Unit 4 Space Exploration-Discovering Useful Structures 课件-2025-2026学年高中英语人教版必修第三册

Unit 4 Space Exploration Discovering Useful Structures 新人教版必修第三册 By the end of this unit, you will be able to: 1. Master the basic forms and tense-voice changes of the infinitive in English. 2. Grasp the core syntactic functions of the infinitive, especially as attribute and adverbial. 3. Use the infinitive correctly and flexibly in sentences combined with space exploration themes. Learning objectives: 不定式的定义： 不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,由“to+动词原形”构成，没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。 但不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等。 动词不定式（ infinitive）是不带词形变化的动词形式。因为该形式内的动词不受主语的时态、人称和数的限定，因此被称为——不定式。 非谓语动词 nonfinite verb 不定式、分词、动名词infinitive/participles/gerunds 或称 非限定动词，指不受主语的人称、数和时态限定的动词。 主动语态 被动语态 意 义 一般式 进行式 完成式 完成进行式 动词不定式的时态和语态 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前且一直持续到谓语动作发生时仍在进行 to do to be done to be doing to have done to have been done to have been doing My father has decided to quit smoking. 我的父亲已经决定戒烟了。 The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance. 明天要举行的会议很重要 I'm very sorry to have kept you sitting around doing nothing. 很抱歉让你干等着了。 (1)I am honoured (deliver) a speech at the opening ceremony on behalf of our school. (2)The question (discuss) tomorrow is about the pollution. (3) The book is said (translate) into four languages so far. Practice to deliver to be discussed to have been translated 非谓语动词 可以充当句子内除谓语外的所有成分 动词不定式 主、宾、定、表、状、（宾）补 + 独立结构 Functions subject 主 补 状 定 表 宾 + 独立结构 absolute construction predicative attribute object complement adverbial object 1. To catch the early bus, he got up at 5 a.m. 2. He worked day and night to earn money. 3. Do you have anything to say? 4. He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 5. He worked day and night to earn money. 6. She made a promise to help me. 目的状语 目的状语 定语 定语 目的状语 定语 How about this? What are the functions of “to do” 10 We are looking for an apartment to live in. = We are looking for an apartment that we can live in. 我们正在找一个可以居住的公寓。 She is the first student to come to school. Infinitives as the attribute 动词不定式作定语 一、位置：动词不定式作定语通常放在名词、代词或不定代词的后面作后置定语，可扩展为一个定语从句 I can't attend your birthday party. That’s because I have much homework to do tonight. 我不能参加你的生日聚会了。那是因为我今晚有很多作业要做。 Infinitives as the attribute 动词不定式作定语 二、用法 1. 动词不定式作定语可表示还未发生的动作。 She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 她是第一位在奥运会上赢得金牌的女性。 It is recognised that he is the best man to do the job. 人们公认他是做这项工作的最佳人选。 You are the only person to be late for such an important meeting. 你是唯一一个在这么重要的会议上迟到的人。 Infinitives as the attribute 动词不定式作定语 2. 序数词、形容词最高级以及the last/the only/the next等词语后或被这些词修饰的名词，且该名词是作定语的非谓语动词的执行者时，用不定式主动形式作定语。 His ability to get on well with people is his chief advantage. 他与人和睦相处的能力是他的主要优点。 Thanks to your encouragement, I finally got the courage to face the challenge. 多亏了你的鼓励，我最终有了迎接挑战的勇气。 3. 抽象名词attempt，ability, courage, chance, opportunity, way, right (权利), desire, determination, decision, plan, hope, wish等后常用动词不定式作定语。 We have nothing to fear but fear itself. 人最害怕的就是害怕本身。 4. something, nothing, anything等不定代词后常用动词不定式作定语。 There is nothing to worry about/to be worried about. 没什么可担心的。 5. 在there be句型中，作主语的名词后可接动词不定式作定语，被修饰的中心词是不定式的逻辑宾语时，不定式用主动式或被动式均可。 注意：在there be句型中，如果动词不定式有逻辑主语，则动词不定式只能用主动形式。 There is noting for me to do today.今天我没有什么事儿可做。 1. Give me a suitable pen to write with. 2. His mother is looking for a house to live in. 3. There is nothing to worry about. 4. Here is a piece of paper for you to write on. 作定语的动词不定式如果是不及物动词或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。 不定式加介词作定语 其他情况 在一些固定句型中，动词不定式作定语用主动形式表被动意义，如 have / get / give / show sth to do。 在此类句型中，不定式与前面的名词构成动宾关系，和句中另一个名词或代词构成主谓关系。 ①I do a lot of things. ② I drink something. ③You take the right path. 1. I have a lot of things to do tomorrow. 2. Please give me something to drink. 3. He will show you the right path to take. We need someone to help with the work. = We need someone that can help with the work. 我们需要有人来帮忙做这项工作。 1. 主谓关系：主谓关系指的是被修饰词是构成动词不定式的动词的逻辑主语。此时的动词不定式在意义上相当于一个定语从句。 三、构成动词不定式的动词与被修饰词之间的关系 Do you have anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗？ 2. 动宾关系：动宾关系指的是被修饰词是构成动词不定式的动词的逻辑宾语，所以作定语的不定式不能带宾语。 My plan to go abroad has failed. 我出国的计划没能实现。 We don’t have enough evidence to prove that he was wrong. 我们没有充足的证据来证明他是错的。 3. 同位关系：同位关系指的是不定式对所修饰的名词的内容起解释，说明作用。这类被修饰词有两类，一种是由动词派生出来的抽象名词，如plan, decision等，另一种是如campaign, evidence, opportunity, position, power, project, reason, right等的抽象名词。 Practice (1) I’m going to Beijing next week. I have a lotof things (take) with me. (2) She became the first in her large family (earn) a doctor’s degree. (3) We had better put off interviewing athlete, for he is busy preparing for an international contest (hold) in Shanghai next month. (4) The best way (improve) your English is to join an English club. (5) Sophia was happy that she had the chance (experience) the life in the city. to take to earn to be hold to improve to experience To keep up with others, the young man has been working very hard. 为了赶上别人，这个年轻人一直在努力学习。 He laid down his life to save the child. 他为了救这个孩子献出了生命。 She asked me to drive her to the airport in order/so as to catch the 5 o'clock flight. 为了赶上5点的飞机，她让我开车把她送到机场。 Infinitives as the adverbial 动词不定式作状语 1.作目的状语时，常置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。为加强语气，常与in order to或so as to组成短语。但so as to一般不用于句首。 (1) 置于句首时只用to do / in order to do。如用于表示否定, 用 in order not to do 或 so as not to do形式。 (2)不定式作目的状语可转换为 so that / in order that 或 so. . . that . . . 引导的目的状语从句。 If so, you may be surprised to learn that libraries have changed for the better. 如果是这样，你可能会很惊讶地发现图书馆已经变得更好了 Infinitives as the adverbial 动词不定式作状语 2. 作原因状语时，常见于“sb十be十adj.十to do...”结构中。此类形容词多是 glad, excited, disappointed, shocked等表示喜怒哀乐的形容词。 My grandpa was too old to take care of himself. 我的爷爷年纪太大了，照顾不了自己。 He is old enough to go to school. 他到了上学的年龄了。 He rushed back, only to find the book missing.他匆忙赶回去，却发现那本书不见了 She is so proud as to look down upon others,她如此高傲，以至于看不起别人。 Infinitives as the adverbial 动词不定式作状语 3.表示结果，表示出乎意料的结果，常放在never, only等词后。结果状语还可用so ... as to ..., such ... as to ..., enough to ..., too ... to ..., only to ...等结构来表示。 Jack has made great progress, making his parents very happy. 杰克取得了好成绩，这让他的父母很高兴 【温馨提示】动词-ing形式(现在分词)作结果状语多表示自然而然的结果，即句子谓语和结果状语之间有直接的因果关系。 Practice (work) out the difficult maths problem, I have consulted Professor Smith several times. (promote) students’ sense of social responsibility, moral education and some related activities should be strengthened Would you be so kind as (spare) some time to come and join us? He hurried to the station, only (find) that the train had already left. What's worse, many of the houses were seriously damaged, (leave) 100 people homeless. To work To promote to spare to find leaving Do you have anything ______ (say) at the meeting? I have a lot of work ______ (do). I'm glad ______ (see) you. He came here ______ (study) English. She went to the post office ______ (buy) some stamps. to say to do to see to study to buy I'm sorry ______ (hear) that. He is the first one (arrive). I have no time ______ (go) with you. I'm happy ______ (help) you. I came here ______ (tell) you the news. to hear to arrive to go to help to tell Discovering Useful Structures 新人教必修三 Unit 4 Thank You ! $