考前押题05 六选四6大常考话题（期中专项训练）高二英语下学期沪教版

考前押题05 六选四6大常考话题 话题1 生活与学习 Passage 1：1.E 2.C 3.A 4.F Passage 2：1.C 2.A 3.F 4.E Passage 3：1.B 2.E 3.F 4.A 话题2 做人与做事 Passage 1：1.F 2.A 3.C 4.E Passage 2：1.B 2.C 3.A 4.F Passage 3：1.C 2.A 3.D 4.F 话题3 文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1：1.D 2.A 3.E 4.B Passage 2：1.E 2.B 3.A 4.D Passage 3：1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D 话题4 历史、社会与文化 Passage 1：1.B 2.F 3.C 4.A Passage 2：1.F 2.A 3.E 4.D Passage 3：1.E 2.B 3.A 4.D 话题5 科学与技术 Passage 1：1.E 2.B 3.A 4.D Passage 2：1.D 2.F 3.B 4.C Passage 3：1.B 2.D 3.A 4.F 话题6 人与自然 Passage 1：1.D 2.B 3.E 4.A Passage 2：1.B 2.E 3.A 4.C Passage 3：1.F 2.D 3.A 4.C 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 考前押题05 六选四6大常考话题 话题1 生活与学习 话题4 历史、社会与文化 话题2 做人与做事 话题5 科学与技术 话题3 文学、艺术与体育 话题6 人与自然 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 话题1 生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海闵行·期中）Chances a low fat-diet will help? Slim and none The largest study ever to ask whether a low-fat diet reduces the risk of getting cancer or heart disease has found that the diet has no effect. 1 In the end, those assigned to a low-fat diet had the same rates of cancer, heart attacks and strokes as those who ate whatever they pleased, researchers reported Wednesday. “These studies are revolutionary,” said Dr. Jules Hirsch, physician at Rockefeller University in New York City, who has spent a lifetime studying the effects of diets on weight and heath.” 2 The results, the study investigators agreed, do not justify recommending low-fat diets to the public to reduce their heart disease and cancer risk. The investigators added that the best dietary advice was eating less saturated fats and trans fats (饱和脂肪和反式脂肪), more grains and more fruits and vegetables. 3 Some, like Dr. Dean Ornish, a promoter of low-fat diets and president of the Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, California, said that the women did not reduce their fat to low enough levels or eat enough fruits and vegetables. He also said the study, even at eight years, did not give the diets enough time. Barbara Howard, a principal investigator in the study, said people should realize that diet alone is not enough to stay healthy. “We are not going to reverse any of the diseases in this country by changing the composition of the diet,” Howard said. “People are always thinking it’s what they ate. 4 ” Except for not smoking, the evidence for advice on what makes a healthy lifestyle is largely indirect, Howard said. Most medical re-searchers agree, however, that it also makes sense for people to eat well, control their weight and get regular exercise. A．Not everyone was convinced. B．They should put a stop to this thinking that we have all the information we need to change the whole national diet and make everybody healthy. C．In this case, the diet study addressed a tricky problem. D．Others have said the opposite: that low-fat diets enable people to lose weight naturally. E．The $415 million study involved nearly 49,000 women aged 50 to 79 who were followed for eight years. F．They are not looking at how much they ate or that they smoke or that they are not doing any sports. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海·月考）Funny Feet My running shoes have a thick sole and cushioned heel (厚底与加软垫的鞋跟). 1 Soon after that, reports began appearing of injuries sustained by runners who had adopted these shoes. Now the maximally cushioned or “fat” shoe is back in fashion, and suddenly my old shoes look high-tech again. 2 Surprisingly, we are only beginning to discover what a normal human foot looks like, how it should move, and the role that shoes play. Recent research, inspired in part by the fallout from barefoot running, reveals enormous diversity in healthy feet. What’s more, the average Western foot turns out to be an outlier, deformed with respect to our ancestors’ feet and those of our barefoot contemporaries. Much of this is down to shoes, which have taken over some of the work our feet had to do. “We assume that the people around us are normal, but from an evolutionary perspective, they’re not,” says evolutionary biologist Daniel Lieberman at Harvard University. Foot shape is the product of gene-environment interactions, but how do they play out? Until recently, the few studies there had focused almost exclusively on Westerners — which, in practice, meant people who had worn shoes since they could walk. 3 In a study published in 2010, they found that Kenyan endurance runners who had grown up without shoes landed more often on their toes than on their heels as 80 per cent of shoe-wearing distance runners do. 4 But Lieberman points out that the sample size was small and that the results didn’t support many of the claims later made for barefoot running, such as the idea that it reduces the risk of injury. However, the hint that wearing shoes could have such a big impact on how we use our feet was appealing, and Lieberman and others have pursued its implications. A．Is all this simply a matter of fashion, I wonder, or is it telling us something more? B．The shoe-using Indians had narrower feet and a less even pressure distribution. C．I bought them five years ago, before the “barefoot” craze for minimalist shoes that would allow people to run like our ancestors. D．They measured the feet of 70 Indians who didn’t wear shoes. E．The work helped to inspire the barefoot running craze. F．Lieberman and his colleagues were among the first to cast their net more widely. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海·期中）The Fossil Fuel (矿物燃料) Diet Would you like adding fossil fuel dressing to your tomato salad, or how about coating salt water fish with it? If only it were so easy to see the effect of fossil fuels on food production, even environmentally friendly food lovers might find their lunch turning to ash in their mouth. The global food system is more dependent on fossil fuels than we tend to recognize. They power the tractors that prepare fields and the pumps that extract groundwater for soil watering. They are used to manufacture fertilizers They drive the trucks, trains, and ships that transport food. 1 So says energy scholar Vaclav Smil, who has done some calculations to illustrate this point. He estimates that producing an average French loaf requires the equivalent of about 30 milliliters of diesel (柴油) fuel. A kilogram of roast chicken requires over 300 milliliters. Surprisingly, a kilogram of tomatoes cultivated in a heated greenhouse and transported long distances requires twice as much diesel as the poultry (家禽). 2 . Producing a kilogram of farmed salt water fish, for example, uses a shocking 2 liters of diesel, according to Smil. 3 . It is also a major reason why agriculture generates around a third of greenhouse gas emissions and is a dominant driver of biodiversity loss. For a healthier planet, we must find a way to stop “eating” fossil fuels. Unfortunately, ending that dependency will be even tougher than reducing emissions from the power network or transportation. But there are a thousand things we could be doing better now. 4 . Governments should support farming practices that conserve carbon-storing soil and use water and fertilizers more efficiently. And we should eat much less meat. If we don’t, we are stuck seasoning each bite with diesel. A．Reducing food waste should be a top priority. B．In fact, we may as well think of ourselves as eating fossil fuels. C．Despite this, many farmers are already producing food with minimal fossil fuel input. D．Fortunately, removing fossil fuels from food production is a simple and straightforward process. E．Seafood is often even worse due to the inefficiency of feeding them with smaller, wild-caught fish. F．This intensive use of energy from fossil fuels is not only surprising but also contributes to the global food oversupply. 话题2 做人与做事 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海松江·期中）Ensuring that disabled people have an easy life is very important, not just because they are human, like all of us, but because their dignity and social well-being should not be ignored just because of a disability. Disabilities may occur through illness, aging, accidents and other different causes that may happen to anyone or affect us all at some stage in life. 1 We are all human beings and so have the same basic needs. But we should remember that there is a wide range of what we call a disability, and while the basic needs are all the same for everyone, the different lifestyle needs are entirely individual. Therefore, there is no one-size-fits-all method to improve quality of life. It is best to find out people’s needs from spending time with them. 2 . Even the most attractive homes can feel like a cage, so it makes a huge difference to be able to go out to a park or a shopping center, or to plan a day trip such as a picnic or a trip to the beach. Even if a trip can only be organized one day a month, it is more than nothing and does really make a difference. If they are interested or able, pets can be great companions. 3 . Some may be able to take care of a cat or dog; some prefer goldfish or birds in a cage. Very often, people who are cared for don’t feel that they have the chance to care for someone or something else, so caring for pets can improve their confidence and mental health, which can take their mind off their own troubles. 4 Book a regular appointment with a social worker to visit them at least once a month. This is to check on their mental and physical health as well as ways of improving their living conditions. It is important because they may need to talk to someone. A．Plan regular trips. B．Stay with them in a friendly way. C．It is wise to check the abilities of the individuals. D．You won’t know whether they can help if you don’t ask them. E．Do not let pets be their only companions. F．The great thing is that it is not hard to make disabled people’s life easier. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海·期中）Positive Feedback In an attempt to inject some positivity into their feedback, many managers rely on sandwiching negative feedback between two positive comments. However, when feedback becomes such a routine, employees can start to perceive positive feedback as simply a form of masking the negatives, thus decreasing its value. 1 . Below are three tips to help you make positive feedback count. Don’t always follow positive feedback with negative feedback. 2 . Ensure there are times when positive feedback is given for its own sake and resist the temptation to offer constructive criticism. Cultivate a “growth mindset”. Psychologist and “growth mindset” supporter Carol Dweck spoke of the plasticity of the brain and our ability to develop skills and talents that we might not have been good at to start with. 3 . “You really have an eye for details”, for example. However, research suggests that by focusing on the process of how things are done — praising effort, experimentation and problem-solving strategies — we can encourage the development of new skills and the continued development of talents. Create a culture of offering positive feedback. Make giving positive feedback part of your team/department/company culture. Don’t just wait for special moments like evaluations to give feedback. Offer informal positive feedback when making small talk or when walking down a corridor. Feedback doesn’t have to only come from the higher ranks either. Encourage peer feedback among team members and colleagues and actively ask them for positive comments on each other’s performances on tasks. It might take time to counter the effects of an environment where there is a doubtful view of positive feedback. 4 . A．Many of us tend to focus our praise on the end result and seemingly inborn talents. B．Instead, positive feedback should not just soften negatives but enhance performance. C．When positive and negative feedback always appear to go hand in hand, the positives can become devalued and ignored. D．Enhance the productivity and efficiency by implementing strategies aimed at improving the performance of your employees. E．Therefore, it matters that you should promote the exchange of feedback between peers and actively seek out their positive remarks when doing tasks. F．But in the long run, by hugging positive feedback, you can not only enhance working performance but also enrich the quality of life in the workplace. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·月考）Don’t be afraid of being a mess We all carry some secrets that we would rather not share with the people around us. In much the same way that we may only invite visitors into the “good rooms” of our house while the rest is an absolute tip, we often hide the chaos of our personal lives behind a polished look. This may be a serious mistake, since it’s precisely those vulnerabilities that can offer rich opportunities to bond with the people around us. 1 One striking example of it playing out in the public sphere is in the life of Diana, Princess of Wales. At the time, even those who had criticized her in the harshest way would have admitted that she had an incredible capacity to connect with people. And the widespread admiration for her seems to have arisen because of her vulnerabilities, rather than in spite of them. A growing body of research in social psychology suggests that the beautiful mess effect is a common phenomenon. We tend to be overly fearful of negative reactions to our flaws and failures, while underestimating how much people will appreciate our honesty or courage. 2 Experiments have shown that the beautiful mess effect applies in all kinds of contexts. Expressing vulnerability can even benefit people in positions of power, who may feel the need to present a flawless image to their followers. 3 In an age when perfectly presented portraits fill our Instagram feeds, it’s worth keeping the beautiful mess effect in mind. In today’s digitally polished world, acknowledging your vulnerabilities can seem especially difficult. 4 Rather than isolating us, the things that cause us shame are often a sign of our humanity, and a source of intimacy and connection. A．In general, others’ perceptions of our vulnerabilities (脆弱) are far more positive than we imagine. B．Successful people often strategically hide their weaknesses to seek public support and empathy. C．This is sometimes known as the “beautiful mess effect”. D．Leaders who admit to potentially embarrassing weaknesses score highly and inspire greater loyalty. E．However, it will bring about jealousy and hatred among the competitors. F．But if you can calm your inner critic and recognize that frustration and disappointment are universal, you will find it easier to share your perceived flaws with others. 话题3 文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海金山·月考）If you like filling up your Wechat Moments with selfies, you might want to change the habit now. A new study suggests that you are probably not as beautiful as you think you are, and posting your face all over the Internet isn’t giving the world the best impression. The study was conducted by researchers from the University of Toronto. The scientists gathered 198 college students. One hundred of these students were selfie-lovers, while the other 98 were non-selfie-takers. These students were asked to take a selfie fit for social media. 1 As a result, each participant had a selfie and a standard picture. With these pictures in hand, the students rated how attractive they thought other people would find them. 2 The result: Both selfie-lovers and non-selfie-takers thought they would be seen as more attractive in their photos than they were seen by the outside group. Besides, the researcher suggests that not only do people think they are hotter than they actually are, but taking selfies also greatly decreases people’s opinions of you. Then, why do so many people like taking selfies? It comes down to a well-known psychological phenomenon called “self-favouring bias”, which states that “people tend to think they are better than others. 3 ” When taking selfies, people almost all possible control because they can adjust the angle of the shot, the filter (滤镜), when they post them to social media and every other aspect. The study suggests that this causes people to have a more narcissistic personality. 4 Last year, researchers from Ohio State University said that male selfie-lovers tend to show signs of mental disorder. Maybe it’s time to cool the craze down. After all, your WeChat friends probably know what your face looks like. There is no need to remind them dozens of times a day. A．The researchers then had a group of 178 outside observers rate the photos for attractiveness. B．The study isn’t the first one to focus on the negative sides of the selfie craze. C．It also puts them in control of their own image. D．They were also photographed by the researchers. E．This isn’t news, but those feelings are greatly strengthened when people take selfies. F．They refused to define themselves as narcissistic (自恋的). Passage 2 （23-24高二下·上海浦东新·期中）Universal Rhythm Poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow called music “the universal language of mankind.” Now researchers may know why. 1 And these characteristics tend to be those that gather people, the researchers said. “Our findings help explain why humans make music,” study researcher Thomas Currie from the University of Exeter said in a statement. “The results show that the most common features seen in music around the world relate to things that allow people to coordinate (协调) their actions. 2 It can be a kind of social glue.” Currie, along with Pat Savage, a doctoral student at the Tokyo University of the Arts, and their colleagues analyzed music from around the world, examining 304 recordings from the online Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. The music samples came from every inhabited continent, from both vocal and instrumental music. 3 They systematically coded the features of each piece of music and employed a comparison system similar to those used by evolutionary biologists to classify and statistically analyze organisms. Although they found no features that were part of all the songs analyzed, the researchers did find dozens of characteristics that were present in a majority of songs across different world regions. Some of these characteristics were not surprising, such as the music’s tendency to use separate pitches, and equally timed beats and short musical phrases. 4 “It fits that we have two legs, so the music is probably related to the natural rhythms of movement,” said Savage. “And also, two is simpler than three, so maybe it’s easier to process and coordinate.” A．The researchers analyzed the music samples using a few different classification schemes. B．They also suggest that the main function of music is to bring people together and bond social groups. C．some people, as far back as Darwin, have believed that singing evolved as a way for males to gain mates. D．Others were more unexpected, like the discovery that two-beat rhythms are more popular than three-beat rhythms. E．A new analysis of music from diverse cultures around the globe reveals that all music shares certain universal features. F．Previous studies showed that people who experience music together are more likely to rate those who listen with them as helpful. Passage 3 （23-24高二下·上海·期中）Immersive Art Draws People In With bold, swirling brushstrokes (绘画技巧) and vivid colors, Vincent van Gogh’s stirring Starry Night brings to life a turbulent (汹涌的) sky. It’s one of the most recognizable paintings in the world. And gazing at the scenic canvas can make museum visitors feel starstruck. But seeing this masterpiece on a gallery wall isn’t the only way art fans can experience its impact 1 . They find themselves surrounded by shimmering colors that dance before their eyes and ripple (涟漪) at their feet. These exhibitions digitally project moving images onto walls, floors, and sometimes onto viewers themselves. They are examples of immersive art. 2 . While it can be hard to characterize, it’s generally a multisensory, an interactive event that engages viewers and lets them feel like part of the artwork. One thing is certain — these exhibitions have been wildly popular — selling out tickets in cities worldwide. Van Gogh gained fame only after his death. In fact, the 19th-century painter sold just one painting during his lifetime. But now he is immersive art’s biggest superstar. His work has been showcased in various exhibitions featuring immense images. 3 . One show, Van Gogh Alive, has appeared in 65 countries since 2011. It even features a signature scent for visitors to sniff. Shows of other artists — including Monet, Renoir, and Chagall — have lit up venues, too. The popularity of immersive art has been powered party by social media. As visitors post selfies featuring van Gogh’s art or videos of friends stepping into a fantastical fridge, these experiences draw bigger and bigger crowds. 4 . That’s because many curators and creators share a common goal — to help more people get into art! A．Immersive art doesn’t simply mean sitting in a glass case or fitting in a frame. B．The art work is animated and accompanied by music, voices, and background sound. C．In fact, some exhibits give people a chance to be enveloped by van Gogh’s celebrated painting. D．Meanwhile, traditional museums are following the trend and applying immersive technologies E．Critics once described his work as a multidimensional mystery house leading to secret passages. F．More important is the ability to bridge the gap between traditional art spaces and modern audiences. 话题4 历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二下·上海浦东新·月考）Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program. In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. 1 They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children. But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University. That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. 2 Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was easing deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. 3 That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests. Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. 4 And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment. A．Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. B．Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. C．“We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says. D．Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.” E．A previous study, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported this traditional view. F．Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment though. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期中）Why do We Love to Watch Other People’s In-flight Movies? You’re sitting on an airplane, and before you pick a movie — or maybe despite having done so already — you start watching someone else’s screen. Sound familiar? Though you can’t explain why you’d rather watch a faraway show on a too-small screen without any audio, you can’t look away. Maybe it’s easier to leech off someone else’s movie selection than to make a choice of your own. Maybe it’s the risk of being caught, the allure (诱惑) of spying on a private moment. In-flight movies are just better on a stranger’s screen. 1 On X, formerly Twitter, a user confesses: “I cannot focus on a movie on an airplane unless it is on someone else’s screen.” Another writes that “the voyeurism of watching a movie on someone else’s screen just adds to the experience.” These sneaky viewings are more common now than they were a few decades ago, when seat-back, personal screens first started to take hold in the airplane industry. 2 The term refers to the act of spying on someone else’s phone or laptop screen, ATM or other electronic device behind their back. Mohamed Khamis, an associate professor in computer science at the University of Glasgow, studies the privacy and security implications of technology. 3 The behavior also carries little risk of getting caught. While researching people’s ability to recognize when they are being shoulder-surfed, he found that it often goes unnoticed; people underestimated the number of times others were spying on their screen. The impulse to shoulder-surf, he adds, can be simply explained by boredom and curiosity. 4 “This is something that’s been around for a long time,” he said. “Even when people were reading books and newspapers and stuff, people would also look at each other’s content.” A．But “shoulder surfing” is nothing new. B．And “shoulder surfing” is nothing short of surprising. C．Apparently, loneliness and privacy-invasion are underlying causes. D．It’s why he has looked over at other passengers’ screens while on a flight. E．He says that shoulder surfing is so popular partly because it doesn’t require any special skills. F．The appeal of peeking at another person’s in-flight entertainment is well-documented online. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海闵行·期中）Iron Cooks Robots have arrived in American restaurants and hotels for the same reasons they first arrived on factory floors. 1 Labor, meanwhile, is getting expensive, as some cities and states pass laws raising the minimum wage. “We think we’ve hit the point where labor-wage rates are now making automation of those tasks make a lot more sense,” Bob Wright, the chief operations officer of the fast-food chain Wendy’s, said in a conference call with investors last February, referring to jobs that feature “repetitive production tasks.” Wendy’s and McDonald’s are in the process of installing self-service kiosks (售货亭) in locations across the country, allowing customers to order without ever talking to an employee. 2 The international chain CaliBurger, for example will soon install Flippy, a robot that can make 150 burgers an hour. John Miller, the CEO of Cali Group, which owns the chain, says employees don’t like working in the kitchen. Once the robots are sweating there, human employees will be free to interact with customers in more-targeted ways, bringing them extra napkins and asking them how they’re enjoying their burgers. How many employees, though, do you need working in the cafe? 3 Will companies like CaliBurger see sufficient value in employing human greeters and soup-and-sandwich deliverers to keep those positions around long-term? The experience of Eatsa may be instructive. The start-up restaurant, based in San Francisco, allows customers to order its quinoa bowls and salads on their smartphone or an in-store tablet and then pick up their order from a white wall of cubbies (小房间)—an Automat for the app age. Initially, two greeters were stationed alongside the cubbies to welcome and direct customers. 4 So the company now employs a single greeter in its restaurants. A．The early success of the kiosks suggests that, at least when ordering fast food, customers prize speed over high-touch customer service. B．Business owners insist that robots will take over work that is dirty, dangerous, or just dull, enabling humans to focus on other tasks. C．The better hope for workers might be that automation helps the food-service industry continue to develop. D．But over time, customers relied less frequently on the greeters. E．The cost of machines has fallen significantly in recent years, dropping 40 percent since 2005. F．This has typically been the story of automation: Technology eliminates old jobs, but it also creates new ones. 话题5 科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海黄浦·期末）What Your “Age” Says About You Imagine, for a moment, that you had no birth certificate and your age was simply based on the way you feel inside. How old would you say you are? Like your height or shoe size, the number of years that have passed since you first entered the world is an unchangeable fact. 1 Scientists are increasingly interested in this quality. They are finding that our “subjective age” may be essential for understanding the reasons why some people appear to be energetic as they grow old—while others fade. 2 It is now well accepted that people tend to mature as they get older, becoming less extroverted and less open to new experiences. These personality changes are often considered more obvious in the people with older subjective ages. However, those who feel younger than they really are also become more reliable and less neurotic as they gain the wisdom that comes with greater life experience. But it doesn’t come at the cost of the energy and vigor of youth. It’s not true that having a lower subjective age leaves us frozen in a state of permanent immaturity. Feeling younger than your years also seems to come with a lower risk of depression and greater mental wellbeing as we age. 3 Most people felt about eight years younger than their actual chronological age (实际年龄). But some felt they had aged — and the consequences were serious. Feeling between 8 and 13 years older than your actual age resulted in an 18-25% greater risk of death over the study periods, and greater disease burden—even when you control for other demographic (人口学的) factors such as education, race or marital status. 4 However old you really are, it’s worth questioning whether any of those limitations are coming from the within. A．It also means better physical health. B．One of the most interesting aspects of the research has explored how subjective age interacts with our personality. C．Some studies have explored the potential physical consequences of this difference. D．These findings can give us all a view of the way our own brains and bodies endure the passing of time. E．But everyday experience suggests that people often don’t experience ageing the same way. F．Many researchers are now trying to study how this knowledge might help us live longer. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海·月考）Adolescents refer to boys and girls at high-school level — more specifically the second, third and fourth years of high schools. In dealing with students at this level, we must bear in mind that to some degree they are at the difficult stage, generally called adolescence. Students at this level are likely to be confused mentally. They usually find it hard to concentrate on what they intend to do and often have romantic dreams. 1 They lack frankness and are usually very easily affected by their own emotions but hate to admit it. They are driven either by greater ambition, probably beyond their capability, or by extreme laziness caused by the fear of not succeeding or achieving objectives. 2 . They are willing to work, but they hate to work without obtaining the result they think they should obtain. Regarding school issues, although they seldom say so, they really want to be consulted and given an opportunity to direct their own affairs, but they need a good amount of guidance. They seldom admit that they need this guidance and they frequently rebel against it. But if it is intelligently offered, they accept it with enthusiasm. As to personal beliefs, most of adolescents are trying to form political ideals and they have a tendency to be sometimes extremely idealistic, and at other times conventional, blindly accepting what their fathers and grandfathers believed in. 3 . On the one hand they are too modest and on the other hand unreasonably boastful. They tend to be influenced more by a strong character than by great intelligence. 4 . Having a better understanding of the characteristics and needs of young people at this age is a task that falls both on educators and other people involved. It may also help the young go through this difficult and critical stage of life in a more constructive manner. A．The critical abilities are beginning to develop in adolescence. B．Their view on life usually falls on two extremes. C．Of all periods of life, this is what may best be called the “plastic age”. D．They are basically timid or self-conscious. E．Despite that, it is also in this periods that strong ties between teachers and students develop. F．Fundamentally they want to be kept busy but they refuse to admit it. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）Bad Dreams Are Good What are dreams for? There are a handful of theories. Sigmund Freud famously claimed that they reveal hidden truths and wishes. More recent studies suggest dreams might help us deal with strong feelings, improve our memories, understand random brain signals, or prepare us for danger. Despite being largely unsupported by evidence, Freud’s view maintains a strong following around the world. Researchers found in a study that students in the U.S., South Korea, and India were much more likely to say that dreams reveal hidden truths than to support better-substantiated theories. 1 In the same study, respondents said that dreaming about a plane crash would cause them more anxiety than an official warning about a terrorist attack. 2 The majority of dreams occur during REM sleep cycles, of which the average person has four or five a night. Anxiety is quite common: A study of Canadian university students found the most common dream topics to be school, falling, being chased, and arriving too late for something. 3 A 1958 study determined that compared with Japanese people, Americans dreamed more about being locked up, losing a loved one, finding money, being inappropriately dressed, or encountering a mad person. Japanese people were more likely to dream about school, trying repeatedly to do something, being paralyzed (麻痹的) with fear, or “wild, violent beasts.” If human dreams sound terrible, bear in mind that even negative ones can have positive effects. In a study of students taking a French medical-school entrance exam, 60 percent of the dreams they had beforehand involved a problem with the exam, such as being late or leaving an answer blank. 4 So the next time you dream about an education-related experience in which you are both falling and being chased, don’t worry: It’s probably totally meaningless. Then again, your brain might be practicing so you’ll be ready if such an event ever comes to pass. A．For all the commonalities dreams exhibit, they differ across cultures. B．Relatedly, people put great stock in their dreams. C．The dreamiest member of the animal kingdom logs up to eight hours of REM sleep a day. D．Even if dreams can’t foretell the future, they seem to expose our shared fascinations. E．Others argue that dreams have no evolutionary function at all. F．But those who reported dreams about the exam, even bad ones, did better on it than those who didn’t. 话题6 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海静安·期中）Monarch Butterflies Listed as Endangered The monarch butterfly, known for its legendary migration from Mexico to Canada, is now at great risk of extinction. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the population of this orange-and-black insect has shrunk between 23% and 72% over the past 10 years. IUCN has labeled it as being endangered after having added it to its Red List of Threatened Species. 1 . In order to make space for agriculture and urban development, people have been illegally cutting down trees. As a result, the massive forested areas that had previously sheltered the butterflies during winter have now been destroyed. Another factor at play is the use of herbicides (除草剂) in agricultural fields. 2 . Just before leaving their overwintering grounds, females lay eggs on milkweed plants. But now milkweed is disappearing, and monarch caterpillars are losing their host plants. Climate change has also taken a heavy toll on the species. 3 . What’s worse, severe weather conditions such as hurricanes and storms are proving to be disastrous for the already vulnerable butterflies. Monarch experts are calling for the public’s help in the fight to save the species. “Few species inspire the awe and wonder that the migratory monarch butterfly commands,” said Dr. Sean T. O’ Brien, President and CEO of Nature Serve. “While efforts to protect this species are encouraging, much is still needed to ensure its long-term survival.” What can be done to case the problem? A middle-of-the-road solution is gaining ground. Scientists recommend promoting the growth of native milkweed and nectar flowers. Monarch butterflies are a common backyard insect in America, so everyone can contribute their share. 4 . They can also plant flowers for monarchs-Those flowers will provide nectar for monarchs when they bloom. A．People can plant milkweed to support their egg-laying and caterpillars. B．When they are caterpillars (幼虫), monarchs entirely depend on milkweed. C．Hence, local people should maintain thick forests and reduce the use of pesticides within the monarch’s range. D．The reasons for the threat to monarchs are varied, but the leading one is the decades-long destruction of its habitats. E．In a one-two punch, droughts have limited the growth of milkweed, thus threatening the butterflies’ overwintering habitats. F．To help ensure the survival of monarchs, the habitats of the Monarch butterfly need to be protected and conserved. Passage 2 （23-24高二下·上海闵行·期中）Nature’s Gigantic Snow Plough On January 10, 1962, an enormous piece of glacier broke away and collapsed down the side of a mountain in Peru. A mere seven minutes later, when cascading ice finally came to a stop ten miles down the mountain, it had taken the lives of 4,000 people. This disaster is one of the most “destructive” examples of a very common event: an avalanche (雪崩) of snow or ice. Because it is extremely cold at very high altitudes, snow rarely melts. 1 Glaciers are eventually created when the weight of the snow is so great that the lower layers are pressed into solid ice. 2 As snow accumulates on a steep slope, it reaches a critical point at which the slightest vibration will send it sliding into the valley below. Even an avalanche of light power can be dangerous, but the Peruvian disaster was particularly terrible because it was caused by a heavy layer of ice. 3 As it crashed down the steep mountainside like a gigantic snow plough, it swept up trees, boulders and tons of topsoil, and completely crushed and destroyed the six villages that lay in its path. At present there is no way to predict or avoid such enormous avalanches, but luckily, they are very rare. 4 In the future, perhaps dangerous masses of snow and ice can be found and removed before they take human lives? A．It is estimated that the ice that broke off weighed three million tons. B．It just keeps piling up higher and higher. C．Scientists are constantly studying the smaller, more common avalanches, to try to understand what causes them. D．An extremely rare snow and ice disaster hit the south area of China in January, 2008, seriously influencing people’s production and life. E．But most avalanches occur long before this happens. F．This year’s snow and ice disaster has caused great harm to power network. Passage 3 （23-24高二下·上海·期中）Health in space Astronaut Frank Rubiales has returned to Earth after 371 days in space. 1   Unlucky for him, but very lucky for scientists who want to see what effects spending an extended time in space has on the human body. Being in space can affect physical wellbeing. 2 Astronauts are recommended 150 minutes of exercise per day to counteract this. Also, space traveller’s eyes can be affected by the way that fluids act in zero-gravity. Outside the protection of the Earth’s atmosphere, astronauts are exposed to much higher levels and different forms of solar radiation. This can potentially cause long-term health problems, such as cancer. It’s not just physical health that is affected by being in space. Our mental health can be damaged if we don’t get enough sleep. On earth, our bodies respond through circadian rhythms (昼夜节奏) to the Sun rising and setting to help us sleep, but astronauts on board the International Space Station see 16 sunsets and sunrises every day. This means that avoiding sleep deprivation is a challenge. Isolation, and spending all your time with a small group of people can also affect mental health. Along with isolation, is the pressure that comes from being constantly monitored by experts back on Earth. With possible future missions to Mars predicted to last three years, tensions within the crew could become heightened. 3 Developing new techniques and technology to support astronauts’ health will enable more ambitious future missions. 4 The Canadian Space Agency is using its expertise to improve health care for people living in remote regions. The technology that supports robots used in space is now being used in surgery in normal hospitals, while pressure suits are being used to treat post-pregnancy complications. A．Astronaut Harry Hartfield reports an example of this where a colleague threatened to open the airlock and drain the oxygen from the spacecraft. B．The sacrifices of astronauts contributed to a giant leap in space exploration. C．It can also help those of us who are staying on Earth. D．Weightlessness caused by a lack of gravity can lead to a loss of bone and muscle mass. E．The missions do great harm to both physical and mental health of astronauts. F．It was only supposed to be 180, but a technical fault stopped him from returning as planned. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 考前押题05 六选四6大常考话题 话题1 生活与学习 话题4 历史、社会与文化 话题2 做人与做事 话题5 科学与技术 话题3 文学、艺术与体育 话题6 人与自然 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 话题1 生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海闵行·期中）Chances a low fat-diet will help? Slim and none The largest study ever to ask whether a low-fat diet reduces the risk of getting cancer or heart disease has found that the diet has no effect. 1 In the end, those assigned to a low-fat diet had the same rates of cancer, heart attacks and strokes as those who ate whatever they pleased, researchers reported Wednesday. “These studies are revolutionary,” said Dr. Jules Hirsch, physician at Rockefeller University in New York City, who has spent a lifetime studying the effects of diets on weight and heath.” 2 The results, the study investigators agreed, do not justify recommending low-fat diets to the public to reduce their heart disease and cancer risk. The investigators added that the best dietary advice was eating less saturated fats and trans fats (饱和脂肪和反式脂肪), more grains and more fruits and vegetables. 3 Some, like Dr. Dean Ornish, a promoter of low-fat diets and president of the Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, California, said that the women did not reduce their fat to low enough levels or eat enough fruits and vegetables. He also said the study, even at eight years, did not give the diets enough time. Barbara Howard, a principal investigator in the study, said people should realize that diet alone is not enough to stay healthy. “We are not going to reverse any of the diseases in this country by changing the composition of the diet,” Howard said. “People are always thinking it’s what they ate. 4 ” Except for not smoking, the evidence for advice on what makes a healthy lifestyle is largely indirect, Howard said. Most medical re-searchers agree, however, that it also makes sense for people to eat well, control their weight and get regular exercise. A．Not everyone was convinced. B．They should put a stop to this thinking that we have all the information we need to change the whole national diet and make everybody healthy. C．In this case, the diet study addressed a tricky problem. D．Others have said the opposite: that low-fat diets enable people to lose weight naturally. E．The $415 million study involved nearly 49,000 women aged 50 to 79 who were followed for eight years. F．They are not looking at how much they ate or that they smoke or that they are not doing any sports. 【答案】1．E 2．C 3．A 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项耗资4.15亿美元、涉及近4.9万名50到79岁女性的8年研究，发现低脂饮食对降低患癌和心脏病风险无效果，还提及不同人对此结果的看法。 1．下文“In the end, those assigned to a low-fat diet had the same rates of cancer, heart attacks and strokes as those who ate whatever they pleased, researchers reported Wednesday.(研究人员周三报告称，最终，那些被分配到低脂饮食组的人与那些想吃什么就吃什么的人患癌症、心脏病发作和中风的几率相同)”介绍了研究结果，E选项“The $415 million study involved nearly 49,000 women aged 50 to 79 who were followed for eight years.(这项耗资4.15亿美元的研究涉及近4.9万名50到79岁的女性，对她们进行了8年的跟踪调查)”引出了研究的基本情况，为下文结果的阐述做铺垫，上下文逻辑连贯。故选E项。 2．上文“These studies are revolutionary(这些研究具有革命性)”表达了对研究的肯定，结合上文提到研究发现低脂饮食对降低患癌和心脏病风险无效果，C选项“In this case, the diet study addressed a tricky problem.(在这种情况下，这项饮食研究解决了一个棘手的问题)”进一步说明该研究的重要性，因为它解决了一个难题，与上文观点一致且有逻辑递进关系。故选C项。 3．下文“Some, like Dr. Dean Ornish, a promoter of low fat diets and president of the Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, California, said that the women did not reduce their fat to low enough levels or eat enough fruits and vegetables.(一些人，比如加州索萨利托预防医学研究所所长、低脂饮食的倡导者迪恩·欧宁胥博士说，这些女性没有将脂肪摄入量降低到足够低的水平，也没有吃足够的水果和蔬菜)”提到了一些人对研究结果的质疑，A选项“Not everyone was convinced.(并非所有人都信服)”引出了下文这些人不同的看法，与下文内容构成总分关系。故选A项。 4．上文“People are always thinking it’s what they ate.(人们总是认为问题出在他们吃了什么)”指出人们的错误认知，F选项“They are not looking at how much they ate or that they smoke or that they are not doing any sports.(他们没有考虑到自己吃了多少，或者他们吸烟，或者他们不做任何运动)”进一步说明人们只关注吃了什么，而忽略了其他影响健康的因素，与上文形成递进关系，进一步阐述人们认知的片面性。故选F项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海·月考）Funny Feet My running shoes have a thick sole and cushioned heel (厚底与加软垫的鞋跟). 1 Soon after that, reports began appearing of injuries sustained by runners who had adopted these shoes. Now the maximally cushioned or “fat” shoe is back in fashion, and suddenly my old shoes look high-tech again. 2 Surprisingly, we are only beginning to discover what a normal human foot looks like, how it should move, and the role that shoes play. Recent research, inspired in part by the fallout from barefoot running, reveals enormous diversity in healthy feet. What’s more, the average Western foot turns out to be an outlier, deformed with respect to our ancestors’ feet and those of our barefoot contemporaries. Much of this is down to shoes, which have taken over some of the work our feet had to do. “We assume that the people around us are normal, but from an evolutionary perspective, they’re not,” says evolutionary biologist Daniel Lieberman at Harvard University. Foot shape is the product of gene-environment interactions, but how do they play out? Until recently, the few studies there had focused almost exclusively on Westerners — which, in practice, meant people who had worn shoes since they could walk. 3 In a study published in 2010, they found that Kenyan endurance runners who had grown up without shoes landed more often on their toes than on their heels as 80 per cent of shoe-wearing distance runners do. 4 But Lieberman points out that the sample size was small and that the results didn’t support many of the claims later made for barefoot running, such as the idea that it reduces the risk of injury. However, the hint that wearing shoes could have such a big impact on how we use our feet was appealing, and Lieberman and others have pursued its implications. A．Is all this simply a matter of fashion, I wonder, or is it telling us something more? B．The shoe-using Indians had narrower feet and a less even pressure distribution. C．I bought them five years ago, before the “barefoot” craze for minimalist shoes that would allow people to run like our ancestors. D．They measured the feet of 70 Indians who didn’t wear shoes. E．The work helped to inspire the barefoot running craze. F．Lieberman and his colleagues were among the first to cast their net more widely. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．F 4．E 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文围绕跑鞋时尚变迁与人类足部健康的关联展开，探讨鞋子对脚部结构和运动方式的影响。 1．根据下一句“Soon after that, reports began appearing of injuries sustained by runners who had adopted these shoes.(在那之后不久，就开始出现关于穿着这些鞋子跑步的人受伤的报道。)”可知，这里需要一个表示过去发生事情的句子来引出后续内容，C选项“I bought them five years ago, before the “barefoot” craze for minimalist shoes that would allow people to run like our ancestors.(我五年前买了它们，在“赤脚”极简鞋子热潮之前，这种鞋子能让人像我们的祖先一样跑步。)”提到了过去买鞋以及当时的背景，符合语境。故选C项。 2．根据上文“Now the maximally cushioned or “fat” shoe is back in fashion, and suddenly my old shoes look high-tech again.(现在，最大缓冲或“胖”鞋又流行起来了，突然间，我的旧鞋看起来又高科技了。)”提到厚底加软垫的鞋又流行起来，自己的旧鞋看起来又高科技了，下文“Surprisingly, we are only beginning to discover what a normal human foot looks like, how it should move, and the role that shoes play.(令人惊讶的是，我们才刚刚开始发现正常的人类脚是什么样的，它应该如何移动，以及鞋子所扮演的角色。)”说明对于人类脚的研究还处于初级阶段。A选项“Is all this simply a matter of fashion, I wonder, or is it telling us something more?(我想知道，这一切仅仅是时尚问题，还是在告诉我们更多的东西呢？)”对上文时尚现象提出疑问，承接上文，引出下文对于人类脚和鞋子关系的深入探讨，符合逻辑。故选A项。 3．根据上文“Until recently, the few studies there had focused almost exclusively on Westerners—which, in practice, meant people who had worn shoes since they could walk.(直到最近，那里为数不多的研究几乎完全集中在西方人身上——实际上，西方人指的是那些从会走路开始就穿鞋的人。)”可知，之前的研究几乎只关注西方人，说明之前的研究范围有限，F选项 “Lieberman and his colleagues were among the first to cast their net more widely.(利伯曼和他的同事是最早更广泛撒网研究的人之一。)”表明利伯曼等人开始扩大研究范围，与上文形成转折，引出下文研究。故选F项。 4．根据上文“In a study published in 2010, they found that Kenyan endurance runners who had grown up without shoes landed more often on their toes than on their heels as 4 per cent of shoe-wearing distance runners do.(在2010年发表的一项研究中，他们发现，从小不穿鞋的肯尼亚耐力跑者更多地用脚趾着地，而不是像4%的穿鞋长跑者那样用脚跟着地。)”可知，一项研究表明肯尼亚耐力跑者的跑步方式。下文“But Lieberman points out that the sample size was small and that the results didn’t support many of the claims later made for barefoot running(但利伯曼指出样本量小，结果并不支持后来对赤脚跑步提出的许多说法。)”指出该研究样本小且不支持后续“赤脚跑步减少受伤”的主张，E选项“The work helped to inspire the barefoot running craze.(这项工作有助于激发赤脚跑步热潮。)”进一步说明了这项研究的影响，与上文紧密相连，与下文的批判性评价形成逻辑呼应。故选E项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海·期中）The Fossil Fuel (矿物燃料) Diet Would you like adding fossil fuel dressing to your tomato salad, or how about coating salt water fish with it? If only it were so easy to see the effect of fossil fuels on food production, even environmentally friendly food lovers might find their lunch turning to ash in their mouth. The global food system is more dependent on fossil fuels than we tend to recognize. They power the tractors that prepare fields and the pumps that extract groundwater for soil watering. They are used to manufacture fertilizers They drive the trucks, trains, and ships that transport food. 1 So says energy scholar Vaclav Smil, who has done some calculations to illustrate this point. He estimates that producing an average French loaf requires the equivalent of about 30 milliliters of diesel (柴油) fuel. A kilogram of roast chicken requires over 300 milliliters. Surprisingly, a kilogram of tomatoes cultivated in a heated greenhouse and transported long distances requires twice as much diesel as the poultry (家禽). 2 . Producing a kilogram of farmed salt water fish, for example, uses a shocking 2 liters of diesel, according to Smil. 3 . It is also a major reason why agriculture generates around a third of greenhouse gas emissions and is a dominant driver of biodiversity loss. For a healthier planet, we must find a way to stop “eating” fossil fuels. Unfortunately, ending that dependency will be even tougher than reducing emissions from the power network or transportation. But there are a thousand things we could be doing better now. 4 . Governments should support farming practices that conserve carbon-storing soil and use water and fertilizers more efficiently. And we should eat much less meat. If we don’t, we are stuck seasoning each bite with diesel. A．Reducing food waste should be a top priority. B．In fact, we may as well think of ourselves as eating fossil fuels. C．Despite this, many farmers are already producing food with minimal fossil fuel input. D．Fortunately, removing fossil fuels from food production is a simple and straightforward process. E．Seafood is often even worse due to the inefficiency of feeding them with smaller, wild-caught fish. F．This intensive use of energy from fossil fuels is not only surprising but also contributes to the global food oversupply. 【答案】1．B 2．E 3．F 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了全球粮食系统对矿物燃料的依赖和后果以及如何结束这种依赖。 1．下文“So says energy scholar Vaclav Smil, who has done some calculations to illustrate this point. He estimates that producing an average French loaf requires the equivalent of about 30 milliliters of diesel (柴油) fuel. A kilogram of roast chicken requires over 300 milliliters. Surprisingly, a kilogram of tomatoes cultivated in a heated greenhouse and transported long distances requires twice as much diesel as the poultry (家禽).(能源学者Vaclav Smil这样说，他做了一些计算来说明这一点。他估计，生产一条法式面包平均需要大约30毫升柴油燃料。一公斤烤鸡需要300多毫升。令人惊讶的是，在加热的温室中种植一公斤西红柿并长途运输所需的柴油是家禽的两倍)”举例说明食物对矿物燃料的依赖，结合标题“The Fossil Fuel (矿物燃料) Diet(矿物燃料饮食)”可知，B项“事实上，我们不妨把自己看作是在吃化石燃料”符合语境，引起下文，并呼应标题，故选B。 2．根据下文的举例“Producing a kilogram of farmed salt water fish, for example, uses a shocking 2 liters of diesel, according to Smil.(例如，据Smil说，生产一公斤养殖咸水鱼需要消耗2升柴油，这令人震惊)”可知，E项“海鲜往往更糟糕，因为用更小的、野生捕获的鱼喂养它们效率低下”符合语境，和上文“Surprisingly, a kilogram of tomatoes cultivated in a heated greenhouse and transported long distances requires twice as much diesel as the poultry (家禽).(令人惊讶的是，在加热的温室中种植一公斤西红柿并长途运输所需的柴油是家禽的两倍)”并列，说明生产各种食物需要消耗的矿物燃料，同时和下文形成例证关系，故选E。 3．根据下文“It is also a major reason why agriculture generates around a third of greenhouse gas emissions and is a dominant driver of biodiversity loss.(这也是农业产生约三分之一温室气体排放的主要原因，也是生物多样性丧失的主要驱动因素)”中关键词“also”可知，空处也是说明消耗大量矿物燃料导致的后果，F项“这种对矿物燃料能源的大量使用不仅令人惊讶，而且还导致了全球粮食供应过剩”符合语境，故选F。 4．上文“But there are a thousand things we could be doing better now.(但我们现在有很多事情可以做得更好)”提到我们可以通过各种方法来减少对矿物燃料的依赖，空处应是紧接着说明怎么做，A项“减少食物浪费应该是当务之急”符合语境，和下文“Governments should support farming practices that conserve carbon-storing soil and use water and fertilizers more efficiently. And we should eat much less meat. If we don’t, we are stuck seasoning each bite with diesel.(各国政府应支持保护碳储存土壤和更有效地利用水和肥料的耕作方式。我们应该少吃肉。如果我们不这样做，我们每一口都要用柴油调味)”并列说明具体方法，故选A。 话题2 做人与做事 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海松江·期中）Ensuring that disabled people have an easy life is very important, not just because they are human, like all of us, but because their dignity and social well-being should not be ignored just because of a disability. Disabilities may occur through illness, aging, accidents and other different causes that may happen to anyone or affect us all at some stage in life. 1 We are all human beings and so have the same basic needs. But we should remember that there is a wide range of what we call a disability, and while the basic needs are all the same for everyone, the different lifestyle needs are entirely individual. Therefore, there is no one-size-fits-all method to improve quality of life. It is best to find out people’s needs from spending time with them. 2 . Even the most attractive homes can feel like a cage, so it makes a huge difference to be able to go out to a park or a shopping center, or to plan a day trip such as a picnic or a trip to the beach. Even if a trip can only be organized one day a month, it is more than nothing and does really make a difference. If they are interested or able, pets can be great companions. 3 . Some may be able to take care of a cat or dog; some prefer goldfish or birds in a cage. Very often, people who are cared for don’t feel that they have the chance to care for someone or something else, so caring for pets can improve their confidence and mental health, which can take their mind off their own troubles. 4 Book a regular appointment with a social worker to visit them at least once a month. This is to check on their mental and physical health as well as ways of improving their living conditions. It is important because they may need to talk to someone. A．Plan regular trips. B．Stay with them in a friendly way. C．It is wise to check the abilities of the individuals. D．You won’t know whether they can help if you don’t ask them. E．Do not let pets be their only companions. F．The great thing is that it is not hard to make disabled people’s life easier. 【答案】1．F 2．A 3．C 4．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍保障残疾人轻松生活的重要性及相关措施，包括规划定期出行、养宠物及安排社工探访等，强调关注残疾人的个性化需求。 1．根据上文“Ensuring that disabled people have an easy life is very important, not just because they are human, like all of us, but because their dignity and social well-being should not be ignored just because of a disability. Disabilities can occur through illness, aging, accidents and other different causes that may happen to anyone or affect us all at some stage in life. (确保残疾人过上轻松的生活非常重要，不仅因为他们和我们所有人一样都是人，还因为他们的尊严和社会福利不应仅仅因为残疾而被忽视。残疾可以通过疾病、衰老、事故和其他不同的原因发生，这些原因可能发生在任何人身上，也可能在人生的某个阶段影响我们所有人。)”可知，此处强调残疾的普遍性，文章接下来要介绍确保残疾人过上轻松的生活的方法。F选项“The great thing is that it is not hard to make disabled people’s life easier.(很棒的是，让残疾人的生活更轻松并不难。)”中的“The great thing”承接残疾普遍性的论述，“not hard to make life easier”引出下文具体措施，承上启下，且呼应段首的内容。故选F项。 2．根据下文“Even the most attractive homes can feel like a cage, so it makes a huge difference to be able to go out to a park or a shopping center, or to plan a day trip such as a picnic or a trip to the beach. Even if a trip can only be organized one day a month, it is more than nothing and does really make a difference. (即使是最有吸引力的房子也会感觉像一个笼子，所以能够去公园或购物中心，或者计划一天的旅行，比如野餐或海滩之旅，都会有很大的不同。即使一次旅行一个月只能组织一天，它也比什么都没有多，而且确实会有所不同。)”可知，本段主题为外出活动的重要性。A选项“Plan regular trips.(规划定期出行。)”作为小标题，内容与下文一致，概括了段落主旨，且与其他段落的祈使句结构一致。故选A项。 3．根据上文“If they are interested or able, pets can be great companions.(如果他们有兴趣或有能力，宠物可以成为很好的伙伴。)”及下文“Some may be able to take care of a cat or dog; some prefer goldfish or birds in a cage.(有些人可能有能力照顾猫或狗；有些人更喜欢金鱼或笼子里的鸟。)”可知，需强调根据个人能力选择宠物。C选项“It is wise to check the abilities of the individuals.(查看个人的能力是明智的。)”中的“check the abilities”呼应“interested or able”，引出下文不同人适合不同宠物的例证。故选C项。 4．根据下文“Book a regular appointment with a social worker to visit them at least once a month. This is to check on their mental and physical health as well as ways of improving their living conditions. It is important because they may need to talk to someone. (定期与社会工作者预约，每月至少探望他们一次。这是为了检查他们的身心健康，以及改善他们生活条件的方法。这很重要，因为他们可能需要与某人交谈。)”可知，这一段建议残疾人也需要和其他人多交流。E选项“Do not let pets be their only companions.(不要让宠物成为他们唯一的陪伴。)”概括了本段的主题，引出下文“社工探访”的必要性，和下文意思一致。故选E项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海·期中）Positive Feedback In an attempt to inject some positivity into their feedback, many managers rely on sandwiching negative feedback between two positive comments. However, when feedback becomes such a routine, employees can start to perceive positive feedback as simply a form of masking the negatives, thus decreasing its value. 1 . Below are three tips to help you make positive feedback count. Don’t always follow positive feedback with negative feedback. 2 . Ensure there are times when positive feedback is given for its own sake and resist the temptation to offer constructive criticism. Cultivate a “growth mindset”. Psychologist and “growth mindset” supporter Carol Dweck spoke of the plasticity of the brain and our ability to develop skills and talents that we might not have been good at to start with. 3 . “You really have an eye for details”, for example. However, research suggests that by focusing on the process of how things are done — praising effort, experimentation and problem-solving strategies — we can encourage the development of new skills and the continued development of talents. Create a culture of offering positive feedback. Make giving positive feedback part of your team/department/company culture. Don’t just wait for special moments like evaluations to give feedback. Offer informal positive feedback when making small talk or when walking down a corridor. Feedback doesn’t have to only come from the higher ranks either. Encourage peer feedback among team members and colleagues and actively ask them for positive comments on each other’s performances on tasks. It might take time to counter the effects of an environment where there is a doubtful view of positive feedback. 4 . A．Many of us tend to focus our praise on the end result and seemingly inborn talents. B．Instead, positive feedback should not just soften negatives but enhance performance. C．When positive and negative feedback always appear to go hand in hand, the positives can become devalued and ignored. D．Enhance the productivity and efficiency by implementing strategies aimed at improving the performance of your employees. E．Therefore, it matters that you should promote the exchange of feedback between peers and actively seek out their positive remarks when doing tasks. F．But in the long run, by hugging positive feedback, you can not only enhance working performance but also enrich the quality of life in the workplace. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．F 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了三个让积极反馈发挥作用的技巧。 1．根据上文“In an attempt to inject some positivity into their feedback, many managers rely on sandwiching negative feedback between two positive comments. However, when feedback becomes such a routine, employees can start to perceive positive feedback as simply a form of masking the negatives, thus decreasing its value.(为了给他们的反馈注入一些积极的东西，许多管理者依靠把消极的反馈夹在两个积极的评论之间。然而，当反馈成为一种惯例时，员工会开始将积极反馈视为掩盖消极反馈的一种形式，从而降低了消极反馈的价值)”以及后文“Below are three tips to help you make positive feedback count.(下面有三个技巧可以帮助你让积极的反馈发挥作用)”可知，本句与上文构成转折，肯定积极反馈的正面作用。故B选项“相反，积极的反馈不仅应该缓和消极的影响，还应该提高表现”符合语境，故选B。 2．根据后文“Ensure there are times when positive feedback is given for its own sake and resist the temptation to offer constructive criticism.(确保有时候给予积极的反馈是为了反馈本身，并抵制提供建设性批评的诱惑)”可知，后文提到要“单独给予正面反馈而非总伴随负面”，说明正面和负面的反馈不应该同时存在，这样会削弱正面反馈的价值。故C选项“当正面和负面的反馈总是齐头并进时，正面的价值就会被贬低和忽略”符合语境，故选C。 3．根据上文“Psychologist and “growth mindset” supporter Carol Dweck spoke of the plasticity of the brain and our ability to develop skills and talents that we might not have been good at to start with.(心理学家和“成长心态”的支持者卡罗尔·德韦克谈到了大脑的可塑性，以及我们发展技能和才能的能力，而这些技能和才能一开始可能并不擅长)”以及后文““You really have an eye for details”, for example. However, research suggests that by focusing on the process of how things are done — praising effort, experimentation and problem-solving strategies — we can encourage the development of new skills and the continued development of talents.(比如，“你真的很注重细节”。然而，研究表明，通过关注事情如何完成的过程——表扬努力、实验和解决问题的策略——我们可以鼓励新技能的发展和人才的持续发展)”可知，本句主要说明人们对于才能的看法，A选项中talents对应上文talents，故A选项“我们中的许多人倾向于把赞美的重点放在最终结果和看似天生的才能上”符合语境，故选A。 4．根据上文“It might take time to counter the effects of an environment where there is a doubtful view of positive feedback.(在一个对积极反馈持怀疑态度的环境中，可能需要时间来抵消其影响)”可知，上文提到积极反馈需要时间抵消其影响，推测从长远来看，积极反馈带来的作用是正面的，故F选项“但是从长远来看，积极的反馈不仅可以提高你的工作表现，还可以丰富工作场所的生活质量”符合语境，故选F。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·月考）Don’t be afraid of being a mess We all carry some secrets that we would rather not share with the people around us. In much the same way that we may only invite visitors into the “good rooms” of our house while the rest is an absolute tip, we often hide the chaos of our personal lives behind a polished look. This may be a serious mistake, since it’s precisely those vulnerabilities that can offer rich opportunities to bond with the people around us. 1 One striking example of it playing out in the public sphere is in the life of Diana, Princess of Wales. At the time, even those who had criticized her in the harshest way would have admitted that she had an incredible capacity to connect with people. And the widespread admiration for her seems to have arisen because of her vulnerabilities, rather than in spite of them. A growing body of research in social psychology suggests that the beautiful mess effect is a common phenomenon. We tend to be overly fearful of negative reactions to our flaws and failures, while underestimating how much people will appreciate our honesty or courage. 2 Experiments have shown that the beautiful mess effect applies in all kinds of contexts. Expressing vulnerability can even benefit people in positions of power, who may feel the need to present a flawless image to their followers. 3 In an age when perfectly presented portraits fill our Instagram feeds, it’s worth keeping the beautiful mess effect in mind. In today’s digitally polished world, acknowledging your vulnerabilities can seem especially difficult. 4 Rather than isolating us, the things that cause us shame are often a sign of our humanity, and a source of intimacy and connection. A．In general, others’ perceptions of our vulnerabilities (脆弱) are far more positive than we imagine. B．Successful people often strategically hide their weaknesses to seek public support and empathy. C．This is sometimes known as the “beautiful mess effect”. D．Leaders who admit to potentially embarrassing weaknesses score highly and inspire greater loyalty. E．However, it will bring about jealousy and hatred among the competitors. F．But if you can calm your inner critic and recognize that frustration and disappointment are universal, you will find it easier to share your perceived flaws with others. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述承认脆弱能促进人际关系，即“美丽混乱效应”的积极作用。 1．根据下文“One striking example of it playing out in the public sphere is in the life of Diana, Princess of Wales. (威尔士王妃戴安娜（Diana）的生活就是一个明显的例子)”可知，划线处后的内容提到戴安娜王妃的例子，说明她的脆弱帮助她连接他人，并且公众的钦佩源于她的脆弱。这应该是在引入“美丽混乱效应”的概念，所以选项C“This is sometimes known as the “beautiful mess effect (这有时被称为“美丽的混乱效应”)”符合逻辑，即划线处首次提出这个术语，后面的例子作为例证。故选C。 2．根据上文“We tend to be overly fearful of negative reactions to our flaws and failures, while underestimating how much people will appreciate our honesty or courage. (我们往往过于害怕对我们的缺点和失败的负面反应，而低估了人们对我们的诚实和勇气的欣赏程度)”可知，前文提到研究显示人们过于担心负面反应，而低估他人的欣赏。则划线处会进一步说明他人对脆弱的看法比我们想象的积极，与研究结果一致。选项A“In general, others' perceptions of our vulnerabilities are far more positive than we imagine. (一般来说，别人对我们弱点的看法比我们想象的要积极得多)”符合逻辑。故选A。 3．根据上文“Expressing vulnerability can even benefit people in positions of power, who may feel the need to present a flawless image to their followers. (表达自己的脆弱甚至对身居要职的人也有好处，因为他们可能会觉得有必要向自己的追随者展示一个完美无瑕的形象)”可知，前文讲有权势的人展示脆弱的好处，因此下文可以举例说明领导者承认弱点带来的积极效果，选项D“Leaders who admit to potentially embarrassing weaknesses score highly and inspire greater loyalty. (承认自己可能存在令人尴尬的缺点的领导者得分较高，也能激发更大的忠诚度)”符合逻辑。故选D。 4．根据上文“In today’s digitally polished world, acknowledging your vulnerabilities can seem especially difficult. (在当今这个数字化的世界里，承认自己的弱点似乎特别困难)”可知，前文提到在社交媒体时代承认脆弱困难，但后面转折说这些羞耻的事情反而是人性的标志，带来亲密和联系。选项F“But if you can calm your inner critic and recognize that frustration and disappointment are universal, you will find it easier to share your perceived flaws with others. (但如果你能平息内心的批评，认识到挫折和失望是普遍存在的，你会发现更容易与他人分享你的缺点)”承接前文，建议如何应对困难，符合逻辑。故选F。 话题3 文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海金山·月考）If you like filling up your Wechat Moments with selfies, you might want to change the habit now. A new study suggests that you are probably not as beautiful as you think you are, and posting your face all over the Internet isn’t giving the world the best impression. The study was conducted by researchers from the University of Toronto. The scientists gathered 198 college students. One hundred of these students were selfie-lovers, while the other 98 were non-selfie-takers. These students were asked to take a selfie fit for social media. 1 As a result, each participant had a selfie and a standard picture. With these pictures in hand, the students rated how attractive they thought other people would find them. 2 The result: Both selfie-lovers and non-selfie-takers thought they would be seen as more attractive in their photos than they were seen by the outside group. Besides, the researcher suggests that not only do people think they are hotter than they actually are, but taking selfies also greatly decreases people’s opinions of you. Then, why do so many people like taking selfies? It comes down to a well-known psychological phenomenon called “self-favouring bias”, which states that “people tend to think they are better than others. 3 ” When taking selfies, people almost all possible control because they can adjust the angle of the shot, the filter (滤镜), when they post them to social media and every other aspect. The study suggests that this causes people to have a more narcissistic personality. 4 Last year, researchers from Ohio State University said that male selfie-lovers tend to show signs of mental disorder. Maybe it’s time to cool the craze down. After all, your WeChat friends probably know what your face looks like. There is no need to remind them dozens of times a day. A．The researchers then had a group of 178 outside observers rate the photos for attractiveness. B．The study isn’t the first one to focus on the negative sides of the selfie craze. C．It also puts them in control of their own image. D．They were also photographed by the researchers. E．This isn’t news, but those feelings are greatly strengthened when people take selfies. F．They refused to define themselves as narcissistic (自恋的). 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．E 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项新研究表明，人们可能并不像自己认为的那样好看，且自拍会降低他人对自己的评价，同时探讨了人们喜欢自拍的原因以及自拍带来的负面影响。 1．由上文“These students were asked to take a selfie fit for social media.(这些学生被要求拍摄适合社交媒体的自拍照。)”及下文“As a result, each participant had a selfie and a standard picture.(结果，每个参与者都有一张自拍照和一张标准照片。)”可知，上文提到学生被要求拍摄自拍照，下文提到每个参与者都有自拍照和标准照片，此处要补充说明还拍了标准照片。D选项“They were also photographed by the researchers.(他们还被研究人员拍摄了照片。)”能承上启下，符合语境。故选D。 2．由上文“With these pictures in hand, the students rated how attractive they thought other people would find them.(有了这些照片，学生们评价了他们认为其他人会觉得他们有多有吸引力。)”及下文“The result: Both selfie-lovers and non-selfie-takers thought they would be seen as more attractive in their photos than they were seen by the outside group.(结果：自拍爱好者和非自拍爱好者都认为，在照片中，他们比外界看到的更有吸引力。)”可知，上文说明了学生们对照片中自己的吸引力进行了评价，下文说明自拍爱好者和非自拍爱好者都认为自己在照片中更有吸引力，本空应说明研究人员让一组外部观察者对照片的吸引力进行评分，从而得出结果。A选项“The researchers then had a group of 178 outside observers rate the photos for attractiveness.(然后，研究人员让一组178名外部观察者对照片的吸引力进行评分。)”能承上启下，符合语境。故选A。 3．由上文“It comes down to a well-known psychological phenomenon called “self-favouring bias”, which states that “people tend to think they are better than others.(这归结为一种众所周知的心理现象，称为“自我偏爱偏差”，即“人们倾向于认为自己比别人好。)”可知，上文解释了人们喜欢自拍的心理现象，即自我偏爱偏差，本空应进一步说明这种心理现象在自拍时是如何被强化的。E选项“This isn’t news, but those feelings are greatly strengthened when people take selfies.(这并不是什么新鲜事，但当人们自拍时，这些感觉会大大增强。)”能承接上文，符合语境。故选E。 4．由下文“Last year, researchers from Ohio State University said that male selfie-lovers tend to show signs of mental disorder.(去年，俄亥俄州立大学的研究人员表示，男性自拍爱好者往往表现出精神障碍的迹象。)”可知，下文说明了另一项关于自拍负面影响的研究，此处引出不止一项研究指出自拍弊端。B选项“The study isn’t the first one to focus on the negative sides of the selfie craze.(这项研究并不是第一个关注自拍狂热负面影响的。)”能引出下文，符合语境。故选B。 Passage 2 （23-24高二下·上海浦东新·期中）Universal Rhythm Poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow called music “the universal language of mankind.” Now researchers may know why. 1 And these characteristics tend to be those that gather people, the researchers said. “Our findings help explain why humans make music,” study researcher Thomas Currie from the University of Exeter said in a statement. “The results show that the most common features seen in music around the world relate to things that allow people to coordinate (协调) their actions. 2 It can be a kind of social glue.” Currie, along with Pat Savage, a doctoral student at the Tokyo University of the Arts, and their colleagues analyzed music from around the world, examining 304 recordings from the online Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. The music samples came from every inhabited continent, from both vocal and instrumental music. 3 They systematically coded the features of each piece of music and employed a comparison system similar to those used by evolutionary biologists to classify and statistically analyze organisms. Although they found no features that were part of all the songs analyzed, the researchers did find dozens of characteristics that were present in a majority of songs across different world regions. Some of these characteristics were not surprising, such as the music’s tendency to use separate pitches, and equally timed beats and short musical phrases. 4 “It fits that we have two legs, so the music is probably related to the natural rhythms of movement,” said Savage. “And also, two is simpler than three, so maybe it’s easier to process and coordinate.” A．The researchers analyzed the music samples using a few different classification schemes. B．They also suggest that the main function of music is to bring people together and bond social groups. C．some people, as far back as Darwin, have believed that singing evolved as a way for males to gain mates. D．Others were more unexpected, like the discovery that two-beat rhythms are more popular than three-beat rhythms. E．A new analysis of music from diverse cultures around the globe reveals that all music shares certain universal features. F．Previous studies showed that people who experience music together are more likely to rate those who listen with them as helpful. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了音乐具有某些共同特征，介绍了研究人员对此的研究过程。 1．根据上文“Poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow called music “the universal language of mankind.” Now researchers may know why.(诗人亨利·沃兹沃斯·朗费罗称音乐为“人类的通用语言”。现在研究人员可能知道原因了)”以及后文“And these characteristics tend to be those that gather people, the researchers said.(研究人员说，这些特征往往是聚集人群的特征)”可知，本句主要是在说明音乐的具体特征。故E选项“一项对全球不同文化的音乐的新分析表明，所有的音乐都有某些共同的特征”符合语境，故选E。 2．根据后文“It can be a kind of social glue.(它可以成为一种社会粘合剂)”可知，后文提到音乐可以成为一种社会粘合剂，说明音乐具有凝聚作用。故B选项“他们还认为，音乐的主要功能是把人们聚集在一起，把社会群体联系起来”符合语境，故选B。 3．根据后文“They systematically coded the features of each piece of music and employed a comparison system similar to those used by evolutionary biologists to classify and statistically analyze organisms. Although they found no features that were part of all the songs analyzed, the researchers did find dozens of characteristics that were present in a majority of songs across different world regions.(他们系统地对每段音乐的特征进行编码，并采用一种类似于进化生物学家对生物进行分类和统计分析的比较系统。虽然他们没有发现所有被分析歌曲的特征，但研究人员确实发现了几十个特征，这些特征出现在世界不同地区的大多数歌曲中)”可知，本段主要说明了研究人员对于音乐的研究过程，A选项中researchers对应后文They。故A选项“研究人员使用几种不同的分类方案来分析音乐样本”符合语境，故选A。 4．根据后文“And also, two is simpler than three, so maybe it’s easier to process and coordinate.(而且，两个比三个简单，所以可能更容易处理和协调)”可知，后文提到了两个比三个简单。由此可知，本句主要关于音乐中与数量有关的内容。故D选项“其他的则更出人意料，比如发现两拍节奏比三拍节奏更受欢迎”符合语境，故选D。 Passage 3 （23-24高二下·上海·期中）Immersive Art Draws People In With bold, swirling brushstrokes (绘画技巧) and vivid colors, Vincent van Gogh’s stirring Starry Night brings to life a turbulent (汹涌的) sky. It’s one of the most recognizable paintings in the world. And gazing at the scenic canvas can make museum visitors feel starstruck. But seeing this masterpiece on a gallery wall isn’t the only way art fans can experience its impact 1 . They find themselves surrounded by shimmering colors that dance before their eyes and ripple (涟漪) at their feet. These exhibitions digitally project moving images onto walls, floors, and sometimes onto viewers themselves. They are examples of immersive art. 2 . While it can be hard to characterize, it’s generally a multisensory, an interactive event that engages viewers and lets them feel like part of the artwork. One thing is certain — these exhibitions have been wildly popular — selling out tickets in cities worldwide. Van Gogh gained fame only after his death. In fact, the 19th-century painter sold just one painting during his lifetime. But now he is immersive art’s biggest superstar. His work has been showcased in various exhibitions featuring immense images. 3 . One show, Van Gogh Alive, has appeared in 65 countries since 2011. It even features a signature scent for visitors to sniff. Shows of other artists — including Monet, Renoir, and Chagall — have lit up venues, too. The popularity of immersive art has been powered party by social media. As visitors post selfies featuring van Gogh’s art or videos of friends stepping into a fantastical fridge, these experiences draw bigger and bigger crowds. 4 . That’s because many curators and creators share a common goal — to help more people get into art! A．Immersive art doesn’t simply mean sitting in a glass case or fitting in a frame. B．The art work is animated and accompanied by music, voices, and background sound. C．In fact, some exhibits give people a chance to be enveloped by van Gogh’s celebrated painting. D．Meanwhile, traditional museums are following the trend and applying immersive technologies E．Critics once described his work as a multidimensional mystery house leading to secret passages. F．More important is the ability to bridge the gap between traditional art spaces and modern audiences. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新的潮流“沉浸式艺术体验”，如文章提到的梵高作品的沉浸式体验。许多博物馆开始顺应潮流，运用沉浸式科技，策划展览，目的是为了让更多的人进入艺术领域。 1．根据后文“They find themselves surrounded by shimmering colors that dance before their eyes and ripple (涟漪) at their feet. These exhibitions digitally project moving images onto walls, floors, and sometimes onto viewers themselves. They are examples of immersive art.(他们发现自己被闪烁的色彩所包围，这些色彩在他们眼前跳舞，在他们脚下荡漾。这些展览以数字方式将动态图像投射到墙壁、地板上，有时也投射到观众身上。它们是沉浸式艺术的例子)”可知，后文提到“他们发现自己被闪烁的色彩所包围，这些色彩在他们眼前跳舞，在他们脚下荡漾”，即说明这样的展览可以让人们置身于名画之中。故C选项“事实上，有些展览让人们有机会置身于梵高的名画之中”符合语境，故选C。 2．根据后文“While it can be hard to characterize, it’s generally a multisensory, an interactive event that engages viewers and lets them feel like part of the artwork. One thing is certain — these exhibitions have been wildly popular — selling out tickets in cities worldwide.(虽然很难描述它的特征，但它通常是一个多感官的互动活动，吸引观众，让他们觉得自己是艺术品的一部分。有一件事是肯定的——这些展览非常受欢迎，在世界各地的城市门票都卖光了)”可知，本段主要是在介绍沉浸式艺术的特点。故A选项“沉浸式艺术并不仅仅意味着坐在玻璃柜里或装进画框里”符合语境，故选A。 3．根据上句“His work has been showcased in various exhibitions featuring immense images.(他的作品曾在各种各样的展览中展出，有巨大的图像)”可知，本句进一步说明梵高画作的沉浸式展出效果。故B选项“他的艺术作品是动画和伴随着音乐，声音，和背景声音”符合语境。故选B。 4．根据后一句“That’s because many curators and creators share a common goal — to help more people get into art!(因为许多策展人和创作者都有一个共同的目标——让更多的人进入艺术领域)”可知，本句主要说明为了让更多人认识艺术做出了努力。故D选项“Meanwhile, traditional museums are following the trend and applying immersive technologies.(与此同时，传统博物馆也在顺应潮流，运用沉浸式技术)”符合语境，故选D。 话题4 历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二下·上海浦东新·月考）Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program. In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. 1 They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children. But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University. That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. 2 Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was easing deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. 3 That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests. Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. 4 And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment. A．Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. B．Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. C．“We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says. D．Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.” E．A previous study, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported this traditional view. F．Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment though. 【答案】1．B 2．F 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍印度尼西亚的扶贫项目减缓了森林砍伐速度，揭示扶贫与环保可以兼顾。 1．根据前文“In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.(2007年，印度尼西亚开始逐步推行一项项目，在特定条件下向最贫困居民发放资金，比如要求让孩子上学或定期接受医疗。)”以及后文“They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide.(它们已在全球数十个国家推行。)”可知，前文介绍了印尼的扶贫项目，此空应对该项目进行命名和解释，B选项“Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.(这些社会援助项目被称为有条件现金转移支付，即CCT，旨在减少不平等、打破贫困循环。)”对前文项目进行定义说明，且与后文“They”对应，符合语境。故选B项。 2．根据前文“That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.(这是因为经济增长可能与环境恶化相关，而保护环境有时与更严重的贫困相关。)”以及后文“Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was easing deforestation.(费拉罗想了解印尼的扶贫项目是否缓解了森林砍伐。)”可知，前文提出扶贫与环保冲突的传统观点，后文转向研究二者是否可以兼顾，F选项“Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment though.(不过，这类项目不一定会对环境产生负面影响。)”构成转折，引出后文的研究内容，符合语境。故选F项。 3．根据前文“Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces.(费拉罗分析了2008至2012年年度森林损失的卫星数据，其中包括印尼逐步推行扶贫项目期间，覆盖15个省的7468个森林村庄。)”可知，前文说明费拉罗做了数据分析，此空应给出研究结果，C选项“We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.(费拉罗说：“我们发现该项目使森林砍伐率降低了30%。”)”呈现了具体研究结论，符合语境。故选C项。 4．根据前文“Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.(这项研究成果能否推广到其他地区还不得而知。)”以及后文“And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment.(且不管能否推广，研究表明对人类有益的事也可能对环境有益。)”并结合语境可知，前文提出成果是否可推广的问题，此空应给出费拉罗对此的看法，A选项“Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.(费拉罗认为，由于种植水稻的重要性和市场准入等共性，该结果可能推广到亚洲其他地区。)”回应了前文的推广问题，符合语境。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期中）Why do We Love to Watch Other People’s In-flight Movies? You’re sitting on an airplane, and before you pick a movie — or maybe despite having done so already — you start watching someone else’s screen. Sound familiar? Though you can’t explain why you’d rather watch a faraway show on a too-small screen without any audio, you can’t look away. Maybe it’s easier to leech off someone else’s movie selection than to make a choice of your own. Maybe it’s the risk of being caught, the allure (诱惑) of spying on a private moment. In-flight movies are just better on a stranger’s screen. 1 On X, formerly Twitter, a user confesses: “I cannot focus on a movie on an airplane unless it is on someone else’s screen.” Another writes that “the voyeurism of watching a movie on someone else’s screen just adds to the experience.” These sneaky viewings are more common now than they were a few decades ago, when seat-back, personal screens first started to take hold in the airplane industry. 2 The term refers to the act of spying on someone else’s phone or laptop screen, ATM or other electronic device behind their back. Mohamed Khamis, an associate professor in computer science at the University of Glasgow, studies the privacy and security implications of technology. 3 The behavior also carries little risk of getting caught. While researching people’s ability to recognize when they are being shoulder-surfed, he found that it often goes unnoticed; people underestimated the number of times others were spying on their screen. The impulse to shoulder-surf, he adds, can be simply explained by boredom and curiosity. 4 “This is something that’s been around for a long time,” he said. “Even when people were reading books and newspapers and stuff, people would also look at each other’s content.” A．But “shoulder surfing” is nothing new. B．And “shoulder surfing” is nothing short of surprising. C．Apparently, loneliness and privacy-invasion are underlying causes. D．It’s why he has looked over at other passengers’ screens while on a flight. E．He says that shoulder surfing is so popular partly because it doesn’t require any special skills. F．The appeal of peeking at another person’s in-flight entertainment is well-documented online. 【答案】1．F 2．A 3．E 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了人们为何痴迷于偷看他人飞机屏幕上的电影，分析了“肩窥”现象普遍存在的三大原因。 1．前文“Though you can’t explain why you’d rather watch a faraway show on a too-small screen without any audio, you can’t look away. Maybe it’s easier to leech off someone else’s movie selection than to make a choice of your own. Maybe it’s the risk of being caught, the allure (诱惑) of spying on a private moment. In-flight movies are just better on a stranger’s screen. (虽然你无法解释为何要盯着远处那块过小的无声屏幕看别人的电影，但就是挪不开视线。或许蹭别人的电影选择比自己做决定更轻松，又或许是那种可能被发现的刺激感、偷窥他人私密时刻的诱惑在作祟。陌生人的机上电影，看起来总是更精彩)”描述人们在飞机上偷看他人屏幕的现象，以及该行为很诱人，后文“On X, formerly Twitter, a user confesses: “I cannot focus on a movie on an airplane unless it is on someone else’s screen.” Another writes that “the voyeurism of watching a movie on someone else’s screen just adds to the experience.” (在原来是Twitter的X平台上，一位用户坦白道：“除非是别人屏幕上的电影，否则我在飞机上根本没法专注于任何影片。”另一位网友则写道：“偷看别人屏幕上的电影时那种窥视感，反而让观影体验更刺激了。”)”引用网友评论佐证该行为的普遍性，此处需过渡到网络证据的普遍性，因此F项“The appeal of peeking at another person’s in-flight entertainment is well-documented online. (在网上，偷看他人机上娱乐行为的吸引力已被充分记录)”符合语境，指出网上有很多此类证据，承前启后，其中的in-flight在前文有同词复现，online则呼应后文的On X, formerly Twitter。故选F。 2．前文“These sneaky viewings are more common now than they were a few decades ago, when seat-back, personal screens first started to take hold in the airplane industry. (如今，这种偷偷观影的行为比几十年前更为普遍——当时椅背个人屏幕才刚刚在航空业兴起)”提到这种行为现在比几十年前更常见，后文“The term refers to the act of spying on someone else’s phone or laptop screen, ATM or other electronic device behind their back. (这个术语指的是偷窥他人手机、笔记本电脑屏幕、ATM机或其他电子设备屏幕的行为)”介绍一术语的定义，此处是过渡句，需引出该术语，因此A项“But “shoulder surfing” is nothing new. (但“肩窥”并非新现象)”符合语境，表明“肩窥”早已出现，和前文构成转折，引出后文的定义。故选A。 3．前文“Mohamed Khamis, an associate professor in computer science at the University of Glasgow, studies the privacy and security implications of technology. (格拉斯哥大学计算机科学副教授Mohamed Khamis主要从事技术隐私与安全影响研究)”提到Mohamed Khamis研究技术隐私，后文“The behavior also carries little risk of getting caught. (这种行为被发现的概率也很低)”指出肩窥的另一特性是不易被察觉，此处应该是Khamis的观点，与肩窥的一个特性相关，因此E项“He says that shoulder surfing is so popular partly because it doesn’t require any special skills. (他表示，肩窥如此流行的部分原因是它不需要任何特殊技巧)”符合语境，说明肩窥行为非常简单，承前启后，其中的He指代前文的Mohamed Khamis。故选E。 4．前文“The impulse to shoulder-surf, he adds, can be simply explained by boredom and curiosity. (他补充道，这种肩窥的冲动，其实可以简单地用无聊和好奇来解释)”提到肩窥的冲动源于无聊和好奇，后文““This is something that’s been around for a long time,” he said. (“这种现象其实由来已久，”他说道)”转而说明该现象已存在很久，此处应用事例佐证无聊和好奇这两种动机，因此D项“It’s why he has looked over at other passengers’ screens while on a flight. (这就是他在飞机上看其他乘客屏幕的原因)”符合语境，以研究者自身行为佐证动机，承接前文。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海闵行·期中）Iron Cooks Robots have arrived in American restaurants and hotels for the same reasons they first arrived on factory floors. 1 Labor, meanwhile, is getting expensive, as some cities and states pass laws raising the minimum wage. “We think we’ve hit the point where labor-wage rates are now making automation of those tasks make a lot more sense,” Bob Wright, the chief operations officer of the fast-food chain Wendy’s, said in a conference call with investors last February, referring to jobs that feature “repetitive production tasks.” Wendy’s and McDonald’s are in the process of installing self-service kiosks (售货亭) in locations across the country, allowing customers to order without ever talking to an employee. 2 The international chain CaliBurger, for example will soon install Flippy, a robot that can make 150 burgers an hour. John Miller, the CEO of Cali Group, which owns the chain, says employees don’t like working in the kitchen. Once the robots are sweating there, human employees will be free to interact with customers in more-targeted ways, bringing them extra napkins and asking them how they’re enjoying their burgers. How many employees, though, do you need working in the cafe? 3 Will companies like CaliBurger see sufficient value in employing human greeters and soup-and-sandwich deliverers to keep those positions around long-term? The experience of Eatsa may be instructive. The start-up restaurant, based in San Francisco, allows customers to order its quinoa bowls and salads on their smartphone or an in-store tablet and then pick up their order from a white wall of cubbies (小房间)—an Automat for the app age. Initially, two greeters were stationed alongside the cubbies to welcome and direct customers. 4 So the company now employs a single greeter in its restaurants. A．The early success of the kiosks suggests that, at least when ordering fast food, customers prize speed over high-touch customer service. B．Business owners insist that robots will take over work that is dirty, dangerous, or just dull, enabling humans to focus on other tasks. C．The better hope for workers might be that automation helps the food-service industry continue to develop. D．But over time, customers relied less frequently on the greeters. E．The cost of machines has fallen significantly in recent years, dropping 40 percent since 2005. F．This has typically been the story of automation: Technology eliminates old jobs, but it also creates new ones. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是说明文。讨论了机器人和自动化技术在美国餐饮业中的应用及其影响。 1．根据前文“Robots have arrived in American restaurants and hotels for the same reasons they first arrived on factory floors.(机器人进入美国餐馆和酒店的原因与它们最初进入工厂车间的原因相同)”可知，后文应是介绍原因，所以E项“The cost of machines has fallen significantly in recent years, dropping 40 percent since 2005.(近年来，机器成本大幅下降，自2005年以来下降了40%)”符合文意，介绍原因，并和后文“Labor, meanwhile, is getting expensive, as some cities and states pass laws raising the minimum wage.(与此同时，由于一些城市和州通过了提高最低工资的法律，劳动力成本正在变得越来越高)”形成对比。故选E项。 2．设空位于段首，为本段中心句，根据后文“The international chain CaliBurger, for example will soon install Flippy, a robot that can make 150 burgers an hour. John Miller, the CEO of Cali Group, which owns the chain, says employees don’t like working in the kitchen. Once the robots are sweating there, human employees will be free to interact with customers in more-targeted ways, bringing them extra napkins and asking them how they’re enjoying their burgers.(例如，国际连锁餐厅CaliBurger很快就会安装机器人Flippy，一小时能做150个汉堡。拥有这家连锁店的卡利集团（Cali Group）首席执行官约翰·米勒（John Miller）说，员工不喜欢在厨房工作。一旦机器人在那里大汗淋漓，人类员工将可以自由地以更有针对性的方式与顾客互动，给他们带来额外的餐巾纸，并询问他们是否喜欢他们的汉堡)”可知，本段讲述机器人将接管肮脏、危险或枯燥的工作，使人类能够专注于其他任务，所以B项“Business owners insist that robots will take over work that is dirty, dangerous, or just dull, enabling humans to focus on other tasks.(企业主坚持认为，机器人将接管肮脏、危险或枯燥的工作，使人类能够专注于其他任务)”符合本段主题，为本段中心句。故选B项。 3．根据前文“How many employees, though, do you need working in the cafe?(那么，你需要多少员工在咖啡馆工作呢？)”可知，后文应是回答，A项“The early success of the kiosks suggests that, at least when ordering fast food, customers prize speed over high-touch customer service.(售货亭的早期成功表明，至少在订购快餐时，顾客更看重速度，而不是高接触的客户服务)”是通过其他例子，对前文进行委婉的回答，符合文意。故选A项。 4．根据前文“Initially, two greeters were stationed alongside the cubbies to welcome and direct customers.(最初，两名迎宾员驻扎在小隔间旁边，欢迎和指导顾客)”以及后文“So the company now employs a single greeter in its restaurants.(因此，该公司现在在其餐厅雇佣了一名迎宾员)”可知，前文提到有两人，后文变成了一人，所以空处应是解释原因，D项“But over time, customers relied less frequently on the greeters.(但随着时间的推移，顾客对迎宾员的依赖减少了)”符合文意，解释了变成一人的原因，和后文构成因果关系。故选D项。 话题5 科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海黄浦·期末）What Your “Age” Says About You Imagine, for a moment, that you had no birth certificate and your age was simply based on the way you feel inside. How old would you say you are? Like your height or shoe size, the number of years that have passed since you first entered the world is an unchangeable fact. 1 Scientists are increasingly interested in this quality. They are finding that our “subjective age” may be essential for understanding the reasons why some people appear to be energetic as they grow old—while others fade. 2 It is now well accepted that people tend to mature as they get older, becoming less extroverted and less open to new experiences. These personality changes are often considered more obvious in the people with older subjective ages. However, those who feel younger than they really are also become more reliable and less neurotic as they gain the wisdom that comes with greater life experience. But it doesn’t come at the cost of the energy and vigor of youth. It’s not true that having a lower subjective age leaves us frozen in a state of permanent immaturity. Feeling younger than your years also seems to come with a lower risk of depression and greater mental wellbeing as we age. 3 Most people felt about eight years younger than their actual chronological age (实际年龄). But some felt they had aged — and the consequences were serious. Feeling between 8 and 13 years older than your actual age resulted in an 18-25% greater risk of death over the study periods, and greater disease burden—even when you control for other demographic (人口学的) factors such as education, race or marital status. 4 However old you really are, it’s worth questioning whether any of those limitations are coming from the within. A．It also means better physical health. B．One of the most interesting aspects of the research has explored how subjective age interacts with our personality. C．Some studies have explored the potential physical consequences of this difference. D．These findings can give us all a view of the way our own brains and bodies endure the passing of time. E．But everyday experience suggests that people often don’t experience ageing the same way. F．Many researchers are now trying to study how this knowledge might help us live longer. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了主观年龄（即人们感觉自己的年龄）及其对个人健康和福祉的影响。文章强调，无论实际年龄如何，我们都可以通过调整主观年龄观来提升生活质量。 1．上文提到“Like your height or shoe size, the number of years that have passed since you first entered the world is an unchangeable fact. (像身高或鞋码一样，自你第一次进入这个世界以来经过的年数是一个不可改变的事实)”，这引出了关于年龄的一个观点，即我们的年龄感受是基于内心的感受。而下文则进一步探讨了科学家们对这个品质的兴趣，以及主观年龄与个性之间的关系。因此，E选项“But everyday experience suggests that people often don’t experience ageing the same way.(但日常经验表明，人们往往不会以同样的方式经历衰老)”作为过渡句，既承接了上文关于年龄感受的观点，又为下文的讨论奠定了基础，符合题意。故选E。 2．下文提到“ It is now well accepted that people tend to mature as they get older, becoming less extroverted and less open to new experiences. (现在人们普遍认为，随着年龄的增长，人们会逐渐成熟，变得不那么外向，对新经历的开放程度也会降低)”，这是在描述一个普遍的观点或现象。而B选项“One of the most interesting aspects of the research has explored how subjective age interacts with our personality.(研究中最有趣的一个方面探讨了主观年龄如何与我们的个性相互作用)”则直接引出了这个话题，因此B选项作为主题句，既概括了下文的内容，又引领了上文的话题，符合题意。故选B。 3．上文提到“Feeling younger than your years also seems to come with a lower risk of depression and greater mental wellbeing as we age. (感觉比实际年龄年轻似乎还伴随着较低的抑郁风险和更大的心理健康)”，这是在描述一种积极的影响或结果。而A选项“It also means better physical health.(这也意味着更好的身体健康)”则是对上文积极影响的进一步延伸或补充，it指代前文的“感觉比实际年龄年轻”这个事实。故选A。 4．前文提到“Most people felt about eight years younger than their actual chronological age (实际年龄). But some felt they had aged—and the consequences were serious. Feeling between 8 and 13 years older than your actual age resulted in an 18-25% greater risk of death over the study periods, and greater disease burden—even when you control for other demographic (人口学的) factors such as education, race or marital status.( 大多数人感觉比他们实际的年龄年轻约八岁。但有些人却感到自己变老了——后果非常严重。感觉比实际年龄大8到13岁的人，在研究期间死亡风险增加了18%至25%，患病负担也更重，即使控制了其他人口学因素（如教育程度、种族或婚姻状况）也是如此。)”，这是在列举了一些研究结果，最后指出这些发现具有重要意义。而D选项“These findings can give us all a view of the way our own brains and bodies endure the passing of time.(这些发现可以让我们更好地了解我们自己的大脑和身体是如何随着时间的推移而衰老的)” 是对整段研究结果的总结性评价，既呼应了前文的研究成果，也引出了其深层意义。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海·月考）Adolescents refer to boys and girls at high-school level — more specifically the second, third and fourth years of high schools. In dealing with students at this level, we must bear in mind that to some degree they are at the difficult stage, generally called adolescence. Students at this level are likely to be confused mentally. They usually find it hard to concentrate on what they intend to do and often have romantic dreams. 1 They lack frankness and are usually very easily affected by their own emotions but hate to admit it. They are driven either by greater ambition, probably beyond their capability, or by extreme laziness caused by the fear of not succeeding or achieving objectives. 2 . They are willing to work, but they hate to work without obtaining the result they think they should obtain. Regarding school issues, although they seldom say so, they really want to be consulted and given an opportunity to direct their own affairs, but they need a good amount of guidance. They seldom admit that they need this guidance and they frequently rebel against it. But if it is intelligently offered, they accept it with enthusiasm. As to personal beliefs, most of adolescents are trying to form political ideals and they have a tendency to be sometimes extremely idealistic, and at other times conventional, blindly accepting what their fathers and grandfathers believed in. 3 . On the one hand they are too modest and on the other hand unreasonably boastful. They tend to be influenced more by a strong character than by great intelligence. 4 . Having a better understanding of the characteristics and needs of young people at this age is a task that falls both on educators and other people involved. It may also help the young go through this difficult and critical stage of life in a more constructive manner. A．The critical abilities are beginning to develop in adolescence. B．Their view on life usually falls on two extremes. C．Of all periods of life, this is what may best be called the “plastic age”. D．They are basically timid or self-conscious. E．Despite that, it is also in this periods that strong ties between teachers and students develop. F．Fundamentally they want to be kept busy but they refuse to admit it. 【答案】1．D 2．F 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了青少年青春期的特征和问题，教育工作者和其他相关人员要了解他们的特点以便帮助青少年以一种更具建设性的方式度过这一艰难和关键的人生阶段。 1．由本段首句“Students at this level are likely to be confused mentally. (这一阶段的学生很可能在心理上感到困惑)”和下一句“They lack frankness and are usually very easily affected by their own emotions but hate to admit it. (他们缺乏坦率，通常很容易受到自己情绪的影响，但不愿承认这一点)”可知，本段讲青少年青春期的心理特征以困惑为主，不坦率还不愿意承认，说明他们知道自己不坦率的问题，但缺乏承认的勇气，可得出他们胆小、有自我意识，承接上下文，D选项“他们基本上是胆小或有自我意识的。”切题。故选D项。 2．由上两句“They lack frankness and are usually very easily affected by their own emotions but hate to admit it. They are driven either by greater ambition, probably beyond their capability, or by extreme laziness caused by the fear of not succeeding or achieving objectives. (他们缺乏坦率，通常很容易受到自己情绪的影响，但不愿承认这一点。他们的动力要么是更大的雄心壮志，可能超出了他们的能力，要么是由于害怕无法成功或实现目标而导致的极度懒惰)”和下一句“They are willing to work, but they hate to work without obtaining the result they think they should obtain. (他们愿意学习，但他们憎恨学习，如果没有得到他们认为应该得到的结果)”可知，青少年青春期是不坦率的，愿意学习，但学习行为会受到自己情绪的影响（从而懒于学习），还不愿意承认，承接上下文，F选项“从根本上说，他们想保持忙碌，但拒绝承认。”切题。故选F项。 3．由上一句“As to personal beliefs, most of adolescents are trying to form political ideals and they have a tendency to be sometimes extremely idealistic, and at other times conventional, blindly accepting what their fathers and grandfathers believed in. (至于个人信仰，大多数青少年都试图形成政治理想，他们有时倾向于极端理想主义，有时则倾向于传统，盲目接受父亲和祖父的信仰)”可知，青少年的个人信仰，不是倾向于极端理想主义，就是倾向于传统主义，是两个极端，承接上文，B选项“他们的人生观通常是两个极端。”切题。故选B项。 4．该空处于结尾段首句，应该是对青春期这一阶段做出总结说明，由下两句“Having a better understanding of the characteristics and needs of young people at this age is a task that falls both on educators and other people involved. It may also help the young go through this difficult and critical stage of life in a more constructive manner. (更好地了解这个年龄段年轻人的特点和需求是教育工作者和其他相关人员的任务。它还可以帮助年轻人以一种更具建设性的方式度过这一艰难和关键的人生阶段)”可知，下文出现的“age (年龄段)/stage (阶段)”与C选项中“period (阶段)/age (年龄段)”对应，可得出该空应该讲“有关青春期阶段是什么”的信息，且下文讲教育人员可以帮助这个时期的孩子，说明这个时期的孩子能倾听他人意见、有很强的塑造性，承接下文，C选项“在生命的各个阶段中，这可能是最好的所谓“可塑性年龄段”。”切题。故选C项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）Bad Dreams Are Good What are dreams for? There are a handful of theories. Sigmund Freud famously claimed that they reveal hidden truths and wishes. More recent studies suggest dreams might help us deal with strong feelings, improve our memories, understand random brain signals, or prepare us for danger. Despite being largely unsupported by evidence, Freud’s view maintains a strong following around the world. Researchers found in a study that students in the U.S., South Korea, and India were much more likely to say that dreams reveal hidden truths than to support better-substantiated theories. 1 In the same study, respondents said that dreaming about a plane crash would cause them more anxiety than an official warning about a terrorist attack. 2 The majority of dreams occur during REM sleep cycles, of which the average person has four or five a night. Anxiety is quite common: A study of Canadian university students found the most common dream topics to be school, falling, being chased, and arriving too late for something. 3 A 1958 study determined that compared with Japanese people, Americans dreamed more about being locked up, losing a loved one, finding money, being inappropriately dressed, or encountering a mad person. Japanese people were more likely to dream about school, trying repeatedly to do something, being paralyzed (麻痹的) with fear, or “wild, violent beasts.” If human dreams sound terrible, bear in mind that even negative ones can have positive effects. In a study of students taking a French medical-school entrance exam, 60 percent of the dreams they had beforehand involved a problem with the exam, such as being late or leaving an answer blank. 4 So the next time you dream about an education-related experience in which you are both falling and being chased, don’t worry: It’s probably totally meaningless. Then again, your brain might be practicing so you’ll be ready if such an event ever comes to pass. A．For all the commonalities dreams exhibit, they differ across cultures. B．Relatedly, people put great stock in their dreams. C．The dreamiest member of the animal kingdom logs up to eight hours of REM sleep a day. D．Even if dreams can’t foretell the future, they seem to expose our shared fascinations. E．Others argue that dreams have no evolutionary function at all. F．But those who reported dreams about the exam, even bad ones, did better on it than those who didn’t. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了关于梦境目的的不同理论观点以及相关研究。 1．空前“Researchers found in a study that students in the U.S., South Korea, and India were much more likely to say that dreams reveal hidden truths than to support better-substantiated theories.(研究人员在一项研究中发现，美国、韩国和印度的学生更有可能说梦揭示了隐藏的真相，而不是支持更有根据的理论。)”说明了研究发现梦揭示了隐藏的真相，空格处应该说明人们相信梦境的重要性，B选项“Relatedly, people put great stock in their dreams.(与此相关的是，人们对自己的梦想寄予厚望。)”说明了人们对自己的梦寄予厚望，承接上文，符合语境，故选B。 2．空后“The majority of dreams occur during REM sleep cycles, of which the average person has four or five a night. Anxiety is quite common: A study of Canadian university students found the most common dream topics to be school, falling, being chased, and arriving too late for something.(大多数梦发生在快速眼动睡眠周期，一般人每晚会做4到5个这样的梦。焦虑是很常见的：一项对加拿大大学生的研究发现，最常见的梦的主题是学校、摔倒、被追赶和迟到。)”说明了人们通常梦见的主题，这反映了人们共同的着迷的事情，D选项“Even if dreams can’t foretell the future, they seem to expose our shared fascinations.(即使梦不能预知未来，但它们似乎揭示了我们共同的痴迷。)”说明了梦揭示了人们共同的着迷的事情，引起下文，符合语境，故选D。 3．空后“A 1958 study determined that compared with Japanese people, Americans dreamed more about being locked up, losing a loved one, finding money, being inappropriately dressed, or encountering a mad person. Japanese people were more likely to dream about school, trying repeatedly to do something, being paralyzed (麻痹的) with fear, or “wild, violent beasts.”(1958年的一项研究表明，与日本人相比，美国人更多梦见被关起来、失去亲人、找到钱、穿着不得体或遇到疯子。日本人更有可能梦见学校、反复尝试做某事、因恐惧而瘫痪或“凶猛的野兽”。)”说明了不同的国家的人梦的内容不一样，A选项“For all the commonalities dreams exhibit, they differ across cultures.(尽管梦表现出所有的共性，但它们在不同的文化中是不同的。)”说明了梦在不同的文化中是不同的，引起下文，符合语境，故选A。 4．空前“In a study of students taking a French medical-school entrance exam, 60 percent of the dreams they had beforehand involved a problem with the exam, such as being late or leaving an answer blank.(在一项针对参加法国医学院入学考试的学生的研究中，60%的学生在考试前做的梦都涉及考试中的问题，比如迟到或没答题。)”说明了学生在考试前做的梦跟考试有关，空格处也应该和考试有关，F选项“But those who reported dreams about the exam, even bad ones, did better on it than those who didn’t.(但是那些梦见考试的人，即使是糟糕的梦，也比没有梦到的人考得好。)”和考试以及梦有关，承接上文，符合语境，故选F。 话题6 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海静安·期中）Monarch Butterflies Listed as Endangered The monarch butterfly, known for its legendary migration from Mexico to Canada, is now at great risk of extinction. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the population of this orange-and-black insect has shrunk between 23% and 72% over the past 10 years. IUCN has labeled it as being endangered after having added it to its Red List of Threatened Species. 1 . In order to make space for agriculture and urban development, people have been illegally cutting down trees. As a result, the massive forested areas that had previously sheltered the butterflies during winter have now been destroyed. Another factor at play is the use of herbicides (除草剂) in agricultural fields. 2 . Just before leaving their overwintering grounds, females lay eggs on milkweed plants. But now milkweed is disappearing, and monarch caterpillars are losing their host plants. Climate change has also taken a heavy toll on the species. 3 . What’s worse, severe weather conditions such as hurricanes and storms are proving to be disastrous for the already vulnerable butterflies. Monarch experts are calling for the public’s help in the fight to save the species. “Few species inspire the awe and wonder that the migratory monarch butterfly commands,” said Dr. Sean T. O’ Brien, President and CEO of Nature Serve. “While efforts to protect this species are encouraging, much is still needed to ensure its long-term survival.” What can be done to case the problem? A middle-of-the-road solution is gaining ground. Scientists recommend promoting the growth of native milkweed and nectar flowers. Monarch butterflies are a common backyard insect in America, so everyone can contribute their share. 4 . They can also plant flowers for monarchs-Those flowers will provide nectar for monarchs when they bloom. A．People can plant milkweed to support their egg-laying and caterpillars. B．When they are caterpillars (幼虫), monarchs entirely depend on milkweed. C．Hence, local people should maintain thick forests and reduce the use of pesticides within the monarch’s range. D．The reasons for the threat to monarchs are varied, but the leading one is the decades-long destruction of its habitats. E．In a one-two punch, droughts have limited the growth of milkweed, thus threatening the butterflies’ overwintering habitats. F．To help ensure the survival of monarchs, the habitats of the Monarch butterfly need to be protected and conserved. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．E 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了帝王蝶面临灭绝的风险，主因是栖息地破坏、农药使用及气候变化，呼吁公众参与保护行动，如种植马利筋草和蜜源植物以支持其生存。 1．上文“According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the population of this orange-and-black insect has shrunk between 23% and 72% over the past 10 years. IUCN has labeled it as being endangered after having added it to its Red List of Threatened Species.(根据国际自然保护联盟的数据，在过去10年间，这种橙黑相间的昆虫的数量已经减少了23%至72%。该联盟已将其列入濒危物种红色名录，标示为濒危)”及下文“In order to make space for agriculture and urban development, people have been illegally cutting down trees. As a result, the massive forested areas that had previously sheltered the butterflies during winter have now been destroyed.(为了腾出空间进行农业种植和城市发展，人们一直在非法砍伐树木。因此，过去在冬季为蝴蝶提供庇护的广阔森林区域现在已经遭到破坏)”说明了帝王蝶面临灭绝的风险，数量急剧下降，并被列为濒危物种，以及人类活动对栖息地的破坏，空处承上启下，D选项“威胁帝王蝶生存的原因多种多样，但最主要的在于长达数十年的栖息地破坏。”既承接了上文提到的濒危现状，又引出了下文具体阐述的人类活动对栖息地的破坏，符合语境。故选D。 2．上文“Another factor at play is the use of herbicides (除草剂) in agricultural fields.(另一个因素是在农田中使用的除草剂)”及下文“Just before leaving their overwintering grounds, females lay eggs on milkweed plants. But now milkweed is disappearing, and monarch caterpillars are losing their host plants.(在离开越冬地之前，雌蝶会在马利筋草上产卵。但现在马利筋草正在消失，帝王蝶幼虫也因此失去了寄主植物)”说明了农业领域除草剂使用对帝王蝶的影响，空处应解释除草剂的使用如何影响帝王蝶的具体方式，B选项“当帝王蝶处于幼虫阶段时，它们完全依赖马利筋草生存。”承接上文，解释除草剂与帝王蝶之间产生的联系，指出了马利筋草对帝王蝶幼虫的重要性，且与下文紧密相连，符合语境。故选B。 3．上文“Climate change has also taken a heavy toll on the species.(气候变化也对这一物种造成了沉重打击)”及下文“What’s worse, severe weather conditions such as hurricanes and storms are proving to be disastrous for the already vulnerable butterflies.(更糟糕的是，飓风和风暴等极端天气条件对本来就脆弱的蝴蝶来说无疑是灾难性的)”说明了气候变化对帝王蝶种群的严重影响，空处围绕气候变化的主题展开，具体说明对于帝王蝶的影响，下文与之形成递进关系，E选项“干旱的影响如同连续两次重击，限制了马利筋草的生长，从而威胁到了蝴蝶的越冬栖息地。”与上文的气候变化话题相契合，还具体解释了干旱如何通过影响马利筋草的生长间接威胁到帝王蝶的生存。故选E。 4．上文“Monarch butterflies are a common backyard insect in America, so everyone can contribute their share.(帝王蝶在美国是一种常见的后院昆虫，因此每个人都能为此贡献自己的一份力量)”及下文“They can also plant flowers for monarchs.(他们还可以为帝王蝶种植花卉)”说明了个人可以采取的具体措施来帮助帝王蝶，A选项“人们可以种植马利筋草以支持帝王蝶产卵和幼虫的生长。”提出了一个具体行动建议，即人们可以种植马利筋草来支持帝王蝶产卵和幼虫的生存，其中“can plant”与下文“can also plant”相呼应，符合语境。故选A。 Passage 2 （23-24高二下·上海闵行·期中）Nature’s Gigantic Snow Plough On January 10, 1962, an enormous piece of glacier broke away and collapsed down the side of a mountain in Peru. A mere seven minutes later, when cascading ice finally came to a stop ten miles down the mountain, it had taken the lives of 4,000 people. This disaster is one of the most “destructive” examples of a very common event: an avalanche (雪崩) of snow or ice. Because it is extremely cold at very high altitudes, snow rarely melts. 1 Glaciers are eventually created when the weight of the snow is so great that the lower layers are pressed into solid ice. 2 As snow accumulates on a steep slope, it reaches a critical point at which the slightest vibration will send it sliding into the valley below. Even an avalanche of light power can be dangerous, but the Peruvian disaster was particularly terrible because it was caused by a heavy layer of ice. 3 As it crashed down the steep mountainside like a gigantic snow plough, it swept up trees, boulders and tons of topsoil, and completely crushed and destroyed the six villages that lay in its path. At present there is no way to predict or avoid such enormous avalanches, but luckily, they are very rare. 4 In the future, perhaps dangerous masses of snow and ice can be found and removed before they take human lives? A．It is estimated that the ice that broke off weighed three million tons. B．It just keeps piling up higher and higher. C．Scientists are constantly studying the smaller, more common avalanches, to try to understand what causes them. D．An extremely rare snow and ice disaster hit the south area of China in January, 2008, seriously influencing people’s production and life. E．But most avalanches occur long before this happens. F．This year’s snow and ice disaster has caused great harm to power network. 【答案】1．B 2．E 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇科普类说明文。文章主要讲述了1962年1月10日，秘鲁山区一座冰川巨块突然崩裂，滑落山坡，造成4,000余人死亡。此次灾难展示了雪崩的毁灭性。预测和避免此类巨大雪崩目前无法实现，但幸运的是，它们并不常见。 1．根据后文“Glaciers are eventually created when the weight of the snow is so great that the lower layers are pressed into solid ice. (当雪的重量非常大，以至于下层被压成坚冰时，最终就会形成冰川)”可知，B项“It just keeps piling up higher and higher.(它只会越堆越高)”中piling up higher and higher与后文“Glaciers are eventually created...the lower layers are pressed into solid ice”相呼应。故选B项。 2．根据后文“As snow accumulates on a steep slope, it reaches a critical point at which the slightest vibration will send it sliding into the valley below. (当雪在陡峭的山坡上积聚时，会达到一个临界点，在这个临界点上，最轻微的震动都会使雪滑落到下面的山谷中)”可知，发生雪崩时，雪会在陡峭山坡上积聚，以及前文“Glaciers are eventually created when the weight of the snow is so great that the lower layers are pressed into solid ice. (当雪的重量非常大，以至于下层被压成坚冰时，最终就会形成冰川)”可知，雪在陡峭山坡上积聚是在形成冰川之前。由此可知，E项“But most avalanches occur long before this happens. (但大多数雪崩发生在此之前很久)”承上启下，符合语境，故选E项。 3．根据前文“Even an avalanche of light power can be dangerous, but the Peruvian disaster was particularly terrible because it was caused by a heavy layer of ice. (即使是轻型的雪崩也可能是危险的，但秘鲁的灾难特别可怕，因为它是由厚厚的冰层造成的)”以及后文“As it crashed down the steep mountainside like a gigantic snow plough, it swept up trees, boulders and tons of topsoil, and completely crushed and destroyed the six villages that lay in its path. (当它像一个巨大的雪犁一样从陡峭的山坡上冲下来时，卷起了树木、巨石和成吨的表土，并彻底压垮和摧毁了沿途的六个村庄)”可知，A项“It is estimated that the ice that broke off weighed three million tons. (据估计，断裂的冰层重达 300 万吨)”其中weighed three million tons与前文heavy呼应、同时与后文a gigantic snow plough相呼应。故选A项。 4．根据前文“At present there is no way to predict or avoid such enormous avalanches, but luckily, they are very rare. (目前还没有办法预测或避免这种巨大的雪崩，但幸运的是，这种雪崩非常罕见)”可知，C项“Scientists are constantly studying the smaller, more common avalanches, to try to understand what causes them. (科学家们一直在研究规模较小、更为常见的雪崩，试图了解造成雪崩的原因)”其中the smaller, more common avalanches与前文no way to predict or avoid such enormous avalanches形成对立关系，表明规模较小的雪崩较为常见，可以进行研究。故选C项。 Passage 3 （23-24高二下·上海·期中）Health in space Astronaut Frank Rubiales has returned to Earth after 371 days in space. 1   Unlucky for him, but very lucky for scientists who want to see what effects spending an extended time in space has on the human body. Being in space can affect physical wellbeing. 2 Astronauts are recommended 150 minutes of exercise per day to counteract this. Also, space traveller’s eyes can be affected by the way that fluids act in zero-gravity. Outside the protection of the Earth’s atmosphere, astronauts are exposed to much higher levels and different forms of solar radiation. This can potentially cause long-term health problems, such as cancer. It’s not just physical health that is affected by being in space. Our mental health can be damaged if we don’t get enough sleep. On earth, our bodies respond through circadian rhythms (昼夜节奏) to the Sun rising and setting to help us sleep, but astronauts on board the International Space Station see 16 sunsets and sunrises every day. This means that avoiding sleep deprivation is a challenge. Isolation, and spending all your time with a small group of people can also affect mental health. Along with isolation, is the pressure that comes from being constantly monitored by experts back on Earth. With possible future missions to Mars predicted to last three years, tensions within the crew could become heightened. 3 Developing new techniques and technology to support astronauts’ health will enable more ambitious future missions. 4 The Canadian Space Agency is using its expertise to improve health care for people living in remote regions. The technology that supports robots used in space is now being used in surgery in normal hospitals, while pressure suits are being used to treat post-pregnancy complications. A．Astronaut Harry Hartfield reports an example of this where a colleague threatened to open the airlock and drain the oxygen from the spacecraft. B．The sacrifices of astronauts contributed to a giant leap in space exploration. C．It can also help those of us who are staying on Earth. D．Weightlessness caused by a lack of gravity can lead to a loss of bone and muscle mass. E．The missions do great harm to both physical and mental health of astronauts. F．It was only supposed to be 180, but a technical fault stopped him from returning as planned. 【答案】1．F 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了宇航员在太空会遇到的一些健康问题以及解决方案。 1．根据上文“Astronaut Frank Rubiales has returned to Earth after 371 days in space.(宇航员弗兰克·鲁比亚莱斯在太空生活371天后返回地球)”以及后文“Unlucky for him, but very lucky for scientists who want to see what effects spending an extended time in space has on the human body.(这对他来说是不幸的，但对那些想要了解长时间在太空中对人体有什么影响的科学家来说是幸运的)”可知，后文提到了生活371天是不幸的，可知本句是在说明原先应该停留的时间。故F选项“本来应该是180天，但是一个技术故障阻止了他按计划返回”符合语境，故选F。 2．根据上文“Being in space can affect physical wellbeing.(身处太空会影响身体健康)”可知，本句承接上文，具体说明身处太空会影响身体健康的表现。故D选项“缺乏重力造成的失重会导致骨骼和肌肉的流失”符合语境，故选D。 3．根据上文“Isolation, and spending all your time with a small group of people can also affect mental health. Along with isolation, is the pressure that comes from being constantly monitored by experts back on Earth. With possible future missions to Mars predicted to last three years, tensions within the crew could become heightened.(孤立，把所有的时间都花在一小群人身上也会影响心理健康。除了与世隔绝之外，还有来自地球上专家不断监控的压力。由于未来可能的火星任务预计将持续三年，机组人员内部的紧张局势可能会加剧)”可知，上文提到了宇航员要面对机组人员内部的紧张局势，本句为本段最后一句，故承接上文，对此进行举例说明。故A选项“宇航员哈里·哈特菲尔德报道了一个这样的例子，一名同事威胁要打开气闸，把飞船里的氧气吸干”符合语境，故选A。 4．根据上文“Developing new techniques and technology to support astronauts’ health will enable more ambitious future missions.(开发支持宇航员健康的新技术将使未来的任务更加雄心勃勃)”以及后文“The Canadian Space Agency is using its expertise to improve health care for people living in remote regions. The technology that supports robots used in space is now being used in surgery in normal hospitals, while pressure suits are being used to treat post-pregnancy complications.(加拿大航天局正在利用其专门知识改善边远地区人民的保健服务。支持太空机器人的技术现在被用于普通医院的外科手术，而压力服被用于治疗妊娠后并发症)”可知，本句主要引出后文，说明开发支持宇航员健康的新技术是如何帮助在地球上的人。故C选项“它也可以帮助我们这些留在地球上的人”符合语境，故选C。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $