专题05 阅读理解七选五（大题专练）（北京专用）2026年高考英语终极冲刺讲练测

学科网（北京）股份有限公司 专题05阅读理解七选五 （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 1. 2025·北京·高考真题 答案：D A B C G 2. 2024·北京·高考真题 答案：G C D F A 3. 2023·北京·高考真题 答案：D F G B E 4. 2022·北京·高考真题 答案：G B D F C 5. 2021·北京·高考真题 答案：F B D G E 刷真题 1. 2026·东城·期末 答案：D A B C G 2. 2026·西城·期末 答案：A C G E F 3. 2026·朝阳·期末 答案：E F B A G 4. 2026·海淀区·期末 答案：A F D G E 5. 2026·丰台区·期末 答案：A F D C G 1 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解应用文 目录 命题·趋势·定位 2 热点·角度·拆解 3 析典例·建模型 3 （2025·北京·高考真题） 3 析典例·建模型 4 （2025·北京·高考真题） 4 析典例·建模型 5 （2025·北京·高考真题） 5 析典例·建模型 6 （2025·北京·高考真题） 6 析典例·建模型 7 （2025·北京·高考真题） 7 研考点·通技法 8 破类题·提能力 8 （2026·东城·期末） 8 刷模拟 11 （2026·西城·期末） 11 （2026·朝阳·期末） 13 （2026·海淀区·期末） 15 （2026·丰台区·期末） 17 刷真题 19 （2024·北京·高考真题） 19 （2023·北京·高考真题） 21 （2022·北京·高考真题） 24 （2021·北京·高考真题） 26 内容导航 【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解 【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式 【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分 命题·趋势·定位 1. 选材特点 文章多摘取自主流期刊、高端科普网站或学术资料。题材紧扣新课标核心话题，涉及心理认知（2025成年定义、2021音乐健康）、社会思维模式（2024刺猬与狐狸）、教育评价（2023大学排名）、健康生活（2022健身与健康）等领域。 内容前沿度：虽然未涉及极端的太空考古，但选题多为社会热点或新兴认知领域。例如2025年的“成年心理周期”、2024年的“认知思维对比”，皆是当下心理学和社会学的热门讨论话题。 语篇逻辑：均为说明文或议论文。正文词数控制在300-350词之间，结构清晰，多采用“总-分”、“对比”、“因果”的逻辑框架，非常注重考查考生对文章整体脉络的把握。 2. 语篇结构 北京卷七选五的语篇结构非常固定，具有极强的规律性，可归纳为以下“标准四段式”： 1. 开篇引入（总起）：第一段通过提问、定义或对比引出核心话题（如2024年提出“刺猬vs狐狸”的概念）。 2. 主体论述（分述）：中间段落通常构成“二元对比”或“问题分析”结构。 *对比型*：先讲A的优点，再讲A的缺点（2024）；或先讲正面影响，再讲负面影响（2021）。 *分析型*：提出问题->分析原因->给出对策（2023）。 3. 深入阐释（细节）：具体解释某一概念或研究发现，常包含举例论证（2022健康管理）。 4. 结尾总结（升华）：末段通常对全文进行总结，提出综合观点或建议（2025、2023）。 3. 命题热点 逻辑关系考查为核心：这是七选五的绝对核心。其中“转折关系”（However, But）和“因果关系”（Therefore, Hence）出现频率最高，其次是“解释说明”（In other words）和“递进/补充”。 人与自我/社会并重： 人与自我：占比60%（2021、2022、2025），关注个人心理健康、自我认知、生活习惯。 人与社会：占比40%（2023、2024），关注社会评价体系、思维方式对群体的影响。 科普类文章常态化：每年必有一篇涉及自然科学或社科类知识（如心理学、医学、社会学），要求考生具备基础的常识储备和长难句分析能力。 4. 常见的设问形式 七选五的设问形式虽然固定，但解题的切入点有明显规律： 句间衔接类（高频）： 指代衔接：选项中出现They, This, It等代词，需确认其在前文中的具体指代对象（如2025 G选项中的this stage指代前文的stage）。 逻辑衔接：根据空前后的语义判断是转折、因果还是并列。 总分结构类： 段首句：通常是本段的主旨句，概括后文内容（如2023第36空F选项进一步加深惊讶程度）。 段尾句：通常是总结句，呼应段首观点或举例结束后的总结。 同义替换类：正确选项往往用不同的词汇表达与上下文相同的意思（如2025 D选项的“playing the game of life”同义转述“internal locus of control”）。 热点·角度·拆解 2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 命题形式 2025・北京卷 约 330 词 人与自我 成年的定义、青少年自我成长与心理发展 说明文类七选五（逻辑衔接 + 句间关系） 2024・北京卷 约 320 词 人与社会 “刺猬型” 与 “狐狸型” 思维方式的对比与融合 议论文类七选五（转折 / 对比 / 总结逻辑） 2023・北京卷 约 310 词 人与社会 大学排名忽视教学质量的问题与改进方向 议论文类七选五（问题 - 分析 - 对策逻辑） 2022・北京卷 约 290 词 人与自我 健康与健身的关系、日常健康管理方法 说明文类七选五（总分结构 + 例证逻辑） 2021・北京卷 约 300 词 人与自我 音乐对身心健康的多方面益处 说明文类七选五（并列 / 对比 / 总结逻辑） 热点角度01 段末句 → 细节衔接题（顺承 + 结果） 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题） We use our imagination in many ways. Novelists rely on it to dream up plots, characters and scenes. Artists use it to produce new works. 35 For adults, however, one of the most common uses of imagination is counterfactual thinking. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. 35题详解  考点：段尾总结 / 后果说明  解题依据：上文提到 “孩子学习自我指导与掌控的阶段”，空格处说明该阶段缺失带来的负面影响。  特征：上文出现 stage，选项出现 this stage，属于指代复现。 前文提到小说家、艺术家对想象力的运用，后文以“however”转折，聚焦成年人对想象力的常见使用方式是反事实思考。空处需要衔接不同人群对想象力的使用，形成从其他人群到成年人的过渡。D选项“孩子们通过在脑海中构建奇妙的世界来自娱自乐”补充了儿童使用想象力的方式，与后文的成年人形成年龄层面的对比衔接，符合语境。故选D。 热点角度02 段中句 → 逻辑过渡题（解释 + 承上启下） 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题） Do you often find yourself lost in deep thoughts about what could have been? Imagining alternatives, different outcomes and reflecting on your choices? If so, then you've engaged in the cognitive process called counterfactual thinking, a psychological exercise that enables us to imagine "what if" situations and explore how different choices or circumstances might lead to different results. 36 Following it, we can see how things would have been if something else had been changed. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. 36题详解  考点：段间逻辑衔接  解题依据：上文说 “其他生命周期同样重要”，下文讲 “生命周期被耽误的危害”，空格处必须解释 “重要在哪里”。  特征：因果逻辑链：重要→解释重要性→说明被破坏的后果。 前文给出了反事实思考的定义，即想象“如果”的场景，探索不同选择带来的不同结果，后文则说通过这种思考能看到改变某件事之后的结果。空处需要对反事实思考的过程做形象化阐释，衔接定义和其具体作用。A选项“这就像在脑海中重写历史”，精准概括了反事实思考“假设不同情况、改变既定事实”的核心特点，与上下文的逻辑契合。故选A。 热点角度03 段中句 → 同义转述题（解释说明） 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题） Counterfactual thinking can be a powerful tool for behavior regulation. For example, Sam applied for a job but wasn't given an opportunity. In this case, he thought "If I had prepared more thoroughly, could I have impressed the interviewer enough for him to hire me?" Sam might understand some of the factors that contributed to his job application outcome and do better next time. 37 By imagining alternative scenarios (场景) and reflecting on our actions, we can identify mistakes, learn from them, and adjust our behavior for the future. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. 37题详解 · 考点：概念解释 / 同义改写 · 解题依据：上文提出核心概念 internal locus of control（内在控制点），空格用通俗语言进一步解释。 · 特征：出现标志词 In other words，是高考最典型的同义转述类设题。 前文以山姆求职失败后的反事实思考为例，说明其能让人找到问题所在、下次做得更好，后文总结反事实思考能让人发现错误、从中学习并调整行为。空处需要对反事实思考的积极作用做总结，承上启下。B选项“明确思考‘如果’的问题显然能带来诸多益处”，概括了前文例子体现的积极效果，也为后文的总结铺垫，符合语境。故选B。 热点角度04段中句 → 细节补充题（并列扩展） 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题） 38 When taken to extremes, counterfactual thinking can lead to endless regret. We've all been there-lying awake at night, replaying embarrassing moments or missed opportunities, torturing ourselves with "what ifs". This kind of excessive counterfactual thinking can be a typical feature of overthinking, and it can have serious negative impacts on our mental health and well-being. 39 This way, we can use it constructively without falling into an unproductive thought cycle. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. 38题详解 · 考点：句间并列 / 能力补充 · 解题依据：上文在定义 “成年人是什么”，空格继续补充成年人应具备的社交能力。 · 特征：上下文为并列列举，句式平行、主题一致（成年人的素养）。 前文整段阐述反事实思考的积极作用，后文则指出过度进行这种思考会导致无尽的后悔，对心理健康产生负面影响。空处需要形成转折，引出反事实思考的消极面。C选项“然而，让你的想象力肆意驰骋并非总是富有成效的”，以“yet”转折，从积极作用过渡到消极影响，衔接前后文的逻辑变化。故选C。 热点角度04段末句 → 主旨升华题（总结 + 责任延伸） 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题） 38 When taken to extremes, counterfactual thinking can lead to endless regret. We've all been there-lying awake at night, replaying embarrassing moments or missed opportunities, torturing ourselves with "what ifs". This kind of excessive counterfactual thinking can be a typical feature of overthinking, and it can have serious negative impacts on our mental health and well-being. 39 This way, we can use it constructively without falling into an unproductive thought cycle. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. 39题详解  考点：文末总结 / 观点升华  解题依据：上文讲 “父母责任、社会支持学校”，空格进一步延伸 “社会还要帮助修复不完整生命周期的成年人”。  特征：also 表示递进，属于结尾升华类高频命题形式。 前文指出过度反事实思考的危害，后文说这样才能建设性地利用它，避免陷入无效的思考循环。空处需要给出具体的做法，即如何平衡反事实思考的利与弊。G选项“我们应该在从过去中学习和接受无法挽回的事情之间找到平衡”，提出了合理运用反事实思考的具体方式，是后文“建设性利用”的具体体现，符合语境。故选G。 【解题建模】 定定位词：抓名词、代词、逻辑词（stage /cycles/control /adult/responsibility） 找答题句：看空格前一句，锁定核心话题 比选项：优先选 复现词 / 指代词 / 同义句 / 逻辑顺承 研考点·通技法 七选五考查考生把握语篇结构、梳理句间逻辑、衔接上下文的能力。不论哪类空格，我们在弄清空格前后语义之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位线索 在空格前后确定一两个定位线索（核心名词、指代词、逻辑连接词等） 第二步 锁定答题区间 用定位线索到原文中找到包含线索词或其同义表达的句子，认真研读该句及前后句 第三步 匹配各选项 将七个选项与找到的答题区间进行比较，选出与原文话题、逻辑、指代完全契合的正确选项 破类题·提能力 （2026·东城·期末） We use our imagination in many ways. Novelists rely on it to dream up plots, characters and scenes. Artists use it to produce new works. 35 For adults, however, one of the most common uses of imagination is counterfactual thinking. Do you often find yourself lost in deep thoughts about what could have been? Imagining alternatives, different outcomes and reflecting on your choices? If so, then you've engaged in the cognitive process called counterfactual thinking, a psychological exercise that enables us to imagine "what if" situations and explore how different choices or circumstances might lead to different results. 36 Following it, we can see how things would have been if something else had been changed. Counterfactual thinking can be a powerful tool for behavior regulation. For example, Sam applied for a job but wasn't given an opportunity. In this case, he thought "If I had prepared more thoroughly, could I have impressed the interviewer enough for him to hire me?" Sam might understand some of the factors that contributed to his job application outcome and do better next time. 37 By imagining alternative scenarios (场景) and reflecting on our actions, we can identify mistakes, learn from them, and adjust our behavior for the future. 38 When taken to extremes, counterfactual thinking can lead to endless regret. We've all been there-lying awake at night, replaying embarrassing moments or missed opportunities, torturing ourselves with "what ifs". This kind of excessive counterfactual thinking can be a typical feature of overthinking, and it can have serious negative impacts on our mental health and well-being. 39 This way, we can use it constructively without falling into an unproductive thought cycle. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. 答案DABCG 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了想象力的一种常见应用形式——反事实思考，阐释了其定义、对行为调节的积极作用，同时指出过度进行反事实思考的负面影响，并给出了合理运用这种思考方式的建议。 35题详解 前文提到小说家、艺术家对想象力的运用，后文以“however”转折，聚焦成年人对想象力的常见使用方式是反事实思考。空处需要衔接不同人群对想象力的使用，形成从其他人群到成年人的过渡。D选项“孩子们通过在脑海中构建奇妙的世界来自娱自乐”补充了儿童使用想象力的方式，与后文的成年人形成年龄层面的对比衔接，符合语境。故选D。 36题详解 前文给出了反事实思考的定义，即想象“如果”的场景，探索不同选择带来的不同结果，后文则说通过这种思考能看到改变某件事之后的结果。空处需要对反事实思考的过程做形象化阐释，衔接定义和其具体作用。A选项“这就像在脑海中重写历史”，精准概括了反事实思考“假设不同情况、改变既定事实”的核心特点，与上下文的逻辑契合。故选A。 37题详解 前文以山姆求职失败后的反事实思考为例，说明其能让人找到问题所在、下次做得更好，后文总结反事实思考能让人发现错误、从中学习并调整行为。空处需要对反事实思考的积极作用做总结，承上启下。B选项“明确思考‘如果’的问题显然能带来诸多益处”，概括了前文例子体现的积极效果，也为后文的总结铺垫，符合语境。故选B。 38题详解 前文整段阐述反事实思考的积极作用，后文则指出过度进行这种思考会导致无尽的后悔，对心理健康产生负面影响。空处需要形成转折，引出反事实思考的消极面。C选项“然而，让你的想象力肆意驰骋并非总是富有成效的”，以“yet”转折，从积极作用过渡到消极影响，衔接前后文的逻辑变化。故选C。 39题详解 前文指出过度反事实思考的危害，后文说这样才能建设性地利用它，避免陷入无效的思考循环。空处需要给出具体的做法，即如何平衡反事实思考的利与弊。G选项“我们应该在从过去中学习和接受无法挽回的事情之间找到平衡”，提出了合理运用反事实思考的具体方式，是后文“建设性利用”的具体体现，符合语境。故选G。 （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 （2026·西城·期末） 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Everyone wants to live in a good neighborhood. And for a good reason: External conditions matter to our health and well-being. 35 If the human mind is likened to a society, then the mindset-those beliefs, processes, cognitive (认知的) resources and habits that are readily accessible and familiar-represents the internal neighborhood. Just as the external environment affects health, so does the internal environment. Research shows that crime in your neighborhood can impact health, even if you're not directly impacted by the violence. 36 A chaotic or violent mindset may also have similar effects to those of a low-quality external neighborhood. 37 Just knowing that there is a nice park, a good restaurant, or a friendly neighbor in my neighborhood adds to my quality of life, even if I don't use these resources that often. The same goes for the mental neighborhood. For example, merely recognizing my creative impulse as an important aspect of my internal makeup-acknowledging and valuing it-will improve my sense of well-being even when I am not actively involved in creative activity. Community exercises much of its effect through physical and behavioral engagement: You go places and do things. 38 If you spend time at the local coffee house, you're engaged in your community. If you spend time regularly practicing, say, an attitude of gratitude-an awareness of the good, fortunate things in your life-then your mental neighborhood includes a gratitude component. Finding, moving into, and nurturing our connections to a high-quality neighborhood takes much effort, yet the health-related payoff is high. The same goes for the mental neighborhood. 39 Then you can bring these mind elements to the forefront of your consciousness through mental engagement and practice. A. At the same time, internal conditions matter too. B. Neighborhoods affect health through multiple paths of influence. C. Possible effects include increases in blood pressure and anxiety. D. Both structural and social aspects of a neighborhood can affect your well-being. E. Likewise, the mental neighborhood is built on cognitive and emotional engagement. F. Try to identify your healthy cognitive processes, core values, and constructive beliefs. G. Moreover, a high-quality neighborhood affects your health even if you don't use its offerings. 答案ACGEF 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，将人的心态比作“内部社区”，类比外部社区对健康的影响，阐释了内部心态同样会作用于人的身心健康，同时介绍了优质心态的积极作用及如何培养优质的内部心态。 35题详解 前文强调外部环境对人的健康和幸福感至关重要，后文将人的思维比作社会，把心态定义为“内部社区”。空处需要形成转折，引出内部条件的重要性，实现从外部到内部的过渡。A选项“与此同时，内部条件也同样重要”，以“at the same time”衔接前文的外部条件，引出后文的内部心态，符合上下文的逻辑衔接需求。故选A。 36题详解 前文指出社区的犯罪行为即便未让人直接遭受暴力，也会影响健康，后文说混乱、暴力的心态也会带来和劣质外部社区相似的影响。空处需要补充外部不良环境影响健康的具体表现，为后文类比内部心态的影响做铺垫。C选项“可能的影响包括血压升高和焦虑情绪增加”，具体说明外部不良环境对健康的负面影响，衔接前文的观点，也让后文的类比更具说服力。故选C。 37题详解 后文以外部社区的公园、餐厅等资源为例，说明即便不常使用，这些资源也能提升生活质量，随后将这一观点类比到内部心态上。空处需要作为本段主旨句，概括“优质环境即便不使用其资源，也能产生积极影响”这一核心观点。G选项“此外，优质的社区即便你不利用其提供的资源，也会对你的健康产生积极影响”，总领全段，精准概括核心观点，为后文的举例和类比做铺垫。故选G。 38题详解 前文说外部社区通过身体和行为参与发挥作用，后文则举例说明对心态的“投入”会让内部心态具备相应的特质，空处需要形成类比，引出内部心态的作用方式。E选项“同样，内心的‘社区’是建立在认知和情感的投入之上的”，以“likewise”衔接前文外部社区的作用方式，类比引出内部心态的作用方式，符合语境。故选E。 39题详解 前文指出培养优质的内部心态需要付出努力，后文说通过心理投入和练习，让这些心态要素成为意识的核心。空处需要给出培养优质内部心态的第一步做法，衔接前后文的动作逻辑。F选项“试着找出你健康的认知过程、核心价值观和具有建设性的信念”，提出了培养优质内部心态的具体初始步骤，后文的“these mind elements”正是指代该选项中的内容，逻辑衔接紧密。故选F。 （2026·朝阳·期末） For most of us, frisson, an intense emotional pleasure accompanied by tears and goosebumps (鸡皮疙瘩), is something that happens unexpectedly and rarely. But what if there was a way you could experience this feeling more? The answer may lie in the art of "slow looking". Slow looking is the act of observing an artwork for an extended period of time. That could be an uninterrupted five minutes, an hour, or even an entire day. 35 However, slow looking extends beyond a gallery setting. It's similar to meditation (冥想), but it's not limited to keeping us focused on the breath and closed eyes. 36 In many ways, it is the art of simply noticing, without distractions, and without giving in to the urge to make it a "productive" activity. So how to try slow looking? It might take some time to get used to. 37 Whether it's observing a work of art, gardening, staring out the window during your next train journey, birdwatching, or pausing during a woodland walk to observe the plant life around you, there are countless ways to slow look every day. 38 When we slow down, the "rest and digest" mode of our nervous system rises up. This relaxation of mind creates space for new thoughts and feelings to surface. This is when we might start to notice small things in our environment. 39 We simply notice. We become the witness, causing a small yet profound shift that supports reduced anxiety, and improved overall well-being. A. Slow looking offers valuable mental benefits. B. But it's something we could start adding to our daily life. C. Certain kinds of art may be better suited for slow looking than others. D. Experts recommend going to an art exhibition when there are fewer people. E. It is based on the idea that to understand an artwork, you need to spend time with it. F. Instead, it takes us out into the sensory world in which light shifts and wind whispers. G. For example, leaves dancing in the wind and the wingbeats of a bird passing overhead reveal themselves. 答案EFBAG 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了“慢看”这一方式能让人更多地体验到颤栗感（frisson），阐释了慢看的定义、核心理念，说明其不仅适用于美术馆，还能融入日常生活，同时介绍了慢看的具体做法和带来的心理益处。 35题详解 前文给出了慢看的定义，即长时间观察一件艺术品，空处需要对慢看的核心理念做进一步阐释，衔接定义内容。E选项“它基于这样一种理念：要理解一件艺术品，你需要花时间去感受它”，紧扣前文“长时间观察艺术品”的定义，解释了慢看的核心逻辑，符合语境。故选E。 36题详解 前文说慢看和冥想相似，但又不限于专注呼吸、闭着眼睛，空处需要通过转折，说明慢看与冥想的不同之处，突出慢看的特点。F选项“相反，它带我们走进感官的世界，在那里光影变幻，微风轻语”，以“instead”转折，具体描述了慢看“开放感官、感受外界”的特点，与冥想的“封闭感官、专注内心”形成对比，衔接前文。故选F。 37题详解 前文说尝试慢看可能需要一些时间去适应，后文则列举了日常生活中慢看的多种方式，空处需要形成转折，说明慢看虽需适应，但可以融入日常。B选项“但这是一件我们可以开始融入日常生活的事”，以“but”转折，承接前文的“需要适应”，引出后文的日常实践方式，逻辑衔接自然。故选B。 38题详解 后文具体阐述了慢看带来的心理变化：激活神经系统的“休息和消化”模式，放松大脑，催生新的想法和感受，还能让人注意到环境中的细节。空处需要作为本段主旨句，概括慢看带来的心理益处。A选项“慢看能带来宝贵的心理益处”，总领全段，精准概括后文的核心内容，符合语境。故选A。 39题详解 前文说慢看能让我们注意到环境中的小细节，空处需要举例说明这些具体的小细节，后文则总结慢看只是单纯的“观察”，衔接前文的观点。G选项“比如，风中舞动的树叶、头顶飞过的鸟儿的振翅声，都会清晰地呈现在我们眼前”，通过具体例子，印证了前文“注意到环境中小细节”的观点，符合语境。故选G。 （2026·海淀区·期末） We are faced with increasing pressure to make sensible decisions about every aspect of our lives -- from choosing the healthiest breakfast option to finding a school or university to attend. Make the correct choice and you can give yourself a pat on the back. 35 Psychologists have found that people's approaches to decision-making tend to fit into one of two categories. You are either a maximiser - a person who strives to make a choice that will give them the maximum benefit later on- or a satisficer, whose choices are determined by more modest criteria and nothing more. Given that maximisers task themselves with making the most informed, intelligent decisions, we might expect that the outcome of their approach would be superior. This assumption, however, has been contradicted by numerous studies. Studies have found that maximisers are often less effective in a decision-making environment. They tend to exhaust all options in search of the perfect choice. 36 Setting unachievable goals may itself get in the way of making good decisions. 37 The abundance of alternatives can overwhelm even the most diligent decision-makers. In The Paradox of Choice, U.S. psychologist Barry Schwartz looked at the proliferation (激增) of choices that are available to us in our everyday lives. He found that an increased range of options does not necessarily lead to higher satisfaction with the outcome of a decision. 38 Maximisers tend to experience a sense of "buyer's regret" following a decision, doubting whether it was correct, and imagining how life would have been had they chosen a different path. 39 While a maximising approach might seem an optimal approach to decision-making, our energy may be better spent satisficing and appreciating what we have, rather than what we might have had. A. Make a bad decision and you can be left with feelings of regret. B. We are often overwhelmed by the abundance of choices we face. C. A satisficer is usually much more efficient and mentally less burdened. D. This problem is especially pronounced in a world where options seem endless. E. By contrast, a satisficer accepts his choice as good enough, even if it's not the best. F. In other words, maximisers struggle to stop searching despite a good enough option. G. If anything, choice may in fact limit our ability to enjoy and appreciate what we have. 答案AFDGE 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，探讨了人们做决策的两种典型类型——最大化者和满足者，分析了最大化者的决策方式存在的弊端，指出过多的选择并非好事，且最大化者易产生后悔情绪，最终提出满足者的决策方式更值得提倡。 35题详解 前文说人们在生活各方面做明智决策的压力越来越大，做对选择会自我肯定，空处需要形成对比，说明做错选择的后果，衔接前后文的选择结果对比。A选项“做出糟糕的决定，你可能会陷入后悔的情绪中”，与前文“做对选择自我肯定”形成鲜明对比，符合上下文的逻辑衔接，也为后文探讨决策类型和后悔情绪做铺垫。故选A。 36题详解 前文说最大化者会穷尽所有选项寻找完美的选择，后文指出设定无法实现的目标本身会阻碍做出好的决策。空处需要对最大化者的这一行为做进一步阐释，衔接其行为和弊端。F选项“换句话说，即便有了足够好的选择，最大化者也难以停止寻找”，用通俗的语言解释了前文“穷尽所有选项”的行为，突出其追求完美、不知满足的特点，为后文的弊端做铺垫。故选F。 37题详解 后文说大量的选择会让最勤奋的决策者也感到不知所措，还引用了心理学家的研究说明选择增多并非带来更高的满意度。空处需要作为本段主旨句，指出“选择过多”这一核心问题。D选项“这个问题在一个选择似乎无穷无尽的世界里尤为突出”，其中“this problem”指代前文最大化者“穷尽选项、难以决策”的问题，同时引出后文“选择过多带来的负面影响”，符合语境。故选D。 38题详解 前文说心理学家发现选择范围的扩大并不一定能提升决策结果的满意度，空处需要进一步强化这一观点，说明选择过多的负面影响。G选项“甚至可以说，选择实际上可能限制我们享受和珍惜所拥有事物的能力”，承接前文的观点，进一步指出选择过多的具体负面影响，符合上下文的逻辑。故选G。 39题详解 前文说最大化者做决策后易产生“买家懊悔”，怀疑决策的正确性，想象选择其他道路的生活，后文则提出满足者的方式更值得提倡，应珍惜所拥有的。空处需要形成对比，介绍满足者的决策心态，衔接前后文的两种决策类型。E选项“相比之下，满足者会接受自己的选择，认为其足够好，即便它并非最优选择”，以“by contrast”衔接前文的最大化者，介绍满足者的核心特点，为后文的观点做铺垫。故选E。 （2026·丰台区·期末） We now know a good amount about the mechanisms of dreaming. However, we have little insight into its function. Some argue that we don't need to understand what dreams are for. 35 Recently, this idea has been challenged by a new idea, which seeks to apply the lessons of "deep learning"-a type of machine processing that uses artificial neural networks to learn from data-to the study of dreaming. From a deep learning perspective, learning is about fine-tuning a huge, layered network of connections based on a limited set of example data. The hope is that the performance generalises beyond the training data set to new unseen data sets. 36 Networks can get so fine-tuned to the specifics of the data set they are trained on that they fail to generalize to new ones. This is called overfitting, and it is a ubiquitous problem in deep learning. 37 Animals' days are statistically pretty self-similar. Their "training set" is limited and biased. Yet an animal needs to generalize from the limited things it has seen and done to survive. This is the "overfitted brain hypothesis" (OBH): that animals are constantly in danger of fitting themselves too well to their daily lives and tasks. 38 Dreams are "noise injections (注入)" that serve the purpose of counteracting the overfitting associated with learning. 39 According to the OBH, dreams are exactly this: self-generated corrupted inputs. And the act of dreaming has the effect of improving generalization and performance in waking life. The OBH hypothesis is-as yet-untested but is one of the few that takes dreams seriously, rather than as an unexplained by-product of other processes. A. Perhaps they are just a by-product of sleep. B. This fine-tuning process is highly efficient and specialized. C. Dreams could be a way to beat back the tide of daily overfitting. D. This is good reason to think the brain faces an identical challenge. E. Thus, the brain strengthens the most important memories from the day. F. But it doesn't always work because training data sets are often naturally biased. G. You can't inject randomization on an awake brain but you can do it when it is offline. 答案AFDCG 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，结合深度学习中的“过拟合”概念，提出了“过拟合大脑假说”，探讨了做梦的潜在功能——并非无意义的睡眠副产品，而是通过注入“噪音”对抗日常学习和生活中的过拟合，提升人在清醒状态下的适应能力和表现。 35题详解 前文说人们对做梦的机制有较多了解，但对其功能知之甚少，还有人认为无需理解做梦的功能。空处需要承接这一观点，给出这些人对做梦功能的看法，即认为其无实际作用。A选项“或许它们只是睡眠的副产品”，契合前文“无需理解其功能”的观点，说明部分人认为做梦没有特定功能，只是睡眠的附带产物，符合语境。故选A。 36题详解 前文介绍深度学习的核心是基于有限样本数据优化神经网络，希望其能适用于新的未知数据，后文则指出神经网络可能过度适配训练数据，无法适用于新数据，这一现象被称为过拟合。空处需要形成转折，说明深度学习的这一目标并非总能实现，衔接前后文的逻辑。F选项“但这并非总能实现，因为训练数据集往往天生存在偏差”，以“but”转折，解释了深度学习无法实现泛化目标的原因，为后文“过拟合”的概念做铺垫。故选F。 37题详解 前文介绍了深度学习中的过拟合问题，后文说动物的日常生活具有高度相似性，其“训练集”有限且存在偏差，而动物需要从有限的经历中进行泛化以生存。空处需要搭建起深度学习过拟合和动物大脑面临相似问题的桥梁，实现话题过渡。D选项“这是一个很好的理由，让我们认为大脑也面临着同样的挑战”，其中“this”指代前文的深度学习过拟合问题，引出后文动物大脑的相似困境，符合语境。故选D。 38题详解 前文提出“过拟合大脑假说”，即动物的大脑容易过度适配日常的生活和任务，后文则指出做梦是注入“噪音”，目的是对抗学习中的过拟合。空处需要承接假说，提出做梦的作用，衔接前后文的逻辑。C选项“做梦可能是一种对抗日常过拟合趋势的方式”，直接点明做梦与对抗过拟合的关系，承接前文的假说，也为后文对做梦功能的具体阐释做铺垫。故选C。 39题详解 前文说做梦是注入“噪音”以对抗过拟合，后文则指出根据假说，做梦是自主生成的“受损输入”，能提升清醒时的表现。空处需要解释为何做梦能实现“噪音注入”，即这种注入只能在睡眠时进行。G选项“你无法在清醒的大脑中注入随机性，但可以在大脑处于‘离线’状态时做到”，其中“大脑处于离线状态”指睡眠时，解释了做梦能实现噪音注入的前提，衔接前文的“噪音注入”和后文的做梦功能，逻辑紧密。故选G。 刷真题 （2024·北京·高考真题） If you want to develop maximum credibility (可信性), is it better to be a hedgehog (刺猬) or a fox? According to Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehog knows one thing very well, and the fox knows a lot of things. Is there a clear advantage of one style over the other? Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes. ___35___ And they are usually very credible in doing so. According to Jim Hart, the “hedgehog concept” is one of the factors that lead companies to greatness. They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at. ___36___ The hedgehog concept makes perfect sense for companies. ___37___ Philip Tate has studied the track records of those folks on the Sunday talk shows who make predictions about what will happen. He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions. The advantage that foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information. ___38___ They try to include it in their viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. They also have a clearer estimation of what they know and don’t know. So, which is better? The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style. ___39___ The choice between being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. The most effective way to go through life is to try to be that rare mixture known as foxy hedgehog. A. In other words, there are clear advantages for each. B. They are more likely to remember people’s mistakes. C. Hence, they have the advantage of clarity and confidence. D. But there can be a downside to concentration on one big thing. E. However, hedgehogs remain open to others’ reactions and inputs. F. When something is contradictory to their view, they don’t treat it as exceptional. G. They come down squarely on one side or the other and fully support their position. 【答案】35. G 36. C 37. D 38. F 39. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了拥有“刺猬”型思维方式和“狐狸”型思维方式的两类人对于个人和企业建立信誉度的优劣势。 【35题详解】 根据上文“Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes.(拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人倾向于给出肯定的答案)” 可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人倾向于给出肯定的答案，G项中They 指代上文中的Hedgehog，G项“他们明确地站在一边或另一边，并全力支持自己的立场”说明拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人往往有明确的立场，承接上文，符合语境。故选G。 【36题详解】 根据上文“They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at. (他们专注于一件事并把它做得很好。他们知道自己擅长什么)”可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人具备优点，他们可以专注于一件事并知道自己擅长什么。C项“因此，他们的优势是（头脑）清楚和自信”进一步说明拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人的优点，承接上文，符合语境。故选C。 【37题详解】 根据下文“He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions. (他发现，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人不仅比拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人更容易出错，而且当事情与他们的预测不相符时他们不太可能意识到，也不太可能承认自己错了)”可知，此处介绍拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人的缺点。D项“但是，把注意力集中在一件大事上可能会有不利的一面” 引出下文，介绍拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人具备缺点，符合语境。故选D。 【38题详解】 根据上文“The advantage that foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information. (“狐狸”型思维方式的人的优势在于，他们更有可能从更广泛的来源中寻找新信息，并且对不确定性和新信息感到舒适)”和下文“They try to include it in their viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. (他们试图将其纳入自己的观点，而不是将其排除在自己的思维之外)”可知，此处介绍拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人处理事情的方式。F项“当某件事与他们的观点相矛盾时，他们不会把它当作例外”承上启下，符合语境。故选F。 【39题详解】 根据上文“The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style. (这个问题可以用“像狐狸的刺猬”风格来回答)”和下文“The choice between being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. (成为拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人还是拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人的选择是一种错误的权衡)”可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人和拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人各有优势。A项“换句话说，两者都有其明显的优势”承上启下，符合语境。故选A。 （2023·北京·高考真题） It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. ____35____ When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. ____36____ Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. ____37____ The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes. Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding. ____38____ Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result? Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates. ____39____ Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission. What should students and their families do? They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower. A. Higher education has achieved its true potential. B. Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion. C. Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor. D. However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching. E. Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged. F. They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities. G. In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors. 【答案】35. D 36. F 37. G 38. B 39. E 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要就如何选择高校提供了一些建议。 【35题详解】 根据空前内容“It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision.(对于美国的学生和他们的家人来说，这是一年中既快乐又紧张的时刻，因为他们要决定去哪里上大学。家庭经常求助于排名系统来帮助做决定。)”可知，美国的学生和家人们在决定去哪儿上大学时，经常求助于排名系统。而根据下文第三段“Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. (最新的研究表明，排名较低的大学的课程在教学方面的平均得分高于排名较高的大学的课程。)”可推断出，本文主要讲述的是排名方面出现的问题。选项D“However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching.(然而，排名忽略了一个关键因素：教学质量。)”延续上文内容，指出大学排名存在的问题；而根据下文内容也可以推断，排名中存在的问题是教学质量被忽略。故选D。 【36题详解】 根据空前内容“When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings.(作为一名研究高等教育的学者，当我与一些家庭交谈时，他们常常惊讶地发现，优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名。)”可知，大学排名中优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名让人们觉得很惊讶。选项F“They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.(更让他们惊讶的是，大学竟然低估了教学的价值。)”延续上文内容，指的都是大学排名忽略教学质量。其中“more surprised”和上文的“surprised”保持一致。故选F。 【37题详解】 空前内容“Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities.(最新的研究表明，排名较低的大学的课程在教学方面的平均得分高于排名较高的大学的课程。)”以及空后内容“The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.(考虑到高质量教学与学生成功之间的联系，排名中没有优秀教学令人惊讶。优质教学是衡量大学成绩的最重要因素之一。)”讲述的都是大学排名中没有考虑到教学。选项G“In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.(事实上，大学经常把重点从教学转移到其他排名因素上。)”与上下文内容相一致，故选G。 【38题详解】 根据空前内容“Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding.(然而，排名只是高等教育中对教学重视程度较低的一个原因。管理者通常不会将卓越的教学视为增加入学率或资金的一种方式。)”可知，上文分析了教学不被纳入排名的原因，该空应该讲其后果。选项B“Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion.(因此，它在招聘或晋升中不受重视。)”是上文内容的延续，正因为管理人员通常不把卓越的教学视为增加入学率或增加资金的一种方式，所以教学在招聘和晋升中不受重视。故选B。 【39题详解】 根据下文内容“Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.(尽管如此，在拥有高质量教学的学校获得更多资源、更高排名和增加入学人数之前，不会有太大变化。从长远来看，大学、学校排名组织和其他机构应该努力使教学成为使命的一个有价值的核心部分。)”可知，此处算是站在大学的角度，提出如何把教学当成他们的首要核心任务。根据“Nevertheless”可知，空处内容和下文内容存在转折关系。选项E“Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.(在最近，努力改进教学水平的现象已经出现了。)”与下文形成转折，旨在说明，促使教学成为核心任务的艰巨性和重要性。故选E。 （2022·北京·高考真题） Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health. ____35____ It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases. ____36____ We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body. Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses. ____37____ This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy. It means the fitness level is not in accordance with our age and the climatic conditions we live in. It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness. ____38____ For instance, we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style. There are different levels of exercises for different age groups and we must do them according to our own health and age. Additionally, it is important to relax our body. We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It helps in improving our immune (免疫) system and protects us against diseases. ____39____ This, in turn, gives us new goals of health and fitness. A. Fitness levels decide the quality of life. B. Health and fitness are interrelated to each other. C. It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind. D. For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily. E. If we keep our body fit, we can enjoy life in a better manner. F. There are some activities which everyone should do in our life. G. This makes our body suffer and we will catch other diseases. 【答案】35. G 36. B 37. D 38. F 39. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是健康和健身之间密不可分的关系以及我们应该通过哪些健身的方式来让自己有一个健康的身体。 【35题详解】 根据空前“Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health.(健康和健身帮助一个人过上良好和健康的生活。由于各种各样的压力，我们往往会忽视自己的健康。)”可知因为各种压力，我们的健康容易被忽视，根据空后“It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases.(正是我们身体的健康水平帮助我们对抗这些疾病。)”可知身体的健康可以让我们应对各种疾病，空处承上启下，所以空处应该讲忽视健康对我们的身体及生活的影响。G项“This makes our body suffer and we will catch other diseases.(这使我们的身体遭受痛苦，而且我们会感染其他疾病。)”承接上文，引出下文，而且G项中的other diseases与空后的these diseases相互照应，符合上下文语境。故选G项。 【36题详解】 根据空后“We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body.(为了拥有一个健康身体我们需要健康。同样，如果我们是健康的，我们自然会被保持健康的身体所吸引。)”可知健康的身体与健身是密不可分的，空处位于句首，应是本段的主旨句，B项“Health and fitness are interrelated to each other.(健康和健身是相互关联的。)”概括全段的主要内容，符合上下文语境。故选B项。 【37题详解】 根据空前“Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses.(健康是在特定时间内我们身体的状态。我们可能没有任何疾病，但身体仍然虚弱，随时会被病毒攻击。)”可知我们的身体虽然没有生病，但也很虚弱，随时会生病，根据空后“This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy.(这并不一定意味着我们不健康。)”可知生病并不一定表明我们是不健康的。空处承上启下，所以空处应该举例说明我们的身体在虚弱的情况下会生病这样一种状况，D项“For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily.(例如，我们可能很容易感冒。)”举例说明我们的身体会在虚弱的情况下生病，承接上文，引出下文，而且空后的This指代D项的we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily这种情况，符合上下文语境。故选D项。 【38题详解】 根据空前“It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness.(对每个人来说，花些时间在健康和健身方面是很重要的。)”可知我们应该花时间去健身，根据空后“For instance, we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style.(例如，我们必须每天锻炼，不管我们的年龄和工作方式。)”可知我们应该每天坚持锻炼，空处承上启下，所以空处应该讲的是我们应该通过哪些活动来进行锻炼，F项“There are some activities which everyone should do in our life.(在我们的生活中有一些活动是每个人都应该做的。)”承接上文，引出下文，符合上下文语境。故选F项。 【39题详解】 根据空前“We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It helps in improving our immune (免疫) system and protects us against diseases.(我们每天至少应该有6到8个小时的睡眠。它有助于改善我们的免疫系统，保护我们抵抗疾病。)”可知我们应该保障充足的睡眠，根据空后“This, in turn, gives us new goals of health and fitness.(这反过来又给了我们健康和健身的新目标。)”可知充足的睡眠会对我们的健康和健身目标很有好处，空处承上启下，所以空处应该继续讲充足的睡眠的好处，C项“It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind.(它也帮助我们保持冷静和放松我们的大脑。)”进一步讲了充足的睡眠对于我们的好处，承接上文，引出下文，符合上下文语境。故选C项。 （2021·北京·高考真题） Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people． ____35____ The mental health benefits from music can't be argued．Music could also be helping you with many other health problems behind the scenes． ____36____However，for the same reason，music can be very beneficial if one is in pain．By distracting （分心） the mind from the pain，music，people say，can lower stress and anxiety levels．This，of course，can lead to less pain． Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed．____37____While the validity of the idea is still being assessed，the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure．Similarly, according to researchers，listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels， through the lowering of stress and anxiety． When it comes to heart health，there is speculation （推测） that it's not the style of music， but rather the tempo that makes it so good for your heart health．In one European study，participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure．____38____ On the other hand，when the music slowed，the participants' stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow suit． ____39____But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for，which is what makes music so valuable． A. This feeling can also result in many other health problems． B. Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud． C. This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing． D. They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep． E. The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive． F. It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety． G. Interestingly，the more cheerful the music was，the faster their heart rates were． 【答案】35. F 36. B 37. D 38. G 39. E 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是音乐对身体的好处。 【35题详解】 空格后说“The mental health benefits from music can't be argued”（音乐对心理健康的益处是毋庸置疑的），F选项It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety中的stress and anxiety照应了mental health benefits，因此F选项切合题意，故选F。 【36题详解】 空格后说“However，for the same reason，music can be very beneficial if one is in pain”（然而，出于同样的原因，当一个人处于痛苦中时，音乐是非常有益的），However表转折，因此空格处为对音乐的负面评价，B选项Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud中的harmful就是负面评价，因此B选项切合题意，故选B。 【37题详解】 空格前说“Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed”（许多人喜欢在晚上睡觉前听些轻松的音乐），D选项They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep中的sleep和going to bed相呼应，因此D选项切合题意，故选D。 【38题详解】 空格前说“In one European study，participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure”（在欧洲的一项研究中，参与者听音乐，研究人员监测他们的心率和血压），G选项Interestingly，the more cheerful the music was，the faster their heart rates were中的heart rates和前面的heart rates相照应，因此G选项切合题意，故选G。 【39题详解】 空格后说“But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for，which is what makes music so valuable”（但是，开着收音机还可以对一系列其他的健康问题有益，这就是音乐如此有价值的原因），因此本段讲的是音乐对身体总的好处，E选项The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive讲的是音乐对整体健康的影响是非常令人印象深刻的，因此E选项切合题意，故选E。 1 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解应用文 目录 命题·趋势·定位 2 热点·角度·拆解 3 析典例·建模型 3 （2025·北京·高考真题） 3 析典例·建模型 4 （2025·北京·高考真题） 4 析典例·建模型 5 （2025·北京·高考真题） 5 析典例·建模型 6 （2025·北京·高考真题） 6 析典例·建模型 7 （2025·北京·高考真题） 7 研考点·通技法 8 破类题·提能力 8 （2026·东城·期末） 8 刷模拟 11 （2026·西城·期末） 11 （2026·朝阳·期末） 12 （2026·海淀区·期末） 13 （2026·丰台区·期末） 14 刷真题 15 （2024·北京·高考真题） 15 （2023·北京·高考真题） 16 （2022·北京·高考真题） 16 （2021·北京·高考真题） 17 内容导航 【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解 【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式 【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分 命题·趋势·定位 1. 选材特点 文章多摘取自主流期刊、高端科普网站或学术资料。题材紧扣新课标核心话题，涉及心理认知（2025成年定义、2021音乐健康）、社会思维模式（2024刺猬与狐狸）、教育评价（2023大学排名）、健康生活（2022健身与健康）等领域。 内容前沿度：虽然未涉及极端的太空考古，但选题多为社会热点或新兴认知领域。例如2025年的“成年心理周期”、2024年的“认知思维对比”，皆是当下心理学和社会学的热门讨论话题。 语篇逻辑：均为说明文或议论文。正文词数控制在300-350词之间，结构清晰，多采用“总-分”、“对比”、“因果”的逻辑框架，非常注重考查考生对文章整体脉络的把握。 2. 语篇结构 北京卷七选五的语篇结构非常固定，具有极强的规律性，可归纳为以下“标准四段式”： 1. 开篇引入（总起）：第一段通过提问、定义或对比引出核心话题（如2024年提出“刺猬vs狐狸”的概念）。 2. 主体论述（分述）：中间段落通常构成“二元对比”或“问题分析”结构。 *对比型*：先讲A的优点，再讲A的缺点（2024）；或先讲正面影响，再讲负面影响（2021）。 *分析型*：提出问题->分析原因->给出对策（2023）。 3. 深入阐释（细节）：具体解释某一概念或研究发现，常包含举例论证（2022健康管理）。 4. 结尾总结（升华）：末段通常对全文进行总结，提出综合观点或建议（2025、2023）。 3. 命题热点 逻辑关系考查为核心：这是七选五的绝对核心。其中“转折关系”（However, But）和“因果关系”（Therefore, Hence）出现频率最高，其次是“解释说明”（In other words）和“递进/补充”。 人与自我/社会并重： 人与自我：占比60%（2021、2022、2025），关注个人心理健康、自我认知、生活习惯。 人与社会：占比40%（2023、2024），关注社会评价体系、思维方式对群体的影响。 科普类文章常态化：每年必有一篇涉及自然科学或社科类知识（如心理学、医学、社会学），要求考生具备基础的常识储备和长难句分析能力。 4. 常见的设问形式 七选五的设问形式虽然固定，但解题的切入点有明显规律： 句间衔接类（高频）： 指代衔接：选项中出现They, This, It等代词，需确认其在前文中的具体指代对象（如2025 G选项中的this stage指代前文的stage）。 逻辑衔接：根据空前后的语义判断是转折、因果还是并列。 总分结构类： 段首句：通常是本段的主旨句，概括后文内容（如2023第36空F选项进一步加深惊讶程度）。 段尾句：通常是总结句，呼应段首观点或举例结束后的总结。 同义替换类：正确选项往往用不同的词汇表达与上下文相同的意思（如2025 D选项的“playing the game of life”同义转述“internal locus of control”）。 热点·角度·拆解 2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 命题形式 2025・北京卷 约 330 词 人与自我 成年的定义、青少年自我成长与心理发展 说明文类七选五（逻辑衔接 + 句间关系） 2024・北京卷 约 320 词 人与社会 “刺猬型” 与 “狐狸型” 思维方式的对比与融合 议论文类七选五（转折 / 对比 / 总结逻辑） 2023・北京卷 约 310 词 人与社会 大学排名忽视教学质量的问题与改进方向 议论文类七选五（问题 - 分析 - 对策逻辑） 2022・北京卷 约 290 词 人与自我 健康与健身的关系、日常健康管理方法 说明文类七选五（总分结构 + 例证逻辑） 2021・北京卷 约 300 词 人与自我 音乐对身心健康的多方面益处 说明文类七选五（并列 / 对比 / 总结逻辑） 热点角度01 段末句 → 细节衔接题（顺承 + 结果） 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题） We use our imagination in many ways. Novelists rely on it to dream up plots, characters and scenes. Artists use it to produce new works. 35 For adults, however, one of the most common uses of imagination is counterfactual thinking. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. 35题详解  考点：段尾总结 / 后果说明  解题依据：上文提到 “孩子学习自我指导与掌控的阶段”，空格处说明该阶段缺失带来的负面影响。  特征：上文出现 stage，选项出现 this stage，属于指代复现。 前文提到小说家、艺术家对想象力的运用，后文以“however”转折，聚焦成年人对想象力的常见使用方式是反事实思考。空处需要衔接不同人群对想象力的使用，形成从其他人群到成年人的过渡。D选项“孩子们通过在脑海中构建奇妙的世界来自娱自乐”补充了儿童使用想象力的方式，与后文的成年人形成年龄层面的对比衔接，符合语境。故选D。 热点角度02 段中句 → 逻辑过渡题（解释 + 承上启下） 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题） Do you often find yourself lost in deep thoughts about what could have been? Imagining alternatives, different outcomes and reflecting on your choices? If so, then you've engaged in the cognitive process called counterfactual thinking, a psychological exercise that enables us to imagine "what if" situations and explore how different choices or circumstances might lead to different results. 36 Following it, we can see how things would have been if something else had been changed. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. 36题详解  考点：段间逻辑衔接  解题依据：上文说 “其他生命周期同样重要”，下文讲 “生命周期被耽误的危害”，空格处必须解释 “重要在哪里”。  特征：因果逻辑链：重要→解释重要性→说明被破坏的后果。 前文给出了反事实思考的定义，即想象“如果”的场景，探索不同选择带来的不同结果，后文则说通过这种思考能看到改变某件事之后的结果。空处需要对反事实思考的过程做形象化阐释，衔接定义和其具体作用。A选项“这就像在脑海中重写历史”，精准概括了反事实思考“假设不同情况、改变既定事实”的核心特点，与上下文的逻辑契合。故选A。 热点角度03 段中句 → 同义转述题（解释说明） 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题） Counterfactual thinking can be a powerful tool for behavior regulation. For example, Sam applied for a job but wasn't given an opportunity. In this case, he thought "If I had prepared more thoroughly, could I have impressed the interviewer enough for him to hire me?" Sam might understand some of the factors that contributed to his job application outcome and do better next time. 37 By imagining alternative scenarios (场景) and reflecting on our actions, we can identify mistakes, learn from them, and adjust our behavior for the future. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. 37题详解 · 考点：概念解释 / 同义改写 · 解题依据：上文提出核心概念 internal locus of control（内在控制点），空格用通俗语言进一步解释。 · 特征：出现标志词 In other words，是高考最典型的同义转述类设题。 前文以山姆求职失败后的反事实思考为例，说明其能让人找到问题所在、下次做得更好，后文总结反事实思考能让人发现错误、从中学习并调整行为。空处需要对反事实思考的积极作用做总结，承上启下。B选项“明确思考‘如果’的问题显然能带来诸多益处”，概括了前文例子体现的积极效果，也为后文的总结铺垫，符合语境。故选B。 热点角度04段中句 → 细节补充题（并列扩展） 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题） 38 When taken to extremes, counterfactual thinking can lead to endless regret. We've all been there-lying awake at night, replaying embarrassing moments or missed opportunities, torturing ourselves with "what ifs". This kind of excessive counterfactual thinking can be a typical feature of overthinking, and it can have serious negative impacts on our mental health and well-being. 39 This way, we can use it constructively without falling into an unproductive thought cycle. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. 38题详解 · 考点：句间并列 / 能力补充 · 解题依据：上文在定义 “成年人是什么”，空格继续补充成年人应具备的社交能力。 · 特征：上下文为并列列举，句式平行、主题一致（成年人的素养）。 前文整段阐述反事实思考的积极作用，后文则指出过度进行这种思考会导致无尽的后悔，对心理健康产生负面影响。空处需要形成转折，引出反事实思考的消极面。C选项“然而，让你的想象力肆意驰骋并非总是富有成效的”，以“yet”转折，从积极作用过渡到消极影响，衔接前后文的逻辑变化。故选C。 热点角度04段末句 → 主旨升华题（总结 + 责任延伸） 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题） 38 When taken to extremes, counterfactual thinking can lead to endless regret. We've all been there-lying awake at night, replaying embarrassing moments or missed opportunities, torturing ourselves with "what ifs". This kind of excessive counterfactual thinking can be a typical feature of overthinking, and it can have serious negative impacts on our mental health and well-being. 39 This way, we can use it constructively without falling into an unproductive thought cycle. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. 39题详解  考点：文末总结 / 观点升华  解题依据：上文讲 “父母责任、社会支持学校”，空格进一步延伸 “社会还要帮助修复不完整生命周期的成年人”。  特征：also 表示递进，属于结尾升华类高频命题形式。 前文指出过度反事实思考的危害，后文说这样才能建设性地利用它，避免陷入无效的思考循环。空处需要给出具体的做法，即如何平衡反事实思考的利与弊。G选项“我们应该在从过去中学习和接受无法挽回的事情之间找到平衡”，提出了合理运用反事实思考的具体方式，是后文“建设性利用”的具体体现，符合语境。故选G。 【解题建模】 定定位词：抓名词、代词、逻辑词（stage /cycles/control /adult/responsibility） 找答题句：看空格前一句，锁定核心话题 比选项：优先选 复现词 / 指代词 / 同义句 / 逻辑顺承 研考点·通技法 七选五考查考生把握语篇结构、梳理句间逻辑、衔接上下文的能力。不论哪类空格，我们在弄清空格前后语义之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位线索 在空格前后确定一两个定位线索（核心名词、指代词、逻辑连接词等） 第二步 锁定答题区间 用定位线索到原文中找到包含线索词或其同义表达的句子，认真研读该句及前后句 第三步 匹配各选项 将七个选项与找到的答题区间进行比较，选出与原文话题、逻辑、指代完全契合的正确选项 破类题·提能力 （2026·东城·期末） We use our imagination in many ways. Novelists rely on it to dream up plots, characters and scenes. Artists use it to produce new works. 35 For adults, however, one of the most common uses of imagination is counterfactual thinking. Do you often find yourself lost in deep thoughts about what could have been? Imagining alternatives, different outcomes and reflecting on your choices? If so, then you've engaged in the cognitive process called counterfactual thinking, a psychological exercise that enables us to imagine "what if" situations and explore how different choices or circumstances might lead to different results. 36 Following it, we can see how things would have been if something else had been changed. Counterfactual thinking can be a powerful tool for behavior regulation. For example, Sam applied for a job but wasn't given an opportunity. In this case, he thought "If I had prepared more thoroughly, could I have impressed the interviewer enough for him to hire me?" Sam might understand some of the factors that contributed to his job application outcome and do better next time. 37 By imagining alternative scenarios (场景) and reflecting on our actions, we can identify mistakes, learn from them, and adjust our behavior for the future. 38 When taken to extremes, counterfactual thinking can lead to endless regret. We've all been there-lying awake at night, replaying embarrassing moments or missed opportunities, torturing ourselves with "what ifs". This kind of excessive counterfactual thinking can be a typical feature of overthinking, and it can have serious negative impacts on our mental health and well-being. 39 This way, we can use it constructively without falling into an unproductive thought cycle. A. It is like rewriting history mentally. B. Considering the "what if" question clearly offers benefits. C. Yet letting your imagination run wild isn't always productive. D. Children entertain themselves by creating fantastical worlds in their minds. E. However, it can sometimes lead us to get lost in our counterfactual thinking. F. The process of thinking will make us think about problems and improve creativity. G. We should find a balance between learning from the past and accepting what cannot be undone. 答案DABCG 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了想象力的一种常见应用形式——反事实思考，阐释了其定义、对行为调节的积极作用，同时指出过度进行反事实思考的负面影响，并给出了合理运用这种思考方式的建议。 35题详解 前文提到小说家、艺术家对想象力的运用，后文以“however”转折，聚焦成年人对想象力的常见使用方式是反事实思考。空处需要衔接不同人群对想象力的使用，形成从其他人群到成年人的过渡。D选项“孩子们通过在脑海中构建奇妙的世界来自娱自乐”补充了儿童使用想象力的方式，与后文的成年人形成年龄层面的对比衔接，符合语境。故选D。 36题详解 前文给出了反事实思考的定义，即想象“如果”的场景，探索不同选择带来的不同结果，后文则说通过这种思考能看到改变某件事之后的结果。空处需要对反事实思考的过程做形象化阐释，衔接定义和其具体作用。A选项“这就像在脑海中重写历史”，精准概括了反事实思考“假设不同情况、改变既定事实”的核心特点，与上下文的逻辑契合。故选A。 37题详解 前文以山姆求职失败后的反事实思考为例，说明其能让人找到问题所在、下次做得更好，后文总结反事实思考能让人发现错误、从中学习并调整行为。空处需要对反事实思考的积极作用做总结，承上启下。B选项“明确思考‘如果’的问题显然能带来诸多益处”，概括了前文例子体现的积极效果，也为后文的总结铺垫，符合语境。故选B。 38题详解 前文整段阐述反事实思考的积极作用，后文则指出过度进行这种思考会导致无尽的后悔，对心理健康产生负面影响。空处需要形成转折，引出反事实思考的消极面。C选项“然而，让你的想象力肆意驰骋并非总是富有成效的”，以“yet”转折，从积极作用过渡到消极影响，衔接前后文的逻辑变化。故选C。 39题详解 前文指出过度反事实思考的危害，后文说这样才能建设性地利用它，避免陷入无效的思考循环。空处需要给出具体的做法，即如何平衡反事实思考的利与弊。G选项“我们应该在从过去中学习和接受无法挽回的事情之间找到平衡”，提出了合理运用反事实思考的具体方式，是后文“建设性利用”的具体体现，符合语境。故选G。 （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 （2026·西城·期末） 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Everyone wants to live in a good neighborhood. And for a good reason: External conditions matter to our health and well-being. 35 If the human mind is likened to a society, then the mindset-those beliefs, processes, cognitive (认知的) resources and habits that are readily accessible and familiar-represents the internal neighborhood. Just as the external environment affects health, so does the internal environment. Research shows that crime in your neighborhood can impact health, even if you're not directly impacted by the violence. 36 A chaotic or violent mindset may also have similar effects to those of a low-quality external neighborhood. 37 Just knowing that there is a nice park, a good restaurant, or a friendly neighbor in my neighborhood adds to my quality of life, even if I don't use these resources that often. The same goes for the mental neighborhood. For example, merely recognizing my creative impulse as an important aspect of my internal makeup-acknowledging and valuing it-will improve my sense of well-being even when I am not actively involved in creative activity. Community exercises much of its effect through physical and behavioral engagement: You go places and do things. 38 If you spend time at the local coffee house, you're engaged in your community. If you spend time regularly practicing, say, an attitude of gratitude-an awareness of the good, fortunate things in your life-then your mental neighborhood includes a gratitude component. Finding, moving into, and nurturing our connections to a high-quality neighborhood takes much effort, yet the health-related payoff is high. The same goes for the mental neighborhood. 39 Then you can bring these mind elements to the forefront of your consciousness through mental engagement and practice. A. At the same time, internal conditions matter too. B. Neighborhoods affect health through multiple paths of influence. C. Possible effects include increases in blood pressure and anxiety. D. Both structural and social aspects of a neighborhood can affect your well-being. E. Likewise, the mental neighborhood is built on cognitive and emotional engagement. F. Try to identify your healthy cognitive processes, core values, and constructive beliefs. G. Moreover, a high-quality neighborhood affects your health even if you don't use its offerings. （2026·朝阳·期末） For most of us, frisson, an intense emotional pleasure accompanied by tears and goosebumps (鸡皮疙瘩), is something that happens unexpectedly and rarely. But what if there was a way you could experience this feeling more? The answer may lie in the art of "slow looking". Slow looking is the act of observing an artwork for an extended period of time. That could be an uninterrupted five minutes, an hour, or even an entire day. 35 However, slow looking extends beyond a gallery setting. It's similar to meditation (冥想), but it's not limited to keeping us focused on the breath and closed eyes. 36 In many ways, it is the art of simply noticing, without distractions, and without giving in to the urge to make it a "productive" activity. So how to try slow looking? It might take some time to get used to. 37 Whether it's observing a work of art, gardening, staring out the window during your next train journey, birdwatching, or pausing during a woodland walk to observe the plant life around you, there are countless ways to slow look every day. 38 When we slow down, the "rest and digest" mode of our nervous system rises up. This relaxation of mind creates space for new thoughts and feelings to surface. This is when we might start to notice small things in our environment. 39 We simply notice. We become the witness, causing a small yet profound shift that supports reduced anxiety, and improved overall well-being. A. Slow looking offers valuable mental benefits. B. But it's something we could start adding to our daily life. C. Certain kinds of art may be better suited for slow looking than others. D. Experts recommend going to an art exhibition when there are fewer people. E. It is based on the idea that to understand an artwork, you need to spend time with it. F. Instead, it takes us out into the sensory world in which light shifts and wind whispers. G. For example, leaves dancing in the wind and the wingbeats of a bird passing overhead reveal themselves. （2026·海淀区·期末） We are faced with increasing pressure to make sensible decisions about every aspect of our lives -- from choosing the healthiest breakfast option to finding a school or university to attend. Make the correct choice and you can give yourself a pat on the back. 35 Psychologists have found that people's approaches to decision-making tend to fit into one of two categories. You are either a maximiser - a person who strives to make a choice that will give them the maximum benefit later on- or a satisficer, whose choices are determined by more modest criteria and nothing more. Given that maximisers task themselves with making the most informed, intelligent decisions, we might expect that the outcome of their approach would be superior. This assumption, however, has been contradicted by numerous studies. Studies have found that maximisers are often less effective in a decision-making environment. They tend to exhaust all options in search of the perfect choice. 36 Setting unachievable goals may itself get in the way of making good decisions. 37 The abundance of alternatives can overwhelm even the most diligent decision-makers. In The Paradox of Choice, U.S. psychologist Barry Schwartz looked at the proliferation (激增) of choices that are available to us in our everyday lives. He found that an increased range of options does not necessarily lead to higher satisfaction with the outcome of a decision. 38 Maximisers tend to experience a sense of "buyer's regret" following a decision, doubting whether it was correct, and imagining how life would have been had they chosen a different path. 39 While a maximising approach might seem an optimal approach to decision-making, our energy may be better spent satisficing and appreciating what we have, rather than what we might have had. A. Make a bad decision and you can be left with feelings of regret. B. We are often overwhelmed by the abundance of choices we face. C. A satisficer is usually much more efficient and mentally less burdened. D. This problem is especially pronounced in a world where options seem endless. E. By contrast, a satisficer accepts his choice as good enough, even if it's not the best. F. In other words, maximisers struggle to stop searching despite a good enough option. G. If anything, choice may in fact limit our ability to enjoy and appreciate what we have. （2026·丰台区·期末） We now know a good amount about the mechanisms of dreaming. However, we have little insight into its function. Some argue that we don't need to understand what dreams are for. 35 Recently, this idea has been challenged by a new idea, which seeks to apply the lessons of "deep learning"-a type of machine processing that uses artificial neural networks to learn from data-to the study of dreaming. From a deep learning perspective, learning is about fine-tuning a huge, layered network of connections based on a limited set of example data. The hope is that the performance generalises beyond the training data set to new unseen data sets. 36 Networks can get so fine-tuned to the specifics of the data set they are trained on that they fail to generalize to new ones. This is called overfitting, and it is a ubiquitous problem in deep learning. 37 Animals' days are statistically pretty self-similar. Their "training set" is limited and biased. Yet an animal needs to generalize from the limited things it has seen and done to survive. This is the "overfitted brain hypothesis" (OBH): that animals are constantly in danger of fitting themselves too well to their daily lives and tasks. 38 Dreams are "noise injections (注入)" that serve the purpose of counteracting the overfitting associated with learning. 39 According to the OBH, dreams are exactly this: self-generated corrupted inputs. And the act of dreaming has the effect of improving generalization and performance in waking life. The OBH hypothesis is-as yet-untested but is one of the few that takes dreams seriously, rather than as an unexplained by-product of other processes. A. Perhaps they are just a by-product of sleep. B. This fine-tuning process is highly efficient and specialized. C. Dreams could be a way to beat back the tide of daily overfitting. D. This is good reason to think the brain faces an identical challenge. E. Thus, the brain strengthens the most important memories from the day. F. But it doesn't always work because training data sets are often naturally biased. G. You can't inject randomization on an awake brain but you can do it when it is offline. 刷真题 （2024·北京·高考真题） If you want to develop maximum credibility (可信性), is it better to be a hedgehog (刺猬) or a fox? According to Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehog knows one thing very well, and the fox knows a lot of things. Is there a clear advantage of one style over the other? Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes. ___35___ And they are usually very credible in doing so. According to Jim Hart, the “hedgehog concept” is one of the factors that lead companies to greatness. They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at. ___36___ The hedgehog concept makes perfect sense for companies. ___37___ Philip Tate has studied the track records of those folks on the Sunday talk shows who make predictions about what will happen. He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions. The advantage that foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information. ___38___ They try to include it in their viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. They also have a clearer estimation of what they know and don’t know. So, which is better? The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style. ___39___ The choice between being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. The most effective way to go through life is to try to be that rare mixture known as foxy hedgehog. A. In other words, there are clear advantages for each. B. They are more likely to remember people’s mistakes. C. Hence, they have the advantage of clarity and confidence. D. But there can be a downside to concentration on one big thing. E. However, hedgehogs remain open to others’ reactions and inputs. F. When something is contradictory to their view, they don’t treat it as exceptional. G. They come down squarely on one side or the other and fully support their position. （2023·北京·高考真题） It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. ____35____ When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. ____36____ Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. ____37____ The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes. Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding. ____38____ Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result? Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates. ____39____ Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission. What should students and their families do? They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower. A. Higher education has achieved its true potential. B. Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion. C. Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor. D. However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching. E. Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged. F. They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities. G. In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors. （2022·北京·高考真题） Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health. ____35____ It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases. ____36____ We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body. Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses. ____37____ This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy. It means the fitness level is not in accordance with our age and the climatic conditions we live in. It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness. ____38____ For instance, we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style. There are different levels of exercises for different age groups and we must do them according to our own health and age. Additionally, it is important to relax our body. We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It helps in improving our immune (免疫) system and protects us against diseases. ____39____ This, in turn, gives us new goals of health and fitness. A. Fitness levels decide the quality of life. B. Health and fitness are interrelated to each other. C. It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind. D. For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily. E. If we keep our body fit, we can enjoy life in a better manner. F. There are some activities which everyone should do in our life. G. This makes our body suffer and we will catch other diseases. （2021·北京·高考真题） Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people． ____35____ The mental health benefits from music can't be argued．Music could also be helping you with many other health problems behind the scenes． ____36____However，for the same reason，music can be very beneficial if one is in pain．By distracting （分心） the mind from the pain，music，people say，can lower stress and anxiety levels．This，of course，can lead to less pain． Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed．____37____While the validity of the idea is still being assessed，the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure．Similarly, according to researchers，listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels， through the lowering of stress and anxiety． When it comes to heart health，there is speculation （推测） that it's not the style of music， but rather the tempo that makes it so good for your heart health．In one European study，participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure．____38____ On the other hand，when the music slowed，the participants' stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow suit． ____39____But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for，which is what makes music so valuable． A. This feeling can also result in many other health problems． B. Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud． C. This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing． D. They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep． E. The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive． F. It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety． G. Interestingly，the more cheerful the music was，the faster their heart rates were． 1 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $