阅读理解专项训练（人与自然第1练） -2026届高三英语二轮复习专项

2026届阅读理解专项训练（人与自然第1练） 姓名：___________班级：___________学号：___________得分：___________ 题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 选择 题号 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 选择 Passage 1（25-26高三下·黑龙江·开学考试） In 1927, Elinor Smith became the first female entomologist (昆虫学家)to lead a U.S. national research project, at a time when fewer than 4% of American ecology scientists were women. She conducted a 12-month field study of wild bees in the Great Plains, shedding light on their living habits, and later chaired a federal pollinator conservation committee, laying solid groundwork for national modern bee protection policies. This made her a true ground-breaker in a male-dominated scientific field. Over the next decade, her most meaningful victory was more personal than professional. A severe bee-sting allergy nearly ended her fieldwork, so she spent months researching and linked pesticide overuse to declining bee immunity. She then tailored public lectures to this key insight, attracting farmers and citizens: the pollination (授粉)cascade effect, a tool she considered critical for raising public ecological awareness. Once a little-known lab concept, the pollination cascade effect was redefined by Smith for the public, simplifying complex ecological principles and becoming one of the 20th century’s enduring ecological ideas. Her work let people clearly see how bee decline harms grain and fruit crops, building ordinary people’s basic understanding of ecosystem interdependence. She turned her pollinator protection passion into a slim handbook, Bees and the Breadbasket, blending strict scientific facts with warm vivid storytelling. She urged readers to use the key phrase regularly, writing, “Say ‘A single bee colony supports 500 pounds of crops,’ not vague ‘Bees are important.’” The book sparked a nationwide grassroots movement, staying a bestseller for three years in a row and ranking with Rachel Carson’s classic environmental works. A new generation of pollinator awareness began — for better or worse, it has since grown tied to both scientific progress and social political debate. 1．What does Paragraph 1 focus on about Elinor Smith? A．Fighting for gender equality. B．Founding an ecological group. C．Developing bee conservation technologies. D．Pioneering in a male-dominated field. 2．How did Smith’s personal experience influence her work? A．By focusing on personal safety. B．By studying allergic reactions. C．By shifting her lecture focus. D．By developing new farming methods. 3．What was Smith’s significant contribution to public policy? A．The creation of pesticide-free labels. B．The popularization of the pollination effect. C．The call for a nationwide pesticide ban. D．The innovation of wild bee counting. 4．What is the author’s attitude toward the pollinator awareness movement? A．Mixed. B．Favorable. C．Hopeful. D．Intolerant. Passage 2（25-26高三下·重庆北碚·月考） In New Jersey’s suburban intersections, an immature Cooper’s hawk (鹰) was at work. It was unfolding a novel hunting strategy that would astonish even seasoned ethologists, which was documented by University of Tennessee researcher Vladimir Dinetes in his study Street smarts: a remarkable adaptation in a city-wintering raptor (猛禽). Over 18 freezing winter mornings, Dinetes observed from a parked vehicle as birds gathered on the sidewalk to eat food left by residents. In a nearby tree, a young hawk waited, listening for a specific electric sound that signals it’s safe to cross the street. This high tone, tied to a red-light extension from 30 to 90 seconds, meant cars would stretch farther back along the block, forming a dense line. When that line reached a certain point, the hawk would launch an attack, flying low along the sidewalk, hidden by the line of waiting cars. Then it would slip, bursting into the birds’ feeding space and securing an exceptionally high hunting success rate. Critically, the hawk avoided attacks on weekends when cars didn’t line up sufficiently long to provide a visual barrier. This selectivity proved no accident: The hawk had learned to link the signal sound, traffic patterns and hunting opportunities. Cooper’s hawks, once restricted to deep woodlands, have inhabited North American cities since the 1970s, but only one urban-adapted behavior — hunting near sunset lights — was previously recorded. Dinetes’ finding adds a far more complex strategy, one that demands mapping environments, tracking time-based clues and carrying out plans. Dinetes explains, “The hawk doesn’t evolve urban skills anew but uses pre-existing problem-solving ability meant for forest hunts where it measures flight angles and escape paths amid branches. Its forest hunting skill translates into viewing city traffic as branches and crosswalks as tree gaps. This cross-contextual thinking — where a biological instinct is adapted to an artificial landscape — is one of the hallmarks of intelligence in the animal kingdom.” As cities grow, understanding how animals adapt will be crucial for conservation and coexistence strategies. The study highlights the interplay between wildlife and human environments. 5．What does the author primarily intend to tell us in paragraph 2? A．Local residents care for birds well. B．Prolonged signal duration causes traffic jam. C．The hawk is skilled at timing its hunt. D．The hawk tends to launch attacks randomly. 6．Why did the hawk avoid its hunt on weekends? A．Birds didn’t search for food then. B．Light traffic failed to provide enough cover. C．Traffic lights were out of function. D．Bystanders interfered with its behavior. 7．What lesson can we learn from the hawk’s cross-contextual thinking? A．Use available resources strategically. B．A patient heart eats the sweet fruit. C．Don’t follow others blindly. D．The early bird catches the worm. 8．What kind of writing method is mainly used in the text? A．Explaining a finding with relevant data. B．Defending a view through an experiment. C．Presenting a study with specific facts. D．Narrating a story in time order. Passage 3（2026·吉林延边·一模） Iceland is no longer mosquito-free. On Oct 21, 2023 the country’s Natural Science Institute announced that three mosquitoes had been discovered near Reykjavik, the capital city. This marks “the first record of mosquitoes occurring in the natural environment in Iceland”, Matthias Alfredsson, a scientist at the institute, told CNN. Mosquitoes are common insects with over 3,700 species worldwide, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Iceland, thanks to its cold, harsh climate, had been one of the only two places on Earth undisturbed by mosquitoes, the other being Antarctica. However, climate change is changing that. This spring, Iceland saw record temperatures, hitting 26.6°C on May 15, with some areas experiencing more than 10°C above average, according to the Icelandic Meteorological Office. Iceland isn’t the first place to lose its mosquito-free status, said news website Live Science. Hawaii was mosquito-free until 1826, when they “hitchhiked” there on European and American ships and thrived in Hawaii’s hot, humid climate. Even in regions where mosquitoes are common, more species are appearing as the planet warms, said The Guardian. For example, in the UK, two invasive species, including the Egyptian mosquito, were discovered this year. They can spread diseases like dengue fever (登革热), which affects 100 to 400 million people annually, according to the World Health Organization. Mosquitoes love warm temperatures. They are cold-blooded, or ectothermic (变温的), meaning their body temperature matches their environment, explained The Conversation. Mosquito larvae (幼虫) need temperatures between 7°C and 16°C to grow, while adults prefer temperatures over 27°C and go into hibernation (冬眠) below 10℃. Besides temperature, climate change influences mosquito spread by making precipitation (降水) irregular, Stanford Report noted. Given that mosquitoes stay in still, dirty water before becoming flying adults, floods create breeding pools for them, while droughts lead people to store water, increasing mosquito habitats, according to the World Mosquito Program, a non-profit run by Monash University in Australia. While mosquitoes are taking advantage of climate change, other animals are being forced to expand their range further north for the same reason, said World Atlas. This is particularly true for Arctic species like polar bears and snowy owls. 9．What made Iceland once free of mosquitoes? A．Strict policies to kill mosquitoes. B．Its great distance from Antarctica. C．The unique local climate. D．A ban on ships arriving from America. 10．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Europeans. B．Mosquitoes. C．Americans. D．Ships. 11．What is the reason for the change of mosquito distribution? A．A non-profit program. B．Invasive species. C．Warmer temperatures. D．Dirty water. 12．What can be inferred about climate change from the last paragraph? A．It has got positive effects from mosquitoes. B．It has enabled animals to find new habitats. C．It has served as an indicator of animal breeding. D．It has had a notable impact on certain species. Passage 4（25-26高三下·云南昆明·开学考试） Every time generative artificial intelligence drafts an e-mail or makes an image, the planet pays for it. AI consumes much electricity. And a recent research identifies another concern: AI’s contribution to the world’s mounting mass of electronic waste. The study found that generative AI applications alone could add 1. 2 million to 5 million metric tons of trash to the planet by 2030, which definitely exacerbates the global e-waste problem. However, few countries legally require proper handling of e-waste, and those that do often fail to apply their existing laws on it. Twenty-five U. S. states have e-waste management policies, but there is no law that requires electronics recycling. In 2024 Ed Markey introduced a bill that would require agencies to develop standards for AI’s environmental impacts, including e-waste, but it has not passed. Some countries propose a reporting system, but it would be voluntary. Worse still, some countries even witness the absence of relevant laws. There are still solutions. Companies that use AI have a great number of options to limit e-waste. It’s possible to make hardware last longer through regular checks and updates, reuse old devices for less demanding tasks, or fix and reuse old parts—this cuts waste by 42%. Combining these with more efficient chip and program design could reduce e-waste by 86%. Yet there’s another wrinkle as well: AI products tend to be trickier to recycle than standard electronics. “The core issue lies in the fact that the former are often loaded with private user information that demands secure handling,” says Kees Balde, an e-waste researcher. He also points out tech giants like Microsoft and Google have the financial resources to both wipe such data and properly treatment of their electronics. “Undoubtedly, this process adds to the overall expense,” Balde comments on large-scale e-waste recycling, “but the benefits to the public far outweigh the costs involved.” 13．What does the underlined word “exacerbates” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Eliminates. B．Worsens. C．Causes. D．Tackles. 14．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．How countries cope with e-waste. B．The harm caused by global e-waste. C．Global e-waste management is poorly regulated. D．What individuals should do to approach e-waste. 15．How can companies reduce e-waste? A．By designing more efficient chips and programs. B．By cooperating with e-waste recycling organizations. C．By extending hardware life-span and design efficiency. D．By prohibiting the development of new AI technologies. 16．What makes AI products harder to recycle? A．Its insecure handling procedures. B．Its more complex hardware structures. C．Its tendency to get infected with virus. D．Its substantial customers’ data storage. 2 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 《2026届阅读理解专项训练（人与自然第1练）》参考答案 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍昆虫学家Elinor Smith在男性主导的领域开拓创新，结合个人经历推动蜜蜂保护，普及生态理念并引发社会运动的事迹。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段，1927年史密斯成为首位领导美国国家研究项目的女性昆虫学家（当时女性生态学家占比不足4%），成为男性主导领域的开拓者。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。因严重蜂蜇过敏几乎终止野外工作，她研究发现杀虫剂过度使用会降低蜜蜂免疫力，据此调整讲座内容吸引民众。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。史密斯将原本鲜为人知的"授粉级联效应"简化后向公众普及，使其成为20世纪重要生态理念，这是她对公共政策的核心贡献。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。作者认为史密斯引发的授粉者保护运动虽推动科学进步，但也与社会政治辩论绑定，态度具有复杂性。故选A项。 翻译： 1927年，埃莉诺・史密斯成为首位领导美国国家级研究项目的女性昆虫学家，彼时美国的生态学家中，女性占比不足4%。她在北美大平原开展了为期12个月的野生蜜蜂实地研究，阐明了蜜蜂的生活习性；此后她还担任联邦传粉者保护委员会主席，为美国现代蜜蜂保护政策的制定奠定了坚实基础。在这个由男性主导的科学领域，她成为了名副其实的开拓者。 在接下来的十年里，她最有意义的成就，更多是关乎个人而非职业发展。严重的蜂蜇过敏险些让她的野外研究生涯就此终止，于是她耗时数月展开研究，发现杀虫剂的过度使用与蜜蜂免疫力下降存在关联。她结合这一核心发现定制了公众讲座的内容，吸引了众多农民和普通民众参与，而讲座的核心便是授粉级联效应——她认为这一理论是提升公众生态保护意识的关键。 授粉级联效应曾是实验室中鲜为人知的概念，史密斯为普通大众重新诠释了这一理论，将复杂的生态学原理简化，使其成为20世纪经久不衰的生态学理念之一。她的研究让人们清晰地认识到，蜜蜂数量减少会对粮食和水果作物造成何种危害，也让普通人对生态系统的相互依存关系有了基础认知。 她将自己对传粉者保护的热忱凝聚成了一本薄薄的手册 ——《蜜蜂与粮仓》，书中既严谨地罗列了科学事实，又用生动温暖的故事娓娓道来。她敦促读者经常使用一句关键表述，她在书中写道：“要说出‘一个蜂群能为500磅农作物提供授粉支持’，而非含糊地说‘蜜蜂很重要’。” 这本书在全美掀起了一场草根保护运动，连续三年位居畅销书榜单，与蕾切尔・卡森的经典环保著作齐名。新一代的传粉者保护意识就此萌芽，而这份意识从那以后，便与科学进步和社会政治争论交织在一起，带来了利弊兼具的影响。 5．C 6．B 7．A 8．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了鹰在城市环境中展现出的复杂狩猎策略及跨情境思维能力。 5．主旨大意题。鹰会利用排队车辆作为遮挡，在车流达到特定长度时低空突袭鸟群，展现出精准的狩猎时机把握能力。故选C。 6．细节理解题。鹰避免在周末狩猎，因为此时车辆排队长度不足，无法形成有效的视觉屏障。故选B。 7．推理判断题。鹰未进化新技能，而是将森林狩猎中测量飞行角度、判断逃生路径的本能，转化为把城市交通视为树枝、人行横道视为树间空隙的跨情境思维，体现其对现有资源的策略性利用。故选A。 8．推理判断题。文章围绕迪内特斯的研究展开，通过18个早晨的观察、鹰利用声音和车流捕猎的具体行为、周末不捕猎的现象等事实，呈现鹰的城市狩猎策略及研究意义。故选C。 翻译： 在新泽西州郊区的十字路口，一只未成年的库珀鹰正展开行动。它摸索出了一套新颖的狩猎策略，即便是资深的动物行为学家也会为之惊叹，田纳西大学的研究员弗拉基米尔・迪内特斯在其研究《城市生存智慧：一种冬季栖息于城市的猛禽的非凡适应能力》中，记录下了这一发现。 在18个严寒的冬日清晨，迪内特斯坐在停着的车里观察：路边的人行道上，成群的小鸟啄食着居民留下的食物；而不远处的一棵树上，这只年轻的库珀鹰静静等候，它在聆听一种特定的电子提示音——这个声音意味着过马路是安全的。这一高音提示音出现时，路口的红灯时长会从30秒延长至90秒，街道上的车辆会排起更长、更密集的车龙。当车龙长度达到一定程度，这只鹰便会发起突袭：它沿着人行道低空飞行，利用排队的车辆形成的遮挡隐藏自己，随后迅速窜出，冲进小鸟的觅食区域，捕猎成功率极高。 值得注意的是，这只鹰从不在周末捕猎，因为周末的车流量较小，车辆排起的队伍不足以形成有效的视觉遮挡。这种精准的选择绝非偶然：这只鹰已经学会了将提示音、交通规律与狩猎机会关联起来。 库珀鹰曾仅栖息于茂密的林地，20世纪70年代起，它们开始出现在北美各个城市，但此前人们仅记录到它们一种适应城市的行为——趁落日余晖捕猎。迪内特斯的发现，让人们看到了库珀鹰一种复杂得多的适应策略，这种策略要求它们感知环境布局、捕捉随时间变化的线索，并制定周密的捕猎计划。 迪内特斯解释道：“这只鹰并非进化出了全新的城市生存技能，而是运用了其本就具备的问题解决能力——这种能力原本用于林间狩猎，让它能在树枝间判断飞行角度、规划逃生路径。它将林间狩猎的技能迁移到了城市中，把车流当作树枝，把人行横道当作树间的空隙。这种跨情境的思维能力——将生物本能适配于人工景观的能力，是动物界智慧的标志之一。” 随着城市不断发展，了解动物的适应方式，对于制定野生动物保护与人类和自然共存的策略至关重要。这项研究也揭示了野生动物与人类生存环境之间的相互作用。 9．C 10．B 11．C 12．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍冰岛不再无蚊子，并分析气候变化对蚊子分布及其他动物的影响。 9．细节理解题。冰岛曾因寒冷恶劣的气候，成为地球上仅有的两个无蚊子干扰的地方之一。故选C项。 10．词句猜测题。夏威夷1826年前无蚊子，后来蚊子“搭便车”通过欧美船只进入，此处they指代蚊子。故选B项。 11．细节理解题。蚊子为变温动物，幼虫需7-16℃生长，成虫偏好27℃以上环境。气候变暖使原本寒冷的地区温度达标，导致蚊子分布范围扩大、种类增加。故选C项。 12．推理判断题。气候变化使蚊子繁衍，同时迫使北极熊、雪鸮等北极物种向北扩展活动范围，表明气候变化对部分物种影响显著。故选D项。 翻译： 冰岛不再是无蚊之地。2023年10月21日，冰岛自然科学研究所宣布，在首都雷克雅未克附近发现了三只蚊子。该研究所的科学家马蒂亚斯・阿尔弗雷德松向美国有线电视新闻网表示，这是 “冰岛自然环境中首次发现蚊子的记录”。 据美国疾病控制与预防中心的数据，蚊子是常见昆虫，全球共有超过3700个种类。冰岛因气候寒冷恶劣，曾是地球上仅有的两个未受蚊子侵扰的地区之一，另一个地区是南极洲。但气候变化正在改变这一现状。据冰岛气象局数据，今年春季，冰岛迎来了历史同期最高温，5月15日的气温达到26.6℃，部分地区的气温较常年平均水平高出10℃以上。 《生活科学》网站指出，冰岛并非首个失去 “无蚊标签” 的地区。1826年之前，夏威夷也没有蚊子，后来蚊子搭乘欧美船只 “搭便车” 来到这里，并在夏威夷炎热潮湿的气候中大量繁殖。 《卫报》称，即便是在蚊子本就常见的地区，随着全球气候变暖，也出现了更多种类的蚊子。例如，英国今年就发现了两种入侵性蚊子，其中包括埃及伊蚊。世界卫生组织的数据显示，这类蚊子会传播登革热等疾病，全球每年有1亿至4亿人感染登革热。 《对话》网站解释，蚊子偏爱温暖的环境，它们是变温动物，体温会随外界环境的变化而变化。蚊子的幼虫需要在7℃至16℃的环境中才能生长，而成虫则偏好27℃以上的温度，当气温低于10℃时，成虫便会进入冬眠状态。 《斯坦福报告》指出，除了气温，气候变化还会通过导致降水分布不均，进一步推动蚊子的扩散。澳大利亚莫纳什大学运营的非营利组织 “世界蚊子计划” 表示，蚊子在长成会飞的成虫前，一直生活在静止的污水中：洪水会为它们形成大量繁殖地，而干旱则会让人们开始储水，这也会增加蚊子的生存栖息地。 《世界地图集》称，蚊子正借着气候变化的契机不断扩散，而其他动物也正因同样的原因，被迫向更北部的区域拓展生存范围，北极熊、雪鸮等北极物种尤为明显。 13．B 14．C 15．C 16．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出生成式人工智能加剧全球电子垃圾问题，分析了其监管漏洞、解决办法等相关问题。 13．词句猜测题。研究显示生成式AI应用到2030年可能新增120-500万吨垃圾，这会"exacerbates"全球电子垃圾问题，结合语境可知该词意为"加剧，恶化"。故选B。 14．主旨大意题。第二段指出多数国家未立法要求妥善处理电子垃圾，即使立法的国家也常不执行，主要说明全球电子垃圾管理不善的问题。故选C。 15．细节理解题。企业可通过定期检查更新延长硬件寿命、旧设备降级使用、修复重用部件（减少42%浪费），结合高效芯片和程序设计，共可减少86%电子垃圾。故选C。 16．细节理解题。电子垃圾研究员指出，AI产品比普通电子产品难回收的核心原因是其存储大量需安全处理的用户隐私信息。故选D。 翻译： 每当生成式人工智能帮我们写一封邮件、生成一张图片时，地球都在为此付出代价。人工智能的运行会耗费大量电力，而近期的一项研究还发现了另一个令人担忧的问题：人工智能正加剧全球电子垃圾的堆积。该研究发现，到2030年，仅生成式人工智能相关应用就可能为地球新增120万至500万公吨的垃圾，这无疑会让全球电子垃圾问题雪上加霜。 然而，目前鲜有国家以立法形式要求对电子垃圾进行妥善处理，即便是有相关法律的国家，也往往未能执行到位。美国有25个州出台了电子垃圾管理政策，但全国层面并未制定强制要求电子产品回收的法律。2024年，埃德・马基提出了一项法案，要求相关机构制定人工智能环境影响的评估标准，其中就包括电子垃圾方面的考量，但该法案至今尚未通过。一些国家提议建立相关的报告制度，却将其设定为自愿参与的机制。更糟糕的是，部分国家甚至根本没有相关的法律法规。 这一问题并非没有解决办法，使用人工智能的企业有多种方式可以减少电子垃圾的产生：通过定期检测和系统更新延长硬件的使用寿命，将旧设备调配至对性能要求较低的工作场景继续使用，或是修复并重新利用旧的硬件部件——这些方法能减少42%的电子垃圾。如果再结合设计更高效的芯片和程序，电子垃圾的产生量可减少86%。 但问题还有另一重难点：人工智能产品的回收难度远高于普通电子产品。电子垃圾研究专家基斯・鲍尔德表示：“核心问题在于，人工智能产品中往往存储着大量用户隐私信息，这些信息需要进行安全处理。” 他还指出，微软、谷歌等科技巨头拥有充足的财力，既能够完成这类数据的清除工作，也能对相关电子产品进行妥善的回收处理。鲍尔德在谈及大规模电子垃圾回收时表示：“毫无疑问，这个过程会增加整体成本，但为公众带来的益处，远大于所付出的成本。” $