专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（湖南专用）2026年高考英语一模分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自我——健康饮食；身心放松；神经科学 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南·一模) A new major study suggests that maintaining healthy eating habits in midlife is linked to better aging in later years. Conducted by researchers from Harvard, the University of Copenhagen, and the University of Montreal, this study does not just focus on living a long life. Instead, it looks at “healthy aging,” which is defined as living to age 70 or older without major chronic diseases while maintaining good cognitive, physical, and mental health. The team observed over 105,000 female and male health professionals in midlife for 30 years. Participants regularly completed detailed dietary questionnaires. The researchers scored these answers based on eight different healthy dietary patterns. These patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet or the DASH diet, generally encourage high intakes of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, while limiting red and processed meats. They also carefully examined the amount of ultra-processed foods participants consumed. The results are promising. A total of 9.3% of the population aged healthily. Overall, those who stuck to any of these healthy dietary patterns were more likely to age well. The top performer was the AHEI diet. People with high scores were much more likely to live past 70 in good health than those with low scores. Another strong option was the PHDI, which emphasizes plant-based foods while considering planetary health. In contrast, eating too much processed meat and sugary drinks lowered the chances of healthy aging. The researchers emphasize that there is no “one-size-fits-all” diet. Healthy diets can be adapted to fit individual needs and preferences. The main goal is to eat mostly plant-based foods with a moderate inclusion of healthy animal products. This flexibility helps people maintain an independent and active quality of life as they age, which is a priority for both individuals and public health. However, the study has some limitations. The participants were all health professionals, meaning their socioeconomic status and education levels might be higher than average. To apply the results more widely, future studies should repeat the research in populations with more diverse backgrounds. 1．How does the study define “healthy aging”? A．By living a long life without any illnesses. B．By maintaining physical and mental health at 70. C．By following a strict diet plan in midlife. D．By avoiding animal-based foods totally. 2．What is a common feature of the recommended dietary patterns? A．They are high in red meat intake. B．They strictly exclude all dairy products. C．They encourage eating more plant-based foods. D．They focus mainly on environmental protection. 3．What does the author suggest about healthy diets? A．They require people to eat the same foods. B．They can be adapted to individual needs. C．They are difficult to follow for young people. D．They are better than medicine for diseases. 4．Why does the author mention the study’s limitation? A．To prove the study is unscientific. B．To suggest the need for more diverse subjects. C．To show health professionals eat poorly. D．To indicate the diet is harmful. Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南岳阳·一模) When Amanda Rulten picked up a cheap coloring book and some colored pens, she didn’t expect the activity to stick. It came when she was in the middle of a health crisis. Eighteen months ago, she had an infection and was rushed into emergency surgery, followed by numerous hospital stays. “My mental health has completely collapsed,” said Rulten. “I can’t do the hobbies I once enjoyed, so having time to sit and be present in something that isn’t demanding or causing me harm has been really helpful. It’s about taking five minutes away from everything.” Gradually, coloring turned into her daily routine. Coloring books for adults aren’t a new phenomenon. Early “paint books” were marketed to grown-ups in the late 18th century, often framed as educational or moral tools. But adult coloring really caught on around 2015, when Johanna Basford’s intricate (错综复杂的) drawings in her book “Secret Garden” became sensations. Recently, a “cozy coloring” aesthetic (美学的) style has dominated adult coloring charts — simple line art with large shapes meant for quick, relaxing fills. Of Amazon’s best-sellers in October 2025, nearly half of the top adult coloring books emphasized the same “Bold & Easy” style — a pull toward accessibility over intricacy, intended to comfort tired minds. For Girija Kaimal, professor of the Creative Arts Therapies at Drexel University in Philadelphia, coloring’s appeal runs deeper than relaxation. “I think of us as 21st century hunter-gatherers. Our bodies and minds are tens of thousands of years old. We worked with our hands; we used all our senses. Coloring takes us back there,” she explained. As for why it feels rewarding, “By the end of it, you have something colorful, which signals health to us,” she explained. “In nature, when you see color, it usually signifies abundance, a fertile landscape.” Kaimal said that this kind of activity “let people play again,” giving them a safe way to create without fear of failure. And skill doesn’t matter. “We are allowed to play as adults, however silly,” Kaimal added. 1．What drove Rulten to buy a coloring book? A．The desire to develop a new hobby. B．The wish to have fun in the hospital. C．The attempt to cure her mental disease. D．The need to relax mind during treatment. 2．Which of the following belongs to the “Bold & Easy” style? A．Plain line drawings with broad outlines. B．Intricate patterns requiring careful filling. C．Accessible pictures with moral messages. D．Large detailed shapes for creative expression. 3．What is the main purpose of paragraph 3? A．To explain healing mechanisms of coloring. B．To illustrate the rewarding effects of coloring. C．To compare ancient and modern ways of relaxation. D．To build connection between physical health and coloring. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Relaxing Tool for Patients. B．A Silly but Funny coloring Book. C．The Rise of“Bold & Easy” coloring. D．The Playful Journey of Mental healing. Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南怀化·一模) Even after eating a large meal, most people can still find room for sweets. Now, research in mice shows that the nerve cells behind feeling full also contribute to strong desire for sugar. In other words, there seems to be a neurological (神经学的) basis for our love of dessert. Previous studies identified that naturally occurring opioids (阿片类物质) in the brain play a crucial role in sugar desire. The main producers of these opioids are nerve cells located in a brain region that adjusts appetite, metabolism and hormones. Known as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC，前阿片黑素细胞皮质激素) nerve cells, they also control feelings of satiety after eating. To explore whether the cells also drive thirst for sugar, Henning Fenselau at the Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research in Germany and his colleagues tracked the opioid signals the POMC cells send in the brain. The researchers monitored the activity of nerve cells in these regions as mice ate their usual food. When the animals seemed to be full, the team gave them a dessert of sugary chow. The results showed that, on average, the activity between the POMC nerve cells and the PVT (丘脑室旁核) roughly multiplied during dessert consumption, and even rose sharply before the mice started eating the sweets, proving this nerve pathway directly fuels sugar desire. When the team blocked signals from POMC nerve cells to the PVT, the mice consumed 40 per cent less dessert. “The cell types, which are extremely well known for making people feel full, also release signals that cause the appetite for sugar, and they do so particularly in the state of being full,” says Fenselau. “This would explain why animals — humans — over-consume sugar when they’re actually full.” 1．What does the underlined word “satiety” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Desire. B．Fullness. C．Appetite. D．Delight. 2．Which of the following is the finding of the mice experiment? A．The mice had more appetite for sugar than usual food. B．The mice had less dessert consumption in their daily diet. C．The mice had more responses in POMC than in PVT areas. D．The mice had less sugar desire as brain signals were interrupted. 3．What can be inferred from Fenselau’s words? A．The feeling of being full generates sugar desire. B．Humans consume more sugar than animals. C．Sugar desire has nothing to do with appetite. D．Nerve cells make it easy for people to feel full. 4．What can we learn from the text? A．Potential risks of sugar over-consumption for mice. B．Differences of animal-human neurological responses. C．Explanation of brain mechanism of sugar desire. D．Different views on sugar desire after meals in mice. 主题02 人与社会——人工智能；农业科技；绿色交通；决策研究；软体机器人；环境保护 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南天壹名校联盟·一模) Have a constant feeling that someone or something is watching you? Chances are that it’s a camera. Cities around the world use computer vision-enabled CCTV to monitor vehicle and pedestrian (行人) traffic. In the near future, physical stores might employ them to catch thieves. Japanese telecom company NTT East cooperated with tech startup Earth Eyes to create AI Guardsman, a machine learning system that attempts to catch thieves in the act. Relying on open source technology developed by Carnegie Mellon University, it scans live video streams from cameras in convenience stores and supermarkets, tracking every customer inside. When it detects suspicious activity, for example, when a would-be thief starts looking for blind spots or begins nervously checking their surroundings, the system sends an alert to a store clerk’s smartphone with the person’s photo and location. Distinguishing between thieves and indecisive shoppers isn’t easy, though, and NTT East makes no claims that its algorithm (算法) is perfect. It sometimes flags well-meaning customers who pick up and put back items and salesclerks refilling store shelves, a spokesperson for the company told The Verge. But the telecom claims that AI Guardsman learns from its mistakes over time. In the companion smartphone app, clerks log whether or not they spoke to suspects detected by the system, and the results are used to remove false positives. There’s a concern, of course, that AI Guardsman’s computer vision algorithms are likely to be affected by bias. A 2011 study found that facial recognition algorithms in China, Japan, and South Korea had more trouble dlistinguishing between Caucasian faces than faces of East Asians, and in a separate study, researchers observed that face detection systems from security companies performed 5 to 10 percent worse on African Americans. AI Guardsman, which costs around $2,150 in addition to a monthly subscription fee of $40, will go on sale at the end of July. Hopefully, we’ll learn more about its limitations and privacy protections before then. 1．What can AI Guardsman do in real time? A．Send images to the police. B．Locate specific products. C．Call absent-minded clerks. D．Spot unnatural shoppers. 2．How does AI Guardsman boost its accuracy? A．By increasing its workflow. B．By updating its database. C．By referring to clerks’ acts. D．By collecting users’ tips. 3．What is the concern about AI Guardsman? A．Poor system stability. B．Unfair visual judgments. C．Racial discrimination. D．Pricey subscription fees. 4．What is the author’s attitude toward AI Guardsman? A．Impartial. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Optimistic. Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南衡阳衡阳县一中·一模) Chinese scientists have uncovered the world’s first AI - powered breeding robot named GEAIR. It can cruise autonomously and carry out cross–pollination (异花授粉), promising reduced breeding costs, short breeding cycles, and improved breeding efficiency. GEAIR has been built with a combination of two technologies: AI and biotechnology. Xu Cao, a researcher from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, led the research team that built the robot. Cross-pollination, also known as hybrid pollination, is the process of transferring pollen (花粉) from a flower of one plant to another. This process helps in creating hybrid flowers of plants, also known as hybrid breeding. The aim of hybrid breeding is to develop crop varieties with improved traits, thereby achieving enhanced yield and quality. However, according to Xu, doing this process repeatedly is time - consuming. GEAIR can help reduce the time and also avoid human errors. Living up to its promised potential, the robot carried out a trial in a greenhouse. It identified a flower accurately and extended its arm gently to complete the hybrid pollination process. The entire breeding process was done with inch-perfect precision. The researchers also built the first “intelligent robotic breeding factory”, which can quickly and efficiently develop new, high-quality plant varieties. GEAIR will start a new era backed by AI and biotechnology in the breeding industry. “Our new study has initiated an intelligent breeding model of integrated biotechnology, AI and robot labor — marking China’s successful pioneering efforts in the construction of a closed-loop (闭环的) technology system for intelligent robotized hybrid breeding,” Xu said. “It also shows the application prospects of ‘AI for science’ in the sector of biological breeding.” With biotechnology as its foundation, AI as empowerment, and robots as operators, this study could help China take the lead in the race to create breeding robots that are fully autonomous and intelligent. 1．What is the primary function of the GEAIR robot? A．To take care of human gardeners. B．To monitor plant growth conditions. C．To conduct hybrid pollination tasks. D．To harvest mature crops automatically. 2．What problem of traditional hybrid breeding does GEAIR solve? A．Lack of pollen sources. B．Long time and mistakes. C．High costs of hybridization. D．A narrow range of hybrid types. 3．What can we infer about the “intelligent robotic breeding factory”? A．It is popular worldwide now. B．It can work without any power. C．It mainly focuses on common crops. D．It can enhance the diversity of agriculture. 4．What is the significance of GEAIR’s development? A．It makes organic farming possible. B．It lowers the cost of traditional farming. C．It proves robots can work better than humans. D．It shows China’s leadership in agricultural technology. Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南怀化·一模) Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly seen as a key to reducing urban air pollution and reliance on fossil fuels. Governments, such as the UK, have announced plans to ban new petrol and diesel car sales from 2030, signaling strong policy support for a cleaner transport future. Yet, the path to a fully electric society is far from straightforward, with several challenges yet to be overcome. Two major practical difficulties stand in the way. First, EVs currently suffer from limited battery ranges compared to conventional vehicles, which can travel longer distances on a full tank of fuel. Second, charging infrastructure (基础设施) remains underdeveloped, with charging points still insufficient in most regions. These factors contribute to “range anxiety” among potential buyers, slowing the shift to electric transport. On the technological front, solid-state batteries are viewed as a promising breakthrough. Though currently used mainly in consumer electronics like smartphones, they are expected to enter the car market in the coming years, offering quicker charging times and an extended driving range. This could significantly enhance the appeal of EVs to the general public. Economically, high initial costs continue to be a barrier. However, some countries have introduced policy supports, such as tax reductions, purchase subsidies (补贴), and dedicated traffic lanes for EVs, helping to boost adoption rates. Norway serves as a leading example, with the highest number of electric cars per person globally. Nevertheless, experts like Colin Herron caution that EVs alone do not equal a zero-carbon future. Their environmental impact depends heavily on how the electricity used to charge them is generated. If the power comes mainly from fossil fuels, the overall emission reduction is limited. In addition, manufacturing EVs — especially their batteries — carries a substantial carbon footprint. Therefore, a truly sustainable transport system may require not only cleaner cars, but also greater use of public transport and a societal move toward fewer and shorter private vehicle trips. 1．What challenges do EVs mainly face? A．High costs and low popularity. B．Tech delays and unstable power. C．Limited battery life and safety issues. D．Limited ranges and insufficient charging points. 2．How do some governments promote EV adoption? A．By raising taxes on petrol cars sharply. B．By offering tax cuts, subsidies and special lanes. C．By increasing the number of city parking spaces. D．By enhancing the quality of public transport services. 3．What does Colin Herron’s warning imply? A．EV benefits rely on clean electricity sources. B．EVs cannot become truly green in the future. C．Deadlines for banning fuel cars are not wise. D．Battery technology is the key to green transport. 4．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To introduce the latest EV models to readers. B．To call for investment in charging facilities. C．To discuss both the future and problems of EVs. D．To blame car makers for high production costs. Passage 4 (2026·高三·湖南师大附中·一模) Researchers have long been interested in how humans and animals make decisions by focusing on trial-and-error behavior informed by recent information. However, the conventional frameworks for understanding these behaviors may overlook certain realities of decision-making because they assume we make the best decisions after taking into account our past experiences. One new study employs AI in innovative ways to better understand this process. By using tiny artificial neural networks, the researchers’ work illuminates in detail what drives an individual’s actual choices. “Instead of assuming how brains should learn in bettering our decisions, we developed an alternative approach to discover how individual brains actually learn to make decisions,” explains Mattar, a professor in New York University. “This approach functions like a detective, uncovering how decisions are actually made by animals and humans. By using tiny neural networks — small enough to be understood but powerful enough to catch complex behavior — we’ve discovered decision-making strategies that scientists have overlooked for decades.” “Large neural networks used in AI are very good at predicting things,” says Benna, a professor at UC San Diego’s School. “For example, they can predict which movie you would like to watch next. However, it is very challenging to describe simply what strategies these complex machine learning models employ to make their predictions — such as why they think you will like one movie more than another one. By training the simplest versions of these AI models to predict animals’ choices and analyzing their dynamics using methods from physics, we can throw light on their inner workings in more easily understandable terms.” Understanding how animals and humans learn from experience to make decisions is not only a primary goal in the sciences, but, more broadly, useful in the fields of business, government, and technology. However, existing models of this process, because they are aimed at describing optimal (最佳的) decision-making, often fail to get realistic behavior. “Just as studying individual differences in physical characteristics has revolutionized medicine, understanding individual differences in decision-making strategies could transform our approach to mental health and cognitive function,” concludes Mattar. 1．What can be inferred about traditional decision-making models? A．They are consistent with real-life decision behavior. B．They pay much attention to individual differences. C．They ignore choices that are not the best, D．They use AI-based methods. 2．What is special about the new study? A．Using tiny neural networks. B．Analyzing past experiences. C．Predicting movie preferences. D．Revisiting conventional frameworks. 3．What does Benna mean concerning large neural networks? A．They lack predictive accuracy. B．Their strategies are hard to interpret. C．They outperform tiny networks in research. D．They revolutionize decision-making studies. 4．What is Mattar’s attitude towards the new research? A．Cautiously skeptical. B．Indifferently neutral. C．Strongly supportive. D．Mildly critical. Passage 5 (2026·高三·湖南长郡中学等校·一模) Thermal paper, widely used in shopping receipts, express waybills and movie tickets, has become an indispensable part of modern daily life. However, its massive use has long brought two unsolved problems. Traditional thermal paper uses petroleum-based coatings, which are hard to degrade in the natural environment and contain harmful chemicals. Meanwhile, the printed personal information on it faces serious leakage risks, as the words can remain clear for years even in open environment. To solve these problems, Li Min, a material science expert from Zhejiang University, and her team developed a new type of plant-based thermal paper. The base of the paper is made of nano-cellulose (纳米纤维素) extracted from straw, a common agricultural waste. Inspired by the color-fading feature of anthocyanin, a natural pigment, when meeting water, the team chose it as the core colorant of the new paper. Different from traditional thermal paper which uses bisphenol A as a color developer, the new paper matches anthocyanin with biodegradable organic acid. When heated, the two components combine to form stable blue-black words, which can stay clear for over 6 months at normal room temperature, fully meeting the daily storage needs of most commercial receipts. The team carried out a set of controlled experiments to test the paper’s comprehensive performance. The results showed that the new paper’s printing clarity matches traditional commercial thermal paper. In the privacy protection test, the words on it disappeared completely within 30 seconds after being put into water. In the degradation test, it broke down fully in soil within 3 months, while traditional paper only degraded less than 10%in the same period. “Our current lab samples are still in small size,” Li says. “Large-scale industrial production may bring new challenges in material uniformity and production cost. We are clearly aware of these possible problems, and have started follow-up research to optimize the material, to promote its practical use step by step.” 1．What is a major problem of traditional thermal paper? A．It has very high production cost. B．It is not suitable for daily use. C．It breaks easily in wet environment. D．It risks serious personal information leakage. 2．What is the core colorant of the new thermal paper made from? A．Recycled waste materials. B．Natural plant extracts. C．Petroleum-based chemicals. D．Industrial by-products. 3．What result did Li’s team’s experiment confirm? A．Its printing clarity matches traditional thermal paper. B．It can be fully degraded within one month. C．Its words disappear completely in 10 seconds. D．It has a longer stable storage time. 4．What is Li Min’s attitude towards the industrial application of the new paper? A．Fully negative. B．Blindly optimistic. C．Rational and prudent. D．Totally unconcerned. Passage 6 (2025-2026·高三·湖南益阳·一模) Unlike traditional rigid robots, soft robotics are built from flexible materials that copy the natural movements of living creatures. This design enables them to move through narrow spaces like disaster debris or complex paths inside the human body. However, adding sensors has been difficult. “The key was making them smart,” explains researcher Larry Cheng from Penn State University, “We needed robots that sense and act independently.” The solution lies in electronic parts designed to bend. Traditional hard electronics limit robot movement, but Cheng’s team used bendable electronics spread across the body. They added magnetic materials inside. By adjusting magnetic fields, robots crawl, roll and twist wirelessly and battery-free. Developing this technology faced two main obstacles. First, even bendable electronics are much stiffer than the robot’s soft material. “We arranged electronics like puzzle pieces to fit flexibly,” Cheng explained. Second, magnetic fields used for control can disturb electronic signals. The team redesigned circuits (电路) to prevent this interference, keeping sensors accurate near strong magnets. These improvements allow robots to work with less human guidance. In rescue missions, they could find trapped people by detecting body heat. Medical versions might sense chemical changes to deliver drugs exactly where needed. Researchers are developing a pill-sized robot that patients could swallow. “It could examine the digestive system, collect samples, or treat diseases without surgery,” said Korean scientist Suk-Won Hwang, Cheng’s partner. Future plans include creating tiny robots for blood vessel treatments. “Injected into veins, they could repair heart problems or target cancer cells,” Cheng described. Though unnamed yet, these robots might get public-suggested names. “That’s a fun idea,” Cheng laughed when asked about naming possibilities. 1． What is a major advantage of soft robotics? A．Rigid electronic control. B．Stiffer structural components C．Strong built-in power supplies. D．Flexible movements in narrow spaces 2． What problems did researchers face in developing the soft robots? A．High cost and material scarcity. B．Sensor accuracy and medical risks. C．Stiff electronics and signal interference. D．Limited movement and power shortage. 3． What can be inferred about future medical treatments in paragraph 4? A．Doctors will be replaced by robots. B．Robots can only assist in diagnoses. C．Treatment costs will significantly decrease. D．Certain surgeries may become unnecessary. 4． How did Cheng feel about letting the public name the robots? A．Deeply moved. B．Lightly amused. C．Slightly doubtful. D．Completely uninterested. Passage 7 (2025-2026·高三·湖南衡阳八中·一模) Just after hatching, many birds learn to identify and follow the first moving object they encounter — a process called imprinting (印记行为), which can offer protection in the wild as it helps them stay near a parent. It doesn’t take much visual information for a bird to learn to prefer one object and follow it. Researchers wanted to know whether AI models called transformers could do a similar task with limited inputs. Transformers are generic (通用的) learning systems that can be trained to perform a wide variety of tasks, making them useful in both AI chatbots such as ChatGPT and in computer vision applications, such as autonomous car navigation. “To directly compare learning algorithms (算法) to brains, we need to train them on the same experiences,” says Samantha Wood at Indiana University Bloomington. She first raised chicks in a box where the only visual stimulation came from a rotating 3D object presented on a screen. After the first week, she ran each chick through hundreds of test trials that showed that same object on one screen-presented from both familiar and unfamiliar perspectives and displayed a second unfamiliar object on another screen. The chicks spent more of their time near the first object, suggesting they had imprinted on it. The researcher then created a virtual simulation (虚拟模拟) of the set-up and used a virtual agent to move through it while looking around and recording a first-person view. That provided tens of thousands of simulated images for training and evaluating four transformer models. The AI models had just 300 milliseconds to learn from each simulated image approximating how long biological neurons fire after being presented with an image. The researcher found that the AIs could learn to recognise a 3D object as quickly and accurately as the chicks. The study is “a great piece of work” in comparing machine performance with biological brains, says Antone Martinho-Truswell at the University of Sydney. But he also notes, “We might be able to say that the chick ‘saw’ its imprinting object, but that will have a component of experience to it. Particularly as imprinting is to do with identifying its mother, it would be unsurprising if that visual experience were combined with a suite of other components of experience: fear yielding to comfort, for example, as the chick comes to regard the object as its imprinted ‘mother’.” 1． Why do newborn birds engage in imprinting? A．To enhance their navigation skills. B．To develop their social behaviour. C．To establish a protective bond with a guardian. D．To improve their communication with others. 2． How did Samantha Wood conduct the initial experiment with chicks? A．She raised them with a rotating visual element. B．She observed their behaviour in a natural habitat. C．She showed them various moving objects on screens. D．She exposed them to various visual simulations in the wild. 3． What did the test trials indicate about the chicks’ behavior? A．They were afraid of the imprinted object. B．They preferred being near the imprinted object. C．They confused the imprinted object with others. D．They showed no preference for the imprinted object. 4． What’s challenging about comparing AI to biological brains? A．The rapid learning pace of AI models. B．Recreating real-world environments for experiments. C．The complexity and diversity of biological experiences. D．Conducting additional experiments with various animals Passage 8 (2025·高三·湖南张家界·一模) Imagine you’re cooking potatoes for breakfast. First, you’d remove the potatoes from their plastic bag. Then, you might chop them on a plastic cutting board. Next, you’d probably cook them in a nonstick pan. All the removing, chopping and overheating of nonstick pans can add 2.3 million microplastics to your food. Besides food, the air and water in your home is full of microplastics. Smaller than a grain of salt, we interact with them more than we might realize. Humans breathe in about 22,000,000 microplastics annually. As a result, microplastics have been detected in our blood and lungs. We’re only just beginning to understand the effect of microplastics on human health — but research suggests we should concern more. A groundbreaking new study shows how the presence of microplastics in arteries (动脉血管) is linked to a greater risk of heart attack and death. When microplastics build up in arteries, the thicker blood vessel (血管) walls reduce blood flow to parts of the body. This study will inspire more research into what other organs plastic may be damaging, such as the brain, or stomach. Microplastics may be inescapable, but with simple swaps and fixes, you can reduce the amount of microplastics you encounter in your own home. Carry your own reusable bags and avoid buying food that comes in much plastic packaging. When heating food, use stainless steel instead of nonstick pans. Another way to limit your exposure is to filter (过滤) your tap water to reduce plastic fibers in the tap water. Ultimately, plastic manufacturers and the companies that sell their products are responsible for the high volume of plastic waste in our environments, and significantly reducing that plastic — and the microplastics that come with it — will have to be at the policy level nationwide and worldwide. 1．What does the author try to convey by telling the cooking story? A．Microplastics directly lead to diseases. B．Nonstick pans are free of microplastics. C．We consumed microplastics unknowingly. D．Cooking is to blame for making microplastics. 2．How do microplastics affect our body according to the new study? A．By damaging our brain. B．By slowing blood flow. C．By thickening our lungs. D．By causing stomachache. 3．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．Tips for people to cut microplastics. B．Proof of microplastics in our homes. C．Presence of microplastics in packaging. D．Exposure to microplastics via tap water. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Plastic waste comes from microplastics on earth. B．The amount of plastic waste is significantly large. C．Relevant regulations are vital to contain plastic use. D．Plastic makers and buyers answer for plastic waste. 主题03 人与自然——环境保护；湖泊生态 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南师大附中·一模) Carried by the wind, dust particles (微粒) from places such as the Sahara Desert can float halfway around the world before settling to the ground. As the plastics abandoned by humans break down into tiny pieces in the environment, they, too, travel through the atmosphere. Now scientists are a step closer to understanding how these microplastics travel in the globe, both locally and on long-distance flights. Researchers spent more than a year collecting microplastics from 11 national parks and wilderness areas in the western U.S. They examined the particles that settled on dry days and those that fell along with rain or snow. In addition to making clear how microplastics move around, the results, published on Thursday in Science, reveal the seriousness of the problem: more than 1 million kilograms of microplastics — the weight of 120 million to 300 million plastic water bottles — fall on protected lands in the country’s western region each year. The new findings add to scientists’ concern over microplastics pollution’s potential impacts on the environment and human health. “We’re not supposed to breathe in this material,” says Steve Allen, a micro-plastics researcher at the University of Strathclyde in Scotland, who was not involved in the new study. “Plastics in the environment carry all sorts of pesticides (农药), heavy metals and all the other chemicals that we’ve made over time,” he adds. “They’re going to carry them directly into our lungs.” Since their discovery in oceans in the 1970s, microplastics — which can be as large as a grain of rice or smaller than a particle of dust — have been found nearly everywhere researchers have looked: in cities, in Arctic snow, on remote mountaintops. Their presence in areas distant from the place where humans live has pointed to them being carried by winds. 1．What do the scientists further understand now? A．How plastic particles travel on the wind. B．Why it is hard for plastics to break down. C．How dust particles are spreading through the wind. D．Why Sahara Desert is expanding to the south of Africa. 2．What do we know about the new study? A．The results showed the amount of microplastics is huge. B．Researchers collected microplastics across the U.S. C．Numerous plastic water bottles were found each year. D．Researchers focused on plastic particles in dry days. 3．What does Steve Allen say about plastics? A．They should be recycled. B．They do harm to weather. C．They carry harmful chemicals to human lungs. D．They can be used to make all sorts of pesticides. 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．Plastics Bring About Debate B．Microplastics Are Falling from the Sky C．Dust Particles Are Harmful to Our Lungs D．The Environment Is Threatened by Plastics Passage 2 (2025-2026·高三·湖南益阳·一模) The centuries-old practice of spreading crushed limestone (石灰石) on farmland can improve crop yields (产量) by making soil less acidic. This custom is typically considered a source of greenhouse gas emissions, but new findings suggest “liming” may actually help remove large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. “Liming can be a carbon source or sink. Practical tests suggest this is a pretty efficient carbon sink,” says Noah Planavsky at Yale University. This could offer new motivation to spread more limestone on the world’s farms — but liming won’t have this effect everywhere. Currently, most crushed limestone spread on fields is counted as an emission source because its carbon is released as CO2 when it dissolves (溶解) in acidic soil. However, Tim Jesper Suhrhoff, also at Yale, argues this accounting is incomplete. Soils are very acidic due to fertiliser use and fossil-fuel pollution, and other alkaline (碱性的) minerals in soil will release carbon even without limestone. He says added acidity, not liming, is to blame for emissions. To accurately assess liming’s emissions, researchers should compare CO2 release and uptake with and without liming. Suhrhoff, Planavsky and colleagues studied the Mississippi river basin, calculating the net carbon effect of liming between 1900 and 2015. They used geochemical models and data on soil-acidity changes from fertiliser and liming, and compared results with Mississippi alkalinity measurements. Their new approach showed liming in this region removed about 300 to 400 million tonnes of CO2 instead of generating emissions. Planavsky says liming could be paired with spreading crushed volcanic rocks on farms to remove more CO2. Wolfram Buss at the Australian National University warns that what worked in the Mississippi may not work everywhere, as liming can be a net CO2 source in some systems. The next step is to identify regions needing liming most. Planavsky says, “It could promote practices aiding crop yields and removing billions of tonnes of CO2, helping low-income farmers who can’t afford optimal liming.” 1． What does the underlined word “sink” in paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．A place to wash hands. B．A tool for farming. C．A thing to absorb substances. D．A type of geological rock. 2． According to Tim Jesper Suhrhoff, what is the real cause of CO2 emissions in soil? A．Natural alkaline substances. B．Crushed limestone dissolving. C．Fossil-fuel pollution and fertilizer use. D．Crushed volcanic rock spreading. 3． What is the next step for liming research? A．Stopping liming in acidic soil. B．Finding areas most in need of liming. C．Reducing costs for all farmers. D．Expanding volcanic rock use globally. 4． What is the main idea of the passage? A．Liming has been increasing greenhouse gases. B．Reducing soil acidity benefits crop production. C．Global agriculture should universally adopt liming. D．New studies indicate liming’s potential CO2 absorption Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南湘西·一模) The deep blue waters of Lake Tahoe have long captured people’s imagination. Stretching across California and Nevada, the lake draws millions of visitors each year for its beauty and clear waters. Yet behind the breathtaking views lie mysteries, legends and growing worries for its future. Stories of “Tahoe Tessie”, a mysterious lake creature, have fascinated tourists for decades. Recently, however, thousands of viewers witnessed something far more real: a livestream (直播) of a dive to Tahoe’s floor, more than 1,500 feet down. Using a robot-operated machine (ROV) called Deep Emerald — nicknamed Emmy, scientists guided audiences through a rare underwater trip. The ROV was a small but strong machine. Equipped with a small engine, bright lights and a super clear camera, and coupled to land by a cable, Emmy moved downward like an explorer from another world. Throughout a span of close to 30 minutes, the livestream scrutinized every moment of its journey downward. As Emmy touched the lake bottom, dirt floated up and drifted across the screen, shining like tiny stars scattered in a dark sky. The quiet of the deep gave the scene a dreamlike feeling. While Emmy moved along the bottom, experts explained the lake’s secrets. Tahoe, one of the oldest lakes in North America, formed two to three million years ago. Like human lungs, its depths clean and recycle material from the surrounding land, keeping the ecosystem alive. Strange plant beds grow in the darkness, feeding small creatures that in turn support fish. Although some had expected scary discoveries, the livestream showed only natural scenes and the occasional odd thing, like tires or a balloon that looked fresh. Still, the dive reminded viewers of the problems Lake Tahoe faces. After the 2023 Independence Day holiday, helpers removed more than three tons of trash from its waters. Organizers hope the livestream encourages visitors to care for Tahoe’s health. As one environmental leader said, “Take a little piece of Tahoe home with you — but leave the lake as clean as you found it. That way, future generations can share in its beauty.” 1．What did the livestream mainly present for viewers? A．Mysteries of ocean creatures. B．Evidence of Tahoe Tessie’s existence. C．The underwater view of the lake. D．The potential of using a robot in diving. 2．What does the underlined word “scrutinized” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Predicted. B．Explained. C．Repeated. D．Tracked. 3．What function do Tahoe’s depths mainly serve? A．They sustain the ecosystem. B．They shelter some odd creatures. C．They make the water temperature stable. D．They keep the trapped items in their original state. 4．Why did organizers conduct the livestream? A．To call for efforts to protect the lake. B．To promote Tahoe as a tourist destination. C．To protest against further lake development. D．To provide a practical way for lake exploration. 主题01 人与自我——语言学习；思维认知 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南天壹名校联盟·一模) Language transfer happens when individuals apply their knowledge of one language to another language they are learning. There are two primary types: positive transfer and negative transfer. Positive transfer occurs when the structures or rules of the nativelanguage (L1) are similar to those of the target language (L2), while negative transfer happens when the structures or rules of L1 differ from those of L2. For example, Chinese learners often wrongly say “I don’t know where is he or I don’t know he is where” instead of the correct “I don’t know where he is” because of negative transfer from Chinese word order. Language transfer is unavoidable, which reflects the learners’ attempt to acquire a new language by relating it to their existing linguistic (语言的) knowledge. The more similar L1 and L2 are, the more likely positive transfer is to occur. Higher skills in L1 can lead to more obvious language transfer, whether positive or negative. Formal instruction and interaction with native speakers can affect how language transfer appears. Learners’ cognitive (认知的) styles and learning strategies can influence their reliance on L1 when learning L2. It is noteworthy that negative language transfer can lead to errors in L2 production due to the influence of L1 structures or rules. It also causes the lasting presence of L1 features in L2, hindering fluent and accurate communication in the long run. For instance, a native English speaker learning French might struggle with the correct use of French gendered words due to the lack of a similar grammatical feature in English. To minimize the negative effects of language transfer, every educator can employ several strategies. Highlighting the differences between L1 and L2 can truly address potential mistakes in advance. Raising learners’ awareness of potential areas of negative transfer and providing corresponding drills can help eliminate errors. Timely and constructive feedback on learners’errors can help correct long-term wrong habits and reduce confusion. Encouraging learners to take risks and view errors as learning opportunities can reduce anxiety related to language transfer. 1．Which sentence shows the negative transfer of Chinese? A．I absolutely love Tim. B．Nothing is impossible. C．Bill very likes English. D．Out comes a stranger. 2．What kind of language learners are more likely to have language transfer? A．Those proficient in mother tongue. B．Those good at language translation. C．Those familiar with grammar rules. D．Those skilled at interactive methods. 3．What does the underlined word “hindering” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Facilitating. B．Ceasing. C．Establishing. D．Blocking. 4．What is the last paragraph mainly talking about? A．The differences between L1 and L2. B．How to lighten negative transfer. C．The methods of removing bad habits. D．How to perceive negative transfer. Passage 2 (2025·高三·湖南张家界·一模) The word paradigm comes from the Greek. It was originally a scientific term, and is more commonly used today to mean a model or theory. In the more general sense, it’s the way we “see” the world — not in terms of our visual sense of sight, but in terms of perceiving, understanding, and interpreting. A simple way to understand paradigms is to see them as maps. We all know that “the map is not the territory.” A map is simply an explanation of certain aspects of the territory. That’s exactly what a paradigm is. It is a theory, an explanation, or model of something else. You can never arrive at a specific location in a new city with a wrong map. Each of us has many maps in our head, which can be divided into two main categories: maps of the way things are, or realities, and maps of the way things should be, or values. We interpret everything we experience through these mental maps. We seldom question their accuracy; we’re usually even unaware that we have them. We simply assume that the way we see things is the way they really are or the way they should be. And our attitudes and behaviors grow out of those assumptions. The way we see things is the source of the way we think and the way we act. We see the world, not as it is, but as we are or, as we are conditioned to see it. Clearheaded people see things differently, each looking through the unique lens of experience. But this does not mean that there are no facts. Instead, each person’s interpretation of these facts represents prior experiences. The more aware we are of our basic paradigms, maps, or assumptions, and the extent to which we have been influenced by our experience, the more we can take responsibility for those paradigms, examine them, test them against reality, listen to others and be open to their perceptions, thereby getting a larger picture and a far more objective view. 1．How does the author illustrate the concept of “paradigm”? A．By comparing it to an everyday object. B．By sorting it into different categories. C．By presenting personal examples. D．By highlighting a sharp contrast. 2．What can be concluded about the mental maps mentioned in paragraph 3? A．They fail to escape our attention. B．They may be lacking in accuracy. C．They prove wrong and unreliable. D．They have little influence on behavior. 3．Which of the following echoes the main idea of paragraph 4? A．Great minds think alike. B．All men have opinions, but few think. C．Where we stand depends on where we sit. D．The fewer the facts, the stronger the opinions. 4．What does the author advocate in the last paragraph? A．A better understanding of our paradigms. B．A stronger sense of responsibility for others. C．A more objective view of others’ perceptions. D．A more positive attitude toward life experience. 主题02 人与社会——新能源；数字经济；公共健康；生物技术；农业科技；新材料； 碳排放监测；历史研究 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南岳阳·一模) One person’s trash is another person’s… jet fuel? Strange as it might sound, researchers at the University of Illinois outlined a strategy for taking excess food waste, changing it into bio-fuel, and then “upgrading” that fuel into jet fuel that can be put to direct use this week in Nature Communications. The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates that transportation accounted for roughly 29% of all greenhouse gas emissions in America in 2022 alone. Of that, about 7% came from commercial aircraft. But what about so-called biomass-based (生物质) SAF? Some estimates suggest that SAF, largely referring to fuels derived (提取) from organic materials, could reduce emissions from flying by up to 80%, compared to conventional jet fuel. In this new experiment, the team used a chemical process called HTL, which essentially copies the way the Earth naturally creates raw oil from organic matter over millions of years, except without all the waiting. HTL kind of acts like an advanced “pressure cooker” to fast-forward nature’s timeline. With plenty of raw oil extracted, the researchers then set out to transform it into jet fuel. The first step involved removing salt, ash, moisture, and other impurities. After that, they used a cleaning process to get rid of other undesirable elements such as nitrogen, and oxygen. What remained were the specific hydrocarbons (烃) required to make jet fuel. The team took their food-waste derived jet fuels and tested it against current fuel standards. It passed the screening test and met industry requirements without needing to introduce any special additives, meaning the fuel would theoretically power a commercial airplane. The findings are a first step to show plane fuel derived from food waste is at least possible. Actually making enough of it to supply an entire passenger jet, however, is another beast altogether. “Our research helps solve the science and engineering problems, and then the industry needs to step in,” University of Illinois professor and corresponding author Yuanhui Zhang said. 1．What did the researchers at the University of Illinois hope to achieve? A．Developing a new way to handle food waste. B．Changing excess food waste into usable jet fuel. C．Creating jet fuel directly from untreated food waste. D．Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from waste treatment. 2．Why does the author mention the EPA’s estimates in Paragraph 2? A．To support developing low-emission jet fuel. B．To stress air pollution from commercial aircraft. C．To compare emissions of conventional jet fuel and SAF. D．To prove transportation is the top US greenhouse gas emitter. 3．What can be inferred about the HTL process? A．It removes impurities by heating. B．It breaks down organic matter naturally. C．It creates the hydrocarbons jet fuel needs. D．It resembles a faster natural oil-creation process. 4．What is the author’s attitude to the commercial use of the new fuel? A．Optimistic. B．Cautious. C．Dismissive. D．Uncertain. Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南衡阳·一模) Every second a user waits is a chance that they’ll disappear. Nowadays, trust isn’t built over time — it’s built instantly. That first moment someone lands on your platform, they’re already deciding whether to stay or bounce. Instant verification (认证) has become a key part of using online platforms. It is exactly what it sounds like — the ability to verify a person’s details as quickly as possible when they sign up or log in. Unlike traditional verifying methods, these systems combine document scans with trusted databases instead of manually reviewing documents or requiring users to wait for approval, allowing users to proceed without unnecessary delays. Fast verification signals professionalism and security. When users see that your platform takes their personal data seriously but doesn’t make it painful, they feel more confident. A smooth, fast ID check sends a clear message: This is a secure environment, where they’re dealing with real people rather than fake accounts or bad actors. That builds trust — especially in sensitive spaces like banking, telehealth, or education. While instant verification unlocks speed, it also introduces new challenges. Not all users have the same access to high-quality cameras, steady Internet, and appropriate phone or computer systems. Real-time tools need to be tested across diverse geographies, devices, and demographics. “Platforms must ensure verification work reliably for everyone, not just users in well-connected regions. Inclusivity in design prevents frustration and keeps global users engaged,” Dean Fankhauder notes, founder and CEO of Movingto. In today’s digital age, instant verification is no longer optional — it’s foundational. Startups and enterprises alike are recognizing that verification is now part of the user experience. The faster and smarter you verify, the more likely someone is to stay, trade, and return. And as digital trust becomes harder to earn, real-time verification offers a clear path forward: safer systems, smoother access, and stronger connections across borders. 1．What is the advantage of instant verification over traditional ones? A．It offers unlimited access. B．It provides timely response. C．It skips the identity verification step. D．It requires fewer documents. 2．How does instant verification build trust on users? A．By offering them detailed guidance. B．By leaving them a good impression. C．By figuring out possible unsafe factors. D．By avoiding sensitive personal information. 3．What may lead to the unreliability of instant verification? A．Various conditions of users’ devices. B．Inflexible data collecting approaches. C．Complexity of uploaded information. D．Inconsistency in platforms’ standards. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．What Blocks Instant Verification? B．Is Instant Verification Secure? C．Why Does Instant Verification Matter? D．Will Instant Verification Be Bettered? Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南衡阳·一模) Soda, extremely sweet and nutritionally empty, is subject to taxation in an increasing number of regions. Nowadays, more than 35 countries and seven cities in the United States have carried out a tax on soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages (饮料), a policy driven by mounting public health anxieties over diet-related diseases. In the United States, nearly 40 percent of adults are obese (肥胖的), which adds $147billion to the nation’s annual healthcare spending, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The problem is complicated, but the widespread intake of foods packed with added sugar that adds calories while providing no essential nutrients plays a major role, with beverages accounting for nearly half the added sugar in the American diet. Public health researchers regard soda tax as a low-hanging fruit in the battle against health problems such as obesity. These researchers argue that unlike other public health policies that require long-term education and gradual behavior change, soda tax can directly influence people’s spending decisions by increasing the cost of unhealthy beverages. Behavioral scientist Christina Roberto from UPenn notes taxes are among the most effective policies to change unhealthy eating habits as such taxation has long been proven to cut public health risks from alcohol and tobacco use. Yet soda tax may fall short of advocates’ goals. Current tax rates are often too modest to reach the price level needed to change purchasing behavior. Consumers may replace sugary beverages with other calorie-rich but nutrient-poor foods, or simply cross city borders to buy untaxed soda in neighboring areas. While beverage tax can cut down on sugary beverage consumption, health gains won’t come easy and will take time. Drawing on the experience of tobacco and alcohol taxes — once faced with opposition from the industries — experts suggest that soda tax must be paired with cultural shifts, like how anti-smoking norms eventually decreased tobacco intake. Only by combining policies with evolving public perceptions can we make soda tax truly effective. 1．What is the primary drive of the high obesity rate in the United States? A．The immaturity of disease prevention. B．The lack of important nutrient intake. C．The incapability of healthcare support. D．The overconsumption of sugary food. 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly focus on? A．The severity of health problems. B．The practicability of soda tax. C．The existing policies carried out to fight obesity. D．The health researchers’ different attitudes to soda tax. 3．Why may soda tax fail to achieve its expected effect? A．People can’t afford the tax payments. B．People know well about soda’s harm. C．It isn’t capable of shifting people’s choices. D．Sugary beverages are only available in specific areas. 4．What can be done to make soda tax effective? A．Making long-term healthcare strategies. B．Joining hands with relevant industries. C．Cutting down sugary beverage supplies. D．Attaching importance to social awareness. Passage 4 (2026·高三·湖南株洲·一模) Vegetables pack lots of nutrients. But our bodies need some nutrients that can be found only in animal products, such as meat. Now, researchers have made changes to the genes in leaves so that plants can make some of these nutrients. “This might one day let worldwide vegetarians (素食者) rely on plants for the full range of nutrients their bodies need.” says Pengxiang Fan, a biochemist, who works on the goal at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou. To produce the animal-type nutrients, plant leaves need enzymes (酶) they don’t normally have. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions inside living things. In this case, they need enzymes that help turn certain amino acids — the building blocks of proteins — into nutrients normally found only in meat. Fan is part of a team that put genetic instructions for making these animal-based enzymes into a bacterium, which can transport genes to plants. The team prepare multiple sets of genetic instructions. The sets differ in which amino acids and nutrients they can make. By combining the sets in different ways — like combining Lego blocks to build different structures — the instructions would allow plants to make different nutrients. Which nutrient the leaves make depends on which genetic instructions they have received. Putting the genetic instructions into a leaf to change its genes takes just a few days. That’s a lot faster than the typical approach for testing genetic changes to plants. If plants are grown in a mindful way, they should have fewer impacts on the environment than the farming of animals does. The plants used to test this technique aren’t edible at present. Fan hopes to try adding such nutrient-making enzymes to crops one day. But, Fan cautions, before using this technique in fruits or vegetables, “we need to be very careful to ensure the safety of vegetarians’ diet.” The plants might adapt to the genes in unexpected ways. Ideally, he says, his group could come up with a set of instructions for every amino acid and boost plant levels of these nutrients as well. 1．What is the purpose of Fan’s research? A．To help bacteria survive. B．To speed up the plant’s growth. C．To make plants produce meaty nutrients. D．To find new enzymes in animal products. 2．What can be inferred about the enzymes? A．They exist naturally in plants. B．They matter in nutrient production. C．They delay chemical reactions. D．They transform genes into nutrients. 3．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning Lego blocks in paragraph 3? A．The difficulty in putting genetic instructions. B．The comparison of various genetic structures. C．The complexity of building genetic structures. D．The diversity of combining genetic instructions. 4．What does the underlined word “edible” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Eatable. B．Accessible. C．Nutritious. D．Widespread. Passage 5 (2026·高三·湖南湘西·一模) Hydrogen (氢) fuel cells make electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen, and the only product is water. They start fast, work efficiently, and produce zero emissions. However, most fuel cells still depend on platinum(a chemical element) as the catalyst (催化剂). Platinum is rare and very expensive, so large-scale use is difficult. A team of Chinese scientists has offered a strong solution. Their study, published in Nature, shows that an iron-based catalyst can do the job while using far less platinum. The team, led by Prof. Dan Wang and Prof. Zhang Suojiang, designed a structure they call “inner activation, outer protection”. The active iron atoms sit inside tiny hollow (中空的) shells, while a hard carbon layer outside protects them. Think of each particle (颗粒) like a set of nested shells. The iron atoms are fixed on the inner curved surface. The outer carbon shell keeps the particle stable. This setup makes oxygen pieces escape more easily, so the reaction runs faster. It also blocks harsh chemicals that would damage the catalyst over time. Tests support the design: the iron atoms are in the right places and stay steady during use. Computer models explain why it works — the outer layer gently pushes away oxygen pieces, so they don’t stick too tightly to the iron inside. The performance is impressive for a catalyst without platinum. The fuel cell loses less energy, produces less of a harmful oxygen-based chemical, and stays active for a long time. It reached about 0.75 W/cm2 and kept about 86% of its activity after over 300 hours. This Chinese breakthrough matters. Firstly, it lowers costs and eases pressure on rare-metal supply chains by replacing much platinum with iron. Besides, the simple “inner activation, outer protection” rule can guide new catalysts for fuel cells, and metal-air batteries. Moreover, longer-lasting parts lower costs for backup power, helping clean technology grow faster. In short, smart atomic design from China offers a practical path toward cleaner air, stronger energy security, and progress toward climate goals. 1．What problem does the study mainly target? A．The limited application of platinum. B．The danger of storing hydrogen. C．The costly reliance on platinum. D．The slow start of fuel cells. 2．How does the author develop paragraph 3? A．By explaining the working principle. B．By evidencing the benefits of platinum. C．By detailing the procedure of the research. D．By distinguishing iron atoms and the carbon layer. 3．What is the significance of the study? A．It makes metal-air batteries available. B．It promises a greener energy future. C．It helps cut costs of iron-based catalysts. D．It removes the concern about energy security. 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．Metal-Air Batteries: The Next Hit B．Iron Over Platinum: China’s Breakthrough C．Why Fuel Cells Become Vital to Achieving Climate Goals D．How an Innovative Structure Replaces Traditional Fuel Cells Passage 6 (2026·高三·湖南永州·一模) The results of the artificial intelligence (AI) boom have found fertile ground in modern agriculture, from application systems to on-the-go machine operation adjustments. The industrial revolution of AI is promoting the rapid development of agriculture, as equipment makers create “smarter” machinery equipped with increasing amounts of background data and digital circuitry (电路) patterned after the human brain. In a recent interview about the use of AI in production agriculture, John Deere’s President of Lifecycle Solutions, Justin Rose, said AI is essential to his company’s goal of helping farmers be more profitable and sustainable while using fewer resources: less land, chemicals and labor. Rose points to Deere’s See & Spray technology and its use of AI to boost productivity through improved crop protection chemical use. “Traditional sprayers treat entire fields with herbicides, but our system uses 36 cameras and advanced machine learning to identify and spray only the weeds — while moving at 12-15 mph, covering 3 football field lengths per minute,” he says. He notes the system uses 70% less chemical than traditional application practices for significant improvements in profitability, sustainability and efficiency. The examples of AI in agriculture are many, with ranks growing rapidly each year, but before farmers can benefit from these developments, they must first become familiar with the technology and how to operate it, stall settings, plan their season around the equipment and make in-season adjustments. AI is helping with this challenge. Farmers don’t have endless opportunities to get everything right, but with the help of AI, we can turn a farm career’s 40 harvests into 40,000 opportunities to learn and optimize (优化). Rose says the AI race has just begun. “This is the slowest it’s ever going to go, and we’ re all going to have to raise our game and move more quickly all the time,” he explains. That involves those who design and program AI applications, those who depend upon them, and those who sell and service them. 1．How does Rose illustrate AI’s function in chemical use? A．By giving an example. B．By giving a definition. C．By making a comparison. D．By making an assumption. 2．What are farmers advised to do in paragraph 4? A．Acquire knowledge of AI and apply it. B．Adjust equipment according to the season. C．Increase the number of harvests by using AI. D．Take endless chances to get everything right. 3．What does Rose think of AI’s current application? A．Immature. B．Fast-paced. C．Highly-developed. D．Complex. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．AI Will Replace Workers in Various Fields B．AI Is Busier in Agriculture Than Many Realize C．Farmers Say Goodbye to Traditional Agriculture D．Aims of AI Are Changing in Developing Agriculture Passage 7 (2026·高三·湖南永州·一模) As plastic waste continues to increase across the globe, creating serious environmental challenges, researchers are turning to nature for sustainable solutions. Maksud Rahman, an assistant professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of Houston, has developed an innovative method for transforming bacterial cellulose (细菌纤维素), a biodegradable material, into a multifunctional substance that could serve as a replacement for plastic. This material holds promise for a wide range of uses. It could soon be used to create everyday items such as disposable water bottles, eco-friendly packaging, and even wound dressings, relying on bacterial cellulose, a naturally abundant and biodegradable biopolymer (生物聚合物) found in the environment. “We imagine these strong, multifunctional and eco-friendly bacterial cellulose sheets becoming common, replacing plastics in various industries and helping reduce environmental damage,” said Rahman, who is reporting his work in Nature Communications. Growing concern over the harmful effects of petroleum-based, non-degradable materials on the environment has intensified the demand for sustainable alternatives, such as natural or biomaterials. Bacterial cellulose has emerged as a potential biomaterial that is naturally abundant, biodegradable, and biocompatible (生物相容的). To strengthen the cellulose and create more functionality, the research team added boron nitride nanosheets (氮化硼纳米片) to the liquid that feeds the bacteria and made a material called “bacterial cellulose-boron nitride hybrid nanosheets” with better mechanical properties and thermal (热的) properties. Rahman said the approach producing strong and multifunctional bacterial cellulose sheets would pave the way towards applications in structural materials, thermal management, packaging, textiles, green electronics and energy storage. “We’re essentially guiding the bacteria to behave with purpose. Rather than moving randomly, we direct their motion, so they produce cellulose in an organized way. This controlled behavior, combined with our flexible biosynthesis (生物合成) method with various nanomaterials, enables us to achieve multifunctional properties in the material,” Rahman said. “This work is a perfect example of interdisciplinary (跨学科的) science at the intersection of materials science, biology, and nanoengineering,” Rahman added. 1．Why does the author mention “plastic waste” in the beginning? A．To present an idea. B．To explain a concept. C．To make a prediction. D．To give background information. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The features of the new material. B．The potential application of the new material. C．The ways of reducing environmental damage. D．The process of producing many everyday items. 3．What did the research team do to improve bacterial cellulose? A．They changed the type of bacteria that produce cellulose. B．They mixed nanomaterials into bacterial cellulose directly. C．They added boron nitride nanosheets to the bacteria’s nutrient liquid. D．They combined boron nitride nanosheets with bacterial cellulose completely. 4．Which of the following would Rahman agree with? A．Cellulose is produced randomly. B．Knowledge in a single field is applied. C．The bacteria behave purposefully under guidance. D．Cellulose sheets hardly benefit different applications. Passage 8 (2026·高三·湖南湘潭部分学校·一模) A new study published in the Journal of Remote Sensing has revealed that current satellite systems underestimate total CO2 emissions (排放) from U.S. thermal power plants (热电站) by 70% (±12%). The research, led by scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, highlights remote sensing technology, the core technology of current satellite systems, has important gaps, including poor spatial resolution, limited precision, and infrequent revisit cycles. It also suggests that next-generation satellites — designed with a resolution of 0.5km, a precision of at least 0.7 ppm, and daily monitoring capabilities — could reduce errors to below 20%. This advancement would significantly enhance global carbon accountability. Thermal power generation accounted for 46% of the global increase in CO2 emissions in 2021, emphasizing its critical role in climate action. Current satellites, including NASA’s OCO-2 and OCO-3, have difficulty detecting small facilities, which make up 94% of coal-fired power plants and 97% of gas-fueled plants. The study analyzed data from 1,060 U.S. power plants using 2021 satellite data and found that existing systems recorded only 29% (±12%) of total emissions, mainly from larger facilities. The researchers used Gaussian plume models and high-resolution ERA5-Land meteorological (气象的) data to account for time variability in plant operations and atmospheric disturbance, thus bettering emission estimates. The study also assessed approaching missions like the European Union’s Copernicus Anthropogenic CO2 Monitoring Mission (CO2M), set to launch in 2025 with 0.7 ppm precision, 4 km2 resolution, and 5-day revisit gaps, as well as China’s TanSat-2, which is designed for 1 ppm precision and daily global coverage. Through considerable tools and profound research, these new systems could detect 52% and 44% of total U.S. power plant emissions, respectively, marking a significant improvement over current capabilities. Accurate emission lists are vital for the Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake, which measures progress toward limiting global warming to 1.5°C． “Current satellites provide unreliable data, weakening climate commitments,” stated Dr. Cheng Tianhai, the study’s corresponding author. “Next-generation systems could fill these gaps, making emissions measurable and actionable.” 1．Which writing technique does paragraph 1 skip? A．Offering statistics. B．Making contrasts. C．Giving a definition. D．Quoting a study. 2．What causes inaccurate CO2 emission data? A．Recording methods are outdated. B．Monitoring facilities are lacking. C．It is difficult to track small devices. D．It is hard to detect large equipment. 3．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The methods of precise monitoring. B．The advances in emission detection. C．The increases in China’s CO2 emissions. D．The mechanisms of emission monitoring. 4．Which words can best describe future satellite systems? A．Precise and reliable. B．Adaptive and portable. C．AI-powered and super-fast. D．Predictive and data-based. Passage 9 (2026·高三·湖南湘潭部分学校·一模) History is one of those subjects that could be endless if we had enough time. There has always been an understanding that we learn history to stop it from being repeated, in a sense learning from past mistakes. However, as we have discovered, this is not entirely true. With the invasive (入侵的) and violent events still in existence in many parts of the world, we can see that humanity has not learnt from its past. History shows itself to repeat and it is important to learn history to see these chaotic repetitions. History is not just about strife—wars, revolutions, and struggles—but it is also a political and philosophical topic. A man named Peter Turchin has spent many years investigating how we can use history to our own benefit. In 2003 Turchin published his book “historical dynamics”. The book demonstrates his workings in which he shows the secular (世俗的) state of France and Russia from their origins to the 18th century. Not long after his book was published Turchin founded cliodynamics. Cliodynamics works to show the underlying patterns we can observe in history and model them in a way to make scientific estimates of how the future may play out. His use of mathematics has allowed scientists to develop a greater understanding of how political settings may occur or how societies will grow. Of course, it is simply impossible for any historian to predict the future, but by using this “big data” approach, Turchin has allowed individuals to locate patterns and use critical thinking to help make judgments about what the future may hold. Turchin as well as many others have used history in an important way to help future generations. As time passes, the databases will improve, highlighting more patterns and similarities, unavoidably helping to make these predictions more reliable. Could this approach to using data be the future of history and would we as a society be able to show the repetitions in humanity? 1．What does the underlined word “strife” in paragraph 2 mean? A．reflection. B．Conclusion. C．Account. D．Conflict. 2．What can be inferred from Turchin’s research? A．It intends to reveal state origins. B．It jumps out of historical cycles. C．It confirms history’s mirror values. D．It shows maths history similarities. 3．How does Turhin’s approach benefit historians? A．By providing first-hand data. B．By helping predict future trends. C．By ensuring precise future predictions. D．By fueling insights into certain events. 4．What is the author’s attitude toward predicting the future? A．Favorable. B．Objective. C．Unconcerned. D．Opposed. 主题03 人与自然——动物行为；生态网络；地球科学 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南株洲·一模) The dawn chorus of birds has inspired poets and nature lovers for thousands of years, but the reason why birds start the day this way is a lasting mystery. Now, a series of experiments in zebra finches (斑胸草雀) suggests that while darkness prevents singing, birds build up a stronger motivation to sing in the night that causes them to burst into song at dawn. Anil Kamath and his team members studied laboratory-raised zebra finches in carefully controlled lighting conditions to control the timing of light and dark cycles. The team first pushed back the time at which the finches were exposed to sudden bright light to 3 hours later than the actual dawn. The birds were awake but stayed silent in the artificial darkness, and when the lights eventually did come on, the birds sang more intensely than usual. When the lights came on 3 hours earlier than the actual dawn, the birds still broke into a chorus, but without the same intensity as when they were forced to wait. “In other words, the longer the period of time between when the birds wake up and when the light begins is, the more intense the chorus becomes,” Kamath says. The team also analysed the birds’ songs to see how these changed over the course of the day. They found there were rapid shifts in the structure of the songs in the first hour after dawn, compared with the second hour. “Due to the absence of singing during the night, the vocal motor system and song-acoustic structure may slightly become worse, and the dawn chorus serves to quickly restore them,” says Kamath. While this study only looks at one species, similar drivers may apply to other bird species. But Kamath urges caution. “There are many differences between species in how and when they sing in the dawn chorus,” he says, “and this explains why 11 different theories have been proposed to understand the phenomenon.” Kamath advises broadening the range of species to be studied in the future. 1．How did the researchers conduct the experiment? A．By adjusting light exposure time. B．By recording birds across seasons. C．By training the birds to sing on time. D．By changing the birds’ living space. 2．What does Kamath’s team find about zebra finches? A．Their songs are relatively stable. B．Darkness holds back their singing desire. C．Their waking time affects chorus intensity. D．Night singing is good for their vocal system. 3．What is Kamath’s suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．How Light Affects Birds’ Routine B．Theories about the Dawn Chorus C．Zebra Finches: A Model for Bird Studies D．Why Birds Burst into Song at Dawn Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南邵阳·一模) In the world of gardening and agriculture, the focus has traditionally been on what happens above ground. However, a revolution is taking place in our understanding of plant life, driven by the discovery of vast fungal networks known as the “Wood Wide Web”. This underground internet, formed by mycorrhizal fungi(菌根真菌), connects the roots of nearly all plants on Earth, allowing them to communicate and share resources. These fungi form a symbiotic relationship with plant hosts. In exchange for sugars from the plant’s photosynthesis, the fungal threads, called mycelium, extend far beyond the plant’s own root system, acting as an extension of its roots. This network transports vital nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from areas of abundance to areas of scarcity. Remarkably, research has shown that trees can use this network to support their own seedlings. A “mother tree” can send surplus carbon to shaded seedlings struggling to photosynthesize, significantly increasing their survival chances. The network also serves as an early warning system. When a plant is attacked by pests, it can release chemical signals into the network. Nearby plants that receive these signals can then preemptively ramp up their own chemical defenses before the pests reach them. This challenges the long - held view of plants as passive and isolated competitors; instead, they are active participants in a dynamic and intelligent community. Despite its benefits, the Wood Wide Web has a dark side. Some plants, like certain orchid species, are “cheaters”. They connect to the network but do not contribute their own sugars. Instead, they steal carbon resources from the surrounding plants, essentially parasitizing the system. This complexity adds another layer to our understanding of forest ecology. Understanding these networks has profound implications. As we face challenges like climate change and deforestation, insights into the Wood Wide Web could inform reforestation efforts. By planting “hub trees” that readily form fungal connections, we could help establish resilient and self- sustaining forests more quickly, promoting ecosystem recovery on a larger scale. 1．What’s the main function of the Wood Wide Web? A．Linking the roots of all plants. B．Helping plants absorb water efficiently. C．Serving as microbes’ main food. D．Facilitating plant communication and sharing. 2．How does the mother tree help seedlings according to Paragraph 2? A．By supplying nutrients via fungal networks. B．By shielding from strong sunlight. C．By releasing pest- killing chemicals. D．By providing more sugars. 3．Why does the author mention “cheaters” in Paragraph 4? A．To explain the Wood Wide Web has weaknesses. B．To prove the Wood Wide Web has fragile and harmful species. C．To prove the Wood Wide Web threatens agriculture. D．To show the Wood Wide Web is beneficial to ecosystem. 4．What’s the author’s main purpose in writing? A．To explain the benefits of fungal networks. B．To introduce a complex and symbiotic natural system. C．To criticize previous agricultural practices. D．To promote commercial application of fungal networks. Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南郴州·一模) This summer has seen the shortest days in Earth’s recorded history. Scientists break down the reasons why days are getting shorter. On July 9, the planet spun 1.34 milliseconds faster than the standard 24-hour rotation (自转), according to the International Earth rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). It’s predicted we’ll see two more historically short days — July 22 and August 5. Variations of Earth’s rotation are due to a complicated mix of factors, but scientists say a few stand out. The moon’s gravity acts differently: it slows Earth slightly when near the equator twice a month, but speeds it up when close to the poles. Additionally, summer’s slower atmospheric spin caused by jet stream shifts forces the planet to accelerate to maintain constant angular momentum. Atomic time is constant, so Earth’s varying spin creates a gap between astronomical time (天文时间)and atomic time. To let astronomical time catch up, leap seconds have been added 27 times since 1972. Now that Earth is speeding up, timekeepers may implement (实施)a first-ever negative leap second by 2029 to slow astronomical time. Leap seconds have disrupted computers, GPS, and telecommunications, most notably in 2012 when Linux and other systems hiccuped at the adjustment. An unprecedented negative leap second could prove more problematic since software systems may assume that time always moves in the same direction. Studies suggest that factors like melting ice, rising seas, and depleted groundwater are changing Earth’s mass and slowing its spin. “Our analysis shows that in the past century, modern climate change alone has contributed to length of day by about 0.6 to 0.7 milliseconds, and that rate will likely double in this century,” says scientist Surendra Adhikari. Such a slowdown could be at odds with the factors recently working to speed Earth’s spin, highlighting the complexity of the planet’s rotation. Astronomer Stamatakos stresses that while we’ve seen Earth’s spin vary for centuries, the complicated interplay of its different causes still presents a challenge for scientists — especially when looking forward. “Accurate predictions of length of day beyond a six-month time frame are not possible,” he warns, “due to the incomplete understanding of all these geodetic phenomena.” 1．Which of the following is a cause of Earth’s faster rotation? A．Climate change. B．The moon’s gravity near poles. C．Rising sea levels. D．Faster atmospheric movement. 2．What does the author imply about leap seconds? A．They will be abolished by 2029. B．They may be adjusted negatively. C．They have never caused problems. D．They result from the Earth’s faster rotation. 3．What message does the author want to convey in the last paragraph? A．Earth’s spin is straightforward to understand. B．Scientists have overestimated the complexity. C．The accurate length of a day is unpredictable. D．Much remains to be explored about the mystery. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Changing Day Lengths: Causes of Earth’s Spin Shifts B．Slower Earth Rotation: Impacts on Global Timekeeping C．Shorter Earth Days: The Coming Negative Leap Second D．Earth’s Rotation: A History of Leap Second Adjustments 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自我——健康饮食；身心放松；神经科学 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南·一模) A new major study suggests that maintaining healthy eating habits in midlife is linked to better aging in later years. Conducted by researchers from Harvard, the University of Copenhagen, and the University of Montreal, this study does not just focus on living a long life. Instead, it looks at “healthy aging,” which is defined as living to age 70 or older without major chronic diseases while maintaining good cognitive, physical, and mental health. The team observed over 105,000 female and male health professionals in midlife for 30 years. Participants regularly completed detailed dietary questionnaires. The researchers scored these answers based on eight different healthy dietary patterns. These patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet or the DASH diet, generally encourage high intakes of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, while limiting red and processed meats. They also carefully examined the amount of ultra-processed foods participants consumed. The results are promising. A total of 9.3% of the population aged healthily. Overall, those who stuck to any of these healthy dietary patterns were more likely to age well. The top performer was the AHEI diet. People with high scores were much more likely to live past 70 in good health than those with low scores. Another strong option was the PHDI, which emphasizes plant-based foods while considering planetary health. In contrast, eating too much processed meat and sugary drinks lowered the chances of healthy aging. The researchers emphasize that there is no “one-size-fits-all” diet. Healthy diets can be adapted to fit individual needs and preferences. The main goal is to eat mostly plant-based foods with a moderate inclusion of healthy animal products. This flexibility helps people maintain an independent and active quality of life as they age, which is a priority for both individuals and public health. However, the study has some limitations. The participants were all health professionals, meaning their socioeconomic status and education levels might be higher than average. To apply the results more widely, future studies should repeat the research in populations with more diverse backgrounds. 1．How does the study define “healthy aging”? A．By living a long life without any illnesses. B．By maintaining physical and mental health at 70. C．By following a strict diet plan in midlife. D．By avoiding animal-based foods totally. 2．What is a common feature of the recommended dietary patterns? A．They are high in red meat intake. B．They strictly exclude all dairy products. C．They encourage eating more plant-based foods. D．They focus mainly on environmental protection. 3．What does the author suggest about healthy diets? A．They require people to eat the same foods. B．They can be adapted to individual needs. C．They are difficult to follow for young people. D．They are better than medicine for diseases. 4．Why does the author mention the study’s limitation? A．To prove the study is unscientific. B．To suggest the need for more diverse subjects. C．To show health professionals eat poorly. D．To indicate the diet is harmful. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍研究表明中年保持健康饮食习惯与晚年更好地衰老相关。研究对“健康衰老”进行了定义，并通过观察超10.5万名中年健康专业人员30年得出结论，即坚持健康饮食模式更易实现健康衰老，同时指出研究存在参与者均为健康专业人员这一局限性。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Instead, it looks at “healthy aging,” which is defined as living to age 70 or older without major chronic diseases while maintaining good cognitive, physical, and mental health. (相反，它关注的是“健康衰老”，其定义为活到70岁或更年长，没有重大慢性疾病，同时保持良好的认知、身体和心理健康)”可知，该研究对“健康衰老”的定义是在70岁时保持身体和心理健康，故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“These patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet or the DASH diet, generally encourage high intakes of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, while limiting red and processed meats.(这些模式，如地中海饮食或得舒饮食，通常鼓励大量摄入水果、蔬菜、全谷物和健康脂肪，同时限制红肉和加工肉类)”可知，推荐的饮食模式的一个共同特征是鼓励多吃植物性食物，故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The researchers emphasize that there is no “one-size-fits-all” diet. Healthy diets can be adapted to fit individual needs and preferences.(研究人员强调，没有“一刀切”的饮食。健康饮食可以适应个人需求和偏好)”可知，作者认为健康饮食可以适应个人需求，故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The participants were all health professionals, meaning their socioeconomic status and education levels might be higher than average. To apply the results more widely, future studies should repeat the research in populations with more diverse backgrounds.(参与者都是健康专业人员，这意味着他们的社会经济地位和教育水平可能高于平均水平。为了更广泛地应用这些结果，未来的研究应该在更多样化背景的人群中重复这项研究)”可知，作者提到研究的局限性是为了表明需要更多样化的研究对象，故选B项。 Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南岳阳·一模) When Amanda Rulten picked up a cheap coloring book and some colored pens, she didn’t expect the activity to stick. It came when she was in the middle of a health crisis. Eighteen months ago, she had an infection and was rushed into emergency surgery, followed by numerous hospital stays. “My mental health has completely collapsed,” said Rulten. “I can’t do the hobbies I once enjoyed, so having time to sit and be present in something that isn’t demanding or causing me harm has been really helpful. It’s about taking five minutes away from everything.” Gradually, coloring turned into her daily routine. Coloring books for adults aren’t a new phenomenon. Early “paint books” were marketed to grown-ups in the late 18th century, often framed as educational or moral tools. But adult coloring really caught on around 2015, when Johanna Basford’s intricate (错综复杂的) drawings in her book “Secret Garden” became sensations. Recently, a “cozy coloring” aesthetic (美学的) style has dominated adult coloring charts — simple line art with large shapes meant for quick, relaxing fills. Of Amazon’s best-sellers in October 2025, nearly half of the top adult coloring books emphasized the same “Bold & Easy” style — a pull toward accessibility over intricacy, intended to comfort tired minds. For Girija Kaimal, professor of the Creative Arts Therapies at Drexel University in Philadelphia, coloring’s appeal runs deeper than relaxation. “I think of us as 21st century hunter-gatherers. Our bodies and minds are tens of thousands of years old. We worked with our hands; we used all our senses. Coloring takes us back there,” she explained. As for why it feels rewarding, “By the end of it, you have something colorful, which signals health to us,” she explained. “In nature, when you see color, it usually signifies abundance, a fertile landscape.” Kaimal said that this kind of activity “let people play again,” giving them a safe way to create without fear of failure. And skill doesn’t matter. “We are allowed to play as adults, however silly,” Kaimal added. 1．What drove Rulten to buy a coloring book? A．The desire to develop a new hobby. B．The wish to have fun in the hospital. C．The attempt to cure her mental disease. D．The need to relax mind during treatment. 2．Which of the following belongs to the “Bold & Easy” style? A．Plain line drawings with broad outlines. B．Intricate patterns requiring careful filling. C．Accessible pictures with moral messages. D．Large detailed shapes for creative expression. 3．What is the main purpose of paragraph 3? A．To explain healing mechanisms of coloring. B．To illustrate the rewarding effects of coloring. C．To compare ancient and modern ways of relaxation. D．To build connection between physical health and coloring. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Relaxing Tool for Patients. B．A Silly but Funny coloring Book. C．The Rise of“Bold & Easy” coloring. D．The Playful Journey of Mental healing. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过Amanda Rulten的个人经历，介绍了成人涂色书的流行趋势、“Bold & Easy”风格的特点，并从心理学和人类学角度解释了涂色活动对现代人心理健康的积极作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“It came when she was in the middle of a health crisis. Eighteen months ago, she had an infection and was rushed into emergency surgery, followed by numerous hospital stays. ‘My mental health has completely collapsed,’ said Rulten. ‘I can’t do the hobbies I once enjoyed, so having time to sit and be present in something that isn’t demanding or causing me harm has been really helpful. It’s about taking five minutes away from everything.’(这发生在她遭遇健康危机的时候。18个月前，她因感染被紧急送往手术室，之后又多次住院。‘我的心理健康彻底崩溃了，’Rulten说，‘我无法再从事曾经喜欢的爱好，所以能有时间坐下来投入到一件不费力、不会伤害我的事情中，这对我帮助很大。这是一种从所有事情中抽离五分钟的方式。’)”可知，Rulten购买涂色书是为了在治疗期间放松身心。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Recently, a ‘cozy coloring’ aesthetic (美学的) style has dominated adult coloring charts — simple line art with large shapes meant for quick, relaxing fills.(最近，一种‘舒适涂色’的美学风格主导了成人涂色书榜单——带有大色块的简单线条画，旨在快速、轻松地填充。)”可知，“Bold & Easy”风格指的是带有大轮廓的简单线条画。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“For Girija Kaimal, professor of the Creative Arts Therapies at Drexel University in Philadelphia, coloring’s appeal runs deeper than relaxation. ‘I think of us as 21st century hunter-gatherers. Our bodies and minds are tens of thousands of years old. We worked with our hands; we used all our senses. Coloring takes us back there,’ she explained. As for why it feels rewarding, ‘By the end of it, you have something colorful, which signals health to us,’ she explained. ‘In nature, when you see color, it usually signifies abundance, a fertile landscape.’(对于费城德雷塞尔大学创意艺术疗法教授Girija Kaimal来说，涂色的吸引力远不止放松。‘我认为我们是21世纪的狩猎采集者。我们的身体和大脑有几万年的历史。我们用双手劳作，调动所有感官。涂色把我们带回了那个时代，’她解释道。至于为什么会感觉有意义，‘完成之后，你会得到一件色彩斑斓的作品，这对我们来说是健康的信号，’她解释道，‘在自然界中，当你看到色彩时，它通常象征着丰饶、一片肥沃的土地。’)”可知，第三段主要解释了涂色活动的疗愈机制。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Kaimal said that this kind of activity ‘let people play again,’ giving them a safe way to create without fear of failure. And skill doesn’t matter. ‘We are allowed to play as adults, however silly,’ Kaimal added.(Kaimal说，这种活动‘让人们再次玩耍’，为他们提供了一种安全的创作方式，无需担心失败。而且技能并不重要。‘作为成年人，我们被允许玩耍，不管这看起来多么傻气，’Kaimal补充道。)”以及文章中Amanda Rulten通过涂色疗愈心理健康的经历可知，文章核心是涂色作为一种“玩耍”方式，对现代人心理健康的疗愈作用。因此，“The Playful Journey of Mental healing(心灵疗愈的趣味之旅)”最适合作为文章标题。故选D。 Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南怀化·一模) Even after eating a large meal, most people can still find room for sweets. Now, research in mice shows that the nerve cells behind feeling full also contribute to strong desire for sugar. In other words, there seems to be a neurological (神经学的) basis for our love of dessert. Previous studies identified that naturally occurring opioids (阿片类物质) in the brain play a crucial role in sugar desire. The main producers of these opioids are nerve cells located in a brain region that adjusts appetite, metabolism and hormones. Known as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC，前阿片黑素细胞皮质激素) nerve cells, they also control feelings of satiety after eating. To explore whether the cells also drive thirst for sugar, Henning Fenselau at the Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research in Germany and his colleagues tracked the opioid signals the POMC cells send in the brain. The researchers monitored the activity of nerve cells in these regions as mice ate their usual food. When the animals seemed to be full, the team gave them a dessert of sugary chow. The results showed that, on average, the activity between the POMC nerve cells and the PVT (丘脑室旁核) roughly multiplied during dessert consumption, and even rose sharply before the mice started eating the sweets, proving this nerve pathway directly fuels sugar desire. When the team blocked signals from POMC nerve cells to the PVT, the mice consumed 40 per cent less dessert. “The cell types, which are extremely well known for making people feel full, also release signals that cause the appetite for sugar, and they do so particularly in the state of being full,” says Fenselau. “This would explain why animals — humans — over-consume sugar when they’re actually full.” 1．What does the underlined word “satiety” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Desire. B．Fullness. C．Appetite. D．Delight. 2．Which of the following is the finding of the mice experiment? A．The mice had more appetite for sugar than usual food. B．The mice had less dessert consumption in their daily diet. C．The mice had more responses in POMC than in PVT areas. D．The mice had less sugar desire as brain signals were interrupted. 3．What can be inferred from Fenselau’s words? A．The feeling of being full generates sugar desire. B．Humans consume more sugar than animals. C．Sugar desire has nothing to do with appetite. D．Nerve cells make it easy for people to feel full. 4．What can we learn from the text? A．Potential risks of sugar over-consumption for mice. B．Differences of animal-human neurological responses. C．Explanation of brain mechanism of sugar desire. D．Different views on sugar desire after meals in mice. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项科学研究发现：人吃饱后仍想吃甜食，并非单纯的习惯，而是有神经学基础——负责产生饱腹感的POMC神经细胞，同时也会激发对糖分的渴望。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Known as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) nerve cells, they also control feelings of satiety after eating. (这些被称为前阿片黑素细胞皮质激素的神经细胞，也控制着进食后的satiety感)”和最后一段中“The cell types, which are extremely well known for making people feel full, also release signals that cause the appetite for sugar, and they do so particularly in the state of being full(这些细胞类型对于让人们产生饱腹感的作用是众所周知的，它们还会释放出促使人们产生对糖分渴望的信号，而且这种作用在饱腹状态下尤为明显)”可知，这些细胞让人们产生饱腹感，进而推断satiety表示“饱、饱腹感”。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“When the team blocked signals from POMC nerve cells to the PVT, the mice consumed 40 per cent less dessert.(当研究团队阻断了从POMC神经细胞到丘脑室旁核的信号时，老鼠吃的甜点减少了40%)”可知，老鼠实验的发现是：当大脑信号被阻断时，老鼠对糖的渴望降低。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“The cell types, which are extremely well known for making people feel full, also release signals that cause the appetite for sugar, and they do so particularly in the state of being full. (这些以让人产生饱腹感而闻名的细胞，也会释放引发对糖分食欲的信号，而且它们尤其在吃饱的状态下这样做)”可推知，饱腹感会催生对糖分的渴望。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Even after eating a large meal, most people can still find room for sweets. Now, research in mice shows that the nerve cells behind feeling full also contribute to strong desire for sugar. In other words, there seems to be a neurological (神经学的) basis for our love of dessert.(即便饱餐一顿之后，大多数人仍能找到吃甜食的空间。现在，对老鼠的研究表明，负责产生饱腹感的神经细胞也与强烈的糖分渴望有关。换句话说，我们对甜食的喜爱似乎有着神经学上的原因)”可知，全文围绕“吃饱后想吃甜食”的现象展开，介绍了其背后的大脑神经机制，解释了为什么人在饱腹状态下仍会想吃糖。故选C。 主题02 人与社会——人工智能；农业科技；绿色交通；决策研究；软体机器人；环境保护 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南天壹名校联盟·一模) Have a constant feeling that someone or something is watching you? Chances are that it’s a camera. Cities around the world use computer vision-enabled CCTV to monitor vehicle and pedestrian (行人) traffic. In the near future, physical stores might employ them to catch thieves. Japanese telecom company NTT East cooperated with tech startup Earth Eyes to create AI Guardsman, a machine learning system that attempts to catch thieves in the act. Relying on open source technology developed by Carnegie Mellon University, it scans live video streams from cameras in convenience stores and supermarkets, tracking every customer inside. When it detects suspicious activity, for example, when a would-be thief starts looking for blind spots or begins nervously checking their surroundings, the system sends an alert to a store clerk’s smartphone with the person’s photo and location. Distinguishing between thieves and indecisive shoppers isn’t easy, though, and NTT East makes no claims that its algorithm (算法) is perfect. It sometimes flags well-meaning customers who pick up and put back items and salesclerks refilling store shelves, a spokesperson for the company told The Verge. But the telecom claims that AI Guardsman learns from its mistakes over time. In the companion smartphone app, clerks log whether or not they spoke to suspects detected by the system, and the results are used to remove false positives. There’s a concern, of course, that AI Guardsman’s computer vision algorithms are likely to be affected by bias. A 2011 study found that facial recognition algorithms in China, Japan, and South Korea had more trouble dlistinguishing between Caucasian faces than faces of East Asians, and in a separate study, researchers observed that face detection systems from security companies performed 5 to 10 percent worse on African Americans. AI Guardsman, which costs around $2,150 in addition to a monthly subscription fee of $40, will go on sale at the end of July. Hopefully, we’ll learn more about its limitations and privacy protections before then. 1．What can AI Guardsman do in real time? A．Send images to the police. B．Locate specific products. C．Call absent-minded clerks. D．Spot unnatural shoppers. 2．How does AI Guardsman boost its accuracy? A．By increasing its workflow. B．By updating its database. C．By referring to clerks’ acts. D．By collecting users’ tips. 3．What is the concern about AI Guardsman? A．Poor system stability. B．Unfair visual judgments. C．Racial discrimination. D．Pricey subscription fees. 4．What is the author’s attitude toward AI Guardsman? A．Impartial. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Optimistic. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了AI Guardsman这一机器学习系统在商店防偷方面的应用、准确性提升方式、存在的担忧以及售价等信息。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“When it detects suspicious activity, for example, when a would-be thief starts looking for blind spots or begins nervously checking their surroundings, the system sends an alert to a store clerk's smartphone with the person’s photo and location.(当系统检测到可疑活动时，例如，当一名潜在的小偷开始寻找盲点或开始紧张地检查周围环境时，系统会向店员的智能手机发送一条警报，其中包含该人的照片和位置信息)”可知，AI Guardsman可以实时发现不自然的购物者。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“In the companion smartphone app, clerks log whether or not they spoke to suspects detected by the system, and the results are used to remove false positives.(在配套的智能手机应用程序中，工作人员会记录他们是否与系统检测到的嫌疑人交谈过，并根据结果来消除误报)”可知，AI Guardsman通过参考店员的行为来提高其准确性。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“There’s a concern, of course, that AI Guardsman’s computer vision algorithms are likely to be affected by bias.(当然，人们担心AI Guardsman的计算机视觉算法可能会受到偏见的影响)”可知，对AI Guardsman的担忧是不公平的视觉判断。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Hopefully, we’ll learn more about its limitations and privacy protections before then.(希望在此之前，我们能更多地了解其局限性和隐私保护措施)”可知，作者希望在那之前能更多地了解它的局限性和隐私保护。由此可推知，作者对AI Guardsman持客观中立的态度，既提到了其可能的应用和优势，也指出了其存在的问题和担忧。故选A。 Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南衡阳衡阳县一中·一模) Chinese scientists have uncovered the world’s first AI - powered breeding robot named GEAIR. It can cruise autonomously and carry out cross–pollination (异花授粉), promising reduced breeding costs, short breeding cycles, and improved breeding efficiency. GEAIR has been built with a combination of two technologies: AI and biotechnology. Xu Cao, a researcher from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, led the research team that built the robot. Cross-pollination, also known as hybrid pollination, is the process of transferring pollen (花粉) from a flower of one plant to another. This process helps in creating hybrid flowers of plants, also known as hybrid breeding. The aim of hybrid breeding is to develop crop varieties with improved traits, thereby achieving enhanced yield and quality. However, according to Xu, doing this process repeatedly is time - consuming. GEAIR can help reduce the time and also avoid human errors. Living up to its promised potential, the robot carried out a trial in a greenhouse. It identified a flower accurately and extended its arm gently to complete the hybrid pollination process. The entire breeding process was done with inch-perfect precision. The researchers also built the first “intelligent robotic breeding factory”, which can quickly and efficiently develop new, high-quality plant varieties. GEAIR will start a new era backed by AI and biotechnology in the breeding industry. “Our new study has initiated an intelligent breeding model of integrated biotechnology, AI and robot labor — marking China’s successful pioneering efforts in the construction of a closed-loop (闭环的) technology system for intelligent robotized hybrid breeding,” Xu said. “It also shows the application prospects of ‘AI for science’ in the sector of biological breeding.” With biotechnology as its foundation, AI as empowerment, and robots as operators, this study could help China take the lead in the race to create breeding robots that are fully autonomous and intelligent. 1．What is the primary function of the GEAIR robot? A．To take care of human gardeners. B．To monitor plant growth conditions. C．To conduct hybrid pollination tasks. D．To harvest mature crops automatically. 2．What problem of traditional hybrid breeding does GEAIR solve? A．Lack of pollen sources. B．Long time and mistakes. C．High costs of hybridization. D．A narrow range of hybrid types. 3．What can we infer about the “intelligent robotic breeding factory”? A．It is popular worldwide now. B．It can work without any power. C．It mainly focuses on common crops. D．It can enhance the diversity of agriculture. 4．What is the significance of GEAIR’s development? A．It makes organic farming possible. B．It lowers the cost of traditional farming. C．It proves robots can work better than humans. D．It shows China’s leadership in agricultural technology. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了中国科学家研发出全球首个人工智能授粉机器人GEAIR，该机器人结合了人工智能和生物技术，能够自主巡航并进行异花授粉，有望降低育种成本、缩短育种周期并提高育种效率。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“It can cruise autonomously and carry out cross-pollination (异花授粉), promising reduced breeding costs, short breeding cycles, and improved breeding efficiency.(它可以自主巡航并进行异花授粉，有望降低育种成本、缩短育种周期并提高育种效率。)”可知，GEAIR机器人的主要功能是进行杂交授粉任务。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“However, according to Xu, doing this process repeatedly is time-consuming. GEAIR can help reduce the time and also avoid human errors.(然而，据徐说，重复这个过程很耗时。GEAIR可以帮助减少时间，也可以避免人为错误。)”可知，GEAIR解决了传统杂交育种耗时长且容易出错的问题。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“The researchers also built the first “intelligent robotic breeding factory”, which can quickly and efficiently develop new, high-quality plant varieties.(研究人员还建造了第一个“智能机器人育种工厂”，可以快速高效地开发出新的高质量植物品种。)”可知，智能机器人育种工厂可以快速高效地开发出新的高质量植物品种，这可以增强农业的多样性。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“With biotechnology as its foundation, AI as empowerment, and robots as operators, this study could help China take the lead in the race to create breeding robots that are fully autonomous and intelligent.(这项研究以生物技术为基础，人工智能为赋能，机器人为操作员，可以帮助中国在创造完全自主和智能的育种机器人的竞赛中领先。)”可知，GEAIR的发展显示了中国在农业技术方面的领先地位。故选D。 Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南怀化·一模) Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly seen as a key to reducing urban air pollution and reliance on fossil fuels. Governments, such as the UK, have announced plans to ban new petrol and diesel car sales from 2030, signaling strong policy support for a cleaner transport future. Yet, the path to a fully electric society is far from straightforward, with several challenges yet to be overcome. Two major practical difficulties stand in the way. First, EVs currently suffer from limited battery ranges compared to conventional vehicles, which can travel longer distances on a full tank of fuel. Second, charging infrastructure (基础设施) remains underdeveloped, with charging points still insufficient in most regions. These factors contribute to “range anxiety” among potential buyers, slowing the shift to electric transport. On the technological front, solid-state batteries are viewed as a promising breakthrough. Though currently used mainly in consumer electronics like smartphones, they are expected to enter the car market in the coming years, offering quicker charging times and an extended driving range. This could significantly enhance the appeal of EVs to the general public. Economically, high initial costs continue to be a barrier. However, some countries have introduced policy supports, such as tax reductions, purchase subsidies (补贴), and dedicated traffic lanes for EVs, helping to boost adoption rates. Norway serves as a leading example, with the highest number of electric cars per person globally. Nevertheless, experts like Colin Herron caution that EVs alone do not equal a zero-carbon future. Their environmental impact depends heavily on how the electricity used to charge them is generated. If the power comes mainly from fossil fuels, the overall emission reduction is limited. In addition, manufacturing EVs — especially their batteries — carries a substantial carbon footprint. Therefore, a truly sustainable transport system may require not only cleaner cars, but also greater use of public transport and a societal move toward fewer and shorter private vehicle trips. 1．What challenges do EVs mainly face? A．High costs and low popularity. B．Tech delays and unstable power. C．Limited battery life and safety issues. D．Limited ranges and insufficient charging points. 2．How do some governments promote EV adoption? A．By raising taxes on petrol cars sharply. B．By offering tax cuts, subsidies and special lanes. C．By increasing the number of city parking spaces. D．By enhancing the quality of public transport services. 3．What does Colin Herron’s warning imply? A．EV benefits rely on clean electricity sources. B．EVs cannot become truly green in the future. C．Deadlines for banning fuel cars are not wise. D．Battery technology is the key to green transport. 4．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To introduce the latest EV models to readers. B．To call for investment in charging facilities. C．To discuss both the future and problems of EVs. D．To blame car makers for high production costs. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。电动汽车被视为减少污染和依赖化石燃料的关键，但面临续航、充电设施等挑战，同时其环保性依赖清洁电力，需结合公共交通实现可持续发展。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“First, EVs currently suffer from limited battery ranges compared to conventional vehicles, which can travel longer distances on a full tank of fuel. Second, charging infrastructure (基础设施) remains underdeveloped, with charging points still insufficient in most regions. (首先，与传统汽车相比，电动汽车目前续航里程有限，传统汽车加满油后能行驶更长距离。其次，充电基础设施仍不完善，大多数地区的充电桩数量依然不足)”可知，电动汽车主要面临续航有限、充电桩不足的挑战。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“However, some countries have introduced policy supports, such as tax reductions, purchase subsidies (补贴), and dedicated traffic lanes for EVs, helping to boost adoption rates.(然而，一些国家已经出台了政策支持，例如减税、购车补贴以及电动汽车专用车道，这有助于提高其普及率)”可知，部分政府通过减税、补贴和专用车道推广电动汽车。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Nevertheless, experts like Colin Herron caution that EVs alone do not equal a zero-carbon future. Their environmental impact depends heavily on how the electricity used to charge them is generated. If the power comes mainly from fossil fuels, the overall emission reduction is limited. In addition, manufacturing EVs — especially their batteries — carries a substantial carbon footprint. (然而，像Colin Herron这样的专家提醒道，仅靠电动汽车并不等于实现零碳未来。它们对环境的影响很大程度上取决于充电电力的来源。如果电力主要来自化石燃料，整体减排效果就有限。此外，电动汽车的生产 —— 尤其是电池 —— 会产生巨大的碳足迹)”可知，Colin Herron的警告暗示电动汽车的环保效益依赖清洁电力来源。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly seen as a key to reducing urban air pollution and reliance on fossil fuels. Governments, such as the UK, have announced plans to ban new petrol and diesel car sales from 2030, signaling strong policy support for a cleaner transport future. Yet, the path to a fully electric society is far from straightforward, with several challenges yet to be overcome.(电动汽车正日益被视为减少城市空气污染、降低对化石燃料依赖的关键。包括英国在内的多国政府已宣布计划从2030年起禁止销售新的汽油和柴油车，这标志着对更清洁交通未来的有力政策支持。然而，实现全面电动化的道路绝非一帆风顺，仍有若干挑战亟待克服)”及全文内容可知，本文旨在讨论电动汽车的发展前景与现存问题。故选C项。 Passage 4 (2026·高三·湖南师大附中·一模) Researchers have long been interested in how humans and animals make decisions by focusing on trial-and-error behavior informed by recent information. However, the conventional frameworks for understanding these behaviors may overlook certain realities of decision-making because they assume we make the best decisions after taking into account our past experiences. One new study employs AI in innovative ways to better understand this process. By using tiny artificial neural networks, the researchers’ work illuminates in detail what drives an individual’s actual choices. “Instead of assuming how brains should learn in bettering our decisions, we developed an alternative approach to discover how individual brains actually learn to make decisions,” explains Mattar, a professor in New York University. “This approach functions like a detective, uncovering how decisions are actually made by animals and humans. By using tiny neural networks — small enough to be understood but powerful enough to catch complex behavior — we’ve discovered decision-making strategies that scientists have overlooked for decades.” “Large neural networks used in AI are very good at predicting things,” says Benna, a professor at UC San Diego’s School. “For example, they can predict which movie you would like to watch next. However, it is very challenging to describe simply what strategies these complex machine learning models employ to make their predictions — such as why they think you will like one movie more than another one. By training the simplest versions of these AI models to predict animals’ choices and analyzing their dynamics using methods from physics, we can throw light on their inner workings in more easily understandable terms.” Understanding how animals and humans learn from experience to make decisions is not only a primary goal in the sciences, but, more broadly, useful in the fields of business, government, and technology. However, existing models of this process, because they are aimed at describing optimal (最佳的) decision-making, often fail to get realistic behavior. “Just as studying individual differences in physical characteristics has revolutionized medicine, understanding individual differences in decision-making strategies could transform our approach to mental health and cognitive function,” concludes Mattar. 1．What can be inferred about traditional decision-making models? A．They are consistent with real-life decision behavior. B．They pay much attention to individual differences. C．They ignore choices that are not the best, D．They use AI-based methods. 2．What is special about the new study? A．Using tiny neural networks. B．Analyzing past experiences. C．Predicting movie preferences. D．Revisiting conventional frameworks. 3．What does Benna mean concerning large neural networks? A．They lack predictive accuracy. B．Their strategies are hard to interpret. C．They outperform tiny networks in research. D．They revolutionize decision-making studies. 4．What is Mattar’s attitude towards the new research? A．Cautiously skeptical. B．Indifferently neutral. C．Strongly supportive. D．Mildly critical. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项利用微型人工神经网络研究人类和动物决策过程的新研究。该研究通过创新性地使用AI技术，揭示了传统决策模型所忽视的个体差异和实际决策策略。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“However, the conventional frameworks for understanding these behaviors may overlook certain realities of decision-making because they assume we make the best decisions after taking into account our past experiences.(然而，理解这些行为的传统框架可能忽视了决策的某些现实，因为它们假设我们在考虑过去经验后会做出最佳决策)”以及倒数第二段“However, existing models of this process, because they are aimed at describing optimal (最佳的) decision-making, often fail to get realistic behavior.(然而，现有模型旨在描述最佳决策，往往无法获得现实行为)”可推知，传统决策模型忽视了非最佳选择的情况。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“By using tiny neural networks — small enough to be understood but powerful enough to catch complex behavior — we’ve discovered decision-making strategies that scientists have overlooked for decades.(通过使用微型神经网络——小到可以被理解，但强大到足以捕捉复杂行为——我们发现了科学家几十年来忽视的决策策略)”可知，这项新研究的特别之处在于使用了微型神经网络。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段““Large neural networks used in AI are very good at predicting things,” says Benna, a professor at UC San Diego’s School.(“人工智能中所使用的大型神经网络在预测方面表现非常出色，”加州大学圣地亚哥分校的贝纳教授说道)”及“However, it is very challenging to describe simply what strategies these complex machine learning models employ to make their predictions — such as why they think you will like one movie more than another one. (然而，简单地描述这些复杂的机器学习模型采用什么策略来进行预测非常具有挑战性——比如为什么它们认为你会更喜欢一部电影而不是另一部)”可推知，Benna认为大型神经网络的策略难以解释。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Just as studying individual differences in physical characteristics has revolutionized medicine, understanding individual differences in decision-making strategies could transform our approach to mental health and cognitive function,” concludes Mattar.(“正如研究个体在身体特征方面的差异为医学带来了变革一样，了解个体在决策策略方面的差异也能够改变我们对心理健康和认知功能的处理方式，”Mattar总结道)”可知，Mattar将这项研究比作改变医学的个体化研究，并对其潜在影响给予高度评价，表明他对新研究持强烈支持态度。故选C。 Passage 5 (2026·高三·湖南长郡中学等校·一模) Thermal paper, widely used in shopping receipts, express waybills and movie tickets, has become an indispensable part of modern daily life. However, its massive use has long brought two unsolved problems. Traditional thermal paper uses petroleum-based coatings, which are hard to degrade in the natural environment and contain harmful chemicals. Meanwhile, the printed personal information on it faces serious leakage risks, as the words can remain clear for years even in open environment. To solve these problems, Li Min, a material science expert from Zhejiang University, and her team developed a new type of plant-based thermal paper. The base of the paper is made of nano-cellulose (纳米纤维素) extracted from straw, a common agricultural waste. Inspired by the color-fading feature of anthocyanin, a natural pigment, when meeting water, the team chose it as the core colorant of the new paper. Different from traditional thermal paper which uses bisphenol A as a color developer, the new paper matches anthocyanin with biodegradable organic acid. When heated, the two components combine to form stable blue-black words, which can stay clear for over 6 months at normal room temperature, fully meeting the daily storage needs of most commercial receipts. The team carried out a set of controlled experiments to test the paper’s comprehensive performance. The results showed that the new paper’s printing clarity matches traditional commercial thermal paper. In the privacy protection test, the words on it disappeared completely within 30 seconds after being put into water. In the degradation test, it broke down fully in soil within 3 months, while traditional paper only degraded less than 10%in the same period. “Our current lab samples are still in small size,” Li says. “Large-scale industrial production may bring new challenges in material uniformity and production cost. We are clearly aware of these possible problems, and have started follow-up research to optimize the material, to promote its practical use step by step.” 1．What is a major problem of traditional thermal paper? A．It has very high production cost. B．It is not suitable for daily use. C．It breaks easily in wet environment. D．It risks serious personal information leakage. 2．What is the core colorant of the new thermal paper made from? A．Recycled waste materials. B．Natural plant extracts. C．Petroleum-based chemicals. D．Industrial by-products. 3．What result did Li’s team’s experiment confirm? A．Its printing clarity matches traditional thermal paper. B．It can be fully degraded within one month. C．Its words disappear completely in 10 seconds. D．It has a longer stable storage time. 4．What is Li Min’s attitude towards the industrial application of the new paper? A．Fully negative. B．Blindly optimistic. C．Rational and prudent. D．Totally unconcerned. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了浙江大学李旻团队为解决传统热敏纸难以降解、信息易泄露等问题，研发的一种以植物提取物为原料的新型环保热敏纸及其性能特点。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Meanwhile, the printed personal information on it faces serious leakage risks, as the words can remain clear for years even in open environment. (同时，其上打印的个人信息面临严重的泄露风险，因为即使在开放环境中，字迹也能保持清晰数年)”可知，传统热敏纸的一个主要问题是存在严重的个人信息泄露风险。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Inspired by the color-fading feature of anthocyanin, a natural pigment, when meeting water, the team chose it as the core colorant of the new paper. (受天然色素花青素遇水褪色特性的启发，团队选择它作为新纸的核心着色剂)”可知，新型热敏纸的核心着色剂来源于天然植物提取物。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The results showed that the new paper’s printing clarity matches traditional commercial thermal paper. (结果显示，新型纸的打印清晰度与传统的商业热敏纸相当)”可知，李旻团队的实验证实了新型纸的打印清晰度与传统热敏纸相当。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Large-scale industrial production may bring new challenges in material uniformity and production cost. We are clearly aware of these possible problems, and have started follow-up research to optimize the material, to promote its practical use step by step. (大规模工业化生产可能会在材料均匀性和生产成本方面带来新的挑战。我们清楚地意识到这些可能存在的问题，并已开始后续研究以优化材料，逐步推进其实际应用)”可知，李旻对新型纸的工业应用既认识到可能存在的挑战，又采取了积极的后续研究，态度是理性且审慎的。故选C项。 Passage 6 (2025-2026·高三·湖南益阳·一模) Unlike traditional rigid robots, soft robotics are built from flexible materials that copy the natural movements of living creatures. This design enables them to move through narrow spaces like disaster debris or complex paths inside the human body. However, adding sensors has been difficult. “The key was making them smart,” explains researcher Larry Cheng from Penn State University, “We needed robots that sense and act independently.” The solution lies in electronic parts designed to bend. Traditional hard electronics limit robot movement, but Cheng’s team used bendable electronics spread across the body. They added magnetic materials inside. By adjusting magnetic fields, robots crawl, roll and twist wirelessly and battery-free. Developing this technology faced two main obstacles. First, even bendable electronics are much stiffer than the robot’s soft material. “We arranged electronics like puzzle pieces to fit flexibly,” Cheng explained. Second, magnetic fields used for control can disturb electronic signals. The team redesigned circuits (电路) to prevent this interference, keeping sensors accurate near strong magnets. These improvements allow robots to work with less human guidance. In rescue missions, they could find trapped people by detecting body heat. Medical versions might sense chemical changes to deliver drugs exactly where needed. Researchers are developing a pill-sized robot that patients could swallow. “It could examine the digestive system, collect samples, or treat diseases without surgery,” said Korean scientist Suk-Won Hwang, Cheng’s partner. Future plans include creating tiny robots for blood vessel treatments. “Injected into veins, they could repair heart problems or target cancer cells,” Cheng described. Though unnamed yet, these robots might get public-suggested names. “That’s a fun idea,” Cheng laughed when asked about naming possibilities. 1． What is a major advantage of soft robotics? A．Rigid electronic control. B．Stiffer structural components C．Strong built-in power supplies. D．Flexible movements in narrow spaces 2． What problems did researchers face in developing the soft robots? A．High cost and material scarcity. B．Sensor accuracy and medical risks. C．Stiff electronics and signal interference. D．Limited movement and power shortage. 3． What can be inferred about future medical treatments in paragraph 4? A．Doctors will be replaced by robots. B．Robots can only assist in diagnoses. C．Treatment costs will significantly decrease. D．Certain surgeries may become unnecessary. 4． How did Cheng feel about letting the public name the robots? A．Deeply moved. B．Lightly amused. C．Slightly doubtful. D．Completely uninterested. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了软体机器人的优势、研发难题及未来医疗应用前景。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Unlike traditional rigid robots, soft robotics are built from flexible materials that copy the natural movements of living creatures. This design enables them to move through narrow spaces like disaster debris or complex paths inside the human body(与传统刚性机器人不同，软体机器人由柔性材料制成，能够模仿生物的自然运动。这种设计使它们能够在狭窄空间（如灾难废墟）或人体内部的复杂路径中灵活移动。)”可知，软体机器人的主要优势在于能够在狭窄空间灵活移动。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“First, even bendable electronics are much stiffer than the robot’s soft material.(首先，即使是可弯曲的电子元件也比机器人的软材料硬得多。)”和“Second, magnetic fields used for control can disturb electronic signals.(其次，用于控制的磁场会干扰电子信号。)”可知，研究人员在开发软体机器人时面临的问题是电子元件过硬和信号干扰。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Medical versions might sense chemical changes to deliver drugs exactly where needed. Researchers are developing a pill-sized robot that patients could swallow. “It could examine the digestive system, collect samples, or treat diseases without surgery,” said Korean scientist Suk-Won Hwang, Cheng’s partner.(医疗版本可能通过感知化学变化来将药物准确输送到需要的地方。研究人员正在开发一种患者可以吞咽的药丸大小的机器人。“它可以检查消化系统，采集样本，或者在不进行手术的情况下治疗疾病，”Cheng的合作伙伴、韩国科学家Suk-Won Hwang说。)”可知，未来的医疗治疗中，某些手术可能会因为软体机器人的应用而变得不必要。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Though unnamed yet, these robots might get public-suggested names. “That’s a fun idea,” Cheng laughed when asked about naming possibilities.(尽管这些机器人尚未命名，但名称可能会由公众提议。当被问及命名可能性时，Cheng笑着说：“这是个有趣的想法。”)”可知，Cheng对让公众为机器人命名感到有趣，故选B。 Passage 7 (2025-2026·高三·湖南衡阳八中·一模) Just after hatching, many birds learn to identify and follow the first moving object they encounter — a process called imprinting (印记行为), which can offer protection in the wild as it helps them stay near a parent. It doesn’t take much visual information for a bird to learn to prefer one object and follow it. Researchers wanted to know whether AI models called transformers could do a similar task with limited inputs. Transformers are generic (通用的) learning systems that can be trained to perform a wide variety of tasks, making them useful in both AI chatbots such as ChatGPT and in computer vision applications, such as autonomous car navigation. “To directly compare learning algorithms (算法) to brains, we need to train them on the same experiences,” says Samantha Wood at Indiana University Bloomington. She first raised chicks in a box where the only visual stimulation came from a rotating 3D object presented on a screen. After the first week, she ran each chick through hundreds of test trials that showed that same object on one screen-presented from both familiar and unfamiliar perspectives and displayed a second unfamiliar object on another screen. The chicks spent more of their time near the first object, suggesting they had imprinted on it. The researcher then created a virtual simulation (虚拟模拟) of the set-up and used a virtual agent to move through it while looking around and recording a first-person view. That provided tens of thousands of simulated images for training and evaluating four transformer models. The AI models had just 300 milliseconds to learn from each simulated image approximating how long biological neurons fire after being presented with an image. The researcher found that the AIs could learn to recognise a 3D object as quickly and accurately as the chicks. The study is “a great piece of work” in comparing machine performance with biological brains, says Antone Martinho-Truswell at the University of Sydney. But he also notes, “We might be able to say that the chick ‘saw’ its imprinting object, but that will have a component of experience to it. Particularly as imprinting is to do with identifying its mother, it would be unsurprising if that visual experience were combined with a suite of other components of experience: fear yielding to comfort, for example, as the chick comes to regard the object as its imprinted ‘mother’.” 1． Why do newborn birds engage in imprinting? A．To enhance their navigation skills. B．To develop their social behaviour. C．To establish a protective bond with a guardian. D．To improve their communication with others. 2． How did Samantha Wood conduct the initial experiment with chicks? A．She raised them with a rotating visual element. B．She observed their behaviour in a natural habitat. C．She showed them various moving objects on screens. D．She exposed them to various visual simulations in the wild. 3． What did the test trials indicate about the chicks’ behavior? A．They were afraid of the imprinted object. B．They preferred being near the imprinted object. C．They confused the imprinted object with others. D．They showed no preference for the imprinted object. 4． What’s challenging about comparing AI to biological brains? A．The rapid learning pace of AI models. B．Recreating real-world environments for experiments. C．The complexity and diversity of biological experiences. D．Conducting additional experiments with various animals 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了AI模型与雏鸟印记行为学习能力的对比研究。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Just after hatching, many birds learn to identify and follow the first moving object they encounter — a process called imprinting (印记行为), which can offer protection in the wild as it helps them stay near a parent. (刚孵化出来，许多鸟类就学会识别并跟随它们遇到的第一个移动物体——这一过程被称为印记行为，这在野外可以为它们提供保护，因为这有助于它们留在父母身边)”可知，新生鸟类进行印记行为是为了与监护人建立保护性联系。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“She first raised chicks in a box where the only visual stimulation came from a rotating 3D object presented on a screen. (她首先在一个盒子里饲养雏鸟，盒子里的唯一视觉刺激来自屏幕上呈现的一个旋转的3D物体)”可知，Samantha Wood用一个旋转的视觉元素来饲养雏鸟。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The chicks spent more of their time near the first object, suggesting they had imprinted on it. (雏鸟们大部分时间都待在第一个物体附近，这表明它们已经对它产生了印记)”可知，测试试验表明雏鸟更喜欢待在印记对象附近。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But he also notes, “We might be able to say that the chick ‘saw’ its imprinting object, but that will have a component of experience to it. Particularly as imprinting is to do with identifying its mother, it would be unsurprising if that visual experience were combined with a suite of other components of experience: fear yielding to comfort, for example, as the chick comes to regard the object as its imprinted ‘mother’.” (但他也指出，“我们也许可以说雏鸟‘看到’了它的印记对象，但这将包含一定的经验成分。特别是考虑到印记行为与识别母亲有关，如果这种视觉体验与其他一系列经验成分相结合，比如恐惧让位于舒适，当雏鸟开始把这个物体视为它印记的‘母亲’时，这并不奇怪。”)”可知，生物的印记行为不仅涉及视觉，还融合了恐惧向舒适转化等多种复杂体验，而人工智能仅基于视觉输入学习，由此推断，将人工智能与生物大脑进行比较的挑战在于生物经历的复杂性和多样性。故选C。 Passage 8 (2025·高三·湖南张家界·一模) Imagine you’re cooking potatoes for breakfast. First, you’d remove the potatoes from their plastic bag. Then, you might chop them on a plastic cutting board. Next, you’d probably cook them in a nonstick pan. All the removing, chopping and overheating of nonstick pans can add 2.3 million microplastics to your food. Besides food, the air and water in your home is full of microplastics. Smaller than a grain of salt, we interact with them more than we might realize. Humans breathe in about 22,000,000 microplastics annually. As a result, microplastics have been detected in our blood and lungs. We’re only just beginning to understand the effect of microplastics on human health — but research suggests we should concern more. A groundbreaking new study shows how the presence of microplastics in arteries (动脉血管) is linked to a greater risk of heart attack and death. When microplastics build up in arteries, the thicker blood vessel (血管) walls reduce blood flow to parts of the body. This study will inspire more research into what other organs plastic may be damaging, such as the brain, or stomach. Microplastics may be inescapable, but with simple swaps and fixes, you can reduce the amount of microplastics you encounter in your own home. Carry your own reusable bags and avoid buying food that comes in much plastic packaging. When heating food, use stainless steel instead of nonstick pans. Another way to limit your exposure is to filter (过滤) your tap water to reduce plastic fibers in the tap water. Ultimately, plastic manufacturers and the companies that sell their products are responsible for the high volume of plastic waste in our environments, and significantly reducing that plastic — and the microplastics that come with it — will have to be at the policy level nationwide and worldwide. 1．What does the author try to convey by telling the cooking story? A．Microplastics directly lead to diseases. B．Nonstick pans are free of microplastics. C．We consumed microplastics unknowingly. D．Cooking is to blame for making microplastics. 2．How do microplastics affect our body according to the new study? A．By damaging our brain. B．By slowing blood flow. C．By thickening our lungs. D．By causing stomachache. 3．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．Tips for people to cut microplastics. B．Proof of microplastics in our homes. C．Presence of microplastics in packaging. D．Exposure to microplastics via tap water. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Plastic waste comes from microplastics on earth. B．The amount of plastic waste is significantly large. C．Relevant regulations are vital to contain plastic use. D．Plastic makers and buyers answer for plastic waste. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了微塑料对人类健康的影响，包括其在食物、空气和水中的普遍存在，以及可能对人体器官如心脏造成的危害，并提出了一些减少微塑料暴露的建议。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Imagine you’re cooking potatoes for breakfast. First, you’d remove the potatoes from their plastic bag. Then, you might chop them on a plastic cutting board. Next, you’d probably cook them in a nonstick pan. All the removing, chopping and overheating of nonstick pans can add 2.3 million microplastics to your food.(想象一下你在早餐时煮土豆。首先，你会从塑料袋里拿出土豆。然后，你可能会在塑料砧板上切它们。接下来，你可能会在不粘锅里煮它们。所有去除、切割和加热不粘锅的动作可能会给你的食物增加230万微塑料颗粒)”可推知，作者试图通过讲述烹饪故事来传达我们在不知情的情况下摄入了微塑料。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“A groundbreaking new study shows how the presence of microplastics in arteries (动脉血管) is linked to a greater risk of heart attack and death. When microplastics build up in arteries, the thicker blood vessel (血管) walls reduce blood flow to parts of the body.(一项开创性的新研究表明，动脉中微塑料的存在与心脏病发作和死亡风险增加有关。当微塑料在动脉中积聚时，更厚的血管壁会减少流向身体各部位的血液)”可知，微塑料通过减缓血流来影响我们的身体。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“Microplastics may be inescapable, but with simple swaps and fixes, you can reduce the amount of microplastics you encounter in your own home. Carry your own reusable bags and avoid buying food that comes in much plastic packaging. When heating food, use stainless steel instead of nonstick pans. Another way to limit your exposure is to filter (过滤) your tap water to reduce plastic fibers in the tap water.(微塑料可能是无法避免的，但通过简单的替换和修复，你可以减少在自己家中接触到的微塑料的数量。带上你自己的可重复使用的袋子，避免购买包装有大量塑料的食品。加热食物时，使用不锈钢而不是不粘锅。另一种限制暴露的方法是过滤你的自来水以减少自来水中的塑料纤维)”可知，本段主要提供了减少在家中接触微塑料的建议，包括使用可重复使用的袋子、避免购买塑料包装的食品、使用不锈钢锅加热食物以及过滤自来水等。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Ultimately, plastic manufacturers and the companies that sell their products are responsible for the high volume of plastic waste in our environments, and significantly reducing that plastic — and the microplastics that come with it — will have to be at the policy level nationwide and worldwide.(最终，塑料制造商和销售其产品的公司对我们环境中大量的塑料垃圾负有责任，要在全国范围内和全球范围内大大减少这种塑料——以及随之而来的微塑料——将必须在政策层面进行)”可知，塑料制造商和销售产品的公司对塑料垃圾负有责任，并强调了在全国范围内和全球范围内通过政策层面减少塑料和微塑料的重要性。由此推知，相关法规对控制塑料使用至关重要。故选C。 主题03 人与自然——环境保护；湖泊生态 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南师大附中·一模) Carried by the wind, dust particles (微粒) from places such as the Sahara Desert can float halfway around the world before settling to the ground. As the plastics abandoned by humans break down into tiny pieces in the environment, they, too, travel through the atmosphere. Now scientists are a step closer to understanding how these microplastics travel in the globe, both locally and on long-distance flights. Researchers spent more than a year collecting microplastics from 11 national parks and wilderness areas in the western U.S. They examined the particles that settled on dry days and those that fell along with rain or snow. In addition to making clear how microplastics move around, the results, published on Thursday in Science, reveal the seriousness of the problem: more than 1 million kilograms of microplastics — the weight of 120 million to 300 million plastic water bottles — fall on protected lands in the country’s western region each year. The new findings add to scientists’ concern over microplastics pollution’s potential impacts on the environment and human health. “We’re not supposed to breathe in this material,” says Steve Allen, a micro-plastics researcher at the University of Strathclyde in Scotland, who was not involved in the new study. “Plastics in the environment carry all sorts of pesticides (农药), heavy metals and all the other chemicals that we’ve made over time,” he adds. “They’re going to carry them directly into our lungs.” Since their discovery in oceans in the 1970s, microplastics — which can be as large as a grain of rice or smaller than a particle of dust — have been found nearly everywhere researchers have looked: in cities, in Arctic snow, on remote mountaintops. Their presence in areas distant from the place where humans live has pointed to them being carried by winds. 1．What do the scientists further understand now? A．How plastic particles travel on the wind. B．Why it is hard for plastics to break down. C．How dust particles are spreading through the wind. D．Why Sahara Desert is expanding to the south of Africa. 2．What do we know about the new study? A．The results showed the amount of microplastics is huge. B．Researchers collected microplastics across the U.S. C．Numerous plastic water bottles were found each year. D．Researchers focused on plastic particles in dry days. 3．What does Steve Allen say about plastics? A．They should be recycled. B．They do harm to weather. C．They carry harmful chemicals to human lungs. D．They can be used to make all sorts of pesticides. 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．Plastics Bring About Debate B．Microplastics Are Falling from the Sky C．Dust Particles Are Harmful to Our Lungs D．The Environment Is Threatened by Plastics 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍微塑料可随大气环流进行局部和远距离传播，科学家通过研究了解其传播方式，同时揭示微塑料污染的严重性及潜在危害。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Now scientists are a step closer to understanding how these microplastics travel around the globe, both locally and on long-distance flights.(现在科学家们对这些微塑料如何在全球范围内进行局部和远距离传播有了更进一步的了解。)”可知，科学家现在进一步了解了微塑料如何随风传播。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Researchers spent more than a year collecting microplastics from 11 national parks and wilderness areas in the western U.S. They examined the particles that settled on dry days and those that fell along with rain or snow. In addition to making clear how microplastics move around, the results, published on Thursday in Science, reveal the seriousness of the problem: more than 1 million kilograms of microplastics — the weight of 120 million to 300 million plastic water bottles — fall on protected lands in the country’s western region each year.(研究人员花了一年多时间，从美国西部的11个国家公园和荒野地区收集微塑料。他们检查了干燥天气沉降的微粒以及随雨雪落下的微粒。除了弄清楚微塑料的传播方式外，这项周四发表在《科学》杂志上的研究结果还揭示了问题的严重性：每年有超过100万千克的微塑料——相当于1.2亿至3亿个塑料水瓶的重量——降落在该国西部地区的保护地上。)”可知，这项新研究的结果显示微塑料的数量巨大。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Plastics in the environment carry all sorts of pesticides (农药) , heavy metals and all the other chemicals that we’ve made over time,” he adds. “They’re going to carry them directly into our lungs.”(“环境中的塑料携带各种农药、重金属以及我们长期制造的其他化学物质，”他补充道。“它们会把这些物质直接带入我们的肺部。”)”可知，史蒂夫·艾伦认为塑料会携带有害化学物质进入人体肺部。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“As the plastics abandoned by humans break down into tiny pieces in the environment, they, too, travel through the atmosphere.(随着人类丢弃的塑料在环境中分解成微小碎片，它们也会在大气中传播。)”、第二段中的“They examined the particles that settled on dry days and those that fell along with rain or snow. In addition to making clear how microplastics move around, the results, published on Thursday in Science, reveal the seriousness of the problem: more than 1 million kilograms of microplastics — the weight of 120 million to 300 million plastic water bottles — fall on protected lands in the country’s western region each year.(他们检查了干燥天气沉降的微粒以及随雨雪落下的微粒。除了弄清楚微塑料的传播方式外，这项周四发表在《科学》杂志上的研究结果还揭示了问题的严重性：每年有超过100万千克的微塑料——相当于1.2亿至3亿个塑料水瓶的重量——降落在该国西部地区的保护地上。)”和第四段中的“Their presence in areas distant from the place where humans live has pointed to them being carried by winds.(它们出现在远离人类居住的地区，表明它们是被风携带的。)”可知，文章围绕微塑料随大气传播、从空中沉降到地表这一核心展开，既介绍了其传播方式，也说明了沉降的数量和危害，因此“微塑料正从天而降”最能概括全文核心，适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。 Passage 2 (2025-2026·高三·湖南益阳·一模) The centuries-old practice of spreading crushed limestone (石灰石) on farmland can improve crop yields (产量) by making soil less acidic. This custom is typically considered a source of greenhouse gas emissions, but new findings suggest “liming” may actually help remove large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. “Liming can be a carbon source or sink. Practical tests suggest this is a pretty efficient carbon sink,” says Noah Planavsky at Yale University. This could offer new motivation to spread more limestone on the world’s farms — but liming won’t have this effect everywhere. Currently, most crushed limestone spread on fields is counted as an emission source because its carbon is released as CO2 when it dissolves (溶解) in acidic soil. However, Tim Jesper Suhrhoff, also at Yale, argues this accounting is incomplete. Soils are very acidic due to fertiliser use and fossil-fuel pollution, and other alkaline (碱性的) minerals in soil will release carbon even without limestone. He says added acidity, not liming, is to blame for emissions. To accurately assess liming’s emissions, researchers should compare CO2 release and uptake with and without liming. Suhrhoff, Planavsky and colleagues studied the Mississippi river basin, calculating the net carbon effect of liming between 1900 and 2015. They used geochemical models and data on soil-acidity changes from fertiliser and liming, and compared results with Mississippi alkalinity measurements. Their new approach showed liming in this region removed about 300 to 400 million tonnes of CO2 instead of generating emissions. Planavsky says liming could be paired with spreading crushed volcanic rocks on farms to remove more CO2. Wolfram Buss at the Australian National University warns that what worked in the Mississippi may not work everywhere, as liming can be a net CO2 source in some systems. The next step is to identify regions needing liming most. Planavsky says, “It could promote practices aiding crop yields and removing billions of tonnes of CO2, helping low-income farmers who can’t afford optimal liming.” 1． What does the underlined word “sink” in paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．A place to wash hands. B．A tool for farming. C．A thing to absorb substances. D．A type of geological rock. 2． According to Tim Jesper Suhrhoff, what is the real cause of CO2 emissions in soil? A．Natural alkaline substances. B．Crushed limestone dissolving. C．Fossil-fuel pollution and fertilizer use. D．Crushed volcanic rock spreading. 3． What is the next step for liming research? A．Stopping liming in acidic soil. B．Finding areas most in need of liming. C．Reducing costs for all farmers. D．Expanding volcanic rock use globally. 4． What is the main idea of the passage? A．Liming has been increasing greenhouse gases. B．Reducing soil acidity benefits crop production. C．Global agriculture should universally adopt liming. D．New studies indicate liming’s potential CO2 absorption 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出传统撒石灰被视为温室气体来源，新研究表明其或能大量吸收二氧化碳，介绍相关研究依据、案例，还提及未来需确定适用区域。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Liming can be a carbon source or sink. Practical tests suggest this is a pretty efficient carbon sink (撒石灰既可以是碳源，也可以是碳sink。实际测试表明，它是一种效率很高的碳sink。)”及第四段“Their new approach showed liming in this region removed about 300 to 400 million tonnes of CO2 instead of generating emissions.(他们的新方法显示，该地区的撒石灰操作移除了约3亿到4亿吨二氧化碳。)”可知，“sink”在此处指能吸收物质（此处为二氧化碳）的事物，与“a thing to absorb substances”含义一致。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Soils are very acidic due to fertiliser use and fossil-fuel pollution, and other alkaline (碱性的) minerals in soil will release carbon even without limestone. He says added acidity, not liming, is to blame for emissions.(由于化肥使用和化石燃料污染，土壤酸性很强，即使没有石灰石，土壤中的其他碱性矿物质也会释放碳。他表示，排放的罪魁祸首是额外的酸性，而非撒石灰。)”可知，Tim Jesper Suhrhoff 认为土壤中二氧化碳排放的真正原因是化肥使用和化石燃料污染（导致土壤酸性增强）。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The next step is to identify regions needing liming most. (下一步是确定最需要撒石灰的地区。)”可知，撒石灰研究的下一步是找到最需要撒石灰的区域。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文特别是第一段“This custom is typically considered a source of greenhouse gas emissions, but new findings suggest “liming” may actually help remove large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere.(这种习惯通常被认为是温室气体排放的一个来源，但新的发现表明，“撒石灰”实际上可能有助于从大气中去除大量的二氧化碳。)”可知，文章首段指出传统观点认为撒石灰会排放温室气体，但新研究表明其可能有助于从大气中移除大量二氧化碳；后文围绕这一新发现，介绍研究依据、具体案例（密西西比河流域）及未来研究方向。文章核心是新研究揭示撒石灰吸收二氧化碳的潜力。故选D项。 Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南湘西·一模) The deep blue waters of Lake Tahoe have long captured people’s imagination. Stretching across California and Nevada, the lake draws millions of visitors each year for its beauty and clear waters. Yet behind the breathtaking views lie mysteries, legends and growing worries for its future. Stories of “Tahoe Tessie”, a mysterious lake creature, have fascinated tourists for decades. Recently, however, thousands of viewers witnessed something far more real: a livestream (直播) of a dive to Tahoe’s floor, more than 1,500 feet down. Using a robot-operated machine (ROV) called Deep Emerald — nicknamed Emmy, scientists guided audiences through a rare underwater trip. The ROV was a small but strong machine. Equipped with a small engine, bright lights and a super clear camera, and coupled to land by a cable, Emmy moved downward like an explorer from another world. Throughout a span of close to 30 minutes, the livestream scrutinized every moment of its journey downward. As Emmy touched the lake bottom, dirt floated up and drifted across the screen, shining like tiny stars scattered in a dark sky. The quiet of the deep gave the scene a dreamlike feeling. While Emmy moved along the bottom, experts explained the lake’s secrets. Tahoe, one of the oldest lakes in North America, formed two to three million years ago. Like human lungs, its depths clean and recycle material from the surrounding land, keeping the ecosystem alive. Strange plant beds grow in the darkness, feeding small creatures that in turn support fish. Although some had expected scary discoveries, the livestream showed only natural scenes and the occasional odd thing, like tires or a balloon that looked fresh. Still, the dive reminded viewers of the problems Lake Tahoe faces. After the 2023 Independence Day holiday, helpers removed more than three tons of trash from its waters. Organizers hope the livestream encourages visitors to care for Tahoe’s health. As one environmental leader said, “Take a little piece of Tahoe home with you — but leave the lake as clean as you found it. That way, future generations can share in its beauty.” 1．What did the livestream mainly present for viewers? A．Mysteries of ocean creatures. B．Evidence of Tahoe Tessie’s existence. C．The underwater view of the lake. D．The potential of using a robot in diving. 2．What does the underlined word “scrutinized” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Predicted. B．Explained. C．Repeated. D．Tracked. 3．What function do Tahoe’s depths mainly serve? A．They sustain the ecosystem. B．They shelter some odd creatures. C．They make the water temperature stable. D．They keep the trapped items in their original state. 4．Why did organizers conduct the livestream? A．To call for efforts to protect the lake. B．To promote Tahoe as a tourist destination. C．To protest against further lake development. D．To provide a practical way for lake exploration. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍太浩湖的魅力、神秘传说，以及科学家通过直播ROV潜水展示湖底景象，同时引发人们对湖泊保护的关注。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Recently, however, thousands of viewers witnessed something far more real: a livestream (直播) of a dive to Tahoe’s floor, more than 1,500 feet down. Using a robot-operated machine (ROV) called Deep Emerald — nicknamed Emmy, scientists guided audiences through a rare underwater trip.(然而最近，数千名观众见证了更真实的景象：一场下潜至太浩湖湖底1500多英尺处的直播。科学家借助一台名为“深海翡翠”（昵称埃米）的遥控潜水器，带领观众开启了一场罕见的水下之旅。)”可知，直播主要为观众呈现了太浩湖的水下景观。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“Throughout a span of close to 30 minutes, the livestream scrutinized every moment of its journey downward. As Emmy touched the lake bottom, dirt floated up and drifted across the screen, shining like tiny stars scattered in a dark sky.(在近30分钟的时间里，直播scrutinized埃米下潜过程的每一个瞬间。当埃米触碰到湖底时，泥沙上浮并在屏幕上漂移，像散落在夜空里的小星星一样闪烁。)”可知，直播实时呈现了埃米下潜的全过程，“scrutinized”应意为“追踪、密切关注”，与“Tracked”含义相近。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Like human lungs, its depths clean and recycle material from the surrounding land, keeping the ecosystem alive. Strange plant beds grow in the darkness, feeding small creatures that in turn support fish.(它的湖底就像人类的肺一样，净化并循环利用来自周边陆地的物质，维持生态系统的活力。黑暗中生长着奇特的植物床，为小型生物提供食物，而这些小型生物又反过来为鱼类提供养分。)”可知，太浩湖的湖底主要作用是维持生态系统的运转。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Organizers hope the livestream encourages visitors to care for Tahoe’s health. As one environmental leader said, “Take a little piece of Tahoe home with you — but leave the lake as clean as you found it. That way, future generations can share in its beauty.”(组织者希望这场直播能鼓励游客关注太浩湖的健康状况。正如一位环保领袖所说：“把太浩湖的美好记忆带回家，但请让湖泊保持你初见时的洁净。这样，后代才能共享它的美丽。”)”可知，组织者进行直播是为了呼吁人们努力保护太浩湖。故选A项。 主题01 人与自我——语言学习；思维认知 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南天壹名校联盟·一模) Language transfer happens when individuals apply their knowledge of one language to another language they are learning. There are two primary types: positive transfer and negative transfer. Positive transfer occurs when the structures or rules of the nativelanguage (L1) are similar to those of the target language (L2), while negative transfer happens when the structures or rules of L1 differ from those of L2. For example, Chinese learners often wrongly say “I don’t know where is he or I don’t know he is where” instead of the correct “I don’t know where he is” because of negative transfer from Chinese word order. Language transfer is unavoidable, which reflects the learners’ attempt to acquire a new language by relating it to their existing linguistic (语言的) knowledge. The more similar L1 and L2 are, the more likely positive transfer is to occur. Higher skills in L1 can lead to more obvious language transfer, whether positive or negative. Formal instruction and interaction with native speakers can affect how language transfer appears. Learners’ cognitive (认知的) styles and learning strategies can influence their reliance on L1 when learning L2. It is noteworthy that negative language transfer can lead to errors in L2 production due to the influence of L1 structures or rules. It also causes the lasting presence of L1 features in L2, hindering fluent and accurate communication in the long run. For instance, a native English speaker learning French might struggle with the correct use of French gendered words due to the lack of a similar grammatical feature in English. To minimize the negative effects of language transfer, every educator can employ several strategies. Highlighting the differences between L1 and L2 can truly address potential mistakes in advance. Raising learners’ awareness of potential areas of negative transfer and providing corresponding drills can help eliminate errors. Timely and constructive feedback on learners’errors can help correct long-term wrong habits and reduce confusion. Encouraging learners to take risks and view errors as learning opportunities can reduce anxiety related to language transfer. 1．Which sentence shows the negative transfer of Chinese? A．I absolutely love Tim. B．Nothing is impossible. C．Bill very likes English. D．Out comes a stranger. 2．What kind of language learners are more likely to have language transfer? A．Those proficient in mother tongue. B．Those good at language translation. C．Those familiar with grammar rules. D．Those skilled at interactive methods. 3．What does the underlined word “hindering” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Facilitating. B．Ceasing. C．Establishing. D．Blocking. 4．What is the last paragraph mainly talking about? A．The differences between L1 and L2. B．How to lighten negative transfer. C．The methods of removing bad habits. D．How to perceive negative transfer. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了语言迁移（正迁移、负迁移）的定义、影响因素、负迁移的危害及教学应对策略。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Positive transfer occurs when the structures or rules of the nativelanguage (L1) are similar to those of the target language (L2), while negative transfer happens when the structures or rules of L1 differ from those of L2. For example, Chinese learners often wrongly say “I don’t know where is he or I don’t know he is where” instead of the correct “I don’t know where he is” because of negative transfer from Chinese word order.(当母语（L1）的结构或规则与目标语（L2）相似时，就会发生正迁移；而当母语的结构或规则与目标语不同时，则会发生负迁移。例如，由于受汉语语序的负迁移影响，中国学习者常常会错误地说出“I don’t know where is he”或“I don’t know he is where”，而正确的表达应该是“I don’t know where he is”。)”可知，负迁移是指母语与目标语的结构或规则不同而造成的错误，C选项“Bill very likes English.”语法错误，是负迁移。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Higher skills in L1 can lead to more obvious language transfer, whether positive or negative.(在第一语言中具备更高的技能会导致更明显的语言迁移，无论是积极的还是消极的。)”可知，母语 (L1) 水平越高的学习者越容易产生语言迁移。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段“It is noteworthy that negative language transfer can lead to errors in L2 production due to the influence of L1 structures or rules.(值得注意的是，由于母语结构或规则的影响，负迁移可能会导致目标语产出中出现错误。)”和“For instance, a native English speaker learning French might struggle with the correct use of French gendered words due to the lack of a similar grammatical feature in English.(例如，以英语为母语的人学习法语时，可能会因英语中没有类似的语法特征而难以正确使用法语的性名词。)”可知，负迁移会导致母语特征在二语中长期存在，从长远来看会阻碍流利准确的交流，其后文紧接着举例说明这种阻碍。hinder意为“阻碍、妨碍”，与block同义。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“To minimize the negative effects of language transfer, every educator can employ several strategies. Highlighting the differences between L1 and L2 can truly address potential mistakes in advance. Raising learners’ awareness of potential areas of negative transfer and providing corresponding drills can help eliminate errors. Timely and constructive feedback on learners’errors can help correct long-term wrong habits and reduce confusion. Encouraging learners to take risks and view errors as learning opportunities can reduce anxiety related to language transfer.(为了尽量减少语言迁移的负面影响，每位教育者都可以采用以下几种策略。强调母语和目标语之间的差异，确实能够提前预防潜在的错误。提高学习者对可能发生负迁移领域的意识，并提供相应的练习，有助于消除错误。及时且具有建设性的反馈可以帮助学习者纠正长期形成的错误习惯，减少困惑。鼓励学习者勇于尝试，将错误视为学习机会，可以减轻与语言迁移相关的焦虑情绪。)”可知，整段都在讲如何减轻负迁移，因此本段的主旨是B选项“How to lighten negative transfer.(如何减轻负迁移。)”。故选B。 Passage 2 (2025·高三·湖南张家界·一模) The word paradigm comes from the Greek. It was originally a scientific term, and is more commonly used today to mean a model or theory. In the more general sense, it’s the way we “see” the world — not in terms of our visual sense of sight, but in terms of perceiving, understanding, and interpreting. A simple way to understand paradigms is to see them as maps. We all know that “the map is not the territory.” A map is simply an explanation of certain aspects of the territory. That’s exactly what a paradigm is. It is a theory, an explanation, or model of something else. You can never arrive at a specific location in a new city with a wrong map. Each of us has many maps in our head, which can be divided into two main categories: maps of the way things are, or realities, and maps of the way things should be, or values. We interpret everything we experience through these mental maps. We seldom question their accuracy; we’re usually even unaware that we have them. We simply assume that the way we see things is the way they really are or the way they should be. And our attitudes and behaviors grow out of those assumptions. The way we see things is the source of the way we think and the way we act. We see the world, not as it is, but as we are or, as we are conditioned to see it. Clearheaded people see things differently, each looking through the unique lens of experience. But this does not mean that there are no facts. Instead, each person’s interpretation of these facts represents prior experiences. The more aware we are of our basic paradigms, maps, or assumptions, and the extent to which we have been influenced by our experience, the more we can take responsibility for those paradigms, examine them, test them against reality, listen to others and be open to their perceptions, thereby getting a larger picture and a far more objective view. 1．How does the author illustrate the concept of “paradigm”? A．By comparing it to an everyday object. B．By sorting it into different categories. C．By presenting personal examples. D．By highlighting a sharp contrast. 2．What can be concluded about the mental maps mentioned in paragraph 3? A．They fail to escape our attention. B．They may be lacking in accuracy. C．They prove wrong and unreliable. D．They have little influence on behavior. 3．Which of the following echoes the main idea of paragraph 4? A．Great minds think alike. B．All men have opinions, but few think. C．Where we stand depends on where we sit. D．The fewer the facts, the stronger the opinions. 4．What does the author advocate in the last paragraph? A．A better understanding of our paradigms. B．A stronger sense of responsibility for others. C．A more objective view of others’ perceptions. D．A more positive attitude toward life experience. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章解释了范式(paradigm)的含义及其现实意义。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“A simple way to understand paradigms is to see them as maps.(理解paradigm的一个简单方法是将它们视为地图)”可推知，作者通过把paradigm与地图这一日常用品进行比较，从而达到阐明其概念的目的。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“We interpret everything we experience through these mental maps. We seldom question their accuracy; we’re usually even unaware that we have them. We simply assume that the way we see things is the way they really are or the way they should be. (我们通过这些思维地图来解释我们所经历的一切。我们很少质疑它们的准确性；我们通常甚至没有意识到我们有它们。我们只是简单地假设我们看待事物的方式就是它们真实的样子或它们应该的样子)”可知，我们用思维地图来解释一切，但很少质疑其准确性，只是简单地假设我们看待事物的方式就是它们真实的样子或它们应该的样子，由此推知，其实思维地图是可能缺乏准确性的。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“We see the world, not as it is, but as we are or, as we are conditioned to see it. Clearheaded people see things differently, each looking through the unique lens of experience. But this does not mean that there are no facts. Instead, each person’s interpretation of these facts represents prior experiences.(我们不是按它本来的样子看世界，而是按我们自己角度或者我们的习惯于看世界。头脑清晰的人看待事物的方式不同，每个人都从独特的经验角度看问题)”可知，第四段主要讲每个人都是从自己的角度出发看世界，即我们和观点、立场与我们的角度、位置有关，与C项“我们的立场取决于我们的位置”一致。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后段中“The more aware we are of our basic paradigms, maps, or assumptions, and the extent to which we have been influenced by our experience, the more we can take responsibility for those paradigms, examine them, test them against reality, listen to others and be open to their perceptions, thereby getting a larger picture and a far more objective view.(我们越了解我们的基本范式、地图或假设，以及我们受经验影响的程度，我们就越能对这些范式负责，检验它们，与现实进行测试，倾听他人的意见，接受他们的看法，从而获得更大的图景和更客观的观点)”可知，作者主张要更好地理解我们的范式，才能获得更大的图景和更客观的观点，所有要更好地理解范式。故选A项。 主题02 人与社会——新能源；数字经济；公共健康；生物技术；农业科技；新材料； 碳排放监测；历史研究 Passage 1 (2026·高三·湖南岳阳·一模) One person’s trash is another person’s… jet fuel? Strange as it might sound, researchers at the University of Illinois outlined a strategy for taking excess food waste, changing it into bio-fuel, and then “upgrading” that fuel into jet fuel that can be put to direct use this week in Nature Communications. The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates that transportation accounted for roughly 29% of all greenhouse gas emissions in America in 2022 alone. Of that, about 7% came from commercial aircraft. But what about so-called biomass-based (生物质) SAF? Some estimates suggest that SAF, largely referring to fuels derived (提取) from organic materials, could reduce emissions from flying by up to 80%, compared to conventional jet fuel. In this new experiment, the team used a chemical process called HTL, which essentially copies the way the Earth naturally creates raw oil from organic matter over millions of years, except without all the waiting. HTL kind of acts like an advanced “pressure cooker” to fast-forward nature’s timeline. With plenty of raw oil extracted, the researchers then set out to transform it into jet fuel. The first step involved removing salt, ash, moisture, and other impurities. After that, they used a cleaning process to get rid of other undesirable elements such as nitrogen, and oxygen. What remained were the specific hydrocarbons (烃) required to make jet fuel. The team took their food-waste derived jet fuels and tested it against current fuel standards. It passed the screening test and met industry requirements without needing to introduce any special additives, meaning the fuel would theoretically power a commercial airplane. The findings are a first step to show plane fuel derived from food waste is at least possible. Actually making enough of it to supply an entire passenger jet, however, is another beast altogether. “Our research helps solve the science and engineering problems, and then the industry needs to step in,” University of Illinois professor and corresponding author Yuanhui Zhang said. 1．What did the researchers at the University of Illinois hope to achieve? A．Developing a new way to handle food waste. B．Changing excess food waste into usable jet fuel. C．Creating jet fuel directly from untreated food waste. D．Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from waste treatment. 2．Why does the author mention the EPA’s estimates in Paragraph 2? A．To support developing low-emission jet fuel. B．To stress air pollution from commercial aircraft. C．To compare emissions of conventional jet fuel and SAF. D．To prove transportation is the top US greenhouse gas emitter. 3．What can be inferred about the HTL process? A．It removes impurities by heating. B．It breaks down organic matter naturally. C．It creates the hydrocarbons jet fuel needs. D．It resembles a faster natural oil-creation process. 4．What is the author’s attitude to the commercial use of the new fuel? A．Optimistic. B．Cautious. C．Dismissive. D．Uncertain. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了美国伊利诺伊大学研究者研发出将餐厨垃圾转化为可用航空燃油的方法，及该技术的研发过程、测试结果与商业化挑战。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Strange as it might sound, researchers at the University of Illinois outlined a strategy for taking excess food waste, changing it into bio-fuel, and then “upgrading” that fuel into jet fuel that can be put to direct use this week in Nature Communications.(尽管听起来或许有些不可思议，但伊利诺伊大学的研究人员本周在《自然・通讯》期刊上公布了一项研究策略——将多余的餐厨垃圾转化为生物燃料，再将这种燃料进一步提纯升级为可直接投入使用的航空燃油。)”可知，研究者的研究目标是把多余的餐厨垃圾转化为可直接使用的航空燃油。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates that transportation accounted for roughly 29% of all greenhouse gas emissions in America in 2022 alone. Of that, about 7% came from commercial aircraft. But what about so-called biomass-based(生物质) SAF? Some estimates suggest that SAF, largely referring to fuels derived(提取) from organic materials, could reduce emissions from flying by up to 80%, compared to conventional jet fuel.(美国环境保护署估算，2022年仅交通领域的温室气体排放量，就约占美国温室气体总排放量的29%，其中约7%来自商用飞机。那所谓的生物质可持续航空燃油又是什么情况呢？有估算显示，这类主要以有机物质为原料提取制成的燃油，相比传统航空燃油，能将航空飞行的碳排放降低多达80%。)”可知，作者先说明航空飞行的温室气体排放现状，再引出SAF的减排优势，提及环保署的数据是为了佐证研发低排放航空燃油的必要性，从而支撑研发该燃油的观点。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In this new experiment, the team used a chemical process called HTL, which essentially copies the way the Earth naturally creates raw oil from organic matter over millions of years, except without all the waiting. HTL kind of acts like an advanced “pressure cooker” to fast-forward nature’s timeline.(在这项新实验中，该研究团队采用了一种名为HTL的化学工艺，这种工艺本质上模仿了地球数百万年来由有机物自然生成原油的过程，只是省去了漫长的等待时间。HTL工艺就像一个先进的“高压反应釜”，将自然的演化进程大幅加快。)”可知，HTL工艺模仿了地球自然生成原油的方式，且大幅缩短了时间，也就是类似一种加速版的自然造油过程。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，作者先介绍了该技术的研发成果——餐厨垃圾可转化为符合行业标准的航空燃油，这是积极的一面；随后在第六段指出“Actually making enough of it to supply an entire passenger jet, however, is another beast altogether.(然而，要生产出足够供应一整架客机的燃油，则是另一回事了)”，并引用研究者的话说明技术难题解决后，还需要行业的参与才能实现商业化。作者既肯定了技术的可行性，又客观指出其商业化面临的巨大挑战，态度是谨慎的。故选B项。 Passage 2 (2026·高三·湖南衡阳·一模) Every second a user waits is a chance that they’ll disappear. Nowadays, trust isn’t built over time — it’s built instantly. That first moment someone lands on your platform, they’re already deciding whether to stay or bounce. Instant verification (认证) has become a key part of using online platforms. It is exactly what it sounds like — the ability to verify a person’s details as quickly as possible when they sign up or log in. Unlike traditional verifying methods, these systems combine document scans with trusted databases instead of manually reviewing documents or requiring users to wait for approval, allowing users to proceed without unnecessary delays. Fast verification signals professionalism and security. When users see that your platform takes their personal data seriously but doesn’t make it painful, they feel more confident. A smooth, fast ID check sends a clear message: This is a secure environment, where they’re dealing with real people rather than fake accounts or bad actors. That builds trust — especially in sensitive spaces like banking, telehealth, or education. While instant verification unlocks speed, it also introduces new challenges. Not all users have the same access to high-quality cameras, steady Internet, and appropriate phone or computer systems. Real-time tools need to be tested across diverse geographies, devices, and demographics. “Platforms must ensure verification work reliably for everyone, not just users in well-connected regions. Inclusivity in design prevents frustration and keeps global users engaged,” Dean Fankhauder notes, founder and CEO of Movingto. In today’s digital age, instant verification is no longer optional — it’s foundational. Startups and enterprises alike are recognizing that verification is now part of the user experience. The faster and smarter you verify, the more likely someone is to stay, trade, and return. And as digital trust becomes harder to earn, real-time verification offers a clear path forward: safer systems, smoother access, and stronger connections across borders. 1．What is the advantage of instant verification over traditional ones? A．It offers unlimited access. B．It provides timely response. C．It skips the identity verification step. D．It requires fewer documents. 2．How does instant verification build trust on users? A．By offering them detailed guidance. B．By leaving them a good impression. C．By figuring out possible unsafe factors. D．By avoiding sensitive personal information. 3．What may lead to the unreliability of instant verification? A．Various conditions of users’ devices. B．Inflexible data collecting approaches. C．Complexity of uploaded information. D．Inconsistency in platforms’ standards. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．What Blocks Instant Verification? B．Is Instant Verification Secure? C．Why Does Instant Verification Matter? D．Will Instant Verification Be Bettered? 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了数字时代即时认证成在线平台的关键配置，它响应及时、能快速建立用户信任，虽面临设备差异等挑战，但仍是构建数字信任的重要基础。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Unlike traditional verifying methods, these systems combine document scans with trusted databases instead of manually reviewing documents or requiring users to wait for approval, allowing users to proceed without unnecessary delays. (与传统的验证方法不同，这些系统将文件扫描与可信数据库相结合，而不是人工审查文件或要求用户等待批准，从而让用户无需经历不必要的延误就能继续操作。)”可知，即时认证与传统认证的核心区别是无需人工审核、不用等待审批，能让用户无多余延迟地操作，也就是响应更及时，这是其核心优势。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Fast verification signals professionalism and security. When users see that your platform takes their personal data seriously but doesn’t make it painful, they feel more confident. A smooth, fast ID check sends a clear message: This is a secure environment, where they’re dealing with real people rather than fake accounts or bad actors. That builds trust — especially in sensitive spaces like banking, telehealth, or education. (快速验证彰显了专业性和安全性。当用户看到你的平台对他们的个人数据高度重视但又不会让他们感到痛苦时，他们会更有信心。一个流畅、快速的身份验证过程会传递出一个明确的信息：这是一个安全的环境，他们与真实的人打交道，而非虚假的账户或不良行为者。这能建立起信任——尤其是在银行、远程医疗或教育等敏感领域。)”可知，即时验证是通过给用户留下良好的印象来建立用户信任的。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Not all users have the same access to high-quality cameras, steady Internet, and appropriate phone or computer systems. Real-time tools need to be tested across diverse geographies, devices, and demographics. (并非所有用户都能获得高质量的摄像设备、稳定的网络连接以及合适的手机或电脑系统。实时工具需要在不同的地理区域、设备类型和人群群体中进行测试。)”可知，即时认证的不可靠性主要源于用户的设备和使用条件差异：并非所有人都有高质量摄像头、稳定网络和适配的电子设备，这会影响实时验证工具的正常运行。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开篇点明数字时代用户对速度的要求，接着介绍即时认证的定义、优势、建立信任的原理，随后分析其面临的挑战，最后总结即时认证已是数字平台的“立足根本”。全文围绕即时认证的重要性展开，因此C选项“为何即时验证很重要？”最适合作为标题。故选C项。 Passage 3 (2026·高三·湖南衡阳·一模) Soda, extremely sweet and nutritionally empty, is subject to taxation in an increasing number of regions. Nowadays, more than 35 countries and seven cities in the United States have carried out a tax on soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages (饮料), a policy driven by mounting public health anxieties over diet-related diseases. In the United States, nearly 40 percent of adults are obese (肥胖的), which adds $147billion to the nation’s annual healthcare spending, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The problem is complicated, but the widespread intake of foods packed with added sugar that adds calories while providing no essential nutrients plays a major role, with beverages accounting for nearly half the added sugar in the American diet. Public health researchers regard soda tax as a low-hanging fruit in the battle against health problems such as obesity. These researchers argue that unlike other public health policies that require long-term education and gradual behavior change, soda tax can directly influence people’s spending decisions by increasing the cost of unhealthy beverages. Behavioral scientist Christina Roberto from UPenn notes taxes are among the most effective policies to change unhealthy eating habits as such taxation has long been proven to cut public health risks from alcohol and tobacco use. Yet soda tax may fall short of advocates’ goals. Current tax rates are often too modest to reach the price level needed to change purchasing behavior. Consumers may replace sugary beverages with other calorie-rich but nutrient-poor foods, or simply cross city borders to buy untaxed soda in neighboring areas. While beverage tax can cut down on sugary beverage consumption, health gains won’t come easy and will take time. Drawing on the experience of tobacco and alcohol taxes — once faced with opposition from the industries — experts suggest that soda tax must be paired with cultural shifts, like how anti-smoking norms eventually decreased tobacco intake. Only by combining policies with evolving public perceptions can we make soda tax truly effective. 1．What is the primary drive of the high obesity rate in the United States? A．The immaturity of disease prevention. B．The lack of important nutrient intake. C．The incapability of healthcare support. D．The overconsumption of sugary food. 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly focus on? A．The severity of health problems. B．The practicability of soda tax. C．The existing policies carried out to fight obesity. D．The health researchers’ different attitudes to soda tax. 3．Why may soda tax fail to achieve its expected effect? A．People can’t afford the tax payments. B．People know well about soda’s harm. C．It isn’t capable of shifting people’s choices. D．Sugary beverages are only available in specific areas. 4．What can be done to make soda tax effective? A．Making long-term healthcare strategies. B．Joining hands with relevant industries. C．Cutting down sugary beverage supplies. D．Attaching importance to social awareness. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了汽水税推行的背景、预期效果、存在的局限，以及让汽水税有效实施的关键措施。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The problem is complicated, but the widespread intake of foods packed with added sugar that adds calories while providing no essential nutrients plays a major role, with beverages accounting for nearly half the added sugar in the American diet. (这个问题很复杂，但大量摄入添加了糖分、能提供热量却不含任何必需营养成分的食品起着重要作用，而饮料则占了美国人饮食中添加糖分的将近一半。)”可知，美国肥胖率居高不下的主要原因是过度食用含糖食品。故选D项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Public health researchers regard soda tax as a low-hanging fruit in the battle against health problems such as obesity. These researchers argue that unlike other public health policies that require long-term education and gradual behavior change, soda tax can directly influence people’s spending decisions by increasing the cost of unhealthy beverages. (公共卫生研究人员将对苏打水征税视为对抗肥胖等健康问题的易得策略。这些研究人员认为，与其他需要长期教育和逐步行为改变的公共卫生政策不同，苏打水税可以直接通过提高不健康饮料的成本来影响人们的消费决策。)”可知，第三段主要论述的是汽水税的实际可行性。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Current tax rates are often too modest to reach the price level needed to change purchasing behavior. Consumers may replace sugary beverages with other calorie-rich but nutrient-poor foods, or simply cross city borders to buy untaxed soda in neighboring areas. (当前的税率往往过于低，无法达到改变购买行为所需的价格水平。消费者可能会用其他高热量但营养成分低的食物来替代含糖饮料，或者干脆跨越城市边界去邻近地区购买未征税的汽水。)”可知，汽水税未达预期效果的核心原因是无法真正改变人们的消费选择。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Drawing on the experience of tobacco and alcohol taxes — once faced with opposition from the industries — experts suggest that soda tax must be paired with cultural shifts, like how anti-smoking norms eventually decreased tobacco intake. Only by combining policies with evolving public perceptions can we make soda tax truly effective. (借鉴烟草和酒精税的经验（这些税种曾遭到相关行业的反对）专家们建议，汽水税必须与文化变革相结合，比如像反吸烟规范最终降低了烟草摄入量那样。只有将政策与公众观念的不断变化相结合，我们才能使汽水税真正发挥作用。)”可知，让汽水税真正生效的关键是将政策与社会认知转变相结合，即重视社会层面的意识培养，形成类似反吸烟的社会规范，改变公众对含糖饮料的认知。故选D项。 Passage 4 (2026·高三·湖南株洲·一模) Vegetables pack lots of nutrients. But our bodies need some nutrients that can be found only in animal products, such as meat. Now, researchers have made changes to the genes in leaves so that plants can make some of these nutrients. “This might one day let worldwide vegetarians (素食者) rely on plants for the full range of nutrients their bodies need.” says Pengxiang Fan, a biochemist, who works on the goal at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou. To produce the animal-type nutrients, plant leaves need enzymes (酶) they don’t normally have. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions inside living things. In this case, they need enzymes that help turn certain amino acids — the building blocks of proteins — into nutrients normally found only in meat. Fan is part of a team that put genetic instructions for making these animal-based enzymes into a bacterium, which can transport genes to plants. The team prepare multiple sets of genetic instructions. The sets differ in which amino acids and nutrients they can make. By combining the sets in different ways — like combining Lego blocks to build different structures — the instructions would allow plants to make different nutrients. Which nutrient the leaves make depends on which genetic instructions they have received. Putting the genetic instructions into a leaf to change its genes takes just a few days. That’s a lot faster than the typical approach for testing genetic changes to plants. If plants are grown in a mindful way, they should have fewer impacts on the environment than the farming of animals does. The plants used to test this technique aren’t edible at present. Fan hopes to try adding such nutrient-making enzymes to crops one day. But, Fan cautions, before using this technique in fruits or vegetables, “we need to be very careful to ensure the safety of vegetarians’ diet.” The plants might adapt to the genes in unexpected ways. Ideally, he says, his group could come up with a set of instructions for every amino acid and boost plant levels of these nutrients as well. 1．What is the purpose of Fan’s research? A．To help bacteria survive. B．To speed up the plant’s growth. C．To make plants produce meaty nutrients. D．To find new enzymes in animal products. 2．What can be inferred about the enzymes? A．They exist naturally in plants. B．They matter in nutrient production. C．They delay chemical reactions. D．They transform genes into nutrients. 3．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning Lego blocks in paragraph 3? A．The difficulty in putting genetic instructions. B．The comparison of various genetic structures. C．The complexity of building genetic structures. D．The diversity of combining genetic instructions. 4．What does the underlined word “edible” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Eatable. B．Accessible. C．Nutritious. D．Widespread. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了浙江大学的范鹏翔团队开展的一项基因研究，该研究通过对植物叶片的基因进行改造，让植物能合成原本仅存在于肉类等动物制品中的营养物质，既有望满足素食者的全面营养需求，还能降低对环境的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But our bodies need some nutrients that can be found only in animal products, such as meat. Now, researchers have made changes to the genes in leaves so that plants can make some of these nutrients. This might one day let worldwide vegetarians rely on plants for the full range of nutrients their bodies need. says Pengxiang Fan (但是我们的身体需要一些仅存在于肉类等动物制品中的营养物质，如今研究人员通过改造植物叶片的基因，让植物能合成这类营养物质。范鹏翔表示，这或许有一天能让全球的素食者仅依靠植物就能获取身体所需的全部营养)”可知，范鹏翔团队开展这项研究的目的，是让植物能够合成原本仅存在于肉类中的营养物质。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“To produce the animal-type nutrients, plant leaves need enzymes they don’t normally have. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions inside living things. In this case, they need enzymes that help turn certain amino acids — the building blocks of proteins— into nutrients normally found only in meat (植物叶片要合成动物类营养物质，需要其本身并不具备的酶，酶是能加速生物体内化学反应的蛋白质，在这项研究中，植物需要这类酶将特定氨基酸转化为原本仅存在于肉类中的营养物质)”可知，酶是植物合成这类特殊营养物质的关键，没有对应的酶，该转化过程就无法完成，由此可推断酶在营养物质的合成过程中起着至关重要的作用。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“The team prepare multiple sets of genetic instructions. The sets differ in which amino acids and nutrients they can make. By combining the sets in different ways — like combining Lego blocks to build different structures — the instructions would allow plants to make different nutrients (该团队准备了多套基因指令，每套指令合成的氨基酸和营养物质各不相同，通过不同的方式组合这些指令，就像拼接乐高积木搭建出不同的造型一样，能让植物合成不同的营养物质)”可知，作者将组合基因指令比作拼接乐高积木，是为了形象地说明基因指令的组合方式具有多样性，不同的组合方式能实现不同的营养合成效果。故选D。 4．词句猜测题。根据第五段“The plants used to test this technique aren’t edible at present. Fan hopes to try adding such nutrient-making enzymes to crops one day (目前用于测试这项技术的植物还并非edible，范希望未来能尝试将这种合成营养物质的酶植入农作物中)”，结合后文提及该技术应用于果蔬前需保障饮食安全可知，现阶段试验用的植物还不能直接用于食用，而研究的后续方向是将技术应用于可食用的农作物，由此可推断“edible”的意思是“可食用的”。故选A。 Passage 5 (2026·高三·湖南湘西·一模) Hydrogen (氢) fuel cells make electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen, and the only product is water. They start fast, work efficiently, and produce zero emissions. However, most fuel cells still depend on platinum(a chemical element) as the catalyst (催化剂). Platinum is rare and very expensive, so large-scale use is difficult. A team of Chinese scientists has offered a strong solution. Their study, published in Nature, shows that an iron-based catalyst can do the job while using far less platinum. The team, led by Prof. Dan Wang and Prof. Zhang Suojiang, designed a structure they call “inner activation, outer protection”. The active iron atoms sit inside tiny hollow (中空的) shells, while a hard carbon layer outside protects them. Think of each particle (颗粒) like a set of nested shells. The iron atoms are fixed on the inner curved surface. The outer carbon shell keeps the particle stable. This setup makes oxygen pieces escape more easily, so the reaction runs faster. It also blocks harsh chemicals that would damage the catalyst over time. Tests support the design: the iron atoms are in the right places and stay steady during use. Computer models explain why it works — the outer layer gently pushes away oxygen pieces, so they don’t stick too tightly to the iron inside. The performance is impressive for a catalyst without platinum. The fuel cell loses less energy, produces less of a harmful oxygen-based chemical, and stays active for a long time. It reached about 0.75 W/cm2 and kept about 86% of its activity after over 300 hours. This Chinese breakthrough matters. Firstly, it lowers costs and eases pressure on rare-metal supply chains by replacing much platinum with iron. Besides, the simple “inner activation, outer protection” rule can guide new catalysts for fuel cells, and metal-air batteries. Moreover, longer-lasting parts lower costs for backup power, helping clean technology grow faster. In short, smart atomic design from China offers a practical path toward cleaner air, stronger energy security, and progress toward climate goals. 1．What problem does the study mainly target? A．The limited application of platinum. B．The danger of storing hydrogen. C．The costly reliance on platinum. D．The slow start of fuel cells. 2．How does the author develop paragraph 3? A．By explaining the working principle. B．By evidencing the benefits of platinum. C．By detailing the procedure of the research. D．By distinguishing iron atoms and the carbon layer. 3．What is the significance of the study? A．It makes metal-air batteries available. B．It promises a greener energy future. C．It helps cut costs of iron-based catalysts. D．It removes the concern about energy security. 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．Metal-Air Batteries: The Next Hit B．Iron Over Platinum: China’s Breakthrough C．Why Fuel Cells Become Vital to Achieving Climate Goals D．How an Innovative Structure Replaces Traditional Fuel Cells 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章说明了氢燃料电池环保高效但依赖昂贵稀有的铂催化剂，中国科学家团队在《自然》发表研究，以“内激活外保护”铁基催化剂减少铂用量，性能佳且成本低，对清洁能源发展意义重大。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“However, most fuel cells still depend on platinum(a chemical element) as the catalyst (催化剂). Platinum is rare and very expensive, so large-scale use is difficult.(然而，目前大多数燃料电池仍依赖铂（一种化学元素）作为催化剂。而铂资源稀缺且价格昂贵，因此大规模应用存在困难)”可知，研究针对的是解决因依赖铂而带来的高成本障碍。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Think of each particle (颗粒) like a set of nested shells. The iron atoms are fixed on the inner curved surface. The outer carbon shell keeps the particle stable. This setup makes oxygen pieces escape more easily, so the reaction runs faster. It also blocks harsh chemicals that would damage the catalyst over time.(可以把每个颗粒想象成一组相互嵌套的外壳。铁原子固定在内侧的弯曲表面上。外层的碳外壳使颗粒保持稳定。这种结构使得氧气颗粒更容易逸出，因此反应进行得更快。它还能阻挡那些会随着时间推移而损害催化剂的强效化学物质)”可知，作者通过解释其工作原理展开第三段内容。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“The fuel cell loses less energy, produces less of a harmful oxygen-based chemical, and stays active for a long time. It reached about 0.75 W/cm2 and kept about 86% of its activity after over 300 hours.(这种燃料电池能更有效地储存能量，产生的有害的含氧化学物质更少，并且能长时间保持活跃状态。其功率密度达到了约0.75瓦/平方厘米，并且在超过300小时的使用后仍能保持约86%的活性)”以及第六段“Moreover, longer-lasting parts lower costs for backup power, helping clean technology grow faster. In short, smart atomic design from China offers a practical path toward cleaner air, stronger energy security, and progress toward climate goals.(此外，更耐用的部件能够降低备用电源的成本，从而促进清洁能源技术的快速发展。简而言之，来自中国的智能原子设计为实现更清洁的空气、更稳固的能源安全以及朝着气候目标迈进提供了一条切实可行的途径)”可知，这项研究预示着一个更加环保的能源未来。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文主线可知，文章先指出燃料电池因依赖铂而成本高、难以规模化的痛点，继而呈现中国团队提出的以铁替铂的内激活外保护新设计，说明这一结构如何一方面让氧更易脱附、加快反应，另一方面隔绝有害介质、延长寿命；随后给出数据支撑，功率密度约零点七五瓦每平方厘米，连续运行三百余小时后仍保持约百分之八十六活性；最后落到意义层面，减少对稀贵金属的依赖、降低系统成本、加速清洁技术落地。由此可知，“钢铁超越铂：中国的突破”准确概括本文标题。故选B。 Passage 6 (2026·高三·湖南永州·一模) The results of the artificial intelligence (AI) boom have found fertile ground in modern agriculture, from application systems to on-the-go machine operation adjustments. The industrial revolution of AI is promoting the rapid development of agriculture, as equipment makers create “smarter” machinery equipped with increasing amounts of background data and digital circuitry (电路) patterned after the human brain. In a recent interview about the use of AI in production agriculture, John Deere’s President of Lifecycle Solutions, Justin Rose, said AI is essential to his company’s goal of helping farmers be more profitable and sustainable while using fewer resources: less land, chemicals and labor. Rose points to Deere’s See & Spray technology and its use of AI to boost productivity through improved crop protection chemical use. “Traditional sprayers treat entire fields with herbicides, but our system uses 36 cameras and advanced machine learning to identify and spray only the weeds — while moving at 12-15 mph, covering 3 football field lengths per minute,” he says. He notes the system uses 70% less chemical than traditional application practices for significant improvements in profitability, sustainability and efficiency. The examples of AI in agriculture are many, with ranks growing rapidly each year, but before farmers can benefit from these developments, they must first become familiar with the technology and how to operate it, stall settings, plan their season around the equipment and make in-season adjustments. AI is helping with this challenge. Farmers don’t have endless opportunities to get everything right, but with the help of AI, we can turn a farm career’s 40 harvests into 40,000 opportunities to learn and optimize (优化). Rose says the AI race has just begun. “This is the slowest it’s ever going to go, and we’ re all going to have to raise our game and move more quickly all the time,” he explains. That involves those who design and program AI applications, those who depend upon them, and those who sell and service them. 1．How does Rose illustrate AI’s function in chemical use? A．By giving an example. B．By giving a definition. C．By making a comparison. D．By making an assumption. 2．What are farmers advised to do in paragraph 4? A．Acquire knowledge of AI and apply it. B．Adjust equipment according to the season. C．Increase the number of harvests by using AI. D．Take endless chances to get everything right. 3．What does Rose think of AI’s current application? A．Immature. B．Fast-paced. C．Highly-developed. D．Complex. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．AI Will Replace Workers in Various Fields B．AI Is Busier in Agriculture Than Many Realize C．Farmers Say Goodbye to Traditional Agriculture D．Aims of AI Are Changing in Developing Agriculture 【答案】1．C $