专题11 阅读理解说明文(议论文)(北京专用)-【好题汇编】5年（2021-2025）高考1年模拟英语真题分类汇编

专题11 阅读理解说明文(议论文)(北京专用) 五年考情（2021-2025） 命题趋势 年份 体裁 词数 话题 考点分布 细节理解 推理 判断 主旨大意 词义猜测 2025 议论文 406 对社会比较这一观念的思考：并非所有社会比较都不健康，可加以利用促进自我提升 0 1 1 1 题材聚焦科技前沿（如 AI 伦理、航天技术）、社会热点（如环保治理、心理健康）与文化传承，融入地域特色，凸显时代性与价值观引领。题型设计强化高阶思维，推理判断题占比提升，要求分析论证逻辑（如因果关系、对比结构）和作者隐含态度，主旨题侧重提炼核心观点或论证框架。语篇结构复杂化，长难句（如定语从句、非谓语动词）和多重转折关系增多，需通过上下文语义关联（如同义复现、反义对比）解题。词汇难度适中但注重学术性，涉及科技术语和文化特定词汇，熟词生义考查频率增加。命题强调跨学科能力与批判性思维，引导考生辩证分析技术发展与人文价值的关系。 说明文 399 个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间关系及如何改变个人故事。 1 2 1 0 2024 议论文 408 讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的 0 3 0 1 说明文 384 人类道德准则的形成过程及人类建立道德准则的标准 1 1 1 0 2023 说明文 366 人类社会发展中人们的短视现象 0 3 0 0 说明文 429 AI 对现代生活的影响 0 2 1 1 2022 说明文 415 解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维 1 2 0 0 议论文 400 量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ 1 1 1 1 2021 说明文 354 全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念 0 2 0 1 议论文 480 文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 1 2 1 0 (2025·北京·高考) Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized. D. Relieved. 29. What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Major achievements. B. Complex feelings. C. Significant impacts. D. Fine differences. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science (2025·北京·高考) The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 31. What can be inferred about personal stories? A. They are unrelated to health. B. Consistent ones lead to stress. C They are relevant to happiness. D. Thematic ones hold back change. 32. What can we learn from this passage? A. Talking about gains from failure is negative. B. New Year resolutions are well received. C. The West tends to overvalue optimism. D. Social roles fail to be highlighted. 33. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. (2024·北京·高考) The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. (2024·北京·高考) Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. D. Written laws have great influence on virtues. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality (2023·北京·高考) In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 28．The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A．draw a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a statement D．highlight a problem 29．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate change has been forgotten. B．Lessons of history are highly valued. C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 30．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B．Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C．Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D．Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. (2023·北京·高考) What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 31．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is . A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 32．What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Shocked. B．Protected. C．Attracted. D．Challenged. 33．What can we learn from this passage? A．ALife holds the key to human future. B．ALife and AI share a common feature. C．AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D．AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 34．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B．Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D．Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? (2022·北京·高考) “What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending 29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. B. The relationships among players have been clarified. C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A. It may be used to justify power imbalance. B. It can be applied to tackle challenges. C. It helps to prove why hunger exists. D. It goes beyond human imagination. (2022·北京·高考) Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? (2021·北京·高考) Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 28. What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Scientific. B. Credible. C. Original. D. Relevant. 29. As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A. worried B. puzzled C. surprised D. scared 30. What can we learn from this passage? A. The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B. The author agrees with the message of the poem. C. The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D. The global collapse is well underway. (2021·北京·高考) Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking． Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect． The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies． Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness． When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose． 31.What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature． B. Everyone can define time on their own terms． C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it． D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists． 32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 33. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life． B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems． C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower． D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame． 34. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time． B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless． C. We should live in harmony with nature． D. History is a mirror reflecting reality． 1 (2025届北京市精华学校高三下学期三模英语试题) Rising global carbon dioxide levels tied to global warming may not be as crucial in determining the composition of plant communities as other localized climate changes. “Nobody really knows what the increases in carbon dioxide are going to entail in terms of future changes in vegetation types,” said Mark Brenner, a University of Florida assistant professor of paleolimnology, the study of ancient lakes. “It looks like climate changes in different areas may be more important than carbon dioxide, at least carbon dioxide by itself,” he said. Brenner’s research team based their conclusions on an analysis of sediment (沉积物) from two lake bottoms, one in northern Mexico and one in northern Guatemala. The researchers used new techniques that allowed them to analyze only the remains of land plants, specifically their leaf waxes. By measuring the isotope composition of the leaf waxes, the researchers were able to distinguish two broad categories of plants living in these areas — so-called C3 and C4 plants, which have different photosynthetic (光合作用的) processes, the process by which green plants turn carbon dioxide and water into food using energy from sunlight. Many C4 plants are tropical grasses, while most tropical trees are C3 plants. The researchers analyzed sediments deposited over the last 27,000 years, from the last ice age to the current geological period. Over this period, there was a worldwide, relatively uniform increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Brenner said that if carbon dioxide played the major role in determining plant composition, one would assume that analysis of the sediments would reveal very similar changes in relative abundance of C3 and C4 plants in the two places over the study period. But, in fact, the researchers found that trends in the two types of plants were different at the two locations. The changes were related not with carbon dioxide levels, but with shifts in rainfall. “The result appears to be that climate factors, especially moisture availability, determine whether C4 or C3 plants dominate in an area, not carbon dioxide,” Brenner said. Many scientists believe global warming will cause major variation in local climates worldwide, with some wet areas becoming dry and dry areas becoming wet. If that happens, it could have more impact on relative C3 versus C4 plant distribution than the rising carbon dioxide levels. 1．What can be inferred in the first paragraph? A．Climate change affects plant community composition more than rising CO2 levels. B．Localized climate shifts may not be as crucial as carbon dioxide. C．Nobody knows which one is important. D．Carbon dioxide levels is crucial to the global warming. 2．According to the third paragraph, which one is NOT true? A．Tropical grasses are usually C4 plants. B．C3 and C4 plants used to live in northern Mexico and Guatemala. C．C3 and C4 plants don’t have the same processes. D．Tropical trees are all C3 plants. 3．Why were trends in C3 and C4 plants different at the two locations? A．The assumption that carbon dioxide played the major role is wrong. B．The carbon dioxide played an important role. C．The moisture availability was different. D．The carbon dioxide level was different. 4．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．Climates factors determine the plant distribution and composition of plant communities. B．Global warming will cause major variation. C．How has Brenner’s research team proved a truth. D．C3 and C4 plants are important plants in determining the composition of plant communities. 2 (2025届北京市第十一中学高三下学期三模英语试题)Art has always occupied a special place in society. Many people consider artists to be the ultimate authorities on the nature and expression of beauty. For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists — inspiration — has its own magical qualities. Literally, “inspiration” is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create. Of course, artists themselves contributed to this myth. “Many artists credited their talents to the presence of some paranormal power.” Whole movements of art have centered on the supposedly otherworldly nature of art. For example, the Romantic poets believed that art was a term that meant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth. The search for this ideal led them to explore both natural and divine themes in their works. Another persistent view of art regarded its divorce from logic. Reason and logic were the province of scientists and philosophers, whereas creativity and insight were the area of the artists. The two separate aspects of the mind were supposed to remain distinct. But in 1704, a major breakthrough occurred. Sir Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist, published his study of light, Opticks. One of Newton’s major discoveries was on the nature of color. Using a prism (棱镜), Newton found that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow. He even provided a scientific explanation for the presence of rainbows. The artistic community was shocked. A scientist had taken a beautiful and magical experience and reduced it to the simple refraction of beams of light through the prism of a raindrop. A scientist had ventured into their sacred territory. More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by “unweaving the rainbow.” His colleague, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, famously remarked that the souls of five hundred Newtons would be needed to make one Shakespeare. And yet, from another perspective, Newton did not reduce the beauty of the rainbow; he enhanced it. In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. He also gave the world another opportunity to experience the sublime (绝妙的东西). Newton’s discovery paved the way for the development of the science of spectroscopy (光谱学), a way of analyzing the chemical makeup of light. Now scientists can look at the stars and know their composition. The sense of wonder this ability creates is not much different from the wonder the poet or artist feels when staring at those same stars. 1．What does the word “paranormal” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Abnormal. B．Supernatural. C．Crazy. D．Spiritual. 2．How did the Romantic poets react to Newton’s discovery about light and color? A．They credited Newton’s insights to mystical influences. B．They felt it faded the poetic beauty of natural phenomena. C．They were inspired to integrate more scientific themes in their poetry. D．They believed it added a new dimension to the appreciation of beauty. 3．Why does the author mention John Keats’ and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s views on Isaac Newton? A．To show that Romantic poets objected to scientific progress. B．To emphasize the superior creativity of poets over scientists. C．To state that Shakespeare’s knowledge of beauty was unmatched. D．To highlight the impact of scientific discoveries on artistic perception. 4．Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A．The Interplay of Art and Science B．Isaac Newton’s Influence on Arts C．The Contrast between Art and Logics D．The Artistic Interpretation of Science 3 (2025届北京市中国人民大学附属中学高三下学期三模英语试题)The facts of climate change are widely reported. It is noted that with a 2℃ increase in global temperatures, as compared with a 1.5℃ increase, about 61 million more people living in urban areas around the world will be exposed to severe drought. The problem with communicating these numbers, however, is that math anxiety — the experience of tension, fear or worry when facing mathematical problems — and the inability to understand and employ numerical concepts — are both quite common. Despite high rates of innumeracy (数学盲), there are reasons to think that people may not disengage when they receive numbers. First, multiple past studies show that people often prefer getting numerical details over vague (模糊的) description or purely verbal communication. People also trust messages provided by medical professionals or journalists more when that communication includes numbers than when it does not. The use of specific numbers signals expertise to readers. But trade-offs exist. Given people’s anxiety about math and level of mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when communicating these kinds of details. In past research, it was found that people find numbers helpful, so long as there aren’t too many of them. No hard-and-fast rule suggests how many is too many — it depends on the complexity of the topic, people’s familiarity with the subject and their overall numeracy. Communicators therefore need to know and attend to their audience: if a speaker sees someone looking bored, for example, it’s a sign to back off on the numbers. In addition to the possibility of being overloaded by numbers, their persuasive power could have consequences that communicators need to consider. Based on the most recent findings, more negative feelings about the posts containing numeric consequences of climate change are reported. To be clear, this doesn’t reflect math anxiety. Instead, these posts resulted in negative emotions because the numerically precise messages were stronger in conveying the disastrous consequences of climate change. If you can suggest actions that people feel they can carry through, that could set off the negative feelings that arise when they consider climate change’s consequences. So whether you’re an environmentalist seeking to communicate more effectively over social media or looking for strategies to persuade family over the dinner table, there are a few lessons here. Find the key numerical data and share that. Think strategically about data presentation. When talking about climate change, include some proposed action. Given that past work suggests that sharing numbers builds trust, your readers or listeners may be more likely to follow your recommendations. When used wisely, numbers can help transform anxiety into action, which could help turn the tide in our fight against climate change. 1．What role do numbers play when introduced into professional communication? A．They can arouse people’s anxiety about math. B．They leave the audience even more confused. C．They help make the message more credible. D．They make communication more engaging. 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．The use of numbers in communication calls for caution. B．The more numbers used, the more persuasive the message. C．Numerically precise messages brings negative outcomes. D．The audience’s response to numbers should be prioritized. 3．According to the passage, which of the following is an effective climate message? A．Sea level rise: a ticking time bomb for coastal cities! B．Cycle 5 miles daily, save 50% on carbon emissions! C．50% of species lost: a warning from climate change! D．Plant more trees today, enjoy fresher air tomorrow! 4 (2025届北京市八一学校高三下学期考前适应性练习英语试题)In 1979, Archie Cochrane published an essay condemning his fellow doctors. “It is surely a great criticism of our profession,” he wrote, “that we have not organized a critical summary, by specialty or subspeciality, adapted periodically, of all relevant randomized controlled trials.” The idea of “organizing a critical summary” may seem unworthy of Cochrane, yet he had struck at the heart of the matter. The basic building block of evidence in medicine is the randomized trial, as Cochrane understood. But some trials are flawed (有错误的), others may have vanished from the academic record, unpublished because they didn’t yield the hoped-for results. Even when trials are reported, the most robust evidence comes from synthesizing (合成) them. Proper synthesis can turn inconclusive trials into a conclusive result, yet to turn those trials into a structured body of knowledge takes work. In 1993, Sir Iain Chalmers founded Cochrane, a non-profit now listing over 9,000 systematic reviews. But in fields like education or policing, the picture is less rosy. Education is arguably of comparable importance to health for any government. Yet, the UK government spends 18 times as much on research into health than it does on research into education — or, to put it another way, education research is underfunded by a factor of 10. If anything, that paints too optimistic a picture of research into social policy, because other countries spend even less. And, perhaps, education research is probably the best of the rest when it comes to research funding. The Campbell Collaboration, which aims to do for social policy what Cochrane does for medicine, boasts just 231 systematic reviews — reflecting that social policy research enjoys a fraction of the money and attention lavished on medicine. More than a lack of spending, there’s a reluctance to support the infrastructure of systematic reviews, or to fund their updates into “living evidence reviews”. Take the 3ie (International Initiative for Impact Evaluation), admired for its Development Evidence Portal (门户网站), which struggles for steady funding. The portal could run for a year at less cost than a typical study evaluating its effectiveness, yet “public goods tend by their nature to be underfunded.” On the bright side, more than £50mn of funding for evidence synthesis was recently announced. This modest funding could significantly contribute to building an “evidence bank” for policymakers. Systematic reviews bridge the gap between researchers and policymakers. Researchers focus on specific interventions, while policymakers address broader problems. By synthesizing relevant research, systematic reviews can answer policymaker questions. Furthermore, evidence synthesis highlights “known unknowns” — gaps in research that can be filled through targeted funding, rather than more studies of familiar topics. As Eleanor Chelimsky, one of the 20th century’s great policy evaluators explained, “I hoped that synthesis could dramatize, for our legislative users, not only what was, in fact, known, but also what was not known.” Dramatizing our ignorance is one of the most valuable things an evidence review can do. 1．What was Archie Cochrane’s major concern? A．Doctors failed to put medical trials into summaries. B．Medical trials were too flawed to be published. C．Organizing medical summaries was seen as unworthy. D．Medical profession received widespread criticism. 2．What be inferred from the passage? A．Education is the top priority in research funding. B．Social policy research funding has increased significantly. C．Systematic reviews help make research funding more focused. D．The 3ie portal was underfunded due to poor effectiveness evaluation. 3．What does the underlined word “dramatize” in paragraph 8 mean? A．Call ... into question B．Bring attention to ... C．Make up for… D．Turn … into a scene 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the article? A．Why Systematic Reviews Are the Key B．Will Gaps in Public Research Be Fixed C．What to Expect from Known Unknowns D．Who to Blame for Research Underfunding 5 (2025届北京市昌平区高三下学期二模英语试题)Microsoft Excel’s auto-correction has long annoyed casual users. Dashes (破折号) before lists of numbers are misread as a minus sign. Phone numbers lose their leading zeroes. Credit-card numbers get re-expressed in scientific notation, like 1.30521E + 17. Geneticists struggle with a particular version of this problem. A gene (基因) called Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type finger 1, commonly known as MARCH1, is, for instance, frequently re-encoded as the date March 1. Something similar happens to genes in the Septin family, of which SEPT1 is a member, and to Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Family Member E41, often known as DEC2. This problem was first noticed in 2004, but was brought to wider attention in 2016 by Mark Ziemann of Deakin University, in Australia. By surveying 166,000 genomics-related papers published between 2014 and 2020, he and his co-authors showed that the number of papers using Excel has steadily increased, and the proportion with auto-correct errors is at around 30%. Errors have also been flagged by researchers in other languages. In Portuguese, for instance, AGO2 (Argonaute RISC Catalytic Component 2) rebrands itself as Agosto 2. Dutch users experience problems with MEII (Meiotic Double-Stranded Break Formation Protein 1), “Mei” being the Dutch for “May”. And geneticists in Finland, where the first month of the year is called Tammikuu, find TAMM41 encoding itself as 41st of January. This continuing state of affairs is surprising. In August 2020, the committee which standardises gene names renamed those beginning MARC, MARCH and SEPT to begin MTARC, MARCHF and SEPTIN, and rebranded DEC1 as DELEC1. Other problematic gene names remained, but this was widely seen as a step in the right direction. Dr Zieman’s latest paper, though, suggests that few researchers have taken it. Such errors often seem amusing rather than dangerous. But they reflect a deeper problem, which is that spreadsheets allow such silent errors, too well camouflaged for authors or their editors to spot, to go undetected for years. To stop this, Dr Ziemann recommends researchers abandon software like Excel in favor of scheduled code written with scientific applications in mind. Such programs are more difficult to be autocorrected and easier to examine. Whether his advice will be taken this time remains to be seen. 1．As for Excel’s auto-correct issue, which statement might Dr Ziemann agree with? A．Switching to science-specific coding tools. B．Relying on Excel’s advanced function. C．Adopting the renamed gene terms. D．Avoiding auto-correct in papers. 2．What does the underlined word “camouflaged” in the last paragraph probably mean? A．Decorated deliberately. B．Hidden unnoticeably. C．Corrected automatically. D．Increased sharply. 3．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To emphasize the drawback of autocorrection in scientific research. B．To explain a problem-solving procedure for autocorrection. C．To recommend a new software to replace Excel. D．To advocate a campaign to abandon Excel. 6 (2025届北京市第十三中学高三下学期三模英语试题) Millions of migratory (迁徙的) birds occupy seasonally favorable breeding grounds in the Arelie, but scientists know little about the formation, maintenance and future of the migration routes of Arctic birds and the genetic determinants of migratory distance. In a new study, a multinational team of researchers under the leadership of Dr. ZHAN Xiangjiang from the Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences integrated two state-of-the-art techniques — satellite tracking and whole genome sequencing (基因排序) — and established a continental-scale migration system of peregrine falcons in Eurasian Arctic. The researchers tracked 56 peregrine falcons from six Eurasian Arctic breeding populations and sequenced 35 genomes from four of these populations to study the migration of this species. They found that the birds used five migration routes across Eurasia, probably established between the last Ice Age 22, 000 years ago and the middle-Holocene 6,000 years ago. “Peregrine falcons initiated their autumn migration mainly in September, and arrived at their wintering areas mainly in October,” said Professor Mike Bruford, an ecologist at Cardiff University. “Peregrine falcons that depart from different breeding grounds use different routes, and winter at widely distributed sites across four distinct regions. Individual birds that were tracked for more than one year exhibited strong path repeatability during migration, complete loyalty to wintering locations and limited breeding dispersal (扩散).” The researchers quantified the migration strategies and found that migration distance is the most significant differentiation. They used whole genome sequencing and found a gene — ADCY8, which is known to be involved in long-term memory in other animals in previous research — associated with differences in migratory distance. They found ADCY8 had a variant at high frequency in long-distance migrant populations of peregrine falcons, indicating this variant is being favorably selected because it may increase powers of long-term memory thought to the essential for long-distance migration. “Previous studies have identified several candidate genomic regions that may regulate migration — but our work is the strongest demonstration of a specific gene associated with migratory behavior yet identified,” Professor Bruford said. The researchers further looked at models of likely future migration behavior to predict the impact of global warming. If the climate warms at the same rate as it has in recent decades, they predict peregrine populations in western Eurasia have the highest probability of population decline and may stop migrating altogether. “Our work is the first to begin to understand the way ecological factors may interact in migratory birds,” said Dr. ZHAN Xiangjiang. “We hope it will serve as a cornerstone to help conserve migratory species in the world” 1．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．Five birds’ historical migration routes were rebuilt. B．Peregrine falcons leave for Arctic regions in September. C．Peregrine falcons stick to the areas where they winter. D．Two novel research methods of migration were invented. 2．What can we infer about ADCY8? A．It is a newly-discovered gene in the new study. B．It serves as a fundamental part of long-distance migration. C．It could be strengthened by the power of long-term memory. D．It turned out to be more favored by birds than the other animals. 3．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Biologists Find Evidence of Migration Gene in Birds B．Researchers Help Conserve Migratory Species C．How Long-term Memory Helps Long-distance Migration D．How Ecological Factors Affect Birds’ Migratory Distances 7 (2025届北京市精华学校高三下学期三模英语试题) A study published in the New England journal of Medicine estimated that there are an average of 30 in-flight medical emergencies on U. S. flights everyday. Most of them are not serious; fainting, dizziness and hyperventilation are the most frequent complaints. But 13% of them — roughly four a day — are serious enough to require a pilot to change course. The most common of the serious emergencies include heart trouble (46%), strokes and other neurological problems (18%) , and difficult breathing (6%) . Let’s face it: plane riders are stressful. For starters, cabin pressures at high altitudes are set at roughly what they would be if you lived at 5,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Most people can tolerate these pressures pretty easily, but passengers with heart disease may experience chest pains as a result of the reduced amount of oxygen flowing through their blood. Low pressure can also cause the air in body cavities (体腔) to expand — as much as 30%. Again, most people won’t notice anything beyond mild stomach cramping. But if you’ve recently had an operation, your wound could open. And if a medical device has been implanted in your body — a splint, a tracheotomy tube or a catheter — it could expand and cause injury. Another common in-flight problem is deep venous thrombosis (静脉血栓) — the so-called economy-class syndrome. When you sit too long in a cramped position, the blood in our legs tends to clot. Most people just get sore calves. But blood clots, left untreated, could travel to the lungs, causing breathing difficulties and even death. Such clots are readily prevented by keeping blood flowing; walk and stretch your legs when possible. Whatever you do, don’t panic. Things are looking up on the in-flight-emergency front. Doctors who come to passengers’ aid used to worry about getting sued (起诉); their fears have lifted somewhat since the 2024 Aviation Medical Assistance Act gave them “good Samaritan” protection. And thanks to more recent legislation, flights with at least one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits with automated defibrillators to treat heart attacks. Are you still wondering if you are healthy enough to fly? If you can walk 150 feet, or climb a flight of stairs without getting winded, you’ll probably do just fine. Having a doctor close by doesn’t hurt, either. 1．Heart disease takes up about ______ of the in-flight medical emergencies on U. S. flights. A．13% B．46% C．18% D．6% 2．According to the passage, the expansion of air in body cavities can result in ______. A．heart attack B．chest pain C．stomach cramping D．difficult breathing 3．According to the passage, why does deep venous thrombosis usually happen? A．Because the economy class is not spacious enough. B．Because there are too many economy-class passengers. C．Because passengers are not allowed to walk during the flight. D．Because the low pressure in the cabin prevents blood flowing smoothly. 4．According to the 2024 Aviation Medical Assistance Act, Doctors who came to passengers’ aid ______. A．do not have to be worried even if they give the patients improper treatment B．will not be submitted to legal responsibility even if the patients didn’t recover C．are assisted by advanced emergency medical kits D．will be greatly respected by the patient and the crew 8 (2025届北京市丰台区高三下学期二模英语试题)In economic theories, people are typically represented as analytical agents who learn from past experiences to optimize (优化) their performance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they know how to maximise their earnings. This assumption surprised Garnier Brun at École Polytechnique in France because, as a physicist, he knew that interactions in nature such as those between atoms often result in chaos rather than stability. To test whether economists are correct to assume that learning from the past can help people avoid chaos, Brun and his colleagues devised a mathematical mode for a game featuring hundreds of simulated players. Each player can choose between two actions, like buying or selling a stock. They also interact with each other, and the players’ decision-making is influenced by what they have done before — meaning they are able to learn from experience. The researchers could adjust the precise extent to which a player’s past experiences influenced their subsequent decision-making. They could also control the interactions between the players to make them either cooperate or compete with each other more. With all these control knobs available to them, Brun and his colleagues used methods from statistical physics to simulate different game situations on a computer. In some situations, the researchers expected that the game would always result in chaos, with players unable to learn how to optimise their performance. Economic theory would also suggest that, given the right set of parameters (参数), the players would settle into a stable state where they had mastered the game — but the researchers found this wasn’t really the case. The most likely outcome was a state that never settled. Team member Jean Martin, also at École Polytechnique, says that, in the absence of one centralised and all-knowing player who could coordinate everyone, regular players could only learn how to reach “satisficing” states. That is a level that satisfied minimum expectations, but not much more. Players gained more than they would have done by playing at random, so learning wasn’t useless, but they still gained less than they would have if past experience had allowed them to truly optimise their performance. Martin says the game model is too simple to be immediately adopted for making real-world predictions, but she sees the study as a challenge to economists to drop many assumptions that currently go into theorising processes, like merchants choosing suppliers or banks setting interest rates. The finding could also be important for simulating processes like foraging decisions by animals or for some machine-learning applications, says Toby Galla at the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems in Spain. 1．According to the passage, what inspired Brun to carry out the study? A．The belief that chaos is a common outcome in natural systems. B．The conflicts between economic theories and interactions in nature. C．The similarities in interaction patterns between atoms and humans. D．The inability of economic theories to predict individual behaviours. 2．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The research purpose. B．The research subjects. C．The research methods. D．The research direction. 3．What can we infer from Martin’s words? A．The “satisficing” state is an ideal outcome for players in the game. B．Players can reach optimal performance with enough past experiences. C．Centralised control is essential for players to reach their full potential. D．Learning from past experiences isn’t sufficient to maximise one’s gains. 4．What can be the best title of the passage? A．Economic Theories: Are They Reliable in Predicting Stability? B．Learning from Mistakes: The Key to Optimal Decision-Making. C．A Mathematical Model: Breaking Economic Stability Assumptions. D．Game Model Findings: Spreading Influence Across Multiple Disciplines. 9 (2025届北京市丰台区高三下学期二模英语试题)In an era of big research, having confidence in scientists, individually or collectively, involves trade-offs. Science is ideally built on evidence but in reality, for most people, it is based on trust. Scientific evidence is hard to access. Journals are difficult to get and their articles, written in specialised language, are only understandable to a few field experts. So, we trust experts’ results without being able to question them ourselves, believing that if needed, someone knowledgeable will. Historically, the reputation of individual scientists has been important in facilitating the spread of scıentific theories and discoveries. If a scientist is, or can appear to be, trustworthy, so might that scientist’s ideas. This can lead to odd consequences. Recognisable scientists receive more credit and trust, while unrecognisable scientists often have their work overlooked. The history of science is filled with cases where basic papers written by relatively unknown scientists were neglected for years. Consider the case of Joseph Fourier, whose classic paper on the propagation of heat had to wait 13 years to be published. Since recognisable scientists receive disproportionate (不成比例的) credit, their names become disproportionately associated with discoveries. Statistics professor Stephen Stigler formulated “Stigler’s law of eponymy” (斯蒂格勒命名法则), stating no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer. For instance, Pythagoras wasn't the first to discover the Pythagorean theorem, nor was Edwin Hubble the first to formulate Hubble’s law. However, modern science operates differently. Large collaborative (合作的) projects often produce papers with hundreds of authors. The record for the number of authors on a single scientific paper is currently 5,154. Furthermore, an editorial board composed of project group members actually wrote the papers. The papers were then placed on an electronic bulletin board for criticism and comment by all. Some massive collaborative projects constantly maintain author lists of hundreds of names, which are automatically submitted on every publication. If we can’t identify the thousands in big science projects or know their actual authors, who do we trust? I’d say we trust “science” itself regardless of the individual scıentists’ integrity. We trust the organisations that are considered scientific. Any clickbait news articles with “Science Says” in the title show this shift from trusting individuals to trusting the scientific enterprise. This shift to trusting “science” itself has risks. Misidentifying experts or trusting dishonest ones can abuse scientific erodibility. A striking example is Merchants of Doubt, where experts hid truths about acid rain and global warming. Authorship, then, serves one last function, which in some cases only benefits the historian like me: accountability. 1．What is the passage mainly about? A．The moral issues in scientific authorship and accountability. B．The role of individual scientists in modern scientific research. C．The evolution of trust in science from individuals to enterprises. D．The challenges of confirming scientific evidence in the digital age. 2．Why is “Stigler’s law of eponymy” mentioned? A．To justify an argument. B．To introduce an approach. C．To challenge a convention. D．To evaluate an assumption. 3．According to the passage, the author may agree that ________. A．modern science collaboration challenges the trust in individual scientists B．the current trend of trusting science overlooks scientists’ sacrifices C．authorship ought to be founded upon intellectual contributions D．it is vital to identify the authors of large-scale science projects 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the shift to trusting science itself? A．Sympathetic. B．Cautious. C．Disapproving. D．Puzzied. 10 (2025届北京市东城区高三下学期二模英语试题)For almost two centuries, newspapers have been on a journey into the mass market which gave them scale, reputation and profit but which has now reached its end. They mostly abandoned dependence on subscriptions and instead sold below production cost as a way to attract readers to sell to advertisers. Since the Internet took off, the print media’s advertising-supported business model has suffered. In the past 20 years, newspapers’ ad profits have fallen by about 80%, while circulation has roughly fallen by half. Though online traffic has risen, profit from digital advertising has failed to offset (抵消) the profit draining out of print. “Platforms have become the new kings of the media landscape,” says the Competition and Markets Authority, a regulator. This power shift has led newspapers in many countries to turn to authorities for help. Partly because they have, by their very nature, a loud voice, they have generated sympathy. How much they deserve it is another matter. The world is filled with businesses torn apart by the digital revolution without anyone rushing to the rescue. Why are newspapers different? One argument is that a thriving press supports grass-roots journalism, which, though often loss-making, supports fairness and equality. That is reasonable. Yet it is mixed with other motivations, such as the desire to choke the tech giants. The result is a range of interventions aimed at putting the pressure on big tech. Mindful of the outcry, big tech is offering a handout, promising $1bn over three years to newspapers to provide news content for its site. Some publishers saw it as an unstated admission that big tech should pay for news. If anything, the gratitude for big tech’s generosity shows how desperate newspapers are for payment of any kind. More to the point, it will not change the underlying economics of the global newspaper industry. That is because the ad-funded business model was living on fumes even before the Internet ate the world this century. Data show that newspapers have been losing share of ad dollars to TV since the 1950s — long before the web. Circulation has also fallen relative to population, suggesting that profits were supported by economic and population growth, not because the industry was producing a more popular product. Claims that the tech giants are robbing newspapers for profit sound far-fetched, too. The real failure is that papers have lost control of distribution to platforms, making it harder to monetise the traffic. This is a mistake some content industries, such as video-streaming and music, have avoided. Moreover, some of the advertising dollars made by big tech came from bringing new firms into the market, rather than taking online advertisers from newspapers. So ignore the complaining of old-media companies in distress and look instead at how some newspapers have already adapted to the digital invasion. Also some digital publications with a newsworthy focus are thriving. The question of who pays for public-interest journalism remains unanswered. But few think it ought to be tech giants. That would “undermine the principles of an independent press”. 1．Why does the author cite the statistics in Paragraph 2? A．To prove the decline of print media. B．To emphasize the popularity of platforms. C．To indicate the importance of digital advertising. D．To demonstrate the inconsistency in subscriptions. 2．The underlined phrase “was living on fumes” in Paragraph 6 probably means ______. A．was taking off B．was moving forward C．was falling apart D．was struggling along 3．Which of the following may the author agree with? A．The platform should support grass-roots journalism. B．The old media should produce marketable products. C．New online advertisers should be introduced. D．Effective interventions should be made. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Where is the Digital Age leading the press? B．Are online platforms really a way out? C．How the Internet impacts old media? D．Should big tech save newspapers? 11 (2025届北京通州区高三一模英语试题)In an era dominated by rapid technological advancements and the increasing demand for STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) skills, the value of liberal arts education is under scrutiny. However, recent discussions and research suggest that liberal arts education remains not only relevant but essential for addressing the complex challenges of the modern world. Liberal arts education is often defined as a multidisciplinary approach to learning. One of the key arguments in favor of liberal arts education is its role in fostering well-rounded individuals capable of navigating a rapidly changing job market. While STEM degrees often lead to higher starting salaries and more immediate job opportunities, liberal arts graduates tend to exhibit greater adaptability and versatility (多才多艺) over time. Moreover, liberal arts provide a foundation for understanding the complexities of human society and culture. In a globalized world, the ability to navigate diverse perspectives and engage with different cultures is increasingly important. The study of history, literature, and philosophy helps students develop empathy and a deeper understanding of the world around them, which is crucial in a globalized workforce where cross-cultural communication is the norm. Another significant aspect of liberal arts education is its role in fostering ethical and responsible citizens. In a world where technology can have profound impacts on society, the humanities provide a framework for understanding the ethical implications of new developments. For example, philosophers and ethicists are crucial in addressing moral questions surrounding artificial intelligence and data privacy. The integration of liberal arts and STEM education has also gained recognition in recent years. The STEAM (STEM+Arts) movement emphasizes the importance of combining technical skills with creativity, critical thinking, and ethical reasoning. By incorporating liberal arts into STEM education, students can develop a more well-rounded skill set that prepares them to address complex, real-world problems. Despite the challenges posed by the digital age, liberal arts education continues to play a vital role in shaping adaptable, ethical, and culturally competent individuals. As Jeffrey Scheuer notes, “It’s the thinking, it’s the critical thinking that I argue is the common thread, really the trunk on which all of these different disciplines grow.” 1．What does the phrase “under scrutiny” underlined in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Being widely praised and encouraged. B．Being overestimated and highly stressed. C．Facing careful examination and questioning. D．Receiving complete support without challenge. 2．What is the key advantage of liberal arts graduates compared to STEM graduates? A．More flexible and diverse capabilities, B．Specialized technical training for specific industries. C．Expertise in ethical artificial intelligence development. D．Higher starting salaries and immediate job opportunities. 3．Why does the author mention philosophers and ethicists in Paragraph 3? A．To point out their lack of technical skills. B．To support the mentioned idea specifically. C．To highlight their involvement in designing AI systems. D．To show the crucial roles of philosophy and ethics in libera arts. 4．Which of the followings would be the most suitable title for the passage? A．The Decline of Liberal Arts Education B．The Integration of Liberal Arts and STEM C．The Adaptability of Liberal Arts Graduates D．The Value of Liberal Arts in the Digital Age 12 (2025届北京市房山区高三下学期一模英语试题) Earth is a bright spot of value in the universe, partly because it contains human beings who, driven by curiosity and a non-instrumental desire to address hard questions, engage in philosophy. Philosophical inquiry makes the entire planet better than it would otherwise be. Is science better and more significant than philosophy, more central to the specialness of Earth? Of course, science can extend our lifespans and empower us to transform the environment. But the longevity and power of one species aren’t what make Earth special. Consider instead, the greatest achievements of science: the Copernican/ Galilean/ Newtonian revolution, Darwin’s theory of natural selection, Einstein’s theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, breakthroughs in genetics and brain science. These transformed our understanding of the universe and our place within it. The distinctive value of human science lies in its philosophical strength— its power to guide us toward the broadest and most foundational questions about ourselves and the universe. Art is the same: at its best, it goes beyond decoration and amusement, confronting us with the puzzles of human existence. In their most ambitious forms, the arts and sciences merge into philosophy, expressing our philosophical urges. A metaphor: as the circle of light expands, so too does the ring of darkness around it. Philosophy lives in that ring of darkness. Within the circle of light lies what is straightforwardly knowable through common sense, mainstream science or other established methods. In the penumbra (半影) are matters of guesses or ideas. There’s no sharp line between light and dark, and no sharp beginning or end to the penumbra. As the light grows, the penumbral ring expands to match. There will always be darkness beyond, and philosophical questioning will chase it. We will never complete the project of understanding the fundamental structure of the world. Generations of philosophers will die without getting satisfactory answers to their most searching questions. Billions of years ago, stars exploded, forming planets, and life emerged. Some beings developed the ability to wonder about their place in the universe, their values, and their capacity for reflection. When we philosophize, we become a means by which the universe, after billions of years, momentarily thinks about itself in doubt and amazement. Nothing is more naturally valuable or worthy of respect and wonder. 1．What does the author intend to do by mentioning the brightness of Earth? A．Make an assumption. B．Present an argument. C．Give a suggestion. D．Raise a question. 2．What does the phrase “merge into” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Change to. B．Replace with. C．Stand for. D．Combine into. 3．What can be inferred about philosophy from the metaphor of penumbra? A．It will decline as knowledge advances. B．It will continue due to expanding unknowns. C．It aims to distinguish between light and dark. D．It remains separate from established methods. 4．The author believes that _____. A．the pursuit of endless questions is significant B．human beings are a highly emotional species C．science is the primary source of philosophical ideas D．the physical characteristics of Earth make it exceptional 13 (2025届北京市海淀区高三下学期一模英语试题)If you find yourself with several million dollars more than you need, how should you spend the money? One answer might be to do whatever you want, within the bounds of the law. Another is to donate it to a charity. You may also support an organization that is working to reduce existential risks. The history of philosophy consists of attempts to shed light on such questions. However, philosophy’s open secret is that these attempts don’t add up to anything decisive. When it comes to what we ought to do in any given situation, different ethical systems offer different guidance. Conflict is baked into questions like, “What ought I to do?” Or is it? An awareness of difference is certainly crucial to such an inquiry. But this needn’t become a conflict until you’re forced to pick a side. Some philosophers have sought to eliminate the conflict between ethical systems. Derek Parfit, one of the most respected philosophers of the past fifty years, devoted the second half of his life to precisely this task. Unfortunately, the position that different ethical positions can be reconciled (和解) is itself a position others may not accept. Parfit believed people could have a good reason to act morally,independent of their knowledge or beliefs. If you find yourself in a position to alleviate (减轻) others’ suffering without significantly inconveniencing yourself, then you should act. It is just a moral fact that there is a right thing that you ought to do. By contrast, Bernard Williams argued it made no sense to talk about people’s reasons independently from their motivations. Someone cannot have a reason to do something that they have no desire to do-because however wrong-headed their preferences may be, subjectivity is the ground truth for “having a reason”. As in Peter Singer’s parable (寓言) of a child drowning in a shallow pond, it self-evidently seems immoral not to save this child if the only cost for you is a pair of new trainers. This is as clear as a philosophical argument can get. However, as with all moral reasoning, you are free to reject the logic or assumptions behind Singer’s argument, regardless of its clarity. Parfit was a philosopher’s philosopher. Yet he suffered from the fact that irreconcilable ethical systems exist. Why? Because one conclusion that follows from this is that, if the differences between such systems cannot be resolved by philosophical means, conflict of a literal kind will always exist beneath their differences. As Karl Popper puts it, “ If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them.” This is the rub. Philosophy is of the world as well as of the page-and even the gentlest words may, sooner or later, need an army to defend them. “We should therefore claim,” Popper continued, “in the name of the tolerance, the right not to tolerate the intolerant.” I’m not surprised that Parfit felt despair at the limits of his persuasiveness. What’s amazing is that more philosophers don’t feel the same way. 1．What can we learn from the first three paragraphs? A．Phiosophy can help resolve ethical conflicts. B．Ethical inquiries aid in serving the public good. C．Conflicting views exist between ethical systems. D．Accepting conflicts is the basis of philosophical inquiry. 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Philosophers stress logic over subjectivity. B．Williamns holds moral reasoning forces acceptance. C．Parfit believes moral acts require personal sacrifice. D．Reconciling ethical systems has real-world implications. 3．According to Karl Popper, we can learn that . A．intolerance originates in absolute tolerance B．unlimited tolerance invites self-destruction C．tolerance is for people who share the same values D．philosophical ideals sometimes require military defense 4．How does the author feel towards Parfit’s pursuit? A．Sympathetic. B．Hopeless. C．Skeptical. D．Astonished. 14 (2025届北京市朝阳区高三下学期一模考试英语试题)In the field where philosophy and neuroscience overlap, few questions have fascinated and confused humanity as deeply as the concept of free will. At first glance, the idea that we have the power to make choices that are not predetermined seems intuitive (直觉的). However, a closer examination reveals a complex web of philosophical arguments and scientific findings that challenge this seemingly straightforward concept. From a philosophical standpoint, the debate around free will has continued intensely for centuries. Compatibilists argue free will can coexist with determinism, as long as our actions are a result of our own desires and motivations. For example, choosing a music career out of passion is considered as a free choice within this framework. In contrast, incompatibilists maintain free will and determinism are mutually exclusive. Hard determinists view the universe as a closed system governed by strict laws of nature, where every event, including human actions, is predetermined. In this view, the idea of free will is an illusion (幻觉). Neuroscience has advanced markedly in decoding the brain, revealing that many actions are preceded (先于) by neural activity. Studies on the brain’s reward system and neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine (多巴胺), further challenge the nature of free will. Addictive behaviors, for instance, can be strongly influenced by the brain’s response to dopamine. A person struggling with addiction may feel they lack the free will to resist it, as their brain chemistry has been altered in a way that forces them into acting. The scientific evidence is not conclusive, though. Some argue that the neural activity observed before conscious decisions may not be the cause of the action but rather part of the preparatory process for a decision that is still freely made. Additionally, the complexity of the human brain and the fact that much of its functioning is still not fully understood leave room for the possibility of free will. If free will is an illusion, it challenges our fundamental notions of moral responsibility. We praise and blame people for their actions because we believe they could have acted differently. How can we hold individuals accountable for their actions if they were never truly free to choose otherwise? Without free will, the essential moral framework of our societies would collapse into chaotic indifference. Free will is only an illusion if you are, too. 1．Which of the following situations reflects the compatibilists’ view? A．Driven by dopamine, Tim keeps checking his social media. B．Lucy speaks first after being randomly selected by software. C．Exposed to a sudden blinding light, Lily quickly shuts her eyes. D．Jerry shifts between companies of shared bikes based on discounts. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．The altered brain chemistry enhances free will. B．Conscious decisions are independent of neural activities. C．Hard determinists see free will vital to moral accountability. D．Neuroscientists’ views on the causes of human actions differ. 3．As for the existence of free will, the author is ________. A．neutral B．disapproving C．positive D．doubtful 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Does Neuroscience Threaten Free Will? B．Why the Arguments Against Free Will Fail C．Exploration into the Complexity of Free Will D．Free Will: Bridging Neuroscience and Philosophy 15 (北京市东城区2024-2025学年高三上学期期末考试英语试题)The age of artificial intelligence has begun, and it brings plenty of anxieties. Almost all of the conversations about risk have to do with the potential consequences of AI systems pursuing goals that depart from what they were programmed to do and that are not in the interests of humans. But this is only one side of the danger. Imagine what could unfold if AI does do what humans want. “What humans want,” of course, isn’t a monolith. Different people have countless ideas of what constitutes “the greater good.” Even if we could get everyone to focus on the well-being of the entire human species, it’s unlikely we’d be able to agree on what that might look like. That seems to be the reason that DeepMind recently founded an internal organization focused on AI safety and preventing its manipulation by bad actors. But it’s not ideal that what’s “bad” is going to be determined by a handful of individuals at this one particular corporation — complete with their blind spots and personal and cultural biases (偏见). The potential problem goes beyond humans harming other humans. What’s “good” for humanity has, many times throughout history, come at the expense of other sentient (有知觉力的) beings. Such is the situation today. In the US alone, we have billions of animals kept in confinement, subjected to cruel treatment, and denial of their basic psychological and physiological needs at any given time. Entire species are dominated and systemically butchered so that we can have omelets, burgers and shoes. If AI does exactly what “we” want it to, that would likely mean enacting this mass cruelty more efficiently, at an even greater scale and with more automation and fewer opportunities for sympathetic humans to step in and flag anything particularly horrifying. A better goal than aligning AI with humanity’ s immediate interests would be what I would call “sentient alignment” — AI acting in accordance with the interests of all sentient beings, including humans, all other animals and, should it exist, sentient AI. This will strike some as aggressive, because what’s good for all sentient life might not always agree with what’s good for humankind. It might sometimes, even often, be in opposition to what humans want or what would be best for the greatest number of us. Peter Singer, a philosopher, argued that an AI system’s ultimate goals and priorities are more important than it being aligned with humans. “The question is really whether this super intelligent AI is going to be benevolent and want to produce a better world,” Singer said, “and even if we don’t control it, it still will produce a better world in which our interests will get taken into account.” I’m with Singer on this. Decentering humankind to any extent, and especially to this extreme, is an idea that will challenge people. But that’s necessary if we’re to prevent our current belief from spreading in new and awful ways. 1．The author mentions the organization founded by DeepMind to __________. A．question a solution B．clarify a belief C．illustrate an example D．explain a practice 2．Which of the following can best present the idea of “sentient alignment”? A．AI extends the same rights to living beings. B．AI promotes the interaction among species. C．AI benefits from the development of humans. D．AI meets the demands of perceptive creatures. 3．What does the underlined word “benevolent” in Paragraph 7 probably mean? A．Ambitious. B．Generous. C．Resourceful. D．Competitive. 4．The author’s major concern in developing AI is that __________. A．AI poses a threat to the world B．society’s morals are in decline C．humans prioritize their own needs D．sentient beings deepen cultural biases / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题11 阅读理解说明文(议论文)(北京专用) 五年考情（2021-2025） 命题趋势 年份 体裁 词数 话题 考点分布 细节理解 推理 判断 主旨大意 词义猜测 2025 议论文 406 对社会比较这一观念的思考：并非所有社会比较都不健康，可加以利用促进自我提升 0 1 1 1 题材聚焦科技前沿（如 AI 伦理、航天技术）、社会热点（如环保治理、心理健康）与文化传承，融入地域特色，凸显时代性与价值观引领。题型设计强化高阶思维，推理判断题占比提升，要求分析论证逻辑（如因果关系、对比结构）和作者隐含态度，主旨题侧重提炼核心观点或论证框架。语篇结构复杂化，长难句（如定语从句、非谓语动词）和多重转折关系增多，需通过上下文语义关联（如同义复现、反义对比）解题。词汇难度适中但注重学术性，涉及科技术语和文化特定词汇，熟词生义考查频率增加。命题强调跨学科能力与批判性思维，引导考生辩证分析技术发展与人文价值的关系。 说明文 399 个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间关系及如何改变个人故事。 1 2 1 0 2024 议论文 408 讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的 0 3 0 1 说明文 384 人类道德准则的形成过程及人类建立道德准则的标准 1 1 1 0 2023 说明文 366 人类社会发展中人们的短视现象 0 3 0 0 说明文 429 AI 对现代生活的影响 0 2 1 1 2022 说明文 415 解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维 1 2 0 0 议论文 400 量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ 1 1 1 1 2021 说明文 354 全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念 0 2 0 1 议论文 480 文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 1 2 1 0 (2025·北京·高考) Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized. D. Relieved. 29. What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Major achievements. B. Complex feelings. C. Significant impacts. D. Fine differences. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science 【答案】28. B 29. D 30. A 【主题】本文是一篇议论文。作者通过讲述自己和女儿关于能否延长看屏幕时间的争论，引出对社会比较这一观念的思考，指出并非所有社会比较都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促进自我提升。 28.【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。 29.【解析】词句猜测题。根据第二段“ In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。 30.【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。 (2025·北京·高考) The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 31. What can be inferred about personal stories? A. They are unrelated to health. B. Consistent ones lead to stress. C They are relevant to happiness. D. Thematic ones hold back change. 32. What can we learn from this passage? A. Talking about gains from failure is negative. B. New Year resolutions are well received. C. The West tends to overvalue optimism. D. Social roles fail to be highlighted. 33. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. 【答案】31. C 32. C 33. D 34. A 【主题】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间关系及如何改变个人故事。 31.【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。 32.【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。 33.【解析】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。 34.【解析】主旨大意题。根据尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合题意。故选A。 (2024·北京·高考) The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. A 31. C 【解析】 【主题】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。 28.【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。 29.【解析】词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。 30.【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 31.【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 (2024·北京·高考) Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. D. Written laws have great influence on virtues. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality 【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D 【主题】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。 32.【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。 33.【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。 34.【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 (2023·北京·高考) In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 28．The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A．draw a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a statement D．highlight a problem 29．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate change has been forgotten. B．Lessons of history are highly valued. C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 30．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B．Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C．Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D．Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 【答案】28．D 29．C 30．A 【主题】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。 28．【解析】推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cole）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cole的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Col的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。 29．【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。 30．【解析】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。 (2023·北京·高考) What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 31．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is . A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 32．What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Shocked. B．Protected. C．Attracted. D．Challenged. 33．What can we learn from this passage? A．ALife holds the key to human future. B．ALife and AI share a common feature. C．AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D．AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 34．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B．Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D．Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 【答案】31．A 32．C 33．B 34．D 【主题】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。 31．【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。 32．【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamored)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。 33．【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。 34．【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。 (2022·北京·高考) “What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending 29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. B. The relationships among players have been clarified. C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A. It may be used to justify power imbalance. B. It can be applied to tackle challenges. C. It helps to prove why hunger exists. D. It goes beyond human imagination. 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 【主题】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。 28.【解析】推理判断题。由文章第一段““What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。 29.【解析】细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。 30.【解析】推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。 (2022·北京·高考) Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 【答案】31. A 32. C 33. A 34. D 【主题】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。 31.【解析】推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。 32.【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 33.【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。 34.【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。 (2021·北京·高考) Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 28. What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Scientific. B. Credible. C. Original. D. Relevant. 29. As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A. worried B. puzzled C. surprised D. scared 30. What can we learn from this passage? A. The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B. The author agrees with the message of the poem. C. The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D. The global collapse is well underway. 【答案】28. D 29. A 30. B 【主题】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。 28.【解析】词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。 29.【解析】推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. worried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。 30.【解析】推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim of dope; In the incurable form of hope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hope that ignores preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。 (2021·北京·高考) Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking． Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect． The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies． Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness． When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose． 31.What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature． B. Everyone can define time on their own terms． C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it． D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists． 32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 33. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life． B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems． C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower． D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame． 34. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time． B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless． C. We should live in harmony with nature． D. History is a mirror reflecting reality． 【答案】31. B 32. D 33. C 34. C 【主题】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 31.【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。 32.【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。 33.【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。 34.【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。 1 (2025届北京市精华学校高三下学期三模英语试题) Rising global carbon dioxide levels tied to global warming may not be as crucial in determining the composition of plant communities as other localized climate changes. “Nobody really knows what the increases in carbon dioxide are going to entail in terms of future changes in vegetation types,” said Mark Brenner, a University of Florida assistant professor of paleolimnology, the study of ancient lakes. “It looks like climate changes in different areas may be more important than carbon dioxide, at least carbon dioxide by itself,” he said. Brenner’s research team based their conclusions on an analysis of sediment (沉积物) from two lake bottoms, one in northern Mexico and one in northern Guatemala. The researchers used new techniques that allowed them to analyze only the remains of land plants, specifically their leaf waxes. By measuring the isotope composition of the leaf waxes, the researchers were able to distinguish two broad categories of plants living in these areas — so-called C3 and C4 plants, which have different photosynthetic (光合作用的) processes, the process by which green plants turn carbon dioxide and water into food using energy from sunlight. Many C4 plants are tropical grasses, while most tropical trees are C3 plants. The researchers analyzed sediments deposited over the last 27,000 years, from the last ice age to the current geological period. Over this period, there was a worldwide, relatively uniform increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Brenner said that if carbon dioxide played the major role in determining plant composition, one would assume that analysis of the sediments would reveal very similar changes in relative abundance of C3 and C4 plants in the two places over the study period. But, in fact, the researchers found that trends in the two types of plants were different at the two locations. The changes were related not with carbon dioxide levels, but with shifts in rainfall. “The result appears to be that climate factors, especially moisture availability, determine whether C4 or C3 plants dominate in an area, not carbon dioxide,” Brenner said. Many scientists believe global warming will cause major variation in local climates worldwide, with some wet areas becoming dry and dry areas becoming wet. If that happens, it could have more impact on relative C3 versus C4 plant distribution than the rising carbon dioxide levels. 1．What can be inferred in the first paragraph? A．Climate change affects plant community composition more than rising CO2 levels. B．Localized climate shifts may not be as crucial as carbon dioxide. C．Nobody knows which one is important. D．Carbon dioxide levels is crucial to the global warming. 2．According to the third paragraph, which one is NOT true? A．Tropical grasses are usually C4 plants. B．C3 and C4 plants used to live in northern Mexico and Guatemala. C．C3 and C4 plants don’t have the same processes. D．Tropical trees are all C3 plants. 3．Why were trends in C3 and C4 plants different at the two locations? A．The assumption that carbon dioxide played the major role is wrong. B．The carbon dioxide played an important role. C．The moisture availability was different. D．The carbon dioxide level was different. 4．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．Climates factors determine the plant distribution and composition of plant communities. B．Global warming will cause major variation. C．How has Brenner’s research team proved a truth. D．C3 and C4 plants are important plants in determining the composition of plant communities. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过对墨西哥北部和危地马拉北部湖泊沉积物的研究，指出气候因素尤其是水分供应决定植物分布和群落组成，而非二氧化碳水平。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Rising global carbon dioxide levels tied to global warming may not be as crucial in determining the composition of plant communities as other localized climate changes.(与全球变暖相关的全球二氧化碳水平上升，在决定植物群落组成方面，可能不如其他局部气候变化那么关键)”可知，气候变化对植物群落组成的影响比二氧化碳水平上升更大。由此可推断出，气候变化比二氧化碳水平上升对植物群落组成的影响更大。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Many C4 plants are tropical grasses, while most tropical trees are C3 plants.(许多C4植物是热带草类，而大多数热带树木是C3植物)”可知，只是说大多数热带树木是C3植物，并非所有热带树木都是C3植物，D选项“Tropical trees are all C3 plants.(热带树木都是C3植物)”表述过于绝对，与原文不符。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The result appears to be that climate factors, especially moisture availability, determine whether C4 or C3 plants dominate in an area, not carbon dioxide.(结果似乎是，气候因素，尤其是水分供应，决定了一个地区是C4植物还是C3植物占主导地位，而不是二氧化碳)”可知，两个地方C3和C4植物的趋势不同是因为水分供应不同。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Rising global carbon dioxide levels tied to global warming may not be as crucial in determining the composition of plant communities as other localized climate changes.(与全球变暖相关的全球二氧化碳水平上升，在决定植物群落组成方面，可能不如其他局部气候变化那么关键)”以及第四段中“The result appears to be that climate factors, especially moisture availability, determine whether C4 or C3 plants dominate in an area, not carbon dioxide.(结果似乎是，气候因素，尤其是水分供应，决定了一个地区是C4植物还是C3植物占主导地位，而不是二氧化碳)”可知，文章主要论述了气候因素尤其是水分供应决定植物分布和群落组成，而非二氧化碳水平。A选项“Climates factors determine the plant distribution and composition of plant communities.(气候因素决定植物分布和植物群落组成)”能概括文章主旨。故选A项。 2 (2025届北京市第十一中学高三下学期三模英语试题)Art has always occupied a special place in society. Many people consider artists to be the ultimate authorities on the nature and expression of beauty. For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists — inspiration — has its own magical qualities. Literally, “inspiration” is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create. Of course, artists themselves contributed to this myth. “Many artists credited their talents to the presence of some paranormal power.” Whole movements of art have centered on the supposedly otherworldly nature of art. For example, the Romantic poets believed that art was a term that meant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth. The search for this ideal led them to explore both natural and divine themes in their works. Another persistent view of art regarded its divorce from logic. Reason and logic were the province of scientists and philosophers, whereas creativity and insight were the area of the artists. The two separate aspects of the mind were supposed to remain distinct. But in 1704, a major breakthrough occurred. Sir Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist, published his study of light, Opticks. One of Newton’s major discoveries was on the nature of color. Using a prism (棱镜), Newton found that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow. He even provided a scientific explanation for the presence of rainbows. The artistic community was shocked. A scientist had taken a beautiful and magical experience and reduced it to the simple refraction of beams of light through the prism of a raindrop. A scientist had ventured into their sacred territory. More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by “unweaving the rainbow.” His colleague, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, famously remarked that the souls of five hundred Newtons would be needed to make one Shakespeare. And yet, from another perspective, Newton did not reduce the beauty of the rainbow; he enhanced it. In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. He also gave the world another opportunity to experience the sublime (绝妙的东西). Newton’s discovery paved the way for the development of the science of spectroscopy (光谱学), a way of analyzing the chemical makeup of light. Now scientists can look at the stars and know their composition. The sense of wonder this ability creates is not much different from the wonder the poet or artist feels when staring at those same stars. 1．What does the word “paranormal” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Abnormal. B．Supernatural. C．Crazy. D．Spiritual. 2．How did the Romantic poets react to Newton’s discovery about light and color? A．They credited Newton’s insights to mystical influences. B．They felt it faded the poetic beauty of natural phenomena. C．They were inspired to integrate more scientific themes in their poetry. D．They believed it added a new dimension to the appreciation of beauty. 3．Why does the author mention John Keats’ and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s views on Isaac Newton? A．To show that Romantic poets objected to scientific progress. B．To emphasize the superior creativity of poets over scientists. C．To state that Shakespeare’s knowledge of beauty was unmatched. D．To highlight the impact of scientific discoveries on artistic perception. 4．Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A．The Interplay of Art and Science B．Isaac Newton’s Influence on Arts C．The Contrast between Art and Logics D．The Artistic Interpretation of Science 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了艺术与科学之间的相互作用和影响，以及历史上人们对这种关系的看法。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Of course, artists themselves contributed to this myth. “Many artists credited their talents to the presence of some paranormal power. Whole movements of art have centered on the supposedly otherworldly nature of art. (当然，艺术家们自己也助长了这一神话。“许多艺术家将自己的才华归功于某种paranormal力量的存在。”整个艺术运动都围绕着艺术所谓的超世俗本质展开)”可知，艺术家们将自己的才能归功于某种超自然力量，paranormal意为“超自然的”。A. Abnormal不正常的；B. Supernatural超自然的；C. Crazy疯狂的；D. Spiritual精神的。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Sir Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist, published his study of light, Opticks. One of Newton’s major discoveries was on the nature of color. Using a prism (棱镜), Newton found that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow. He even provided a scientific explanation for the presence of rainbows. The artistic community was shocked. A scientist had taken a beautiful and magical experience and reduced it to the simple refraction of beams of light through the prism of a raindrop. A scientist had ventured into their sacred territory.(数学家兼物理学家艾萨克・牛顿爵士发表了他关于光的研究《光学》。牛顿的主要发现之一是关于颜色的本质。通过使用棱镜，牛顿发现白光实际上是由彩虹的所有颜色组成的。他甚至为彩虹的存在提供了科学解释。艺术界为之震惊。一位科学家将一种美丽而神奇的体验简化为光线通过雨滴棱镜的简单折射。一位科学家竟敢涉足他们的神圣领域)”和第五段中“More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by “unweaving the rainbow.” (一百多年后，著名浪漫主义诗人约翰・济慈指责牛顿通过“拆解彩虹”削弱了美)”可知，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿关于光和颜色的发现削弱了自然现象的诗意美。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中“More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by “unweaving the rainbow.” His colleague, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, famously remarked that the souls of five hundred Newtons would be needed to make one Shakespeare. And yet, from another perspective, Newton did not reduce the beauty of the rainbow; he enhanced it. In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. (一百多年后，著名浪漫主义诗人约翰・济慈指责牛顿通过“拆解彩虹”削弱了美。他的同事塞缪尔・泰勒・柯勒律治曾有名言：需要五百个牛顿的灵魂才能造就一个莎士比亚。然而，从另一个角度看，牛顿并没有削弱彩虹的美，反而增强了它。在探索彩虹奥秘的过程中，牛顿展现了艺术家般的惊奇、创造力和灵感)”可知，作者提到济慈和柯勒律治对牛顿的看法是为了强调科学发现对艺术感知的影响。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第五段中“More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by “unweaving the rainbow.” His colleague, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, famously remarked that the souls of five hundred Newtons would be needed to make one Shakespeare. And yet, from another perspective, Newton did not reduce the beauty of the rainbow; he enhanced it. In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. (一百多年后，著名浪漫主义诗人约翰・济慈指责牛顿通过“拆解彩虹”削弱了美。他的同事塞缪尔・泰勒・柯勒律治曾有名言：需要五百个牛顿的灵魂才能造就一个莎士比亚。然而，从另一个角度看，牛顿并没有削弱彩虹的美，反而增强了它。在探索彩虹奥秘的过程中，牛顿展现了艺术家般的惊奇、创造力和灵感)”可知，文章主要讨论了艺术与科学之间的相互作用和影响，以及历史上人们对这种关系的看法。A选项“The Interplay of Art and Science (艺术与科学的相互作用)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作本文最佳标题。故选A。 3 (2025届北京市中国人民大学附属中学高三下学期三模英语试题)The facts of climate change are widely reported. It is noted that with a 2℃ increase in global temperatures, as compared with a 1.5℃ increase, about 61 million more people living in urban areas around the world will be exposed to severe drought. The problem with communicating these numbers, however, is that math anxiety — the experience of tension, fear or worry when facing mathematical problems — and the inability to understand and employ numerical concepts — are both quite common. Despite high rates of innumeracy (数学盲), there are reasons to think that people may not disengage when they receive numbers. First, multiple past studies show that people often prefer getting numerical details over vague (模糊的) description or purely verbal communication. People also trust messages provided by medical professionals or journalists more when that communication includes numbers than when it does not. The use of specific numbers signals expertise to readers. But trade-offs exist. Given people’s anxiety about math and level of mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when communicating these kinds of details. In past research, it was found that people find numbers helpful, so long as there aren’t too many of them. No hard-and-fast rule suggests how many is too many — it depends on the complexity of the topic, people’s familiarity with the subject and their overall numeracy. Communicators therefore need to know and attend to their audience: if a speaker sees someone looking bored, for example, it’s a sign to back off on the numbers. In addition to the possibility of being overloaded by numbers, their persuasive power could have consequences that communicators need to consider. Based on the most recent findings, more negative feelings about the posts containing numeric consequences of climate change are reported. To be clear, this doesn’t reflect math anxiety. Instead, these posts resulted in negative emotions because the numerically precise messages were stronger in conveying the disastrous consequences of climate change. If you can suggest actions that people feel they can carry through, that could set off the negative feelings that arise when they consider climate change’s consequences. So whether you’re an environmentalist seeking to communicate more effectively over social media or looking for strategies to persuade family over the dinner table, there are a few lessons here. Find the key numerical data and share that. Think strategically about data presentation. When talking about climate change, include some proposed action. Given that past work suggests that sharing numbers builds trust, your readers or listeners may be more likely to follow your recommendations. When used wisely, numbers can help transform anxiety into action, which could help turn the tide in our fight against climate change. 1．What role do numbers play when introduced into professional communication? A．They can arouse people’s anxiety about math. B．They leave the audience even more confused. C．They help make the message more credible. D．They make communication more engaging. 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．The use of numbers in communication calls for caution. B．The more numbers used, the more persuasive the message. C．Numerically precise messages brings negative outcomes. D．The audience’s response to numbers should be prioritized. 3．According to the passage, which of the following is an effective climate message? A．Sea level rise: a ticking time bomb for coastal cities! B．Cycle 5 miles daily, save 50% on carbon emissions! C．50% of species lost: a warning from climate change! D．Plant more trees today, enjoy fresher air tomorrow! 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨数字在气候变化传播中的作用、挑战及有效沟通策略。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“People also trust messages provided by medical professionals or journalists more when that communication includes numbers than when it does not. The use of specific numbers signals expertise to readers.(当信息包含数字时，人们会更信任医疗专业人士或记者提供的信息。具体数字的使用向读者表明了专业性)”可知，专业沟通中引入数字有助于提升信息的可信度。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“No hard-and-fast rule suggests how many is too many — it depends on the complexity of the topic, people’s familiarity with the subject and their overall numeracy. Communicators therefore need to know and attend to their audience: if a speaker sees someone looking bored, for example, it’s a sign to back off on the numbers.(没有一个固定的标准来说明使用多少数据才算过多——这取决于话题的复杂程度、听众对主题的熟悉度以及他们的整体数字理解能力。因此，信息传达者需要了解并关注自己的听众：例如，如果演讲者发现有人看起来很无聊，这就暗示应该减少数据的使用)”及第四段中的“In addition to the possibility of being overloaded by numbers, their persuasive power could have consequences that communicators need to consider. (除了数字可能让受众负担过重外，其说服力可能产生传达者需要考虑的后果)”可知，数字使用需考量受众接受度、避免信息过载，且其影响力可能带来潜在问题，由此推断，在沟通中使用数字需谨慎。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“When talking about climate change, include some proposed action. Given that past work suggests that sharing numbers builds trust, your readers or listeners may be more likely to follow your recommendations. When used wisely, numbers can help transform anxiety into action, which could help turn the tide in our fight against climate change.(在谈论气候变化时，包括一些建议的行动。鉴于过去的研究表明，分享数字可以建立信任，你的读者或听众可能更愿意听从你的建议。如果使用得当，数字可以帮助将焦虑转化为行动，这可能有助于扭转我们在应对气候变化方面的局面)”可知，有效气候信息应兼具数字数据和具体行动建议。B选项“每天骑行5英里，减少50%的碳排放！”既包含数字（5英里、50%），又提出具体行动（骑行），符合有效沟通策略。故选B项。 4 (2025届北京市八一学校高三下学期考前适应性练习英语试题)In 1979, Archie Cochrane published an essay condemning his fellow doctors. “It is surely a great criticism of our profession,” he wrote, “that we have not organized a critical summary, by specialty or subspeciality, adapted periodically, of all relevant randomized controlled trials.” The idea of “organizing a critical summary” may seem unworthy of Cochrane, yet he had struck at the heart of the matter. The basic building block of evidence in medicine is the randomized trial, as Cochrane understood. But some trials are flawed (有错误的), others may have vanished from the academic record, unpublished because they didn’t yield the hoped-for results. Even when trials are reported, the most robust evidence comes from synthesizing (合成) them. Proper synthesis can turn inconclusive trials into a conclusive result, yet to turn those trials into a structured body of knowledge takes work. In 1993, Sir Iain Chalmers founded Cochrane, a non-profit now listing over 9,000 systematic reviews. But in fields like education or policing, the picture is less rosy. Education is arguably of comparable importance to health for any government. Yet, the UK government spends 18 times as much on research into health than it does on research into education — or, to put it another way, education research is underfunded by a factor of 10. If anything, that paints too optimistic a picture of research into social policy, because other countries spend even less. And, perhaps, education research is probably the best of the rest when it comes to research funding. The Campbell Collaboration, which aims to do for social policy what Cochrane does for medicine, boasts just 231 systematic reviews — reflecting that social policy research enjoys a fraction of the money and attention lavished on medicine. More than a lack of spending, there’s a reluctance to support the infrastructure of systematic reviews, or to fund their updates into “living evidence reviews”. Take the 3ie (International Initiative for Impact Evaluation), admired for its Development Evidence Portal (门户网站), which struggles for steady funding. The portal could run for a year at less cost than a typical study evaluating its effectiveness, yet “public goods tend by their nature to be underfunded.” On the bright side, more than £50mn of funding for evidence synthesis was recently announced. This modest funding could significantly contribute to building an “evidence bank” for policymakers. Systematic reviews bridge the gap between researchers and policymakers. Researchers focus on specific interventions, while policymakers address broader problems. By synthesizing relevant research, systematic reviews can answer policymaker questions. Furthermore, evidence synthesis highlights “known unknowns” — gaps in research that can be filled through targeted funding, rather than more studies of familiar topics. As Eleanor Chelimsky, one of the 20th century’s great policy evaluators explained, “I hoped that synthesis could dramatize, for our legislative users, not only what was, in fact, known, but also what was not known.” Dramatizing our ignorance is one of the most valuable things an evidence review can do. 1．What was Archie Cochrane’s major concern? A．Doctors failed to put medical trials into summaries. B．Medical trials were too flawed to be published. C．Organizing medical summaries was seen as unworthy. D．Medical profession received widespread criticism. 2．What be inferred from the passage? A．Education is the top priority in research funding. B．Social policy research funding has increased significantly. C．Systematic reviews help make research funding more focused. D．The 3ie portal was underfunded due to poor effectiveness evaluation. 3．What does the underlined word “dramatize” in paragraph 8 mean? A．Call ... into question B．Bring attention to ... C．Make up for… D．Turn … into a scene 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the article? A．Why Systematic Reviews Are the Key B．Will Gaps in Public Research Be Fixed C．What to Expect from Known Unknowns D．Who to Blame for Research Underfunding 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讨论了Archie Cochrane对医学领域缺乏系统性综述的批评，以及系统性综述在医学、教育和社会政策等领域的重要性，强调了系统性综述对于缩小研究者与政策制定者之间差距的作用，并指出其对研究资金分配的积极影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中““It is surely a great criticism of our profession,” he wrote, “that we have not organized a critical summary, by specialty or subspeciality, adapted periodically, of all relevant randomized controlled trials.” (‘这无疑是对我们职业的巨大批评，’他写道，‘我们没有按专业或亚专业定期组织对所有相关随机对照试验的批判性总结。’)”可知，Archie Cochrane的主要担忧是医生们没有将医学试验整理成批判性总结。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“Furthermore, evidence synthesis highlights “known unknowns” — gaps in research that can be filled through targeted funding, rather than more studies of familiar topics. (此外，证据综合强调了“已知的未知” —— 研究中的空白可以通过有针对性的资金来填补，而不是对熟悉的话题进行更多的研究。)”可推知，系统性综述有助于使研究资金更加集中，填补研究空白，而不是盲目增加对熟悉话题的研究。故选C项。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“I hoped that synthesis could dramatize, for our legislative users, not only what was, in fact, known, but also what was not known. (我希望，对于我们的立法用户来说，这种综合不仅能够dramatize实际上已知的东西，还能够dramatize未知的东西。)”可知，Eleanor Chelimsky希望这种综合不仅能够揭示实际上已知的东西，还能够揭示未知的东西，从而引起立法用户的注意，让他们意识到还有哪些领域需要进一步研究和投资，因此划线词dramatize应意为“引起对……的注意”。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容，本文主要讨论了Archie Cochrane对医学领域缺乏系统性综述的批评，以及系统性综述在医学、教育和社会政策等领域的重要性，强调了系统性综述对于缩小研究者与政策制定者之间差距的作用，并指出其对研究资金分配的积极影响，A项“Why Systematic Reviews Are the Key (为什么系统性综述是关键)”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选A项。 5 (2025届北京市昌平区高三下学期二模英语试题)Microsoft Excel’s auto-correction has long annoyed casual users. Dashes (破折号) before lists of numbers are misread as a minus sign. Phone numbers lose their leading zeroes. Credit-card numbers get re-expressed in scientific notation, like 1.30521E + 17. Geneticists struggle with a particular version of this problem. A gene (基因) called Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type finger 1, commonly known as MARCH1, is, for instance, frequently re-encoded as the date March 1. Something similar happens to genes in the Septin family, of which SEPT1 is a member, and to Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Family Member E41, often known as DEC2. This problem was first noticed in 2004, but was brought to wider attention in 2016 by Mark Ziemann of Deakin University, in Australia. By surveying 166,000 genomics-related papers published between 2014 and 2020, he and his co-authors showed that the number of papers using Excel has steadily increased, and the proportion with auto-correct errors is at around 30%. Errors have also been flagged by researchers in other languages. In Portuguese, for instance, AGO2 (Argonaute RISC Catalytic Component 2) rebrands itself as Agosto 2. Dutch users experience problems with MEII (Meiotic Double-Stranded Break Formation Protein 1), “Mei” being the Dutch for “May”. And geneticists in Finland, where the first month of the year is called Tammikuu, find TAMM41 encoding itself as 41st of January. This continuing state of affairs is surprising. In August 2020, the committee which standardises gene names renamed those beginning MARC, MARCH and SEPT to begin MTARC, MARCHF and SEPTIN, and rebranded DEC1 as DELEC1. Other problematic gene names remained, but this was widely seen as a step in the right direction. Dr Zieman’s latest paper, though, suggests that few researchers have taken it. Such errors often seem amusing rather than dangerous. But they reflect a deeper problem, which is that spreadsheets allow such silent errors, too well camouflaged for authors or their editors to spot, to go undetected for years. To stop this, Dr Ziemann recommends researchers abandon software like Excel in favor of scheduled code written with scientific applications in mind. Such programs are more difficult to be autocorrected and easier to examine. Whether his advice will be taken this time remains to be seen. 1．As for Excel’s auto-correct issue, which statement might Dr Ziemann agree with? A．Switching to science-specific coding tools. B．Relying on Excel’s advanced function. C．Adopting the renamed gene terms. D．Avoiding auto-correct in papers. 2．What does the underlined word “camouflaged” in the last paragraph probably mean? A．Decorated deliberately. B．Hidden unnoticeably. C．Corrected automatically. D．Increased sharply. 3．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To emphasize the drawback of autocorrection in scientific research. B．To explain a problem-solving procedure for autocorrection. C．To recommend a new software to replace Excel. D．To advocate a campaign to abandon Excel. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了Microsoft Excel的自动更正功能给遗传学家等科研人员带来的问题。 1．推理判断题。根据最后一段“To stop this, Dr Ziemann recommends researchers abandon software like Excel in favor of scheduled code written with scientific applications in mind.(为了阻止这种情况，Dr Ziemann建议研究人员放弃使用Excel等软件，转而使用为科学应用程序编写的预定代码。)”可知，至于Excel的自动更正问题，Dr Ziemann可能同意的是转而使用科学专用的编码工具。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句子“But they reflect a deeper problem, which is that spreadsheets allow such silent errors, too well camouflaged for authors or their editors to spot, to go undetected for years.(但它们反映了一个更深层次的问题，那就是电子表格允许这种无声的错误，这些错误camouflaged太好，以至于作者或编辑无法发现，多年来一直未被发现。)”中“silent errors(无声的错误)”、修饰well camouflaged的“too”以及“for authors or their editors to spot, to go undetected for years”可知，这些错误被伪装得太好，以至于作者或编辑无法发现，多年来一直未被发现，划线词camouflaged的意思是“伪装的”，和Hidden unnoticeably意思相近。故选B。 3．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Microsoft Excel’s auto-correction has long annoyed casual users. Dashes (破折号) before lists of numbers are misread as a minus sign. Phone numbers lose their leading zeroes. Credit-card numbers get re-expressed in scientific notation, like 1.30521E + 17.(微软Excel的自动纠错功能长期以来一直困扰着普通用户。数字列表前的破折号会被误读为减号。电话号码失去了前导零。信用卡号用科学记数法重新表示，如1.30521E + 17。)”可知，本文的目的是强调科学研究中自动纠错的弊端。故选A。 6 (2025届北京市第十三中学高三下学期三模英语试题) Millions of migratory (迁徙的) birds occupy seasonally favorable breeding grounds in the Arelie, but scientists know little about the formation, maintenance and future of the migration routes of Arctic birds and the genetic determinants of migratory distance. In a new study, a multinational team of researchers under the leadership of Dr. ZHAN Xiangjiang from the Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences integrated two state-of-the-art techniques — satellite tracking and whole genome sequencing (基因排序) — and established a continental-scale migration system of peregrine falcons in Eurasian Arctic. The researchers tracked 56 peregrine falcons from six Eurasian Arctic breeding populations and sequenced 35 genomes from four of these populations to study the migration of this species. They found that the birds used five migration routes across Eurasia, probably established between the last Ice Age 22, 000 years ago and the middle-Holocene 6,000 years ago. “Peregrine falcons initiated their autumn migration mainly in September, and arrived at their wintering areas mainly in October,” said Professor Mike Bruford, an ecologist at Cardiff University. “Peregrine falcons that depart from different breeding grounds use different routes, and winter at widely distributed sites across four distinct regions. Individual birds that were tracked for more than one year exhibited strong path repeatability during migration, complete loyalty to wintering locations and limited breeding dispersal (扩散).” The researchers quantified the migration strategies and found that migration distance is the most significant differentiation. They used whole genome sequencing and found a gene — ADCY8, which is known to be involved in long-term memory in other animals in previous research — associated with differences in migratory distance. They found ADCY8 had a variant at high frequency in long-distance migrant populations of peregrine falcons, indicating this variant is being favorably selected because it may increase powers of long-term memory thought to the essential for long-distance migration. “Previous studies have identified several candidate genomic regions that may regulate migration — but our work is the strongest demonstration of a specific gene associated with migratory behavior yet identified,” Professor Bruford said. The researchers further looked at models of likely future migration behavior to predict the impact of global warming. If the climate warms at the same rate as it has in recent decades, they predict peregrine populations in western Eurasia have the highest probability of population decline and may stop migrating altogether. “Our work is the first to begin to understand the way ecological factors may interact in migratory birds,” said Dr. ZHAN Xiangjiang. “We hope it will serve as a cornerstone to help conserve migratory species in the world” 1．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．Five birds’ historical migration routes were rebuilt. B．Peregrine falcons leave for Arctic regions in September. C．Peregrine falcons stick to the areas where they winter. D．Two novel research methods of migration were invented. 2．What can we infer about ADCY8? A．It is a newly-discovered gene in the new study. B．It serves as a fundamental part of long-distance migration. C．It could be strengthened by the power of long-term memory. D．It turned out to be more favored by birds than the other animals. 3．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Biologists Find Evidence of Migration Gene in Birds B．Researchers Help Conserve Migratory Species C．How Long-term Memory Helps Long-distance Migration D．How Ecological Factors Affect Birds’ Migratory Distances 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的科学发现，研究表明，全球变暖对于长途迁徙的鸟类有很大的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Individual birds that were tracked for more than one year exhibited strong path repeatability during migration, complete loyalty to wintering locations and limited breeding dispersal (扩散).(追踪超过一年的单个鸟类在迁徙过程中表现出很强的路径重复性，对越冬地点完全忠诚，并限制繁殖扩散。)”可知，游隼对自己的越冬地点非常专一。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“They found ADCY8 had a variant at high frequency in long-distance migrant populations of peregrine falcons, indicating this variant is being favorably selected because it may increase powers of long-term memory thought to the essential for long-distance migration.(他们发现ADCY8在长途迁徙的游隼种群中有一种高频率的变异，这表明这种变异被有利地选择了，因为它可能增加长期记忆的能力，这被认为是长途迁徙的必要条件)”可推断，ADCY8是长途迁徙中必不可少的要素。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“Previous studies have identified several candidate genomic regions that may regulate migration — but our work is the strongest demonstration of a specific gene associated with migratory behavior yet identified(以前的研究已经确定了几个可能调控迁移的候选基因组区域，但我们的工作是迄今为止与迁移行为相关的特定基因的最有力的证明)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了研究发现证实了鸟类身上存在的迁徙基因。所以“生物学家在鸟类身上发现迁徙基因的证据”作为文章标题最为合适。故选A。 7 (2025届北京市精华学校高三下学期三模英语试题) A study published in the New England journal of Medicine estimated that there are an average of 30 in-flight medical emergencies on U. S. flights everyday. Most of them are not serious; fainting, dizziness and hyperventilation are the most frequent complaints. But 13% of them — roughly four a day — are serious enough to require a pilot to change course. The most common of the serious emergencies include heart trouble (46%), strokes and other neurological problems (18%) , and difficult breathing (6%) . Let’s face it: plane riders are stressful. For starters, cabin pressures at high altitudes are set at roughly what they would be if you lived at 5,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Most people can tolerate these pressures pretty easily, but passengers with heart disease may experience chest pains as a result of the reduced amount of oxygen flowing through their blood. Low pressure can also cause the air in body cavities (体腔) to expand — as much as 30%. Again, most people won’t notice anything beyond mild stomach cramping. But if you’ve recently had an operation, your wound could open. And if a medical device has been implanted in your body — a splint, a tracheotomy tube or a catheter — it could expand and cause injury. Another common in-flight problem is deep venous thrombosis (静脉血栓) — the so-called economy-class syndrome. When you sit too long in a cramped position, the blood in our legs tends to clot. Most people just get sore calves. But blood clots, left untreated, could travel to the lungs, causing breathing difficulties and even death. Such clots are readily prevented by keeping blood flowing; walk and stretch your legs when possible. Whatever you do, don’t panic. Things are looking up on the in-flight-emergency front. Doctors who come to passengers’ aid used to worry about getting sued (起诉); their fears have lifted somewhat since the 2024 Aviation Medical Assistance Act gave them “good Samaritan” protection. And thanks to more recent legislation, flights with at least one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits with automated defibrillators to treat heart attacks. Are you still wondering if you are healthy enough to fly? If you can walk 150 feet, or climb a flight of stairs without getting winded, you’ll probably do just fine. Having a doctor close by doesn’t hurt, either. 1．Heart disease takes up about ______ of the in-flight medical emergencies on U. S. flights. A．13% B．46% C．18% D．6% 2．According to the passage, the expansion of air in body cavities can result in ______. A．heart attack B．chest pain C．stomach cramping D．difficult breathing 3．According to the passage, why does deep venous thrombosis usually happen? A．Because the economy class is not spacious enough. B．Because there are too many economy-class passengers. C．Because passengers are not allowed to walk during the flight. D．Because the low pressure in the cabin prevents blood flowing smoothly. 4．According to the 2024 Aviation Medical Assistance Act, Doctors who came to passengers’ aid ______. A．do not have to be worried even if they give the patients improper treatment B．will not be submitted to legal responsibility even if the patients didn’t recover C．are assisted by advanced emergency medical kits D．will be greatly respected by the patient and the crew 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国航班上飞行中医疗紧急情况的相关信息。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The most common of the serious emergencies include heart trouble (46%), strokes and other neurological problems (18%), and difficult breathing (6%).(最常见的严重紧急情况包括心脏病(46%)、中风和其他神经系统问题(18%)以及呼吸困难(6%))”可知，心脏病在严重紧急情况中占比46%。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Low pressure can also cause the air in body cavities (体腔) to expand — as much as 30%. Again, most people won’t notice anything beyond mild stomach cramping.(低压还会导致体腔内的空气膨胀——最多可膨胀30%。同样，大多数人除了轻微的胃痉挛外不会注意到其他症状)”可知，体腔内空气膨胀会导致胃痉挛。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Another common in flight problem is deep venous thrombosis (静脉血栓) — the so called economy class syndrome. When you sit too long in a cramped position, the blood in our legs tends to clot.(飞行途中另一个常见问题是深静脉血栓——即所谓的“经济舱综合征”。长时间蜷缩在狭小空间中不动，腿部血液容易形成凝块)”可推断，因为经济舱不够宽敞，长时间蜷缩在狭小空间中不动，腿部血液容易形成凝块，所以深静脉血栓会发生。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Doctors who come to passengers’ aid used to worry about getting sued (起诉); their fears have lifted somewhat since the 2024 Aviation Medical Assistance Act gave them “good Samaritan” protection.(过去，向乘客施救的医生常担心会被起诉，但自2024年《航空医疗援助法案》为他们提供“善意救助人”法律保护后，这种顾虑已有所减轻)”可知，根据该法案，即使患者没有康复，前来救助乘客的医生也不会承担法律责任。故选B项。 8 (2025届北京市丰台区高三下学期二模英语试题)In economic theories, people are typically represented as analytical agents who learn from past experiences to optimize (优化) their performance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they know how to maximise their earnings. This assumption surprised Garnier Brun at École Polytechnique in France because, as a physicist, he knew that interactions in nature such as those between atoms often result in chaos rather than stability. To test whether economists are correct to assume that learning from the past can help people avoid chaos, Brun and his colleagues devised a mathematical mode for a game featuring hundreds of simulated players. Each player can choose between two actions, like buying or selling a stock. They also interact with each other, and the players’ decision-making is influenced by what they have done before — meaning they are able to learn from experience. The researchers could adjust the precise extent to which a player’s past experiences influenced their subsequent decision-making. They could also control the interactions between the players to make them either cooperate or compete with each other more. With all these control knobs available to them, Brun and his colleagues used methods from statistical physics to simulate different game situations on a computer. In some situations, the researchers expected that the game would always result in chaos, with players unable to learn how to optimise their performance. Economic theory would also suggest that, given the right set of parameters (参数), the players would settle into a stable state where they had mastered the game — but the researchers found this wasn’t really the case. The most likely outcome was a state that never settled. Team member Jean Martin, also at École Polytechnique, says that, in the absence of one centralised and all-knowing player who could coordinate everyone, regular players could only learn how to reach “satisficing” states. That is a level that satisfied minimum expectations, but not much more. Players gained more than they would have done by playing at random, so learning wasn’t useless, but they still gained less than they would have if past experience had allowed them to truly optimise their performance. Martin says the game model is too simple to be immediately adopted for making real-world predictions, but she sees the study as a challenge to economists to drop many assumptions that currently go into theorising processes, like merchants choosing suppliers or banks setting interest rates. The finding could also be important for simulating processes like foraging decisions by animals or for some machine-learning applications, says Toby Galla at the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems in Spain. 1．According to the passage, what inspired Brun to carry out the study? A．The belief that chaos is a common outcome in natural systems. B．The conflicts between economic theories and interactions in nature. C．The similarities in interaction patterns between atoms and humans. D．The inability of economic theories to predict individual behaviours. 2．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The research purpose. B．The research subjects. C．The research methods. D．The research direction. 3．What can we infer from Martin’s words? A．The “satisficing” state is an ideal outcome for players in the game. B．Players can reach optimal performance with enough past experiences. C．Centralised control is essential for players to reach their full potential. D．Learning from past experiences isn’t sufficient to maximise one’s gains. 4．What can be the best title of the passage? A．Economic Theories: Are They Reliable in Predicting Stability? B．Learning from Mistakes: The Key to Optimal Decision-Making. C．A Mathematical Model: Breaking Economic Stability Assumptions. D．Game Model Findings: Spreading Influence Across Multiple Disciplines. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一项挑战经济稳定性假设的研究，通过数学模型揭示经验学习未必导向最优决策。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In economic theories, people are typically represented as analytical agents who learn from past experiences to optimize (优化) their performance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they know how to maximise their earnings. This assumption surprised Garnier Brun at École Polytechnique in France because, as a physicist, he knew that interactions in nature such as those between atoms often result in chaos rather than stability.(在经济理论中，人们通常被描述为分析主体，他们从过去的经验中学习，优化自己的表现，最终达到一个稳定的状态，在这个状态下，他们知道如何最大限度地提高收入。这个假设让法国École Polytechnique的Garnier Brun感到惊讶，因为作为一名物理学家，他知道自然界中的相互作用，比如原子之间的相互作用，往往会导致混乱而不是稳定。)”可知，Brun之所以开展这项研究，是因为他对经济学理论中“人们通过学习经验可以达到稳定状态”的假设产生质疑，他作为物理学家知道自然界的互动通常导致混乱而非稳定，由此可知，他研究的动机来源于经济理论稳定性假设与自然系统实际行为之间的冲突。故选B项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“The researchers could adjust the precise extent to which a player’s past experiences influenced their subsequent decision-making. They could also control the interactions between the players to make them either cooperate or compete with each other more. (研究人员可以精确地调整玩家过去经验对其后续决策的影响程度。他们还可以控制玩家之间的互动，使他们更多地合作或竞争。)”可知，本段详细介绍了研究人员如何设置游戏模型、调整参数以及控制变量来模拟不同情境，这些都属于研究过程中使用的方法，由此可知，本段主要介绍的是研究方法。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Players gained more than they would have done by playing at random, so learning wasn’t useless, but they still gained less than they would have if past experience had allowed them to truly optimise their performance.(玩家通过学习获得的收益比随机游戏时要多，所以学习并非毫无用处，但如果过去的经验允许他们真正优化自己的表现，他们所获得的收益仍然比现在少。)”可知，让玩家通过过去的经验真正优化自己的表现时，他们所获得的收益仍然比现在少，由此可知，从过去的经验中学习不足以使收益最大化。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“In economic theories, people are typically represented as analytical agents who learn from past experiences to optimize (优化) their performance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they know how to maximise their earnings. This assumption surprised Garnier Brun at École Polytechnique in France because, as a physicist, he knew that interactions in nature such as those between atoms often result in chaos rather than stability.(在经济理论中，人们通常被描述为具有分析能力的个体，他们从过去的经验中学习，以优化自身表现，最终达到一个稳定的状态，在这种状态下他们懂得如何使自己的收益最大化。这一假设令法国巴黎综合理工学院的Garnier Brun感到惊讶，因为作为一名物理学家，他深知自然界中的相互作用（例如原子之间的相互作用）往往导致混乱而非稳定。)”以及下文中介绍的他设计的数学模型对此假设的研究及发现可知，文章主要讲述了法国巴黎综合理工学院的Garnier Brun等研究人员设计了一个数学模型来验证经济学理论中人们能通过学习过去的经验达到稳定状态的假设，结果发现并非如此，玩家很难达到真正的稳定状态，并且从过去的经验中学习也不足以使收益最大化，所以题目“一个数学模型：打破经济稳定性假设”符合文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选C项。 9 (2025届北京市丰台区高三下学期二模英语试题)In an era of big research, having confidence in scientists, individually or collectively, involves trade-offs. Science is ideally built on evidence but in reality, for most people, it is based on trust. Scientific evidence is hard to access. Journals are difficult to get and their articles, written in specialised language, are only understandable to a few field experts. So, we trust experts’ results without being able to question them ourselves, believing that if needed, someone knowledgeable will. Historically, the reputation of individual scientists has been important in facilitating the spread of scıentific theories and discoveries. If a scientist is, or can appear to be, trustworthy, so might that scientist’s ideas. This can lead to odd consequences. Recognisable scientists receive more credit and trust, while unrecognisable scientists often have their work overlooked. The history of science is filled with cases where basic papers written by relatively unknown scientists were neglected for years. Consider the case of Joseph Fourier, whose classic paper on the propagation of heat had to wait 13 years to be published. Since recognisable scientists receive disproportionate (不成比例的) credit, their names become disproportionately associated with discoveries. Statistics professor Stephen Stigler formulated “Stigler’s law of eponymy” (斯蒂格勒命名法则), stating no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer. For instance, Pythagoras wasn't the first to discover the Pythagorean theorem, nor was Edwin Hubble the first to formulate Hubble’s law. However, modern science operates differently. Large collaborative (合作的) projects often produce papers with hundreds of authors. The record for the number of authors on a single scientific paper is currently 5,154. Furthermore, an editorial board composed of project group members actually wrote the papers. The papers were then placed on an electronic bulletin board for criticism and comment by all. Some massive collaborative projects constantly maintain author lists of hundreds of names, which are automatically submitted on every publication. If we can’t identify the thousands in big science projects or know their actual authors, who do we trust? I’d say we trust “science” itself regardless of the individual scıentists’ integrity. We trust the organisations that are considered scientific. Any clickbait news articles with “Science Says” in the title show this shift from trusting individuals to trusting the scientific enterprise. This shift to trusting “science” itself has risks. Misidentifying experts or trusting dishonest ones can abuse scientific erodibility. A striking example is Merchants of Doubt, where experts hid truths about acid rain and global warming. Authorship, then, serves one last function, which in some cases only benefits the historian like me: accountability. 1．What is the passage mainly about? A．The moral issues in scientific authorship and accountability. B．The role of individual scientists in modern scientific research. C．The evolution of trust in science from individuals to enterprises. D．The challenges of confirming scientific evidence in the digital age. 2．Why is “Stigler’s law of eponymy” mentioned? A．To justify an argument. B．To introduce an approach. C．To challenge a convention. D．To evaluate an assumption. 3．According to the passage, the author may agree that ________. A．modern science collaboration challenges the trust in individual scientists B．the current trend of trusting science overlooks scientists’ sacrifices C．authorship ought to be founded upon intellectual contributions D．it is vital to identify the authors of large-scale science projects 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the shift to trusting science itself? A．Sympathetic. B．Cautious. C．Disapproving. D．Puzzied. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了科学信任从个人到企业的演变，分析了这种演变背后的原因、影响以及潜在风险，并提出了作者对于这一转变的谨慎态度。 1．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“In an era of big research, having confidence in scientists, individually or collectively, involves trade-offs.(在科研成果丰硕的时代，无论是选择信任个体科学家，还是选择信任科学家集体，都存在着权衡取舍。)”、第二段中“ Historically, the reputation of individual scientists has been important in facilitating the spread of scıentific theories and discoveries. (从历史上看，科学家个人的声誉在促进科学理论和发现的传播方面一直很重要。)”、第五段“However, modern science operates differently. (然而，现代科学的运作方式不同。)”以及第六段中“If we can’t identify the thousands in big science projects or know their actual authors, who do we trust? I’d say we trust “science” itself regardless of the individual scıentısts’ integrity. (如果我们无法确定大型科学项目中的数千人或知道他们的实际作者，我们该信任谁呢？我想说，我们信任“科学”本身，而不考虑个别科学家的诚信)”等可知，文章开篇指出在大研究时代对科学家的信任存在权衡，接着阐述历史上个体科学家声誉对科学理论传播的作用，然后说明现代科学中大型合作项目的情况，最后表明信任从科学家个体向 “科学” 本身的转变存在风险，由此推知，文章重点讲述的是科学信任从个体到机构的演变过程。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Since recognisable scientists receive disproportionate credit, their names become disproportionately associated with discoveries. Statistics professor Stephen Stigler formulated “Stigler’s law of eponymy”, stating no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer. (由于知名科学家获得不成比例的赞誉，他们的名字与发现不成比例地联系在一起。统计学教授斯蒂芬·斯蒂格勒提出了“斯蒂格勒命名法则”，即没有一项科学发现是以其最初发现者的名字命名的)”可知，第四段先阐述了知名科学家与发现之间不成比例的联系这一现象，然后提出“斯蒂格勒命名法则”来进一步说明这种不成比例的联系，也就是为了进一步论证前面提到的知名科学家获得不成比例赞誉这一观点。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“However, modern science operates differently. Large collaborative projects often produce papers with hundreds of authors. The record for the number of authors on a single scientific paper is currently 5,154. Furthermore, an editorial board composed of project group members actually wrote the papers. The papers were then placed on an electronic bulletin board for criticism and comment by all. Some massive collaborative projects constantly maintain author lists of hundreds of names, which are automatically submitted on every publication. (然而，现代科学的运作方式不同。大型合作项目经常产生有数百名作者的论文。目前，一篇科学论文的作者人数记录为5154人。此外，由项目组成员组成的编辑委员会实际上撰写了论文。然后，这些论文被放在电子公告板上，供所有人批评和评论。一些大型合作项目不断维护着数百人的作者名单，这些名单在每次发表时都会自动提交)”以及第六段中“If we can’t identify the thousands in big science projects or know their actual authors, who do we trust? I’d say we trust “science” itself regardless of the individual scientists’ integrity. (如果我们无法确定大型科学项目中的数千人或知道他们的实际作者，我们该信任谁呢？我想说，我们信任“科学”本身，而不考虑个别科学家的诚信)”可知，现代科学中大型合作项目作者众多，人们难以确定作者，进而信任“科学”本身而非个体科学家，这表明现代科学合作模式挑战了人们对个体科学家的信任。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“This shift to trusting ‘science’ itself has risks. Misidentifying experts or trusting dishonest ones can abuse scientific erodibility. A striking example is Merchants of Doubt, where experts h$$