考前押题01 阅读理解6大常考话题（期中复习专项训练）高二英语下学期外研版

专题01 阅读理解5大常考话题 话题1 科普知识 话题4 社会关系 话题2 社会问题与社会现象 话题5 哲理感悟 话题3 中国文化与节日 话题1 科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·天津·期中）That people often experience trouble sleeping in a different bed in unfamiliar surroundings is a phenomenon known as the “first-night” effect. If a person stays in the same room the following night they tend to sleep more soundly. Yuka Sasaki and her colleagues at Brown University set out to investigate the origins of this effect. Dr. Sasaki knew the first-night effect probably has something to do with how humans evolved. The puzzle was what benefit would be gained from it when performance might be affected the following day. She also knew from previous work conducted on birds and dolphins that these animals put half of their brains to sleep at a time so that they can rest while remaining alert enough to avoid predators. This led her to wonder if people might be doing the same thing. To take a closer look, her team studied 35 healthy people as they slept in the unfamiliar environment of the university’s Department of Psychological Sciences. The participants each slept in the department for two nights and were carefully monitored with techniques that looked at the activity of their brains. Dr. Sasaki found, as expected, the participants slept less well on their first night than they did on their second, taking more than twice as long to fall asleep and sleeping less overall. During deep sleep, the participants’ brains behaved in a similar manner seen in birds and dolphins. On the first night only, the left hemispheres (半球) of their brains did not sleep nearly as deeply as their right hemispheres did.   Curious if the left hemispheres were indeed remaining awake to process information detected in the surrounding environment, Dr. Sasaki re-ran the experiment while presenting the sleeping participants with a mix of regularly timed beeps (蜂鸣声) of the same tone and irregular beeps of a different tone during the night. She worked out that, if the left hemisphere was staying alert to keep guard in a strange environment, then it would react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep and would ignore the regularly timed ones. This is precisely what she found. 1．What did researchers find puzzling about the first-night effect? A．To what extent it can trouble people. B．What role it has played in evolution. C．What circumstances may trigger it. D．In what way it can be beneficial 2．What do we learn about Dr. Yuka Sasaki doing her research? A．She found birds and dolphins remain alert while asleep. B．She found birds and dolphins sleep in much the same way. C．She got some idea from previous studies on birds and dolphins D．She conducted  studies on birds' and dolphins' sleeping patterns 3．What did Dr. Sasaki do when she first did her experiment? A．She monitored the brain activity of participants sleeping in a new environment. B．She recruited 35 participants from her Department of Psychological Sciences. C．She studied the differences between the two sides of participants’ brains. D．She tested her findings about birds and dolphins on human subjects. 4．What did Dr. Sasaki do when re-running her experiment? A．She analyzed the negative effect of irregular tones on brains. B．She recorded participants’ adaptation to changed environment. C．She exposed her participants to two different stimuli. D．She compared the responses of different participants. 5．What did Dr. Sasaki find about the participants in her experiment? A．They tended to enjoy certain tones more than others. B．They tended to perceive irregular beeps as a threat. C．They felt sleepy when exposed to regular beeps. D．They differed in their tolerance of irregular tones. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·安徽淮北·期中）Living near bars and fast-food restaurants could be harmful to heart health, according to a new research. These kinds of ready-to-eat food environments typically provide unhealthy foods and drinks, and have been related to cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, said Lu Qi, a head researcher at Tulane University in New Orleans. Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can’t get enough blood to meet the body’s needs. This study is likely the first to evaluate (评估) the connection between food environment and heart failure with long-term observation. “Most previous researches on the relation between nutrition (营养) and human health have been focused on food quality, neglecting the impact of food environment,” Qi said. “Our present study highlights the importance of accounting for food environment in nutrition researches.” Researchers evaluated the connection using data from more than 500,000 adults in the United Kingdom. They measured participants’ exposure (接触 ) to three types of food environments — bars, restaurants and fast-food restaurants. Exposure was determined ‘ by proximity (living within 1 kilometer) and density (the number of ready-to-eat food stores within 1 kilometer). The study documented nearly 13,000 heart failure cases during a 12-year follow-up period and the results showed that participants with 10 or more ready-to-eat stores near their homes had a 16% greater risk of heart failure than those with no ready-to-eat food environments. Those closest to the bars(less than 500 meters) had a 14% higher risk than those who lived the farthest away (more than 3,000 meters). The researchers noted the findings suggested that creating healthier food environments and improving physical fitness facilities, along with helping more people receive higher levels of education, could reduce the increased risk of heart failure linked to quick-meal options. Overall, the study stresses the importance of improving food environments to prevent heart failure, and the researchers note that more studies are needed, particularly evaluating nutrition unsafety, to make sure of the applicability of this study’s results. 1．What does the underlined word “neglecting” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Questioning. B．Identifying. C．Considering. D．Ignoring. 2．How did the researchers get their research findings according to paragraph 4? A．By making a comparison. B．By explaining a theory. C．By showing an argument. D．By describing a process. 3．What is presented in paragraph 5? A．Possible causes. B．Solving strategies. C．Research results. D．People’s reactions. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Ways Food Is Cooked Really Count B．Single Food Choices Lead to Nutritional Imbalance C．Ready-to-eat Food Surroundings Could Harm Heart Health D．Fast Food Is Increasingly Entering the Consumption Market Passage 3 （24-25高二下·安徽池州·期中）Swimmers are tidy and make the best lovers while cyclists vote Liberal Democrat. What your favorite sport says about you? Unless your name is Rebecca Adlington, Victoria Pendleton or Mo Farah, sport is probably nothing more than an enjoyable hobby. Now a new study has revealed that your choice of sport says more about you than you could possibly have imagined. According to researchers, cyclists are more likely to be emotionally stable, runners the most outgoing and swimmers the happiest, while walkers are the least materialistic. The psychological study, which was carried out by experts from Mind Lab, also revealed that sport can also offer clues to a person’s attitude to charity, reading habits and even their voting intentions. Cyclists, for example, are most likely to vote Liberal Democrat and tend to be calm in front of material possessions. Meanwhile runners tend to be Labour-voting outgoing people who love being the centre of attention. Those who swim tend to make the best lovers, are tidy and are also the most charitable, although according to Mind Lab, 61 percent of adults are fond of charity regardless of their choice of sport. Walkers, a group that includes those who enjoy wandering, cross-country races and hiking, are least concerned about material possessions and like being alone. “It has long been known that exercise is not only good for your body, but also your mind,” says psychologist Dr David Lewis. “Past research has shown that exercising can be used to treat and possibly even prevent anxiety and generally has a positive effect on mental health. The results from this study show that no matter what kind of person you are, there is the right kind of exercise for you,” Dr David Lewis adds. 1．What kind of people may not get angry easily according to the study? A．Cyclists. B．Runners. C．Swimmers. D．Walkers. 2．How is Paragraph 3 mainly developed? A．By giving examples. B．By following time order. C．By making comparisons. D．By setting down general rules 3．Which word can best describe the character of swimmers? A．Humorous. B．Pessimistic. C．Open-minded. D．Warm-hearted. 4．In the last paragraph, Dr David Lewis makes the point that ________. A．it’s better to choose sports that suit you well B．bad feelings can be got rid of by doing exercise C．there’s no doubt that sports can keep you healthy D．exercise benefits you both physically and mentally Passage 4 （24-25高二下·安徽蚌埠·期中）Mosquito repellents (驱蚊剂) have come a long way. For decades, the market leader was DEET, which fights the insects off successfully, but only for an hour or two. Recently, Icaridin has become available. This lasts up to eight hours and is just as effective. Yet both are mildly poisonous to cells grown in culture (培养物). The search is thus on for something that is unquestionably not poisonous at all. Francesca Dani of the University of Florence, in Italy, thinks she might have the answer. As she and her workmates describe in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, they looked at a range of chemicals called aldehydes and ketones, and produced something that seems a good, long-lasting, safe mosquito repellent. Dr Dani knew from the scientific literature that some aldehydes and ketones have insect-repelling properties. Such chemicals, however, evaporate (蒸发) faster than DEET. But she also knew from her own work that hydroxylated cyclic acetals, which form from certain aldehydes and ketones when exposed to alcohol, evaporate much less rapidly. That, she thought, might be the key to the puzzle. She and her workmates therefore made a score of hydroxylated cyclic acetals and tested their mosquito-repelling qualities against those of DEET and Icaridin. The standard way to do this is to spray (喷) some onto the back of a volunteer’s hand and have him or her then put both hands into a mosquito cage. The unsprayed hand acts as a control, and it is thereby possible to decide, by comparing the number of insects landing on each, how effective such a repellent is. As expected, DEET scored 95% protection efficiency. Such protection was provided by 8.3 micrograms of the stuff being applied per square centimetre of skin, and lasted two hours. For Icaridin, a fifth of that amount produces an equal repelling effect for eight hours. To the researchers’ satisfaction, two of their hydroxylated cyclic acetals performed as well as Icaridin. And when they tested them on cell cultures, they found that one, called 12a in the paper, killed none of the cells exposed to it. 1．What is the problem with DEET? A．It can be harmful. B．It is not effective. C．It is eco-friendly. D．It lasts less than an hour. 2．Which of the following may play a key role in preventing evaporation? A．Aldehydes. B．Ketones. C．Icaridin. D．Alcohol. 3．How was the test performed? A．By comparing different repellents. B．By putting a volunteer into a cage. C．By counting the number of dead insects. D．By spraying some repellents onto mosquitoes. 4．What conclusion can be drawn about 12a? A．It works well even after 12 hours. B．It is a cheap alternative to Icaridin. C．It is a promising mosquito repellent. D．It will soon be available on the market. Passage 5 （24-25高二下·安徽·期中）It’s probably not surprising that a new study has linked added sugar consumption to an increased risk of heart disease, but a less expected discovery is that those who have an occasional sweet treat appear to be at a reduced risk of cardiovascular (心血管的) problems. Eating a pastry, cake, or chocolate bar every so often may be better for your heart than a “zero-sugar” diet, which might cause nutrient deficiencies and energy crashes, etc., according to the research team from Lund University in Sweden. The researchers looked at records of 69,705 people in Swedish public health databases. The participants, aged between 45 and 83, were quizzed on their diet and lifestyle in 1997 and 2009, then tracked up to 2019. Sugar intake was grouped into three categories: sugary toppings(like honey), sweet treats(like pastries and sweets), and sweetened beverages (like fizzy drinks).Type of added sugar consumed was then cross-referenced (相互对照) against seven types of cardiovascular diseases, including strokes and heart attacks, with several other risk factors(such as smoking) accounted for. The associations varied between sugar type and heart disease type. Overall though, the lowest risks across all cardiovascular diseases were found in those who limited themselves to a sweet treat every now and again. There’s a lot to consider when it comes to the different ways in which we get our sugar: what other foods and drinks we have with the sugar, for example, as well as how regularly we include added sugar in our diet. “Liquid sugars, found in sweetened beverages, typically provide less satiety than solid forms — they make you feel less full — potentially leading to overconsumption,” says Janzi. “Context also matters — treats are often enjoyed in social settings or special occasions, while sweetened beverages might be consumed more regularly.” Bear in mind that these findings hint at relationships, rather than proving cause and effect. They also don’t factor in other health consequences — like damage to teeth for example-and need to be taken in context with what we already know about sugar. 1．What is the less expected discovery of a new study? A．A zero-sugar diet proves to be the most healthy one. B．A sweet tooth is the most likely to develop heart diseases. C．Eating sweets once in a while may do good to your heart. D．Consuming too much sugar increases risks of heart diseases. 2．How do researchers conduct the study? A．By consulting doctors. B．By doing experiments. C．By analyzing databases. D．By interviewing patients. 3．What does the underlined word “satiety” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Fullness. B．Sweetness. C．Comfort. D．Relief. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly tell us? A．The benefits of the findings. B．The limitations of the findings. C．The application of the findings. D．The further research of the findings. Passage 6 （24-25高二下·山东潍坊·期中）Plenty of academic research had examined creativity — but relatively little had gone to curiosity. The website wikipedia describes curiosity as a “quality related to thinking”. But there is a lot more to explore about it — and Wikipedia, as the world’s largest encyclopedia, is now aiding social scientists to deepen the definition of curiosity in a study. Tracing how Wikipedia searchers browse (浏览) among topics revealed three different styles of human curiosity: the “busybody,” the “hunter” and the “dancer.” A busybody follows a route through many often distantly related topics. A hunter, in contrast, searches with sustained focus, moving among a relatively small number of closely related articles. A dancer links together highly different topics to try to integrate new ideas. “Curiosity actually works by connecting pieces of information, not just acquiring them,” says University of Pennsylvania network scientist Dani Bassett, co-senior author on a recent study of these curiosity types. “It’s not as if we go through the world and pick up a piece of information and put it in our pockets like a stone. Instead we gather information and connect it to stuff that we already know.” The recent study tracked more than 482,000 people using Wikipedia’s mobile app in 50countries and 14 languages. The researchers charted these users’ paths using “knowledge networks” of connected information. Beyond this, they linked curiosity styles to location-based indicators of wellbeing, inequality, and other measures. In countries with higher education levels, people browsed more like busybodies. In countries with lower scores on these indicators, people browsed like hunters. Dancer patterns, more recently confirmed, were excluded. Princeton University psychologist Erik Nook praised the study’s “incredibly large” range. The authors, he says, brought together knowledge from various fields to reveal deep insights into human behavior. 1．What is Wikipedia’s role in the study? A．Research helper. B．Invention starter. C．Behavior motivator. D．Quality inspector. 2．How does curiosity work? A．By correcting data. B．By proving ideas. C．By processing information. D．By selecting topics. 3．What did the recent study in paragraph 4 find? A．Dancer patterns earn popularity. B．Knowledge networks guide users. C．Hunters come from rich countries. D．Education levels affect curiosity types. 4．What is Erik Nook’s attitude toward the study? A．Unclear. B．Unconcerned. C．Objective. D．Approving. Passage 7 （24-25高二下·山东济宁·期中）We’ve all experienced that moment when a word feels just out of reach, as if it’s ‌“on the tip of the tongue.” This frustrating phenomenon, called the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state, was traditionally thought to occur when our brains partially remember an answer. However, new studies challenge this idea, suggesting the TOT feeling might be more of a false mental impression than true memory recall. Simply believing you know something doesn’t guarantee you actually do. To explore this, researchers asked college students to answer 80 general-knowledge questions, each requiring a single-word response. If they couldn’t answer correctly, they were asked whether they felt the answer was on the tip of their tongue. They then guessed details like the word’s first letter, number of syllables, or sound. The results showed participants in TOT states were far more likely to offer partial information — five times more frequently in one experiment. However, the partial information was mostly inaccurate. For example, guesses about sounds or syllables were no more correct during TOT states than at other times. First-letter guesses matched the answer only slightly more often (about 11% vs. 8% in non-TOT states). Surprisingly, participants trusted their guesses 58% of the time during TOT states, compared to just 7% otherwise. This suggests the TOT feeling creates false confidence in partial information. Earlier research revealed the TOT feeling isn’t entirely false impression — participants score better on general-knowledge tests following such state (55% vs. 42%), but recent findings caution against complete trust in this. The study suggests this mental state may not result from partial information, but rather the opposite mechanism: The feeling itself could trigger (触发) memory-searching efforts. Anne Cleary, the study’s lead psychologist, explains, ‌“People might sense familiarity with the question itself. This feeling acts like a signal, telling the brain to dig deeper into stored knowledge.” The new findings on the TOT phenomenon have sparked extensive academic discussion, with scholars emphasizing their profound implications. These insights challenge existing memory models and urge a reevaluation of assessment methods in education and clinical settings, potentially reshaping future research directions. 1．What does the new studies reveal about the TOT feeling? A．It results from partial memory. B．It guarantees accurate answers. C．It might be a misleading impression. D．It reflects complete memory process. 2．What did students do in the experiments? A．Guessing answers based on syllables. B．Describing words’ meanings in detail. C．Answering 80 multiple-choice questions. D．Providing one-word answers to questions. 3．What can be learned from the recent findings? A．Recall success triggers TOT, causing confusion. B．TOT follows memory failure, creating frustration. C．Familiarity triggers memory search, leading to TOT. D．Partial memories activate TOT, bringing familiarity. 4．Which of the following best describe the impact of the new findings? A．Far-reaching. B．Predictable. C．Narrow-focused. D．Unidentifiable. Passage 8 （24-25高二下·内蒙古包头·期中）It’s not just humans who have trouble making up — even ants aren’t quick to forgive, either. Ants rely heavily on their sense of smell to distinguish nestmates from outsiders. A familiar smell allows ants to know which nearby ants are there to help, and which may fight for the same resources. But new research from evolutionary biologists at Germany’s University of Freiburg indicates ants don’t just react in the moment — they preserve knowledge of hostile (敌对的) encounters with neighboring enemies, and act accordingly. Experiments were conducted to determine if ants remember bad experiences with other ants, and how it influences their relationships. First, they placed ants into 60 second meet-and-greet situations: In one setting, the insects simply encountered some of their nestmates; another situation involved a group interacting with aggressive and hostile ants from other groups. This was then repeated once for each group over five days. From there, scientists examined how the various ant groups subsequently reacted when they encountered the aggressive ants. Further analysis showed ants were more hostile towards ants that smelled of past bad encounters with other nests. They may spray formic acid (蚁酸) at one another. Volker Nehring, co-author of the study, said, "We often underestimate insect cognition (认知). Ants aren’t inflexibly programmed — they learn from interactions with others, and sense of smell plays a crucial role in the formation of both nestmate and non-nestmate recognition patterns.” Researchers also believe these results imply ants can classify smells for ants outside their colonies, which may help make defensive responses accordingly. Moving forward, the biologists hope to look into how much ants can adapt their sense of smell based on these interactions to see if the knowledge translates on an even deeper Level. 1．What can we learn from the new research? A．Ants act on past memories. B．Ants have common enemies. C．Ants locate food resources alone. D．Ants compete with each other for food. 2．How were the two settings different in experiment design? A．Species of ants. B．Duration of encounters. C．Number of repetitions. D．Relationship between ants. 3．What does Volker Nehring imply in paragraph 4? A．Ants have a fixed recognition pattern. B．Ants gain cognition based on experiences. C．Interactions depends on the degree of flexibility. D．Smell serves as the only access to communication. 4．What might the researchers explore next? A．Ants’ smell classification. B．Ants’ aggressive interaction. C．Ants’ defensive response level. D．Ants’ smell adaptation mechanism. 话题2 社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·浙江温州·期中）Automatic kitchens aren’t just sci-fi scenes from shows like Star Trek (《星际迷航》).Currently, robots are being used to fry chicken, create pizzas, prepare salads and much more. AI can invent recipes based on what a kitchen has. More advanced concepts are in development to automate kitchens for fine dining. Since technology tends to be expensive at first, restaurants and other businesses are the first to adopt AI kitchen technologies. Over time, prices are likely to fall, making these technologies accessible to the home market and potentially changing how homes and society function. The benefits of AI kitchens include enabling cooks to avoid boring tasks, such as peeling potatoes or standing at a workstation for hours. It can free up time, allowing people to focus on more important tasks. For personalized eating, AI can fit countless special diets and tastes on demand. However, there are risks to human well-being. Cooking is a good activity which helps with communication and self-expression, but these benefits can be decreased if the human element becomes unnecessary. In this way, family relationships might suffer without the cooperative kitchen environment. Furthermore, the kitchen serves as a science laboratory in the household, playing an important role in science education. The art of cooking helps kids to learn about materials, chemistry and problem-solving. Cultural risks must also be considered. For example, AI could mess up traditional recipes and methods, as it often stereotypes (把……模式化) or oversimplifies cultural details. This may result in AI and robot cooks producing less diverse dishes. Relying too heavily on technology in meal creation may result in a lack of variety, leading to the sameness in taste. This is similar to the strikingly similar appearance of AI-generated art images across different apps. Convenience can come at a great cost, so it’s important to consider the possible social disruptions (扰乱) that new technologies might bring, especially in areas like food that are closely tied to our everyday lives. 1．Which is a potential benefit of AI kitchens? A．Reducing kitchen waste and risks. B．Meeting personalized dietary needs. C．Strengthening family relationships. D．Improving the efficiency of cooking. 2．What might be a negative impact of AI kitchens on family life? A．Simplifying traditional cooking culture. B．Messing up traditional recipes and dishes. C．Reducing family communication and bonding. D．Forcing family members to change eating habits. 3．What is the author’s attitude to the widespread use of AI kitchens? A．Indifferent. B．Cautious. C．Unclear. D．Positive. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Great Role of AI in Modern Kitchens B．Potential and Future of AI in Kitchens C．Benefits and Challenges of AI Kitchens D．AI Robots Working in Automatic Kitchens Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东淄博·期中）Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media environments where algorithms control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online algorithms may affect how they learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions, conflict and the spread of misinformation. On social media platforms, algorithms are mainly designed to amplify (放大) information that sustains engagement, meaning they keep people clicking on content and coming back to the platforms. There is evidence suggesting that a side effect of this design is that algorithms amplify information people are strongly biased (偏向的) to learn from. We call this information “PRIME”, for prestigious, in-group, moral and emotional information. In our evolutionary past, biases to learn from PRIME information were very advantageous: Learning from prestigious individuals is efficient because these people are successful and their behavior can be copied. Paying attention to people who violate moral norms is important because punishing them helps the community maintain cooperation. But what happens when PRIME information becomes amplified by algorithms and some people exploit (利用) algorithm amplification to promote themselves? Prestige becomes a poor signal of success because people can fake prestige on social media. News become filled with negative and moral information so that there is conflict rather than cooperation. The interaction of human psychology and algorithm amplification leads to disfunction because social learning supports cooperation and problem-solving, but social media algorithms are designed to increase engagement. We call it functional mismatch. One of the key outcomes of functional mismatch is that people start to form incorrect perceptions of their social world, which often occurs in the field of politics. Recent research suggests that when algorithms selectively amplify more extreme political views, people begin to think that their political in-group and out-group are more sharply divided than they really are. Such “false polarization” might be an important source of greater political conflict. So what’s next? A key question is what can be done to make algorithms facilitate accurate human social learning rather than exploit social learning biases. Some research team is working on new algorithm designs that increase engagement while also punishing PRIME information. This may maintain user activity that social media platforms seek, but also make people’s social perceptions more accurate. 1．What are social media algorithms targeted at? A．Improving social environment. B．Generating PRIME information. C．Avoiding side effects of social media. D．Raising the media platform click rate. 2．Why does the author refer to “false polarization” in paragraph 4? A．To make an assumption. B．To illustrate a conclusion. C．To explain a political issue. D．To present an extreme case. 3．According to the author, algorithms will be improved so as to ________. A．boost engagement and regulate amplification B．strengthen social learning and delete biases C．identify biases and punish PRIME information D．monitor media platforms and guarantee users’ privacy 4．What is the best title of the text? A．PRIME information meets with misperceptions B．Algorithms control the flow of social information C．Social media algorithms twist human social learning D．Online algorithm designs face unexpected challenges Passage 3 （24-25高二下·山东枣庄·期中）Laurie Santos, the psychology professor behind Yale University’s most popular course, recently started a free six-week class aimed at teenagers, called “The science of Well-Being for Teens”. It was developed to address rising rates of anxiety and depression among teenagers between 9th and 12th grade. She says in Lesson No. 1, one of the course’s pre-recorded lectures: Your brain lies to you about what makes you happy. “For adults, this may mean pursuing money or success at work, and for teens this might mean focusing on the perfect grades and getting into the best colleges,” Santos says. “The problem isn’t that you’re not putting work into feeling better — it’s that you’re doing the wrong things, prioritizing (优先考虑) the wrong behaviours.” Instead of focusing on reaching a financial goal or perfect grade, you should aim to programme your brain with thoughts and behaviours that make you feel better, Santos recommends. Regularly connecting with friends, taking care of your health and learning how to accept negative emotions all contribute more to your happiness than having the right job, car or relationships, she adds in a lecture. This teen-specific course, which already has at least 17, 000 members, is remarkable. More than a third of teens self-report experiencing poor mental health, and nearly half feel constant sadness or hopelessness, according to a Centres for Disease Control and Prevention survey that covered students through mid-2021. Those numbers had already increased by 40% from 2009 to 2019. Santos says she wants to help change those numbers by making the science of happiness accessible. “Happiness isn’t just about enjoying your day-to-day life,” she adds. “It helps you land jobs and live longer, contributing to your success when you’re not really running after it.” 1．Why did Laurie Santos start the class? A．To encourage young children to get a perfect grade. B．To help high schoolers reduce anxiety and depression. C．To assist college students in finding a good job. D．To promote a popular class in Yale University. 2．Which of the following shows Laurie Santos’ opinion? A．Rich people know how to accept negative emotions. B．People today know well how to be happier. C．Today’s people don’t pursue happiness correctly. D．Adults do better in pursuing happiness than teens. 3．What do the numbers Paragraph 4 mainly indicate? A．Teens were unhappier before mid-2021. B．This course gets widely popular now. C．Teenagers’ mental health issues are on the rise. D．Many teens aren’t aware of their mental problems. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．A Free Course about Happiness for Teens B．Anxiety and Depression of Today’s Teens C．The Reason for an Unhappy Life D．The Best Way to Live a Happy Life Passage 4 （24-25高二下·山东烟台·期中）Contrary to the general opinion that larger group size lessens cooperation, new research shows adaptive relationships and inborn socially positive desires enable humans to succeed in larger social circles. As social creatures, humans heavily rely on teamwork and can form larger and more complex groups than other animals. Traditionally, scientists believed that as groups grow in size, cooperation becomes more difficult. In large groups, listing one connection may not seem significant, and interacting with everyone sufficiently to build trust becomes challenging. Earlier studies intensified this belief. A recent study led by Rei Akaishi at RIKEN Center has turned this assumption on its head, demonstrating larger groups can actually enhance greater cooperation. The researchers conducted an experiment. Participants played a game where players chose between cooperating and acting selfishly. Group sizes ranged from two to six people. Participants were allowed to leave groups they found undesirable or remove uncooperative members. Their brain activity was monitored throughout. The results showed people in larger groups cooperated more frequently and the tendency to cooperate mounted as group size grew. While group size itself didn’t directly promote cooperative behavior, it influenced how people managed memory and made decisions during social interactions. Even when participants struggled to clearly recall past interactions, they often tended to choose to trust or cooperate. This suggests that when memory becomes unclear, people prioritize cooperation over watchfulness, enabling smoother group interactions. Brain scans offered further insights into the decision - making process. Specific brain regions processed memories of past interactions related to feelings of reward, weighing these memories against personal tendencies and guiding decisions about whether a participant should cooperate with someone who might have previously deserted them. When memories were less reliable, the brain appeared to naturally encourage cooperation, perhaps as a way to maintain group harmony. These findings suggest how humans build trust and interact within groups. Rather than relying merely on stable, long - term relationships, the study highlights the benefits of flexible and adaptable social connections for boosting cooperation. This insight is particularly relevant in today’s world, where digital platforms and online communities expand on constantly changing relationships. 1．What’s the common belief about group size and cooperation? A．Bigger groups favor cooperation. B．Group size has no tie with cooperation. C．Bigger groups negatively affect cooperation. D．Group size is determined by cooperation levels. 2．For participants, which action was permitted in the experiment? A．Recording others’ brain activity. B．Changing game rules midway. C．Dominating the entire experiment. D．Kicking out resistant members. 3．What does paragraph 5 focus on? A．How memories determine decision. B．Why humans enjoy a harmonious lifestyle. C．Why the brain can release sensory information. D．How the brain functions in cooperation promotion. 4．What’s the purpose of the author by writing the last paragraph? A．To warn of risks of Internet addiction. B．To illustrate the practical value of the findings. C．To contrast online and offline social behaviors. D．To call for establishing sound social connections. 话题3 中国文化与节日 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·内蒙古·期中）The Lantern Festival is a traditional Chinese festival that falls on the 15th day of the first lunar month. It marks the end of the Chinese New Year celebrations. On this day, people go out to enjoy the beautiful lanterns. Lanterns of various shapes and colors are hung in the streets and parks. Some are made in the shape of animals, while others depict famous scenes from history or legends. There is also a tradition of guessing lantern riddles. People write riddles on the lanterns, and others try to guess the answers. It is a very interesting activity that can test people’s wisdom. Another important activity is eating tangyuan. Tangyuan is a kind of glutinous rice ball with sweet fillings.It symbolizes reunion and happiness. Families usually sit together and eat tangyuan, enjoying the festive atmosphere. In some places, there are also lion and dragon dances. The dancers perform vividly, bringing a lively and joyous atmosphere to the festival. The Lantern Festival is a festival full of joy and cultural connotations. It makes people feel the charm of traditional Chinese culture. 1．What do people do to enjoy the Lantern Festival? A．They watch fireworks. B．They go out to see the lanterns. C．They hold a concert. D．They go skiing. 2．What is the tradition of guessing on the lanterns? A．Guessing lantern riddles. B．Guessing the price of the lanterns. C．Guessing the maker of the lanterns. D．Guessing the material of the lanterns. 3．What does tangyuan symbolize? A．Wealth and good fortune. B．Reunion and happiness. C．Longevity and health. D．Success and progress. 4．What can be seen in some places during the Lantern Festival? A．Fireworks shows. B．Parades. C．Lion and dragon dances. D．Balloon flights. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·黑龙江鸡西·期中）These days, people who do manual (体力的) work often receive far more money than people who work in offices. People who work in offices are frequently referred to as “white-collar workers” for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work. Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the honor of becoming white-collar workers. This can lead to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation. When he got married, Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job. He simply told her that he worked for the Corporation. Every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit. He then changed into overalls (工作服) and spent the next eight hours as a dustman. Before returning home at night, he took a shower and changed back into his suit. Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret. Alf’s wife has never discovered that she married a dustman and she never will, for Alf has just found another job. He will soon be working in an office. He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status (身份；地位) is well worth the loss of money. From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him ‘Mr. Bloggs’, not ‘Alf’. 1．What does the case of Alfred Bloggs show? A．That people often care more about the status of a job than the income. B．That “white-collar workers” usually wear a suit to go to work. C．That manual workers prefer to keep their jobs a secret. D．That office workers earn less than manual workers. 2．What did Alfred Bloggs do for over two years? A．He told his wife he worked for the Corporation, when in fact he did not. B．He dressed himself as a dustman before leaving home every morning. C．He lied to his wife about his job. D．He earned twice as much as a white-collar worker. 3．What does Alfred Bloggs think of his new job? A．He feels it is a pity because he now earns less than before. B．He thinks it is worthwhile for his rise in status. C．He is proud because he earns much more than before. D．He is satisfied because he no longer needs a shower before returning home. 4．What’s the best title of the passage? A．The Double Life of Alfred Bloggs. B．Money or Status, Which Comes First? C．The Story of Alfred Bloggs, a Dustman. D．Truth Will Come to Light Sooner or Later. 话题4 社会关系 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·天津西青·期中）Like many people, in terms of socializing, I prioritize making time for my closest friends and family. When it comes to reaching out to people I don’t know as well I often find myself reluctant to engage. This could be a big mistake, though, according to a new study. Having different types of social interactions seems to be central to our happiness — something many of us may think little of. In a series of surveys, researchers looked at how having a socially diverse network related to people’s well-being. In one survey, 578 Americans reported on what activities they had been engaged in, with whom and for how long over the past 24 hours, while also saying how happy with life they were. The researchers found that people with more diverse social networks were happier and more satisfied with life than those with less diverse networks — regardless of how much time they had spent socializing overall. “The more you can broaden your social circle and reach out to people you talk to less frequently — like an acquaintance, a friend, a coworker, or even a stranger — the more it could have positive benefits for your well-being,” said the lead researcher Hanne Collins of Harvard Business School. To further test this idea, she and her colleagues looked at large data sets from the American Time Use Survey and the World Health Organization’s Study on Global Aging and Adult Health. In both cases, they found that when people had a broader range of social interactions, they experienced greater happiness and well-being. Then Collins and her colleagues did another analysis, using data from a mobile app that 21,644 French-speaking people used to report on their daily social activities and happiness. There, they found that when someone experienced greater-than-average social diversity one week, they were happier that week and the week after. Why is that? It could be that being with different people contributes to different kinds of emotions, which may be a driving force in our happiness, says Collins. Alternatively, it could be that having a more diverse network allows you to get various social supports when you need it. Whatever the case, Collins hopes her research will inspire people to expand their social networks when they can. 1．What does the author use as an introduction to the passage? A．A personal communication skill. B．A social trend against one’s will. C．A common social phenomenon. D．A culture many people neglect. 2．What do we know about the study? A．Its results were different from culture to culture. B．Different results were obtained from the researchers’ three surveys. C．The researchers collected large amounts of data from different platforms. D．It focused on the impact of a more diverse social network on life satisfaction. 3．What can we learn from the 3rd and 4th paragraph? A．Any stranger or co-worker can bring you happiness. B．Broad social circle contributes to more happiness. C．Happiness depends only on social interactions. D．Close relationship influences happiness badly. 4．How may social diversity improve one’s well-being according to Collins? A．By providing motivation for life. B．By leading to one’s balanced life. C．By arousing one’s positive emotions. D．By making him / her sensitive to happiness. 5．What will be most probably talked about after the last paragraph? A．Collins’s social life. B．Collins’s conclusions. C．Collins’s new research. D．Collins’s specific suggestions. 话题5 哲理感悟 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·天津·期中）Perhaps you have ever heard the saying: Change is the only constant. Everyone, without doubt, goes through changes in their life, whether it is a physical state of aging or a mental state of emotional maturity. However, some are afraid to make the conscious decision to move or they think it’s too late to have a fresh start. I have a friend named Jack. At the age of 37, he is a Senior Manager at one of the Big Four. He has a great salary, owns his own apartment and enjoys the fine things in life, but not without the heavy burdens that his job brings. On the surface, it looks like he has got life figured out. Yet when I once asked if he was happy with his work, he answered that he sometimes wished to quit his job to do something less stressful. But he’d become accustomed to this lifestyle and felt that it would be too late to give it up to achieve a new ambition. For him, the risks are too high, so whether he can’t abide his present job or not, he has to choose to suck it up. You might have come to a similar situation as Jack’s or you might be a Jack. You’re now facing a wall. No matter what it is—the stress of your job or the terrible feeling, it’s time that you had to decide whether you’ll tear down that wall or continue to let it enclose you. I suggest pushing back the boundaries and breaking the fixed patterns. Why do you feel it’s too late to start over? That is simply because you’re comparing yourself with others — younger or more successful individuals. In fact, you should compare yourself with the older version of you. Don’t become that person who lets life pass by only to regret it when you are making your way into old age. Don’t let your life plateau (停滞不前) and waste away in the daily chores. Don’t give up the potential you still have hidden and be locked away by your current state. Now, you’d better bravely start going after the things you want to do, without abandoning your dreams, ambitions and responsibilities. 1．What kind of people does Jack represent according to the author? A．Those leading a happy life. B．Those feeling trapped in current career. C．Those longing to make a change. D．Those having a high ambition to work. 2．What does the underlined word “abide” in paragraph 3 mean? A．expand. B．deserve. C．possess. D．tolerate. 3．What does the author advise us not to do? A．Let life stand still. B．Enjoy the present job. C．Have a small goal in life. D．Consider ourselves as a failure. 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．Everyone Can Meet a Jack B．Don’t Try to Control Yourself C．Never Think Change Is Too Late D．You Should Make Alteration Earlier Passage 2 （24-25高二下·天津·期中）If you seek happiness, then you need to know what happiness is for you. I don’t believe there is one universal definition of happiness. Happiness is a very subjective emotion, according to me. Put two people in identical situation: same amount of money, life experiences, etc. and you can be pretty sure that they both wouldn’t feel equally happy or equally sad. I believe this is so because there are two kinds of happiness. There is one kind of happiness, which is kind of universal and then there is the other kind, which is very individual to each one of us. It is this kind of happiness that I find more interesting. The second kind of happiness that I talk about comes from our expectations out of our lives, which vary from person to person. For example, a person who expects a lot out of his or her life may find that happiness is hard to find. They are constantly in search of these things in life, which always seem to elude (逃避) them. Those things may be money or fame or power or any of the other pursuits (追求) that humans have, but it would be likely that such people are less likely to be happy, if their goals are not met. In most cases, even after their goals are met, they don’t find happiness, because they seek more—new goals, new wish lists, and it’s a seemingly never-ending process for them! On the other hand, a person who takes life as it comes along and makes the best of each day is more likely to be happy every day. They have no pressure or goals to occupy their minds and they can achieve happiness from the simple pleasures of everyday life, finding love, making time for the family and kids, seeing their kids grow, etc. Of course, that doesn’t mean that you shouldn’t have any expectations at all. You should keep those expectations reasonable and manageable. 1．Which of the following is the author’s opinion according to Paragraph 1? A．Happiness has one universal definition. B．Every individual has his own happiness. C．There are no people who are really happy. D．Happiness means having money and power. 2．What does the underlined part “these things” in Paragraph 2 probably refer to? A．Daily demands. B．Life experiences. C．Ideas about happiness. D．Expectations out of life. 3．Even if their goals are met, some people still don’t feel happy because _________. A．they gave too much for their goals B．they don’t know what happiness is C．they have new goals that need achieving D．they think sadness is a never-ending process 4．What kind of person is likely to be happy in the author’s opinion? A．He who has few expectations. B．He who has no pressure or goals. C．He who has a great ambition or dream. D．He who can find fun from his daily life. 5．The author writes this passage mainly to tell readers _________. A．the definition of happiness B．the importance of happiness C．to enjoy every day to the fullest D．to give up their dreams and be practical 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $专题01 阅读理解5大常考话题 话题1 科普知识 话题4 社会关系 话题2 社会问题与社会现象 话题5 哲理感悟 话题3 中国文化与节日 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 话题1 科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·天津·期中）That people often experience trouble sleeping in a different bed in unfamiliar surroundings is a phenomenon known as the “first-night” effect. If a person stays in the same room the following night they tend to sleep more soundly. Yuka Sasaki and her colleagues at Brown University set out to investigate the origins of this effect. Dr. Sasaki knew the first-night effect probably has something to do with how humans evolved. The puzzle was what benefit would be gained from it when performance might be affected the following day. She also knew from previous work conducted on birds and dolphins that these animals put half of their brains to sleep at a time so that they can rest while remaining alert enough to avoid predators. This led her to wonder if people might be doing the same thing. To take a closer look, her team studied 35 healthy people as they slept in the unfamiliar environment of the university’s Department of Psychological Sciences. The participants each slept in the department for two nights and were carefully monitored with techniques that looked at the activity of their brains. Dr. Sasaki found, as expected, the participants slept less well on their first night than they did on their second, taking more than twice as long to fall asleep and sleeping less overall. During deep sleep, the participants’ brains behaved in a similar manner seen in birds and dolphins. On the first night only, the left hemispheres (半球) of their brains did not sleep nearly as deeply as their right hemispheres did.   Curious if the left hemispheres were indeed remaining awake to process information detected in the surrounding environment, Dr. Sasaki re-ran the experiment while presenting the sleeping participants with a mix of regularly timed beeps (蜂鸣声) of the same tone and irregular beeps of a different tone during the night. She worked out that, if the left hemisphere was staying alert to keep guard in a strange environment, then it would react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep and would ignore the regularly timed ones. This is precisely what she found. 1．What did researchers find puzzling about the first-night effect? A．To what extent it can trouble people. B．What role it has played in evolution. C．What circumstances may trigger it. D．In what way it can be beneficial 2．What do we learn about Dr. Yuka Sasaki doing her research? A．She found birds and dolphins remain alert while asleep. B．She found birds and dolphins sleep in much the same way. C．She got some idea from previous studies on birds and dolphins D．She conducted  studies on birds' and dolphins' sleeping patterns 3．What did Dr. Sasaki do when she first did her experiment? A．She monitored the brain activity of participants sleeping in a new environment. B．She recruited 35 participants from her Department of Psychological Sciences. C．She studied the differences between the two sides of participants’ brains. D．She tested her findings about birds and dolphins on human subjects. 4．What did Dr. Sasaki do when re-running her experiment? A．She analyzed the negative effect of irregular tones on brains. B．She recorded participants’ adaptation to changed environment. C．She exposed her participants to two different stimuli. D．She compared the responses of different participants. 5．What did Dr. Sasaki find about the participants in her experiment? A．They tended to enjoy certain tones more than others. B．They tended to perceive irregular beeps as a threat. C．They felt sleepy when exposed to regular beeps. D．They differed in their tolerance of irregular tones. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C 5．B 【知识点】说明文、科普知识 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了首夜效应的现象、起源及科学家的相关研究。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段的“The puzzle was what benefit would be gained from it when performance might be affected the following day.(令人困惑的是，当第二天的性能可能受到影响时，它将从中获得什么好处)”可知，研究者困惑于首夜效应有何益处。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段的“She also knew from previous work conducted on birds and dolphins that these animals put half of their brains to sleep at a time so that they can rest while remaining alert enough to avoid predators. This led her to wonder if people might be doing the same thing.(她还从之前对鸟类和海豚的研究中了解到，这些动物一次让一半的大脑进入睡眠状态，这样它们就可以休息，同时保持足够的警觉以躲避捕食者。这让她怀疑人们是否也在做同样的事情)”可知，Dr. Yuka Sasaki从之前关于鸟类和海豚的研究中得到了一些启发。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段“To take a closer look, her team studied 35 healthy people as they slept in the unfamiliar environment of the university’s Department of Psychological Sciences. The participants each slept in the department for two nights and were carefully monitored with techniques that looked at the activity of their brains.(为了进一步研究，她的团队研究了35名健康的人，他们在大学心理科学系的陌生环境中睡觉。每个参与者都在该部门睡了两个晚上，并通过观察他们大脑活动的技术对他们进行了仔细的监测)”可知，她监测了在新环境中睡觉的参与者的大脑活动。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Curious if the left hemispheres were indeed remaining awake to process information detected in the surrounding environment, Dr. Sasaki re-ran the experiment while presenting the sleeping participants with a mix of regularly timed beeps (蜂鸣声) of the same tone and irregular beeps of a different tone during the night.(出于好奇，Sasaki博士的左脑半球是否真的保持清醒，以处理在周围环境中检测到的信息，他重新进行了实验，同时在夜间向睡眠的参与者播放定时的同一音调的哔哔声和不同音调的不规则哔哔声)”可知，Sasaki博士在重新进行实验时，给睡眠中的参与者同时呈现了两种不同的刺激——规律性的蜂鸣声和不规律性的蜂鸣声。故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据第三段中“She worked out that, if the left hemisphere was staying alert to keep guard in a strange environment, then it would react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep and would ignore the regularly timed ones. This is precisely what she found.(她推断出，如果左脑半球在陌生的环境中保持警觉以守卫，那么它会对不规则的蜂鸣声作出反应，把人们从睡梦中惊醒，而忽略那些规律性的蜂鸣声。这正是她所发现的现象)”可知，Sasaki博士发现参与者在听到不规律性的蜂鸣声时会被唤醒，这表明他们倾向于将不规律性的蜂鸣声视为威胁。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·安徽淮北·期中）Living near bars and fast-food restaurants could be harmful to heart health, according to a new research. These kinds of ready-to-eat food environments typically provide unhealthy foods and drinks, and have been related to cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, said Lu Qi, a head researcher at Tulane University in New Orleans. Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can’t get enough blood to meet the body’s needs. This study is likely the first to evaluate (评估) the connection between food environment and heart failure with long-term observation. “Most previous researches on the relation between nutrition (营养) and human health have been focused on food quality, neglecting the impact of food environment,” Qi said. “Our present study highlights the importance of accounting for food environment in nutrition researches.” Researchers evaluated the connection using data from more than 500,000 adults in the United Kingdom. They measured participants’ exposure (接触 ) to three types of food environments — bars, restaurants and fast-food restaurants. Exposure was determined ‘ by proximity (living within 1 kilometer) and density (the number of ready-to-eat food stores within 1 kilometer). The study documented nearly 13,000 heart failure cases during a 12-year follow-up period and the results showed that participants with 10 or more ready-to-eat stores near their homes had a 16% greater risk of heart failure than those with no ready-to-eat food environments. Those closest to the bars(less than 500 meters) had a 14% higher risk than those who lived the farthest away (more than 3,000 meters). The researchers noted the findings suggested that creating healthier food environments and improving physical fitness facilities, along with helping more people receive higher levels of education, could reduce the increased risk of heart failure linked to quick-meal options. Overall, the study stresses the importance of improving food environments to prevent heart failure, and the researchers note that more studies are needed, particularly evaluating nutrition unsafety, to make sure of the applicability of this study’s results. 1．What does the underlined word “neglecting” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Questioning. B．Identifying. C．Considering. D．Ignoring. 2．How did the researchers get their research findings according to paragraph 4? A．By making a comparison. B．By explaining a theory. C．By showing an argument. D．By describing a process. 3．What is presented in paragraph 5? A．Possible causes. B．Solving strategies. C．Research results. D．People’s reactions. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Ways Food Is Cooked Really Count B．Single Food Choices Lead to Nutritional Imbalance C．Ready-to-eat Food Surroundings Could Harm Heart Health D．Fast Food Is Increasingly Entering the Consumption Market 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【知识点】说明文、科普知识 、健康饮食 【导语】本文属于说明文。文章介绍了一项关于居住环境与心脏健康关系的科学研究成果，探讨了靠近酒吧和快餐店的生活环境如何可能对心脏健康产生负面影响。 1．词句猜测题。 由文章第二段中“Most previous researches on the relation between nutrition (营养) and human health have been focused on food quality (以前关于营养和人类健康关系的大多数研究都集中在食品质量上)”和“the impact of food environment (食物环境的影响)”可知，以前关于营养和人类健康关系的大多数研究都集中在食品质量上，此处应该表示“忽视了食品环境的影响”，neglecting意为“忽视”。A. Questioning提问；B. Identifying识别；C. Considering考虑；D. Ignoring忽略，忽视。故选D。 2．推理判断题。 由文章第四段“The study documented nearly 13,000 heart failure cases during a 12-year follow-up period and the results showed that participants with 10 or more ready-to-eat stores near their homes had a 16% greater risk of heart failure than those with no ready-to-eat food environments. Those closest to the bars(less than 500 meters) had a 14% higher risk than those who lived the farthest away (more than 3,000 meters). (这项研究在12年的随访期间记录了近13000例心力衰竭病例，结果显示，在家附近有10家或更多即食食品商店的参与者患心力衰竭的风险比没有即食食品环境的参与者高16%。离酒吧最近（不到500米）的人比住得最远（超过3000米）的人患癌症的风险高14%。)”可知，研究人员通过比较不同参与者与不同类型食物环境的接近程度和密度来得出研究发现，这表明研究方法是通过对比来进行的。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。 由文章第五段“The researchers noted the findings suggested that creating healthier food environments and improving physical fitness facilities, along with helping more people receive higher levels of education, could reduce the increased risk of heart failure linked to quick-meal options. (研究人员指出，研究结果表明，创造更健康的饮食环境，改善健身设施，以及帮助更多的人接受更高水平的教育，可以降低与快餐选择相关的心力衰竭风险。)”可知，第五段主要提出了可能的解决策略，包括改善食物环境、提升体育设施条件以及帮助更多人接受更高级别的教育。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。 通读全文，尤其是根据文章第一段“Living near bars and fast-food restaurants could be harmful to heart health, according to a new research. These kinds of ready-to-eat food environments typically provide unhealthy foods and drinks, and have been related to cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, said Lu Qi, a head researcher at Tulane University in New Orleans. (一项新研究表明，住在酒吧和快餐店附近可能对心脏健康有害。新奥尔良杜兰大学首席研究员陆奇说，这种即食食品环境通常提供不健康的食品和饮料，并与心力衰竭等心血管疾病有关。)”可知，文章主要介绍了居住在酒吧和快餐店附近可能对心脏健康有害的研究发现，强调了食物环境对心血管疾病如心力衰竭的影响。因此，最能概括全文的标题是C项“Ready-to-eat Food Surroundings Could Harm Heart Health (即食食品环境可能损害心脏健康)”。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·安徽池州·期中）Swimmers are tidy and make the best lovers while cyclists vote Liberal Democrat. What your favorite sport says about you? Unless your name is Rebecca Adlington, Victoria Pendleton or Mo Farah, sport is probably nothing more than an enjoyable hobby. Now a new study has revealed that your choice of sport says more about you than you could possibly have imagined. According to researchers, cyclists are more likely to be emotionally stable, runners the most outgoing and swimmers the happiest, while walkers are the least materialistic. The psychological study, which was carried out by experts from Mind Lab, also revealed that sport can also offer clues to a person’s attitude to charity, reading habits and even their voting intentions. Cyclists, for example, are most likely to vote Liberal Democrat and tend to be calm in front of material possessions. Meanwhile runners tend to be Labour-voting outgoing people who love being the centre of attention. Those who swim tend to make the best lovers, are tidy and are also the most charitable, although according to Mind Lab, 61 percent of adults are fond of charity regardless of their choice of sport. Walkers, a group that includes those who enjoy wandering, cross-country races and hiking, are least concerned about material possessions and like being alone. “It has long been known that exercise is not only good for your body, but also your mind,” says psychologist Dr David Lewis. “Past research has shown that exercising can be used to treat and possibly even prevent anxiety and generally has a positive effect on mental health. The results from this study show that no matter what kind of person you are, there is the right kind of exercise for you,” Dr David Lewis adds. 1．What kind of people may not get angry easily according to the study? A．Cyclists. B．Runners. C．Swimmers. D．Walkers. 2．How is Paragraph 3 mainly developed? A．By giving examples. B．By following time order. C．By making comparisons. D．By setting down general rules 3．Which word can best describe the character of swimmers? A．Humorous. B．Pessimistic. C．Open-minded. D．Warm-hearted. 4．In the last paragraph, Dr David Lewis makes the point that ________. A．it’s better to choose sports that suit you well B．bad feelings can be got rid of by doing exercise C．there’s no doubt that sports can keep you healthy D．exercise benefits you both physically and mentally 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新研究，该研究揭示不同运动偏好反映人的性格与态度。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“According to researchers, cyclists are more likely to be emotionally stable, runners the most outgoing and swimmers the happiest, while walkers are the least materialistic. (研究人员发现，骑自行车的人更可能情绪稳定，跑步者最外向，而游泳者则最快乐，徒步者则最不物质主义。)”可知，根据这项研究，骑自行车的人可能不容易生气。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Cyclists, for example, are most likely to vote Liberal Democrat and tend to be calm in front of material possessions. Meanwhile runners tend to be Labour-voting outgoing people who love being the centre of attention. Those who swim tend to make the best lovers, are tidy and are also the most charitable, although according to Mind Lab, 61 percent of adults are fond of charity regardless of their choice of sport. Walkers, a group that includes those who enjoy wandering, cross-country races and hiking, are least concerned about material possessions and like being alone. (例如，骑自行车的人最有可能投票给自由民主党，并且在物质财富面前往往很冷静。与此同时，跑步者往往是工党投票的外向的人，喜欢成为关注的焦点。那些游泳的人往往是最棒的情人，很整洁，也是最慈善的，尽管根据Mind Lab的研究，61%的成年人喜欢慈善事业，无论他们选择什么运动。步行者包括喜欢漫步、越野赛跑和徒步旅行的人，他们最不关心物质财富，喜欢独处。)”可知，第三段主要通过比较不同运动者的性格特征来展开论述。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Those who swim tend to make the best lovers, are tidy and are also the most charitable, although according to Mind Lab, 61 percent of adults are fond of charity regardless of their choice of sport. (游泳者往往是最佳恋人，生活整洁，也最具慈善心——不过根据思维实验室的数据，61%的成年人无论选择何种运动，都热衷于慈善事业。)”可知，游泳者是热心肠的人。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段““It has long been known that exercise is not only good for your body, but also your mind,” says psychologist Dr David Lewis. “Past research has shown that exercising can be used to treat and possibly even prevent anxiety and generally has a positive effect on mental health. The results from this study show that no matter what kind of person you are, there is the right kind of exercise for you,” Dr David Lewis adds. (心理学家David Lewis博士表示：“长期以来，人们都知道运动不仅对身体有益，对心理也有好处。”“过去的研究表明，运动可用于治疗甚至预防焦虑，总体上对心理健康有积极影响。这项研究的结果显示，无论你是什么样的人，都有适合你的运动类型。”David Lewis博士补充道。)”可知，Dr David Lewis认为锻炼不仅对身体有益，也对大脑有益，即锻炼在身体和精神上都对你有益。故选D。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·安徽蚌埠·期中）Mosquito repellents (驱蚊剂) have come a long way. For decades, the market leader was DEET, which fights the insects off successfully, but only for an hour or two. Recently, Icaridin has become available. This lasts up to eight hours and is just as effective. Yet both are mildly poisonous to cells grown in culture (培养物). The search is thus on for something that is unquestionably not poisonous at all. Francesca Dani of the University of Florence, in Italy, thinks she might have the answer. As she and her workmates describe in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, they looked at a range of chemicals called aldehydes and ketones, and produced something that seems a good, long-lasting, safe mosquito repellent. Dr Dani knew from the scientific literature that some aldehydes and ketones have insect-repelling properties. Such chemicals, however, evaporate (蒸发) faster than DEET. But she also knew from her own work that hydroxylated cyclic acetals, which form from certain aldehydes and ketones when exposed to alcohol, evaporate much less rapidly. That, she thought, might be the key to the puzzle. She and her workmates therefore made a score of hydroxylated cyclic acetals and tested their mosquito-repelling qualities against those of DEET and Icaridin. The standard way to do this is to spray (喷) some onto the back of a volunteer’s hand and have him or her then put both hands into a mosquito cage. The unsprayed hand acts as a control, and it is thereby possible to decide, by comparing the number of insects landing on each, how effective such a repellent is. As expected, DEET scored 95% protection efficiency. Such protection was provided by 8.3 micrograms of the stuff being applied per square centimetre of skin, and lasted two hours. For Icaridin, a fifth of that amount produces an equal repelling effect for eight hours. To the researchers’ satisfaction, two of their hydroxylated cyclic acetals performed as well as Icaridin. And when they tested them on cell cultures, they found that one, called 12a in the paper, killed none of the cells exposed to it. 1．What is the problem with DEET? A．It can be harmful. B．It is not effective. C．It is eco-friendly. D．It lasts less than an hour. 2．Which of the following may play a key role in preventing evaporation? A．Aldehydes. B．Ketones. C．Icaridin. D．Alcohol. 3．How was the test performed? A．By comparing different repellents. B．By putting a volunteer into a cage. C．By counting the number of dead insects. D．By spraying some repellents onto mosquitoes. 4．What conclusion can be drawn about 12a? A．It works well even after 12 hours. B．It is a cheap alternative to Icaridin. C．It is a promising mosquito repellent. D．It will soon be available on the market. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员寻找更安全有效的驱蚊剂的过程及成果。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Mosquito repellents (驱蚊剂) have come a long way. For decades, the market leader was DEET, which fights the insects off successfully, but only for an hour or two. Recently, Icaridin has become available. This lasts up to eight hours and is just as effective. Yet both are mildly poisonous to cells grown in culture (培养物). (驱蚊剂的发展已取得显著进步。数十年来，市场主导产品DEET，它能有效驱赶蚊虫，但时效仅一两个小时。最近，Icaridin问世，其防护时长可达八小时，且效果相当。然而，这两种成分对培养细胞均有轻微毒性。)”可知，DEET的问题在于它可能有害。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“But she also knew from her own work that hydroxylated cyclic acetals, which form from certain aldehydes and ketones when exposed to alcohol, evaporate much less rapidly. (但她也从自己的工作中了解到，当某些醛和酮暴露在酒精中时，会形成羟基环状缩醛，这种缩醛蒸发得要慢得多。)”可知，酒精在防止蒸发方面可能起着关键作用。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“She and her workmates therefore made a score of hydroxylated cyclic acetals and tested their mosquito-repelling qualities against those of DEET and Icaridin. (因此，她和同事们制造了20种羟基环状缩醛，并测试了它们的驱蚊效果，与DEET和Icaridin进行了对比。)”可知，测试是通过比较不同的驱蚊剂来进行的。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“And when they tested them on cell cultures, they found that one, called 12a in the paper, killed none of the cells exposed to it. (当他们在细胞培养物上测试时，他们发现其中一种，在论文中被称为12a，没有杀死任何暴露在其中的细胞。)”可知，12a 驱蚊效果好且无毒，是有前途的驱蚊剂。故选C。 Passage 5 （24-25高二下·安徽·期中）It’s probably not surprising that a new study has linked added sugar consumption to an increased risk of heart disease, but a less expected discovery is that those who have an occasional sweet treat appear to be at a reduced risk of cardiovascular (心血管的) problems. Eating a pastry, cake, or chocolate bar every so often may be better for your heart than a “zero-sugar” diet, which might cause nutrient deficiencies and energy crashes, etc., according to the research team from Lund University in Sweden. The researchers looked at records of 69,705 people in Swedish public health databases. The participants, aged between 45 and 83, were quizzed on their diet and lifestyle in 1997 and 2009, then tracked up to 2019. Sugar intake was grouped into three categories: sugary toppings(like honey), sweet treats(like pastries and sweets), and sweetened beverages (like fizzy drinks).Type of added sugar consumed was then cross-referenced (相互对照) against seven types of cardiovascular diseases, including strokes and heart attacks, with several other risk factors(such as smoking) accounted for. The associations varied between sugar type and heart disease type. Overall though, the lowest risks across all cardiovascular diseases were found in those who limited themselves to a sweet treat every now and again. There’s a lot to consider when it comes to the different ways in which we get our sugar: what other foods and drinks we have with the sugar, for example, as well as how regularly we include added sugar in our diet. “Liquid sugars, found in sweetened beverages, typically provide less satiety than solid forms — they make you feel less full — potentially leading to overconsumption,” says Janzi. “Context also matters — treats are often enjoyed in social settings or special occasions, while sweetened beverages might be consumed more regularly.” Bear in mind that these findings hint at relationships, rather than proving cause and effect. They also don’t factor in other health consequences — like damage to teeth for example-and need to be taken in context with what we already know about sugar. 1．What is the less expected discovery of a new study? A．A zero-sugar diet proves to be the most healthy one. B．A sweet tooth is the most likely to develop heart diseases. C．Eating sweets once in a while may do good to your heart. D．Consuming too much sugar increases risks of heart diseases. 2．How do researchers conduct the study? A．By consulting doctors. B．By doing experiments. C．By analyzing databases. D．By interviewing patients. 3．What does the underlined word “satiety” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Fullness. B．Sweetness. C．Comfort. D．Relief. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly tell us? A．The benefits of the findings. B．The limitations of the findings. C．The application of the findings. D．The further research of the findings. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了瑞典研究人员一个意想不到的发现：适度的摄入一些糖分有助于降低人们的心血管疾病。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“It’s probably not surprising that a new study has linked added sugar consumption to an increased risk of heart disease, but a less expected discovery is that those who have an occasional sweet treat appear to be at a reduced risk of cardiovascular (心血管的) problems.(一项新的研究将添加糖的摄入与患心脏病的风险增加联系起来，这可能并不奇怪，但一个意想不到的发现是，那些偶尔吃甜食的人患心血管疾病的风险似乎降低了)”可知，这个意想不到的发现是：偶尔款待自己吃一些甜食也许对自己的心脏有好处。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“The researchers looked at records of 69,705 people in Swedish public health databases.(研究人员查看了瑞典公共卫生数据库中69705人的记录)”可知，研究人员是通过分析大量的数据才得此结论的。故选C。 3．词义猜测题。根据划线词后文“they make you feel less full(它们会让你感觉不那么饱)”可知，含糖饮料中的液体糖通常比固体糖提供的饱腹感更低，故satiety指的是“身体的饱腹感”。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Bear in mind that these findings hint at relationships, rather than proving cause and effect. They also don’t factor in other health consequences — like damage to teeth for example-and need to be taken in context with what we already know about sugar.(请记住，这些发现暗示了关系，而不是证明因果关系。它们也没有考虑到其他的健康后果，比如对牙齿的损害，需要结合我们对糖的了解来考虑)”可知，本段主要说明这个新发现的局限性。故选B。 Passage 6 （24-25高二下·山东潍坊·期中）Plenty of academic research had examined creativity — but relatively little had gone to curiosity. The website wikipedia describes curiosity as a “quality related to thinking”. But there is a lot more to explore about it — and Wikipedia, as the world’s largest encyclopedia, is now aiding social scientists to deepen the definition of curiosity in a study. Tracing how Wikipedia searchers browse (浏览) among topics revealed three different styles of human curiosity: the “busybody,” the “hunter” and the “dancer.” A busybody follows a route through many often distantly related topics. A hunter, in contrast, searches with sustained focus, moving among a relatively small number of closely related articles. A dancer links together highly different topics to try to integrate new ideas. “Curiosity actually works by connecting pieces of information, not just acquiring them,” says University of Pennsylvania network scientist Dani Bassett, co-senior author on a recent study of these curiosity types. “It’s not as if we go through the world and pick up a piece of information and put it in our pockets like a stone. Instead we gather information and connect it to stuff that we already know.” The recent study tracked more than 482,000 people using Wikipedia’s mobile app in 50countries and 14 languages. The researchers charted these users’ paths using “knowledge networks” of connected information. Beyond this, they linked curiosity styles to location-based indicators of wellbeing, inequality, and other measures. In countries with higher education levels, people browsed more like busybodies. In countries with lower scores on these indicators, people browsed like hunters. Dancer patterns, more recently confirmed, were excluded. Princeton University psychologist Erik Nook praised the study’s “incredibly large” range. The authors, he says, brought together knowledge from various fields to reveal deep insights into human behavior. 1．What is Wikipedia’s role in the study? A．Research helper. B．Invention starter. C．Behavior motivator. D．Quality inspector. 2．How does curiosity work? A．By correcting data. B．By proving ideas. C．By processing information. D．By selecting topics. 3．What did the recent study in paragraph 4 find? A．Dancer patterns earn popularity. B．Knowledge networks guide users. C．Hunters come from rich countries. D．Education levels affect curiosity types. 4．What is Erik Nook’s attitude toward the study? A．Unclear. B．Unconcerned. C．Objective. D．Approving. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项借助维基百科来研究人类好奇心类型的学术研究，阐述了好奇心的工作方式以及研究发现不同教育水平国家的人好奇心类型不同，还提及相关人士对该研究的评价。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Wikipedia, as the world’s largest encyclopedia, is now aiding social scientists to deepen the definition of curiosity in a study.(维基百科，作为世界上最大的百科全书，现在正在一项研究中帮助社会科学家深化对好奇心的定义)” 可知，维基百科在研究中起到研究助手的作用。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段““Curiosity actually works by connecting pieces of information, not just acquiring them,” says University of Pennsylvania network scientist Dani Bassett, co-senior author on a recent study of these curiosity types.(宾夕法尼亚大学的网络科学家丹妮・巴西特（Dani Bassett）是近期一项关于这些好奇心类型研究的共同资深作者，她表示：“好奇心实际上是通过将信息片段相互关联来发挥作用的，而不仅仅是获取信息”)” 可知，好奇心通过处理信息起作用。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“In countries with higher education levels, people browsed more like busybodies. In countries with lower scores on these indicators, people browsed like hunters.(在教育水平较高的国家，人们的浏览方式更像好事者。在这些指标得分较低的国家，人们的浏览方式像猎人)” 可知，教育水平会影响好奇心类型。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“Princeton University psychologist Erik Nook praised the study’s “incredibly large” range. The authors, he says, brought together knowledge from various fields to reveal deep insights into human behavior.(普林斯顿大学心理学家埃里克・努克称赞这项研究的范围 “极其广泛”。他说，研究人员汇集了来自不同领域的知识，以深刻洞察人类行为。)” 可推知，埃里克・努克对这项研究持赞同态度。故选D。 Passage 7 （24-25高二下·山东济宁·期中）We’ve all experienced that moment when a word feels just out of reach, as if it’s ‌“on the tip of the tongue.” This frustrating phenomenon, called the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state, was traditionally thought to occur when our brains partially remember an answer. However, new studies challenge this idea, suggesting the TOT feeling might be more of a false mental impression than true memory recall. Simply believing you know something doesn’t guarantee you actually do. To explore this, researchers asked college students to answer 80 general-knowledge questions, each requiring a single-word response. If they couldn’t answer correctly, they were asked whether they felt the answer was on the tip of their tongue. They then guessed details like the word’s first letter, number of syllables, or sound. The results showed participants in TOT states were far more likely to offer partial information — five times more frequently in one experiment. However, the partial information was mostly inaccurate. For example, guesses about sounds or syllables were no more correct during TOT states than at other times. First-letter guesses matched the answer only slightly more often (about 11% vs. 8% in non-TOT states). Surprisingly, participants trusted their guesses 58% of the time during TOT states, compared to just 7% otherwise. This suggests the TOT feeling creates false confidence in partial information. Earlier research revealed the TOT feeling isn’t entirely false impression — participants score better on general-knowledge tests following such state (55% vs. 42%), but recent findings caution against complete trust in this. The study suggests this mental state may not result from partial information, but rather the opposite mechanism: The feeling itself could trigger (触发) memory-searching efforts. Anne Cleary, the study’s lead psychologist, explains, ‌“People might sense familiarity with the question itself. This feeling acts like a signal, telling the brain to dig deeper into stored knowledge.” The new findings on the TOT phenomenon have sparked extensive academic discussion, with scholars emphasizing their profound implications. These insights challenge existing memory models and urge a reevaluation of assessment methods in education and clinical settings, potentially reshaping future research directions. 1．What does the new studies reveal about the TOT feeling? A．It results from partial memory. B．It guarantees accurate answers. C．It might be a misleading impression. D．It reflects complete memory process. 2．What did students do in the experiments? A．Guessing answers based on syllables. B．Describing words’ meanings in detail. C．Answering 80 multiple-choice questions. D．Providing one-word answers to questions. 3．What can be learned from the recent findings? A．Recall success triggers TOT, causing confusion. B．TOT follows memory failure, creating frustration. C．Familiarity triggers memory search, leading to TOT. D．Partial memories activate TOT, bringing familiarity. 4．Which of the following best describe the impact of the new findings? A．Far-reaching. B．Predictable. C．Narrow-focused. D．Unidentifiable. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“舌尖现象”(TOT)，传统观点认为其源于部分记忆，新研究表明它可能是一种误导性印象，并阐述了相关实验及新发现的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“However, new studies challenge this idea, suggesting the TOT feeling might be more of a false mental impression than true memory recall. (然而，新的研究挑战了这一观点，表明“舌尖现象”可能更多是一种错误的心理印象，而非真正的记忆回忆。)”可知，新研究揭示“舌尖现象”可能更多是一种错误的心理印象，而非真正的记忆回忆，所以是一种误导性印象。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“To explore this, researchers asked college students to answer 80 general knowledge questions, each requiring a single word response. (为了探究这一点，研究人员让大学生回答80个常识问题，每个问题只需一个单词作答。)”可知，学生们在实验中要为问题提供一个单词的答案。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“The study suggests this mental state may not result from partial information, but rather the opposite mechanism: The feeling itself could trigger (触发) memory-searching efforts.(研究表明，这种精神状态可能不是由部分信息引起的，而是相反的机制：这种感觉本身可能会触发记忆搜索。)”和“People might sense familiarity with the question itself. This feeling acts like a signal, telling the brain to dig deeper into stored knowledge. (人们可能会感觉到对问题本身很熟悉。这种感觉就像一个信号，告诉大脑更深入地挖掘存储的知识。)”可知，熟悉感会触发记忆搜索，从而导致“舌尖现象”。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The new findings on the TOT phenomenon have sparked extensive academic discussion, with scholars emphasizing their profound implications. These insights challenge existing memory models and urge a reevaluation of assessment methods in education and clinical settings, potentially reshaping future research directions. (关于“舌尖现象”的新发现引发了广泛的学术讨论，学者们强调了其深远的意义。这些见解挑战了现有的记忆模型，并促使重新评估教育和临床环境中的评估方法，有可能重塑未来的研究方向)”可知，新发现挑战了现有的记忆模型，并促使重新评估教育和临床环境中的评估方法，有可能重塑未来的研究方向，所以具有深远影响。故选A项。 Passage 8 （24-25高二下·内蒙古包头·期中）It’s not just humans who have trouble making up — even ants aren’t quick to forgive, either. Ants rely heavily on their sense of smell to distinguish nestmates from outsiders. A familiar smell allows ants to know which nearby ants are there to help, and which may fight for the same resources. But new research from evolutionary biologists at Germany’s University of Freiburg indicates ants don’t just react in the moment — they preserve knowledge of hostile (敌对的) encounters with neighboring enemies, and act accordingly. Experiments were conducted to determine if ants remember bad experiences with other ants, and how it influences their relationships. First, they placed ants into 60 second meet-and-greet situations: In one setting, the insects simply encountered some of their nestmates; another situation involved a group interacting with aggressive and hostile ants from other groups. This was then repeated once for each group over five days. From there, scientists examined how the various ant groups subsequently reacted when they encountered the aggressive ants. Further analysis showed ants were more hostile towards ants that smelled of past bad encounters with other nests. They may spray formic acid (蚁酸) at one another. Volker Nehring, co-author of the study, said, "We often underestimate insect cognition (认知). Ants aren’t inflexibly programmed — they learn from interactions with others, and sense of smell plays a crucial role in the formation of both nestmate and non-nestmate recognition patterns.” Researchers also believe these results imply ants can classify smells for ants outside their colonies, which may help make defensive responses accordingly. Moving forward, the biologists hope to look into how much ants can adapt their sense of smell based on these interactions to see if the knowledge translates on an even deeper Level. 1．What can we learn from the new research? A．Ants act on past memories. B．Ants have common enemies. C．Ants locate food resources alone. D．Ants compete with each other for food. 2．How were the two settings different in experiment design? A．Species of ants. B．Duration of encounters. C．Number of repetitions. D．Relationship between ants. 3．What does Volker Nehring imply in paragraph 4? A．Ants have a fixed recognition pattern. B．Ants gain cognition based on experiences. C．Interactions depends on the degree of flexibility. D．Smell serves as the only access to communication. 4．What might the researchers explore next? A．Ants’ smell classification. B．Ants’ aggressive interaction. C．Ants’ defensive response level. D．Ants’ smell adaptation mechanism. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了德国弗莱堡大学进化生物学家的一项新研究，发现蚂蚁不仅会对当下情况做出反应，还会记住与敌对蚂蚁的不良遭遇，并据此行动，同时研究人员还将进一步探究蚂蚁基于这些互动对嗅觉的适应能力。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“But new research from evolutionary biologists at Germany’s University of Freiburg indicates ants don’t just react in the moment — they preserve knowledge of hostile (敌对的) encounters with neighboring enemies, and act accordingly.(但德国弗莱堡大学进化生物学家的一项新研究表明，蚂蚁不仅会对当下的情况做出反应——它们会记住与邻近敌人的敌对遭遇，并据此采取行动。)”可知，研究发现，蚂蚁会记住与邻近敌人的敌对遭遇，并据此采取行动，由此可知，从这项新研究中我们可以了解到蚂蚁会依据过去的记忆采取行动。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“First, they placed ants into 60 second meet-and-greet situations: In one setting, the insects simply encountered some of their nestmates; another situation involved a group interacting with aggressive and hostile ants from other groups.(首先，他们让蚂蚁处于60秒的见面问候情境中：在一种情境下，这些蚂蚁只是遇到了一些自己巢穴的同伴；另一种情境则是一群蚂蚁与来自其他群体的具有攻击性和敌意的蚂蚁互动。)”可知，在实验设计的两种情境中，不同之处在于蚂蚁之间的关系，一种是同伴关系，另一种是与敌对蚂蚁的关系。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Volker Nehring, co-author of the study, said, "We often underestimate insect cognition (认知). Ants aren’t inflexibly programmed — they learn from interactions with others, and sense of smell plays a crucial role in the formation of both nestmate and non-nestmate recognition patterns.”(该研究的合著者沃尔克・内林说：“我们常常低估昆虫的认知能力。蚂蚁并不是被固定编程的 —— 它们从与其他蚂蚁的互动中学习，并且嗅觉在识别巢穴同伴和非巢穴同伴模式的形成中起着至关重要的作用。”)”可知，内林暗示蚂蚁是基于经验获得认知的，它们会从与其他蚂蚁的互动中学习，由此可知，蚂蚁的认知主要通过与其他蚂蚁的互动经历的积累。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Moving forward, the biologists hope to look into how much ants can adapt their sense of smell based on these interactions to see if the knowledge translates on an even deeper Level.(展望未来，生物学家们希望研究蚂蚁在这些互动的基础上能够在多大程度上适应它们的嗅觉，以观察这种认知是否能在更深层次上得以体现。)”可知，研究人员下一步希望探索蚂蚁如何根据这些互动调整嗅觉，并研究其认知是否能深入到更高层次，由此可知，研究人员接下来可能会探索蚂蚁的嗅觉适应机制。故选D。 话题2 社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·浙江温州·期中）Automatic kitchens aren’t just sci-fi scenes from shows like Star Trek (《星际迷航》).Currently, robots are being used to fry chicken, create pizzas, prepare salads and much more. AI can invent recipes based on what a kitchen has. More advanced concepts are in development to automate kitchens for fine dining. Since technology tends to be expensive at first, restaurants and other businesses are the first to adopt AI kitchen technologies. Over time, prices are likely to fall, making these technologies accessible to the home market and potentially changing how homes and society function. The benefits of AI kitchens include enabling cooks to avoid boring tasks, such as peeling potatoes or standing at a workstation for hours. It can free up time, allowing people to focus on more important tasks. For personalized eating, AI can fit countless special diets and tastes on demand. However, there are risks to human well-being. Cooking is a good activity which helps with communication and self-expression, but these benefits can be decreased if the human element becomes unnecessary. In this way, family relationships might suffer without the cooperative kitchen environment. Furthermore, the kitchen serves as a science laboratory in the household, playing an important role in science education. The art of cooking helps kids to learn about materials, chemistry and problem-solving. Cultural risks must also be considered. For example, AI could mess up traditional recipes and methods, as it often stereotypes (把……模式化) or oversimplifies cultural details. This may result in AI and robot cooks producing less diverse dishes. Relying too heavily on technology in meal creation may result in a lack of variety, leading to the sameness in taste. This is similar to the strikingly similar appearance of AI-generated art images across different apps. Convenience can come at a great cost, so it’s important to consider the possible social disruptions (扰乱) that new technologies might bring, especially in areas like food that are closely tied to our everyday lives. 1．Which is a potential benefit of AI kitchens? A．Reducing kitchen waste and risks. B．Meeting personalized dietary needs. C．Strengthening family relationships. D．Improving the efficiency of cooking. 2．What might be a negative impact of AI kitchens on family life? A．Simplifying traditional cooking culture. B．Messing up traditional recipes and dishes. C．Reducing family communication and bonding. D．Forcing family members to change eating habits. 3．What is the author’s attitude to the widespread use of AI kitchens? A．Indifferent. B．Cautious. C．Unclear. D．Positive. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Great Role of AI in Modern Kitchens B．Potential and Future of AI in Kitchens C．Benefits and Challenges of AI Kitchens D．AI Robots Working in Automatic Kitchens 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了AI厨房技术的发展及其对餐饮业和家庭生活的影响，同时分析了这种技术可能带来的社会、文化和教育层面的风险。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“The benefits of AI kitchens include enabling cooks to avoid boring tasks, such as peeling potatoes or standing at a workstation for hours. It can free up time, allowing people to focus on more important tasks. For personalized eating, AI can fit countless special diets and tastes on demand.(人工智能厨房的好处包括使厨师能够避免无聊的任务，比如削土豆皮或在工作站站几个小时。它可以腾出时间，让人们专注于更重要的任务。对于个性化饮食，人工智能可以根据需要适应无数特殊的饮食和口味)”可知，AI厨房能够满足各种不同的口味需求。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“However, there are risks to human well-being. Cooking is a good activity which helps with communication and self-expression, but these benefits can be decreased if the human element becomes unnecessary. In this way, family relationships might suffer without the cooperative kitchen environment.(然而，这对人类福祉是有风险的。烹饪是一项很好的活动，有助于交流和自我表达，但如果人类因素变得不必要，这些好处就会减少。这样，如果没有合作的厨房环境，家庭关系可能会受到影响)”可知，人工智能厨房可能会减少家庭沟通和联系。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据文章第三段“The benefits of AI kitchens include enabling cooks to avoid boring tasks, such as peeling potatoes or standing at a workstation for hours. It can free up time, allowing people to focus on more important tasks. For personalized eating, AI can fit countless special diets and tastes on demand.(人工智能厨房的好处包括使厨师能够避免无聊的任务，比如削土豆皮或在工作站站几个小时。它可以腾出时间，让人们专注于更重要的任务。对于个性化饮食，人工智能可以根据需要适应无数特殊的饮食和口味)”和第四段“However, there are risks to human well-being. Cooking is a good activity which helps with communication and self-expression, but these benefits can be decreased if the human element becomes unnecessary. In this way, family relationships might suffer without the cooperative kitchen environment.(然而，这对人类福祉是有风险的。烹饪是一项很好的活动，有助于交流和自我表达，但如果人类因素变得不必要，这些好处就会减少。这样，如果没有合作的厨房环境，家庭关系可能会受到影响)”及最后一段“Convenience can come at a great cost, so it’s important to consider the possible social disruptions (扰乱) that new technologies might bring, especially in areas like food that are closely tied to our everyday lives.(便利的代价是巨大的，所以考虑新技术可能带来的社会混乱是很重要的，尤其是在食品等与我们日常生活密切相关的领域)”可知，作者对AI厨房持谨慎态度，既指出了其潜在的好处，也提到了可能带来的风险，如影响家庭关系、文化多样性减少等。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是最后一段“Convenience can come at a great cost, so it’s important to consider the possible social disruptions（扰乱）that new technologies might bring, especially in areas like food that are closely tied to our everyday lives.(便利的代价是巨大的，所以考虑新技术可能带来的社会混乱是很重要的，尤其是在食品等与我们日常生活密切相关的领域)”可知，文章探讨了AI在厨房中的应用及其带来的利弊，整篇文章围绕AI厨房技术的好处与风险展开讨论，因此最佳标题应为“Benefits and Challenges of AI Kitchens(人工智能厨房的好处和挑战)”。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东淄博·期中）Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media environments where algorithms control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online algorithms may affect how they learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions, conflict and the spread of misinformation. On social media platforms, algorithms are mainly designed to amplify (放大) information that sustains engagement, meaning they keep people clicking on content and coming back to the platforms. There is evidence suggesting that a side effect of this design is that algorithms amplify information people are strongly biased (偏向的) to learn from. We call this information “PRIME”, for prestigious, in-group, moral and emotional information. In our evolutionary past, biases to learn from PRIME information were very advantageous: Learning from prestigious individuals is efficient because these people are successful and their behavior can be copied. Paying attention to people who violate moral norms is important because punishing them helps the community maintain cooperation. But what happens when PRIME information becomes amplified by algorithms and some people exploit (利用) algorithm amplification to promote themselves? Prestige becomes a poor signal of success because people can fake prestige on social media. News become filled with negative and moral information so that there is conflict rather than cooperation. The interaction of human psychology and algorithm amplification leads to disfunction because social learning supports cooperation and problem-solving, but social media algorithms are designed to increase engagement. We call it functional mismatch. One of the key outcomes of functional mismatch is that people start to form incorrect perceptions of their social world, which often occurs in the field of politics. Recent research suggests that when algorithms selectively amplify more extreme political views, people begin to think that their political in-group and out-group are more sharply divided than they really are. Such “false polarization” might be an important source of greater political conflict. So what’s next? A key question is what can be done to make algorithms facilitate accurate human social learning rather than exploit social learning biases. Some research team is working on new algorithm designs that increase engagement while also punishing PRIME information. This may maintain user activity that social media platforms seek, but also make people’s social perceptions more accurate. 1．What are social media algorithms targeted at? A．Improving social environment. B．Generating PRIME information. C．Avoiding side effects of social media. D．Raising the media platform click rate. 2．Why does the author refer to “false polarization” in paragraph 4? A．To make an assumption. B．To illustrate a conclusion. C．To explain a political issue. D．To present an extreme case. 3．According to the author, algorithms will be improved so as to ________. A．boost engagement and regulate amplification B．strengthen social learning and delete biases C．identify biases and punish PRIME information D．monitor media platforms and guarantee users’ privacy 4．What is the best title of the text? A．PRIME information meets with misperceptions B．Algorithms control the flow of social information C．Social media algorithms twist human social learning D．Online algorithm designs face unexpected challenges 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了社交媒体的算法影响了人类的社交，一些人利用算法放大来推销自己，新闻充斥着负面和道德信息，因此存在冲突而不是合作。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“On social media platforms, algorithms are mainly designed to amplify (放大) information that sustains engagement, meaning they keep people clicking on content and coming back to the platforms.(在社交媒体平台上，算法的主要目的是放大维持用户粘性的信息，这意味着它们会让人们点击内容并回到平台上)”可知，社交媒体算法的目标是提高媒体平台点击率。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“One of the key outcomes of functional mismatch is that people start to form incorrect perceptions of their social world, which often occurs in the field of politics. Recent research suggests that when algorithms selectively amplify more extreme political views, people begin to think that their political in-group and out-group are more sharply divided than they really are. Such “false polarization” might be an important source of greater political conflict.(功能不匹配的一个关键结果是人们开始对他们的社会世界形成错误的认知，这种情况经常发生在政治领域。最近的研究表明，当算法有选择地放大更极端的政治观点时，人们开始认为他们的政治内部群体和外部群体的分歧比实际情况更严重。这种“虚假两极分化”可能是更大政治冲突的一个重要来源)”可推知，作者在第4段提到“虚假极化”是为了说明结论。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Some research team is working on new algorithm designs that increase engagement while also punishing PRIME information. This may maintain user activity that social media platforms seek, but also make people’s social perceptions more accurate.(一些研究团队正在研究新的算法设计，以增加用户粘性，同时惩罚PRIME信息。这可能会维持社交媒体平台所寻求的用户活动，但也会使人们的社会认知更加准确)”可知，算法将得到改进，以提高参与度和调节放大。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media environments where algorithms control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online algorithms may affect how they learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions, conflict and the spread of misinformation.(如今，人们越来越多地在社交媒体环境中与他人互动，算法控制着他们看到的社交信息流。人们与在线算法的互动可能会影响他们向他人学习的方式，带来负面后果，包括社会误解、冲突和错误信息的传播)”结合文章主要说明了社交媒体的算法影响了人类的社交，一些人利用算法放大来推销自己，新闻充斥着负面和道德信息，因此存在冲突而不是合作。故C选项“社交媒体算法扭曲了人类的社交学习”最符合文章标题。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·山东枣庄·期中）Laurie Santos, the psychology professor behind Yale University’s most popular course, recently started a free six-week class aimed at teenagers, called “The science of Well-Being for Teens”. It was developed to address rising rates of anxiety and depression among teenagers between 9th and 12th grade. She says in Lesson No. 1, one of the course’s pre-recorded lectures: Your brain lies to you about what makes you happy. “For adults, this may mean pursuing money or success at work, and for teens this might mean focusing on the perfect grades and getting into the best colleges,” Santos says. “The problem isn’t that you’re not putting work into feeling better — it’s that you’re doing the wrong things, prioritizing (优先考虑) the wrong behaviours.” Instead of focusing on reaching a financial goal or perfect grade, you should aim to programme your brain with thoughts and behaviours that make you feel better, Santos recommends. Regularly connecting with friends, taking care of your health and learning how to accept negative emotions all contribute more to your happiness than having the right job, car or relationships, she adds in a lecture. This teen-specific course, which already has at least 17, 000 members, is remarkable. More than a third of teens self-report experiencing poor mental health, and nearly half feel constant sadness or hopelessness, according to a Centres for Disease Control and Prevention survey that covered students through mid-2021. Those numbers had already increased by 40% from 2009 to 2019. Santos says she wants to help change those numbers by making the science of happiness accessible. “Happiness isn’t just about enjoying your day-to-day life,” she adds. “It helps you land jobs and live longer, contributing to your success when you’re not really running after it.” 1．Why did Laurie Santos start the class? A．To encourage young children to get a perfect grade. B．To help high schoolers reduce anxiety and depression. C．To assist college students in finding a good job. D．To promote a popular class in Yale University. 2．Which of the following shows Laurie Santos’ opinion? A．Rich people know how to accept negative emotions. B．People today know well how to be happier. C．Today’s people don’t pursue happiness correctly. D．Adults do better in pursuing happiness than teens. 3．What do the numbers Paragraph 4 mainly indicate? A．Teens were unhappier before mid-2021. B．This course gets widely popular now. C．Teenagers’ mental health issues are on the rise. D．Many teens aren’t aware of their mental problems. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．A Free Course about Happiness for Teens B．Anxiety and Depression of Today’s Teens C．The Reason for an Unhappy Life D．The Best Way to Live a Happy Life 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是耶鲁大学教授为青少年开设的幸福科学课程，帮助他们应对焦虑与抑郁，提升心理健康。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It was developed to address rising rates of anxiety and depression among teenagers between 9th and 12th grade.(该课程是为了解决 9 年级到 12 年级青少年中焦虑和抑郁发病率上升的问题而开设的。)”可知，劳里・桑托斯开设这门课程是为了帮助高中生减少焦虑和抑郁。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The problem isn’t that you’re not putting work into feeling better — it’s that you’re doing the wrong things, prioritizing the wrong behaviours.(问题不在于你没有努力让自己感觉更好，而在于你在做错误的事情，优先考虑错误的行为。) ”可知，她认为人们现在追求快乐的方式不是很对。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“More than a third of teens self-report experiencing poor mental health, and nearly half feel constant sadness or hopelessness, according to a Centres for Disease Control and Prevention survey that covered students through mid-2021. Those numbers had already increased by 40% from 2009 to 2019.(根据美国疾病控制与预防中心一项涵盖了截至 2021 年年中学生的调查，超过三分之一的青少年自我报告心理健康状况不佳，近一半的人感到持续的悲伤或绝望。从2009年到2019年，这些数字已经增加了40%。)”可知，第四段的数字主要表明青少年的心理健康问题在上升。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“Laurie Santos, the psychology professor behind Yale University’s most popular course, recently started a free six-week class aimed at teenagers, called “The science of Well-Being for Teens”. It was developed to address rising rates of anxiety and depression among teenagers between 9th and 12th grade.(耶鲁大学最受欢迎课程的幕后心理学教授劳里·桑托斯最近推出了一门面向青少年的免费六周课程，名为“青少年幸福科学”。该课程旨在应对9至12年级青少年日益上升的焦虑和抑郁问题。)”以及下文从心理学角度解释的人们对幸福的误解及正确获取方式，以及该课程的现实意义和社会价值可知，文章主要讲述了耶鲁大学心理学教授劳里・桑托斯开设了一门针对青少年的免费六周课程“青少年幸福科学”，旨在解决青少年焦虑和抑郁发病率上升的问题，所以题目“一门针对青少年的关于幸福的免费课程”概括了文章的主题，适合作为最佳标题。故选A项。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·山东烟台·期中）Contrary to the general opinion that larger group size lessens cooperation, new research shows adaptive relationships and inborn socially positive desires enable humans to succeed in larger social circles. As social creatures, humans heavily rely on teamwork and can form larger and more complex groups than other animals. Traditionally, scientists believed that as groups grow in size, cooperation becomes more difficult. In large groups, listing one connection may not seem significant, and interacting with everyone sufficiently to build trust becomes challenging. Earlier studies intensified this belief. A recent study led by Rei Akaishi at RIKEN Center has turned this assumption on its head, demonstrating larger groups can actually enhance greater cooperation. The researchers conducted an experiment. Participants played a game where players chose between cooperating and acting selfishly. Group sizes ranged from two to six people. Participants were allowed to leave groups they found undesirable or remove uncooperative members. Their brain activity was monitored throughout. The results showed people in larger groups cooperated more frequently and the tendency to cooperate mounted as group size grew. While group size itself didn’t directly promote cooperative behavior, it influenced how people managed memory and made decisions during social interactions. Even when participants struggled to clearly recall past interactions, they often tended to choose to trust or cooperate. This suggests that when memory becomes unclear, people prioritize cooperation over watchfulness, enabling smoother group interactions. Brain scans offered further insights into the decision - making process. Specific brain regions processed memories of past interactions related to feelings of reward, weighing these memories against personal tendencies and guiding decisions about whether a participant should cooperate with someone who might have previously deserted them. When memories were less reliable, the brain appeared to naturally encourage cooperation, perhaps as a way to maintain group harmony. These findings suggest how humans build trust and interact within groups. Rather than relying merely on stable, long - term relationships, the study highlights the benefits of flexible and adaptable social connections for boosting cooperation. This insight is particularly relevant in today’s world, where digital platforms and online communities expand on constantly changing relationships. 1．What’s the common belief about group size and cooperation? A．Bigger groups favor cooperation. B．Group size has no tie with cooperation. C．Bigger groups negatively affect cooperation. D．Group size is determined by cooperation levels. 2．For participants, which action was permitted in the experiment? A．Recording others’ brain activity. B．Changing game rules midway. C．Dominating the entire experiment. D．Kicking out resistant members. 3．What does paragraph 5 focus on? A．How memories determine decision. B．Why humans enjoy a harmonious lifestyle. C．Why the brain can release sensory information. D．How the brain functions in cooperation promotion. 4．What’s the purpose of the author by writing the last paragraph? A．To warn of risks of Internet addiction. B．To illustrate the practical value of the findings. C．To contrast online and offline social behaviors. D．To call for establishing sound social connections. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了最新研究发现人类在较大群体中反而可能展现出更强的合作倾向及其背后的脑机制与记忆作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Traditionally, scientists believed that as groups grow in size, cooperation becomes more difficult. In large groups, listing one connection may not seem significant, and interacting with everyone sufficiently to build trust becomes challenging. Earlier studies intensified this belief.(传统上，科学家们认为，随着群体规模的扩大，合作变得更加困难。在大群体中，列出一条联系可能看起来并不重要，而与每个人充分互动以建立信任也变得具有挑战性。早期的研究强化了这一观点)”可知，关于群体规模和合作的普遍看法是更大的群体对合作有负面影响。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Participants were allowed to leave groups they found undesirable or remove uncooperative members.(参与者被允许离开他们认为不理想的群体，或移除不合作的成员)”可知，在实验中，参与者被允许踢出不合作的成员。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段中“Brain scans offered further insights into the decision - making process. Specific brain regions processed memories of past interactions related to feelings of reward, weighing these memories against personal tendencies and guiding decisions about whether a participant should cooperate with someone who might have previously deserted them. When memories were less reliable, the brain appeared to naturally encourage cooperation, perhaps as a way to maintain group harmony.(脑部扫描为决策过程提供了进一步的见解。特定的大脑区域会处理与奖励感相关的过去互动的记忆，将这些记忆与个人倾向进行权衡，并指导参与者是否应该与之前可能抛弃过他们的人合作。当记忆不那么可靠时，大脑似乎会自然地鼓励合作，这或许是为了维持群体和谐的一种方式)”可知，第五段主要讲的是大脑在促进合作方面的功能。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“These findings suggest how humans build trust and interact within groups. Rather than relying merely on stable, long - term relationships, the study highlights the benefits of flexible and adaptable social connections for boosting cooperation. This insight is particularly relevant in today’s world, where digital platforms and online communities expand on constantly changing relationships.(这些发现揭示了人类如何在群体中建立信任和互动。这项研究强调了灵活和适应性的社会关系对促进合作的好处，而不仅仅是依赖于稳定的长期关系。在当今世界，数字平台和在线社区在不断变化的关系中不断扩展，这一见解尤为重要)”可知，作者写最后一段的目的是说明这些发现的实用价值。故选B。 话题3 中国文化与节日 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·内蒙古·期中）The Lantern Festival is a traditional Chinese festival that falls on the 15th day of the first lunar month. It marks the end of the Chinese New Year celebrations. On this day, people go out to enjoy the beautiful lanterns. Lanterns of various shapes and colors are hung in the streets and parks. Some are made in the shape of animals, while others depict famous scenes from history or legends. There is also a tradition of guessing lantern riddles. People write riddles on the lanterns, and others try to guess the answers. It is a very interesting activity that can test people’s wisdom. Another important activity is eating tangyuan. Tangyuan is a kind of glutinous rice ball with sweet fillings.It symbolizes reunion and happiness. Families usually sit together and eat tangyuan, enjoying the festive atmosphere. In some places, there are also lion and dragon dances. The dancers perform vividly, bringing a lively and joyous atmosphere to the festival. The Lantern Festival is a festival full of joy and cultural connotations. It makes people feel the charm of traditional Chinese culture. 1．What do people do to enjoy the Lantern Festival? A．They watch fireworks. B．They go out to see the lanterns. C．They hold a concert. D．They go skiing. 2．What is the tradition of guessing on the lanterns? A．Guessing lantern riddles. B．Guessing the price of the lanterns. C．Guessing the maker of the lanterns. D．Guessing the material of the lanterns. 3．What does tangyuan symbolize? A．Wealth and good fortune. B．Reunion and happiness. C．Longevity and health. D．Success and progress. 4．What can be seen in some places during the Lantern Festival? A．Fireworks shows. B．Parades. C．Lion and dragon dances. D．Balloon flights. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国传统节日——元宵节的相关信息，包括节日时间、庆祝活动（赏灯、猜灯谜、吃汤圆、舞龙舞狮等）以及其文化内涵。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“On this day, people go out to enjoy the beautiful lanterns. (在这一天，人们会出去欣赏美丽的灯笼)”可知，人们会出去看灯笼来庆祝元宵节。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“There is also a tradition of guessing lantern riddles. (还有猜灯谜的传统)”可知，在元宵节有猜灯谜的传统。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Tangyuan is a kind of glutinous rice ball with sweet fillings. It symbolizes reunion and happiness. (汤圆是一种带有甜馅的糯米球。它象征着团圆和幸福)”可知，汤圆象征着团圆和幸福。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段“In some places, there are also lion and dragon dances. (在一些地方，还有舞狮和舞龙表演)”可知，在一些地方，元宵节还有舞狮和舞龙表演。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·黑龙江鸡西·期中）These days, people who do manual (体力的) work often receive far more money than people who work in offices. People who work in offices are frequently referred to as “white-collar workers” for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work. Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the honor of becoming white-collar workers. This can lead to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation. When he got married, Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job. He simply told her that he worked for the Corporation. Every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit. He then changed into overalls (工作服) and spent the next eight hours as a dustman. Before returning home at night, he took a shower and changed back into his suit. Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret. Alf’s wife has never discovered that she married a dustman and she never will, for Alf has just found another job. He will soon be working in an office. He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status (身份；地位) is well worth the loss of money. From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him ‘Mr. Bloggs’, not ‘Alf’. 1．What does the case of Alfred Bloggs show? A．That people often care more about the status of a job than the income. B．That “white-collar workers” usually wear a suit to go to work. C．That manual workers prefer to keep their jobs a secret. D．That office workers earn less than manual workers. 2．What did Alfred Bloggs do for over two years? A．He told his wife he worked for the Corporation, when in fact he did not. B．He dressed himself as a dustman before leaving home every morning. C．He lied to his wife about his job. D．He earned twice as much as a white-collar worker. 3．What does Alfred Bloggs think of his new job? A．He feels it is a pity because he now earns less than before. B．He thinks it is worthwhile for his rise in status. C．He is proud because he earns much more than before. D．He is satisfied because he no longer needs a shower before returning home. 4．What’s the best title of the passage? A．The Double Life of Alfred Bloggs. B．Money or Status, Which Comes First? C．The Story of Alfred Bloggs, a Dustman. D．Truth Will Come to Light Sooner or Later. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 【分析】本文属于说明文，本文主要介绍艾尔弗雷德·布洛格斯在过去两年的双面人生或双重生活；揭示了服饰，称谓是西方国家的阶级差异(class distinction)的一些表现形式。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the honor of becoming white-collar workers. This can lead to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.可知，人们都渴望成为白领阶层，尽管收入没那么高，故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段He simply told her that he worked for the Corporation. Every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit. He then changed into overalls (工作服) and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.可知，他告诉他的妻子，他是在一家公司上班，但是每天早上穿着西服出门，之后换服装打扫卫生，故可知，他瞒着妻子自己的真正工作，故选C。 3．细节理解题。据第二段He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money.可知，尽管工资只有一半高，但是地位提高了，这是值得的，故选B。 4．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍艾尔弗雷德·布洛格斯在过去两年的双面人生或双重生活，故选A。 话题4 社会关系 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·天津西青·期中）Like many people, in terms of socializing, I prioritize making time for my closest friends and family. When it comes to reaching out to people I don’t know as well I often find myself reluctant to engage. This could be a big mistake, though, according to a new study. Having different types of social interactions seems to be central to our happiness — something many of us may think little of. In a series of surveys, researchers looked at how having a socially diverse network related to people’s well-being. In one survey, 578 Americans reported on what activities they had been engaged in, with whom and for how long over the past 24 hours, while also saying how happy with life they were. The researchers found that people with more diverse social networks were happier and more satisfied with life than those with less diverse networks — regardless of how much time they had spent socializing overall. “The more you can broaden your social circle and reach out to people you talk to less frequently — like an acquaintance, a friend, a coworker, or even a stranger — the more it could have positive benefits for your well-being,” said the lead researcher Hanne Collins of Harvard Business School. To further test this idea, she and her colleagues looked at large data sets from the American Time Use Survey and the World Health Organization’s Study on Global Aging and Adult Health. In both cases, they found that when people had a broader range of social interactions, they experienced greater happiness and well-being. Then Collins and her colleagues did another analysis, using data from a mobile app that 21,644 French-speaking people used to report on their daily social activities and happiness. There, they found that when someone experienced greater-than-average social diversity one week, they were happier that week and the week after. Why is that? It could be that being with different people contributes to different kinds of emotions, which may be a driving force in our happiness, says Collins. Alternatively, it could be that having a more diverse network allows you to get various social supports when you need it. Whatever the case, Collins hopes her research will inspire people to expand their social networks when they can. 1．What does the author use as an introduction to the passage? A．A personal communication skill. B．A social trend against one’s will. C．A common social phenomenon. D．A culture many people neglect. 2．What do we know about the study? A．Its results were different from culture to culture. B．Different results were obtained from the researchers’ three surveys. C．The researchers collected large amounts of data from different platforms. D．It focused on the impact of a more diverse social network on life satisfaction. 3．What can we learn from the 3rd and 4th paragraph? A．Any stranger or co-worker can bring you happiness. B．Broad social circle contributes to more happiness. C．Happiness depends only on social interactions. D．Close relationship influences happiness badly. 4．How may social diversity improve one’s well-being according to Collins? A．By providing motivation for life. B．By leading to one’s balanced life. C．By arousing one’s positive emotions. D．By making him / her sensitive to happiness. 5．What will be most probably talked about after the last paragraph? A．Collins’s social life. B．Collins’s conclusions. C．Collins’s new research. D．Collins’s specific suggestions. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究者发现拥有多样化社交网络的人拥有更强的幸福感。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Like many people, in terms of socializing, I prioritize making time for my closest friends and family. When it comes to reaching out to people I don’t know as well I often find myself reluctant to engage. This could be a big mistake, though, according to a new study. Having different types of social interactions seems to be central to our happiness — something many of us may think little of.”（像许多人一样，在社交方面，我优先考虑为我最亲密的朋友和家人腾出时间。当涉及到接触我不太了解的人时，我经常发现自己不愿意参与。然而，根据一项新的研究，这可能是一个很大的错误。拥有不同类型的社会互动似乎是我们幸福的核心——这是我们许多人可能很少想到的。）可知，作者用“人们优先考虑为最亲密的朋友和家人腾出时间”这一个普遍的社会现象来作为文章的引言，引出“不同类型的社会互动似乎是我们幸福的核心”这一观点。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“In a series of surveys, researchers looked at how having a socially diverse network related to people’s well-being.”（在一系列的调查中，研究人员观察了拥有一个社会多样化的社交网络是如何与人们的幸福感产生关系的。）可知，这个研究关注的是多样化的社交网络对幸福感的影响，幸福感与生活满意相关。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“‘The more you can broaden your social circle and reach out to people you talk to less frequently — like an acquaintance, a friend, a coworker, or even a stranger — the more it could have positive benefits for your well-being,’ said the lead researcher Hanne Collins of Harvard Business School.”（哈佛大学的首席研究员汉娜·柯林斯说：“你越能拓宽自己的社交圈就越能接触到那些你不太经常交谈的人——比如熟人、朋友、同事、甚至是陌生人——它对你的幸福就越有积极的好处，”）和第四段“In both cases, they found that when people had a broader range of social interactions, they experienced greater happiness and well-being.”（在这两种情况下，他们发现当人们有更广泛的社会互动他们会体验到更大的幸福感和幸福。）可知，这两段都是为了说明拥有更广泛社交圈子有助于拥有更多幸福。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第六段“It could be that being with different people contributes to different kinds of emotions, which may be a driving force in our happiness, says Collins.”（可能和不同的人在一起会导致不同的情绪，这可能是我们幸福的驱动力，柯林斯说。）可知，社交多样性会使人产生不同的情绪，而不同的情绪会成为幸福的驱动力。C项中“积极的情绪”也是社交多样性产生的情绪之一，也可以说社交多样性是通过引起人们的积极情绪来提高人的幸福感。故选C项。 5．推理判断题。根据第六段“Whatever the case, Collins hopes her research will inspire people to expand their social networks when they can.”（无论在怎样的事例中，柯林斯希望她的研究能激励人们尽可能扩大自己的社交网络。）可知，柯林斯希望人们扩大自己的社交网络，由此推断接下来作者可能会就如何扩大社交网络给出一些特别的建议。故选D项。 话题5 哲理感悟 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·天津·期中）Perhaps you have ever heard the saying: Change is the only constant. Everyone, without doubt, goes through changes in their life, whether it is a physical state of aging or a mental state of emotional maturity. However, some are afraid to make the conscious decision to move or they think it’s too late to have a fresh start. I have a friend named Jack. At the age of 37, he is a Senior Manager at one of the Big Four. He has a great salary, owns his own apartment and enjoys the fine things in life, but not without the heavy burdens that his job brings. On the surface, it looks like he has got life figured out. Yet when I once asked if he was happy with his work, he answered that he sometimes wished to quit his job to do something less stressful. But he’d become accustomed to this lifestyle and felt that it would be too late to give it up to achieve a new ambition. For him, the risks are too high, so whether he can’t abide his present job or not, he has to choose to suck it up. You might have come to a similar situation as Jack’s or you might be a Jack. You’re now facing a wall. No matter what it is—the stress of your job or the terrible feeling, it’s time that you had to decide whether you’ll tear down that wall or continue to let it enclose you. I suggest pushing back the boundaries and breaking the fixed patterns. Why do you feel it’s too late to start over? That is simply because you’re comparing yourself with others — younger or more successful individuals. In fact, you should compare yourself with the older version of you. Don’t become that person who lets life pass by only to regret it when you are making your way into old age. Don’t let your life plateau (停滞不前) and waste away in the daily chores. Don’t give up the potential you still have hidden and be locked away by your current state. Now, you’d better bravely start going after the things you want to do, without abandoning your dreams, ambitions and responsibilities. 1．What kind of people does Jack represent according to the author? A．Those leading a happy life. B．Those feeling trapped in current career. C．Those longing to make a change. D．Those having a high ambition to work. 2．What does the underlined word “abide” in paragraph 3 mean? A．expand. B．deserve. C．possess. D．tolerate. 3．What does the author advise us not to do? A．Let life stand still. B．Enjoy the present job. C．Have a small goal in life. D．Consider ourselves as a failure. 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．Everyone Can Meet a Jack B．Don’t Try to Control Yourself C．Never Think Change Is Too Late D．You Should Make Alteration Earlier 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲了每个人的生活都会经历许多变化，无论是生理上的衰老，还是心理上的成熟。然而，有些人害怕改变，觉得为时已晚。其实，改变仅是一种心态，任何时候都不晚。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“However, some are afraid to make the conscious decision to move or they think it's too late to have a fresh start.(然而，有些人害怕做出清醒的决定，或者他们认为现在要重新开始已经太晚了)”以及第二段最后一句“But he’d become accustomed to this lifestyle and felt that it would be too late to give it up to achieve a new ambition.(但他已经习惯了这种生活方式，觉得要放弃这种生活去实现新的抱负已经太晚了)”可知，作者在第一段提到有的人想改变，但觉得为时已晚，作者在第二段以Jack为例来说明他就属于这一类人。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“he has to choose to suck it up(他不得不选择忍受现状)”可知，Jack认为对他来说，改变的风险太大，所以无论他是否可以忍受，他都不得不选择忍受现状，下文的suck it up意为“逆来顺受，忍受”。由此推知，abide的意思是“忍受”。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“Don’t let your life plateau (停滞不前) and waste away in the daily chores. (不要让你的生活停滞不前，浪费在日常琐事上)”可知，作者建议我们不要让生活停滞不前，即不要让生活静止。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，文章第一段最后一句“However, some are afraid to make the conscious decision to move or they think it's too late to have a fresh start. (然而，有些人害怕做出清醒的决定，或者他们认为现在要重新开始已经太晚了)”直接点明文章中心，每个人的生活都会经历许多变化，无论是生理上的衰老，还是心理上的成熟，然而，有些人害怕改变，觉得为时已晚。其实，改变仅是一种心态，任何时候都不晚。故本文的标题是“永远都不要认为改变为时已晚”故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·天津·期中）If you seek happiness, then you need to know what happiness is for you. I don’t believe there is one universal definition of happiness. Happiness is a very subjective emotion, according to me. Put two people in identical situation: same amount of money, life experiences, etc. and you can be pretty sure that they both wouldn’t feel equally happy or equally sad. I believe this is so because there are two kinds of happiness. There is one kind of happiness, which is kind of universal and then there is the other kind, which is very individual to each one of us. It is this kind of happiness that I find more interesting. The second kind of happiness that I talk about comes from our expectations out of our lives, which vary from person to person. For example, a person who expects a lot out of his or her life may find that happiness is hard to find. They are constantly in search of these things in life, which always seem to elude (逃避) them. Those things may be money or fame or power or any of the other pursuits (追求) that humans have, but it would be likely that such people are less likely to be happy, if their goals are not met. In most cases, even after their goals are met, they don’t find happiness, because they seek more—new goals, new wish lists, and it’s a seemingly never-ending process for them! On the other hand, a person who takes life as it comes along and makes the best of each day is more likely to be happy every day. They have no pressure or goals to occupy their minds and they can achieve happiness from the simple pleasures of everyday life, finding love, making time for the family and kids, seeing their kids grow, etc. Of course, that doesn’t mean that you shouldn’t have any expectations at all. You should keep those expectations reasonable and manageable. 1．Which of the following is the author’s opinion according to Paragraph 1? A．Happiness has one universal definition. B．Every individual has his own happiness. C．There are no people who are really happy. D．Happiness means having money and power. 2．What does the underlined part “these things” in Paragraph 2 probably refer to? A．Daily demands. B．Life experiences. C．Ideas about happiness. D．Expectations out of life. 3．Even if their goals are met, some people still don’t feel happy because _________. A．they gave too much for their goals B．they don’t know what happiness is C．they have new goals that need achieving D．they think sadness is a never-ending process 4．What kind of person is likely to be happy in the author’s opinion? A．He who has few expectations. B．He who has no pressure or goals. C．He who has a great ambition or dream. D．He who can find fun from his daily life. 5．The author writes this passage mainly to tell readers _________. A．the definition of happiness B．the importance of happiness C．to enjoy every day to the fullest D．to give up their dreams and be practical 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D 5．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了有两种幸福，作者着重讲述了第二种幸福，认为一个对生活随遇而安并充分利用每一天的人更有可能每天幸福。 1．推理判断题。由第一段中的“I don’t believe there is one universal definition of happiness. Happiness is a very subjective emotion, according to me. (我不相信幸福有一个普遍的定义。根据我的说法，幸福是一种非常主观的情感)”可推知，作者认为幸福很主观，所以每个人都有自己的幸福。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。由第二段中的“The second kind of happiness that I talk about comes from our expectations out of our lives, which vary from person to person. For example, a person who expects a lot out of his or her life may find that happiness is hard to find. They are constantly in search of these things in life, which always seem to elude (逃避) them. (我所说的第二种幸福来自我们对生活的期望，这种期望因人而异。例如，一个对自己的生活抱有很大期望的人可能会发现很难找到幸福。他们在生活中不断地寻找these things，而这些东西似乎总是逃避他们)”可知，人们对生活有太多期望是难以找到幸福的，可得出these things指代上文提到的“对生活的期望”。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。由第二段中的“In most cases, even after their goals are met, they don’t find happiness, because they seek more—new goals, new wish lists, and it’s a seemingly never-ending process for them! (在大多数情况下，即使他们的目标实现了，他们也找不到幸福，因为他们寻求更多的新目标、新的愿望清单，这对他们来说似乎是一个永无止境的过程！)”可知，即使他们的目标实现了，有些人仍然不快乐，是因为他们有需要实现的新目标要完成。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。由第三段中的“On the other hand, a person who takes life as it comes along and makes the best of each day is more likely to be happy every day. They have no pressure or goals to occupy their minds and they can achieve happiness from the simple pleasures of everyday life, finding love, making time for the family and kids, seeing their kids grow, etc. (另一方面，一个对生活随遇而安并充分利用每一天的人更有可能每天都快乐。他们没有压力或目标来占据他们的思想，他们可以从日常生活的简单乐趣中获得快乐，找到爱，为家人和孩子腾出时间，看着孩子成长等等)”可知，能从日常生活中找到乐趣的人可能会幸福。故选D项。 5．推理判断题。由第一段中的“here is one kind of happiness, which is kind of universal and then there is the other kind, which is very individual to each one of us. It is this kind of happiness that I find more interesting. (有一种幸福是普遍的，还有另一种幸福，对我们每个人来说都很独特。正是这种幸福让我觉得更有趣)”和第三段中的“On the other hand, a person who takes life as it comes along and makes the best of each day is more likely to be happy every day. They have no pressure or goals to occupy their minds and they can achieve happiness from the simple pleasures of everyday life, finding love, making time for the family and kids, seeing their kids grow, etc. (另一方面，一个对生活随遇而安并充分利用每一天的人更有可能每天都快乐。他们没有压力或目标来占据他们的思想，他们可以从日常生活的简单乐趣中获得快乐，找到爱，为家人和孩子腾出时间，看着孩子成长等等)”可知，作者认为一个对生活随遇而安并充分利用每一天、能从日常生活中找到乐趣的人更有可能每天幸福。由此推知，作者告诉读者要随遇而安，尽情享受每一天，去感受幸福。故选C项。 $