练习]单项选择 1.Lin Tao ran ________ to get the first place in the 100-metre race. A.enough fast B.fast enough C.slow enough D.enough slow 2.Jack is not ______ to take the train by himself, so I will go with him. A.enough old B.old enough C.young enough D.enough young 3.Lin Tao ran ________ to get the first place in the 100-metre race. A. enough fast B. fast enough C. slow enough D.enough slow 4.Jack is not ______ to take the train by himself, so I will go with him. A.enough old B.old enough C.young enough D.enough young 5.This library is ________ for thousands of people ________. A.enough large；stay in B.large enough；to stay in C.large enough；to stay in it D.enough large；stay in it 6.—The old man looks pale(苍白的). What’s wrong with him? —He can’t get ________ to eat, so he is not ________. A.enough food；enough well B.enough milk；well enough C.enough milk；enough well D.enough food；well enough 7.Studies show that we need to have ________ every day to grow ________. A.sleep enough；enough tall B.enough sleep；enough tall C.sleep enough；tall enough D.enough sleep；tall enough 8.—Can you tell me when the Boeing 737 MaX planes will be allowed to fly again, sir? —I’m afraid it’s still ________ to talk about that. We’ll see. A.late enough B.early enough C.too late D.too early 9.I think this book is _______for a five-year-old child to read. A.enough easy B.enough easily C.easy enough D.easily enough 答案：BBBBB DDDC 【知识梳理3】The tree leaves over the bench are waving in the wind.(P36) 长椅上方的树叶在风中摇曳。 leaf，可数名词，意为“叶；叶子”。 Visitors often take photos and collect the colorful leaves. 游客们常常会拍照并收集那些五颜六色的树叶。 [巩固练习]选择 1.The zebras from Africa eat ________. A.grass and leaves B.grass and leaf C.grasses and leaves D.grasses and leaf 2.The ________ of the tree is very thick. A.leaf B.leaves C.leafs D.loaf 答案：AA 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $