专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，北京专用）高一英语下学期

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·北京·期中） You spend a third of your life asleep, a certain part of which involves dreaming. But most often, you don’t remember any of your dreams. While the exact reason of why we can hardly recall our dreams is not fully known, scientists have gotten some insight into memory processes during sleep, leading to several ideas that may explain our forgetfulness. You are awake, but is your hippocampus (海马体) awake? When we fall asleep, not all the brain’s regions go offline at the same time. Researchers have found one of the last regions to go to sleep is the hippocampus, a structure in brain that is important for moving information from short-term memory into long-term memory. “If the hippocampus is the last to go to sleep, it could very well be the last to wake up, ” said Thomas Andrillon, a neuroscientist at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. “So, you could have this window where you wake up with a dream in your short-term memory, but since the hippocampus is not fully awake yet, your brain is not able to keep that memory,” Andrillon told Live Science. While this might explain why dream memories are so fleeting, it doesn’t mean that your hippocampus has been inactive throughout the night. In fact, this region is quite active during sleep, and appears to be storing and caring for existing memories to strengthen them, instead of listening for incoming new experiences. Sometimes your dreams are just not memorable? Do you remember what you were thinking about this morning when brushing your teeth? Our minds wander all the time, but we get rid of most of those thoughts as unimportant information. Dreams, especially ordinary ones, may be just like daydreaming thoughts and believed by the brain to be too useless to remember. But dreams that are more vivid, emotional and coherent(连贯的)seem to be better remembered-perhaps because they cause more awakening, and their organized story makes them easier to store. If you are interested in improving your dream recall, there are a few tricks to try. One is drinking water before bed, because it will make you wake up at night to use the bathroom. These middle-of-the-night awakenings are frequently accompanied by dream recall. Repeatedly reminding yourself that you want to remember your dreams may increase your chances, and so does keeping a dream journal, some studies have suggested. Upon waking up, hang on to that fragile(脆弱的)dream memory: keep your eyes closed, stay still and replay the dream memory, until your hippocampus catches up and properly stores the memory. 1．What can we learn about dreams from the passage? A．Dreaming means processing memory during sleeping. B．Dreams come from your hippocampus. C．Dreams are sometimes useless for us to remember. D．We need special trainings to recall our dreams. 2．You can’t remember your dreams when you wake up probably because ________. A．you are forgetful and poor in remembering things B．your dreams are vivid, emotional and coherent C．your hippocampus is active in receiving new information D．your brain needs to start up to move dreams into long-term memory 3．Which of the following CANNOT help you to recall a dream? A．Improve the ability of your hippocampus to catch up information. B．Keep reminding yourself of the need to remember your dreams. C．Record what you can remember in your dreams upon awakening. D．Think back on the things in your dreams directly after you wake up. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To tell the importance of dreams. B．To explain our forgetfulness in dreams. C．To present some methods to recall dreams. D．To analyze how our brain deal with information. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·北京房山·期中） Decades of exercise science research shows that when people or animals are given a new exercise routine, they get healthier. But when thinking about the benefits of exercise, most people hold a bias: they only focus on how regular exercise helps increase strength and balance. Actually, exercise matters even more for our brains, in ways that are often overlooked. Animal exercise studies often have rats run on wheels for weeks. Voluntarily running, they get health benefits like better muscle tone, cardiovascular health, and brain function. However, in some studies, rats are made to run on a mechanized wheel. After being forced to exercise daily for weeks, their bodies get fit, but their brains are affected. They show signs of anxiety, more so than voluntary runners or those not exercising. This implies that when exercise brings a sense of control and joy, it benefits us. Otherwise, it can turn harmful. Just as it is for rats, our human experience with exercise also reveals the importance of how we approach it. For us humans, exercise studies that examine whether exercise is described as helpful find that shifting our exercise expectations more positive significantly improves mood and some markers of physical health, such as lowering resting blood pressure. A groundbreaking paper published in February examined hundreds of clinical trials of exercise training for treating major depression. It found that while there were some benefits of taking antidepressant (抗抑郁) medications, exercise programs such as walking, jogging or dancing had two to three times larger effects on improving mental health. What’s more, our attitudes toward exercise have even been linked to longevity. For example, the confidence in the belief that one exercises more than others has been linked to greater longevity — an effect that persists even after controlling for the actual amount of physical activity. Modern science reminds us to pay new attention to the old Roman saying, “A sound mind in a sound body.” Exercise, when done wisely, can become a welcome comfort that doesn’t just improve the health of our bodies, but also our brains. 1．What does the underlined word “bias” in the first paragraph probably mean? A．One-sided view. B．Lack of interest. C．Perfect Mindset. D．Feeling of disbelief. 2．What can we learn from the exercise studies? A．Voluntary runners can push anxiety levels up. B．Forced physical activity may harm mental health. C．Longer exercise can lead to better health outcomes. D．Exercise may take the place of antidepressant medications. 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To show new findings of animal exercise studies. B．To stress exercise’s importance for physical health. C．To describe the wisdom behind the old Roman saying. D．To explain the effects of a positive mindset in exercise. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·北京·期中） A new study has found the amount of antibiotics (抗生素) given to farm animals is expected to increase by two-thirds over the next 15 years. Researchers are linking the growing dependence on the drugs to the increasing need for meat, milk and eggs. However, the drugs could quicken the development of antibiotic-resistant infections (感染). Such infections are already a major public, health concern in the United States. The World Health Organization notes when people stop living in poverty (贫困), the first thing they want to do is eat better, rather than earn more money. For most people, that means their diet should contain more meat. With the rapid development of Asia, people there are eating nearly four times as much meat, milk and other milk products as they did 50 year ago. To meet the need, farmers have put many animals into smaller spaces. As the animals are crowded together, the easiest way to deal with some of the problems d crowding is to give them antibiotics. It’s clear that antibiotics help animals stay healthy in a crowded environment and grow faster. But bacteria can develop resistance to the drugs gradually. Nowadays, doctors find antibiotics that once worked against the infections no longer work. The bacteria have learned ways to fight against the drugs. The heavy use of antibiotics in animals is responsible for the growth of antibiotic resistance worldwide. In the United States, at least two million people get drug-resistant infections each year and at least 23,000 die from an infection. Europe has banned the use of antibiotics to increase animal growth. And the United States is hoping to persuade farmers to stop using antibiotics for that purpose. 1．What do most people want to do first when they get rid of poverty according to the WHO? A．Making a lot of money. B．Focusing more on health. C．Having more meat in their diet. D．Living in a better environment. 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Antibiotics do harm to animals. B．Antibiotics help animals stay healthy. C．Antibiotics are used heavily in Europe. D．Antibiotic-resistant bacteria spread to people. 3．What’s the passage mainly about? A．A new way of raising farm animals. B．The advantages of using antibiotics. C．The reason for banning the use of antibiotics. D．The negative effect of antibiotics in farm animals. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·北京通州·期中） For those who study the development of intelligence (智力) in the animal world, self - awareness is an important measurement. An animal that is aware of itself has a high level of intelligence. Awareness can be tested by studying whether the animal recognizes itself in the mirror, that is, its own reflected image. Many animals fail this exercise bitterly, paying very little attention to the reflected image. Only humans, and some intelligent animals like apes (类人猿) and dolphins, have been shown to recognize that the image in the mirror is of themselves. Now another animal has joined the club. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, researchers report that an Asian elephant has passed the mirror self-reflection test. “We thought that elephants were the next important animal,” said Diana Reiss of the Wildlife Conservation Society, an author of the study with Joshua M. Plotnik and Fans B．M. de Waal of Emory University. With their large brains, Reiss said, elephants “seemed like cousins to apes and dolphins.” The researchers tested Happy, Maxine and Patty, three elephants at the Bronx Zoo. They put an 8 - foot - square mirror on a wall of the animals’ play area (out of the sight of zoo visitors) and recorded what happened with cameras, including one built in the mirror. The elephants used their long noses to find what was behind it, and to examine parts of their bodies. Of the three, Happy then passed the test, in which a clear mark was painted on one side of her face. She could tell the mark was there by looking in the mirror, and she used the mirror to touch the mark with her long nose. Diana Reiss said, “We knew elephants were intelligent, but now we can talk about their intelligence in a better way.” 1．What can mirror tests tell us about animals? A．Whether they enjoy outdoor exercises. B．Whether they have large brains. C．Whether they enjoy playing with mirrors. D．Whether they have self-awareness. 2．Why does the author mention apes and dolphins in the text? A．They are big favor B．They are most familiar to readers. C．They are already known to be intelligent. D．They are included in the study by Reiss. 3．What made Happy different from Maxine and Patty? A．She recognized her own image in the mirror. B．She found the hidden camera. C．She used her nose to search behind the mirror. D．She painted a mark on her own face. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·北京丰台·期中） Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo. While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions (同伴) than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to tell when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more properly to the user. The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding (提醒) an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos. Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces. Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The company’s “Oshbot” robot is built to help customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the products’ location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for. The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,” said Breazeal. 1．How are social robots different from household robots? A．They have their feelings. B．They are more like humans. C．They do the normal housework. D．They respond to users more slowly. 2．What can Oshbot work as? A．A language teacher. B．A tour guide. C．A private nurse. D．A shop assistant. 3．We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will . A．train employees B．improve technologies C．be our workmates D．take the place of workers 4．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．An introduction to social robots. B．Marketing methods for social robots. C．Information on household robots. D．A new design idea of household robots. 主题03 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·北京·期中） How should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation (通货膨胀)? Left in a bank it will hardly keep its value, however high the interest rate. Only a brave man, or a very rich one, dares to buy and sell on the Stock Market. Today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your savings, and even increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past. Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks, which I personally consider are among the most interesting of antiques. I sometimes wonder what a being from another planet might report back about our way of life. “The planet Earth is ruled by a mysterious creature that sits or stands in a room and makes a strange ticking sound. It has a face with twelve black marks and two hands. Men can do nothing without its permission, and it fastens its young round people’s wrists so that everywhere men go they are still under its control. This creature is the real master of Earth and men are its slaves.” Whether or not we are slaves of time today depends on our culture and personality, but it is believed that many years ago kings kept special slaves to tell the time. Certain men were very clever at measuring the time of day according to the beating of their own hearts. They were made to stand in a fixed place and every hour or so would shout the time. So it seems that the first clocks were human beings. However, men quickly found more convenient and reliable ways of telling the time. They learned to use the shadows cast by the sun. They marked the hours on candles, used sand in hour-glasses, and invented water-clocks. Indeed, any serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces, stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past. Antique clocks could be very expensive, but one of the joys of collecting clocks is that it is still possible to find quite cheap ones for your own home. After all, if you are going to be ruled by time, why not invest in an antique clock and perhaps make a future profit? 1．According to the passage, collecting antique clocks ________. A．can hardly keep the value of your savings B．will cost much of your savings C．may increase your wealth D．needs your bravery 2．By quoting (引用) the remark of a being from another planet, the author intends to ________. A．suggest human beings are controlled by a clock B．describe why clocks can rule the planet Barth C．tell readers what clocks look like D．compare clocks to human beings 3．Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to measure the time? A．Counting the beating of one’s own heart. B．Making use of candles, sand and water. C．Observing shadows cast by the sun. D．Keeping slaves busy day and night. 4．The underlined phrase stately homes in paragraph 4 means ________. A．state-owned houses B．houses in very good condition C．grand houses open to the public D．houses where statesmen meet regularly Passage 2 （24-25高一下·北京·期中） Over the last 25 years, perhaps one of the most disappointing changes in newspapers has been the unavoidable decline in the range and seriousness of their arts coverage. For most young readers, it’s hard to believe that there was a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. In the 20th century, a large number of the most significant collections of criticism included many art reviews (评论). Today, when we read them, we may be amazed that those great reviews were once considered suitable for publication in everyday newspapers. We are even farther removed from the newspaper reviews published between 1900 and World War II, at a time when newsprint was extremely cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered a decoration for the publications. A long time ago, the critics of major papers were expected to write deeply and fully about the events they covered. These men believed in journalism as a responsibility and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to succeed in journalism,” Ernest Newman, a noted British music critic, once wrote. Unfortunately, these critics are almost forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known only as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. However, only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music criticism is unknown except to professionals. It seems unlikely that Cardus’s criticism will experience a revival (复兴). Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered (词藻华丽) Victorian prose in which he specialized. Although the golden age of arts criticism may have passed, its legacy continues to inspire a deeper appreciation for the role of the arts in our daily lives. 1．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Newspapers with more arts coverage sold well. B．There were more art reviews in newspapers in the past. C．The criticism published in the 20th century lacked great contents. D．Arts criticism was a major part of newspapers in the early 20th century. 2．Why is Cardus’s criticism no longer popular? A．Because his works are no longer professional. B．Because people doubt his reputation as a knight. C．Because his writing style fails to suit modern tastes. D．Because he mainly writes essays on the game of cricket. 3．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．The Lost Horizon in Newspapers B．The Shortage of Literary Geniuses C．The Renowned Critics in Memory D．The Newspapers of the Good Old Days 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2025·北京朝阳·期中） When people view photographs of frightening spiders, scientists usually observe increased electrical activity deep in their brain, in a region called the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The obvious conclusion is that the PAG controls fight-or-flight responses in threatening situations. But what if brains don’t have dedicated circuits for fighting and flighting? Is threat detection really a primary mode of the brain with its own neural circuitry (神经回路)? This idea of fight-or-flight circuits originates from the “triune brain” model dividing brains into the so-called lizard brain, including the PAG, for survival functions, the “limbic system” for emotions, and the “neocortex” for higher-order reasoning. If you know anything about evolution, you might know that something is spurious. The only animal on this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Also, there’s no unified limbic “system” or the “neocortex” for emotions or rationality (理性) respectively. So where does this leave the fight-or-flight story? Recently, changes in PAG activity have been observed in nonthreatening tasks, such as reading a fascinating article about the brain. The PAG has also been proved to regulate bodily systems continuously. Incidentally, this explains why antianxiety medications manage anxiety disorders without healing them. They target brain circuits that aren’t dedicated to anxiety or fight-or-flight but that simply regulate the body. Researches on the brain’s powers also cast new light on our understandings. In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react to various stimuli as either threatening or safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and formulates action plans in anticipation of events before stimuli occur. The brain’s preparatory mechanism, metabolically (新陈代谢地) expensive, involves complicated neuronal activities for sustaining multiple predictions and corresponding action plans over extended periods. But the experiences in fight-or-flight responses crafted by your brain don’t reveal how it works. Moreover, your brain, which does much more than avoid threats, handles a complex social world full of uncertainty. That’s a recipe for stress. And what is stress? It reflects energy preparation for anticipated challenges. Your brain often makes sense of metabolic cost of uncertainty, if it drags on for long enough, as anxiety, but that’s not a must. People seek uncertainty out — and its positive cousin, novelty — when they try new foods or learn new skills. Uncertainty is common, but these days, with social media and round-the-clock news coverage, it sometimes bombards us and leaves us anxious and exhausted. But these feelings don’t emerge from fight-or-flight circuits. They may just mean, in an ever changing and only partly predictable world, that you’re doing something hard. 1．The author asks the questions in Paragraph 1 to ________. A．evaluate a statement B．justify an assumption C．challenge an argument D．introduce a new concept 2．Which does the underlined word “spurious” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Rare. B．Wrong. C．Limited. D．Unexpected. 3．What can we infer from this passage? A．Hunting for novelty reduces stress and anxiety. B．Medicine targeting PAG cures anxiety disorders. C．Uncertainty is a product of modern media and news cycles. D．The “Fight or Flight” idea overlooks the brain’s predictive power. Passage 2 （23-24高二上·北京西城·期中） Frozen in time, a 125-million-year-old mammal attacking a dinosaur. A 39-million-year-old whale, the heaviest animal that ever lived. The oldest known jellyfish, from 505 million years ago. Paleontology (古生物学) produces newsworthy discoveries. Fossils (化石), moreover, provide direct evidence for the long history of life, allowing paleontologists to test hypotheses (假设) about evolution with data only they provide. They allow investigation of present and past life on Earth. Flows of biological diversity, appearances of new life forms and the extinctions of long existing ones, would go undiscovered without these efforts. But the headlines over exciting new fossils greatly underestimate the true importance of paleontology. Its real significance lies in how such discoveries brighten the grand history of life on Earth. From its beginnings, more than three billion years ago, to the present day, fossils record how life adapted or disappeared in the face of major environmental challenges. Paleontologists provide us with a unique vantage on modern climate change. They play an essential role in interpreting ancient environments, in reconstructing ancient oceans, continents and climates. Fossils provide key limitation on the climate models that are essential for predicting future climate change. And the fossil record gives important insights into how life will respond to predicted future climate conditions, because these have occurred before in Earth’s history. In addition, paleontology has provided a fundamental contribution to human thought: the reality of species extinction and thus of a world that has dramatically changed over time. In documenting the history of life, paleontologists recognized that many extinction episodes could occur suddenly, such as the event 66 million years ago that ended the dinosaurs. The search for the causes of past mass extinctions started pioneering studies from across the scientific spectrum (科学界), focusing on potential future threats to humanity. Not only do paleontologists know what happens to life when things go bad, they also know how long it takes for ecosystems and biodiversity to recover from these disasters, which can take far longer than modern humans have existed. Paleontologists thus provide a unique perspective on the nature and future long-term ecological impact of the current human-produced biodiversity crisis, the so-called Sixth Extinction, and therefore the importance of protecting modern biodiversity. The very concept of a Sixth Extinction would not exist without paleontologists documenting the first five. Paleontologists know that understanding life’s past is critical to anticipating and adapting to life’s and humanity’s future. Paleontology is important because it brings its unique and critical perspective to current challenges in climate change, biodiversity loss and the environment. Paleontologists can predict the future because they know the past. 1．The first two paragraphs are written to _______. A．describe an event B．raise a question C．present an opinion D．make a comparison 2．What does the underlined word “vantage” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．A positive effect. B．A valuable suggestion. C．A quick decision. D．A comprehensive view. 3．Which of the following would the author agree with? A．Ecological recovery takes shorter than imagined. B．Past lessons can help to predict the future threats. C．Paleontologists can handle the biodiversity crisis. D．Fossil studies focus on the causes of mass extinctions. 4．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Paleontology: A Pioneering Study B．Paleontology: A History Recorder C．Paleontology Tells More About Nature Than Humans D．Paleontology Is Far More Than New Fossil Discoveries 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·北京通州·期中） Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp (敏锐) as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions. Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination (着迷), newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb (麻木的) to new stimulation (刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits. The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One cold night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first. Another block to awareness is the obsession (痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who noticed a bird immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a “ruby-crowned kinglet” and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing. The pressures of “time” and “destination” are further blocks to awareness. I met many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to walk slowly and take a moment to see what was around them. I asked them what they’d seen. “Oh, a few birds,” they said. They seemed bent on their destinations. Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension (维度) to your life. 1．According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more ____. A．likely to develop unpleasant habits B．eager to explore the world around them C．concerned about others’ feelings D．anxious to grow up 2．The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they ____. A．are really fascinated by nature B．are very patient in their observation C．question the correctness of the field guides D．care only about the names of birds 60．Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey? A．They focus on arriving at the camp in time. B．The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them. C．They hope to see beautiful birds at the destination. D．The forest in the dark is dangerous for them. 4．In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should ____. A．try our best to protect nature B．open our mind to new things and ideas C．fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world D．get rid of some bad habits in our daily life Passage 2 （23-24高一下·北京·期中） When you hear “I have a dream…”, one of the most famous speeches in human history, you’ll never have the idea how the audience on the scene were fueled by emotional intelligence. When Martin Luther King. Jr. presented his dream, he chose language that would stir the hearts of his audience. Delivering this electrifying message required emotional intelligence — the ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions. Emotional intelligence has been highly recommended by leaders, policymakers, and educators as the solution to a wide range of social problems. Emotional intelligence is important, but the uncontrolled enthusiasm has obscured (掩盖) a dark side. New evidence shows that when people sharpen their emotional skills, they become better at controlling others. When you’re good at controlling your own emotions, you can hide your true feelings. When you know what others are feeling, you can motivate them to act against their own best interests. Social scientists have begun to document this dark side of emotional intelligence. In a research conducted by Professor Jochen Menges from University of Toronto, when a leader gave an inspiring speech filled with emotion, the audience was less likely to examine the message closely and remember the content. Ironically (讽刺的是), audience members were so moved by the speech that they claimed to recall more of it. The authors call this the awestruck (敬畏的) effect, but it might just as easily be described as the dumbstruck effect. One observer reflected that Hitler’s persuasive impact came from his ability to strategically express emotions — he would “tear open his heart” — and these emotions affected his followers to the point that they would “stop thinking critically and just emote (激动地表达感情).” Leaders who master emotions can rob us of our abilities to reason. If their values are out of step with our own, the results can be destructive. New evidence suggests that when people have selfish motives, emotional intelligence becomes a weapon for controlling others. Throwing light on this dark side of emotional intelligence is one mission of a research team led by University College London professor Martin Kilduff. According to these experts, emotional intelligence helps people disguise (伪装) one set of emotions while expressing another for personal gain. Professor Kilduffs team writes, “The strategic disguise of one’s own emotions and the controlling of others’ emotions for strategic ends are behaviors evident not only on Shakespeare’s stage but also in the offices and corridors where power and influence are traded.” Of course, people aren’t always using emotional intelligence for evil ends. More often than not, high EQ is helpful in most aspects of our life. Emotional intelligence — like any skill — can be used for good or evil. So whether it is a gift or a curse lies in your hand. 1．Why does the author mention Martin Luther King, Jr? A．To advocate a society with fewer problems. B．To recommend his speech to other leaders. C．To honor the great leader for his courage. D．To introduce the major topic to readers. 2．What is the dumbstruck effect of Hitler’s emotional intelligence? A．His followers would tear open their hearts to him. B．His followers would express emotions strategically. C．His followers would develop the self-serving motives. D．His followers would lose the ability to reason properly. 3．How do people use their emotional intelligence for personal gain? A．They disguise their true emotions and show another one. B．They present their strategic behaviors on the stage. C．They help their colleagues to build up confidence. D．They lower their own dignity to gain popularity. 4．What would be the best title for the passage? A．The benefits of emotional intelligence. B．The reasons for using emotional skills. C．The dark side of emotional intelligence. D．The advantages and disadvantages of emotions. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·北京丰台·期中） Deep Sea: To Mine Or Not To Mine A robot as large as a truck moves along the bottom of the deep sea. It eats metallic (含金属的) rock and soft mud. They travel up a long pipe to a ship, where workers and machinery separate out the rock and throw the mud back into the ocean. This is a mining operation. The rock contains a mixture of metals, including ones called rare earth metals. People use these materials to make batteries and electronics like computers and phones. Deep-sea mining hasn’t happened yet. But it probably will occur within the next decade. No country owns any part of the deep sea, so a UN organization called the International Seabed Authority (ISA) decides who is allowed to mine there. It has allowed 29 organizations to explore the deep sea and make plans for mining, one of which plans to begin mining in the year 2027. Scientists and environmentalists, though, warn that mining could destroy deep-sea ecosystem. In 1989, ecologist Hjalmar Thiel carried out a test. His team searched the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean, in a spot with lots of the metallic rocks that miners wanted. They didn’t actually collect any of the rocks. But they disturbed the mud, just as a mining operation would. The cloud of mud fell back down over the ocean floor burying creatures living there. Up to now, the area they disturbed has not recovered. Signs of the search are still there. Deep sea creatures like sponges and corals have not moved back in. That means mining could have detrimental, long-lasting consequences for deep ocean life. Scientists want to understand the deep sea better before disturbing it. Leaving the deep sea alone sounds great, but people need those metals. “Mines on land are soon going to run out,” geologist Steven Scolt of the University of Toronto told Smithsonian Magazine. “Every electronic device in the world has rare earth metals in it... we need raw resources.” New energy technologies including solar and wind power and electric cars rely on these metals as well. We may need to mine them from the sea in order to switch to greener energy sources. 1．According to the passage, why do people want to carry out deep sea mining? A．To test the mining robot. B．To collect rare earth metals. C．To separate the rock from mud. D．To understand the deep sea better. 2．What can we infer from the test of Hjalmar Thiel in 1989? A．They gathered some metallic rocks the miners wanted. B．They helped the recovery of the disturbed mining areas. C．They discovered the deep-sea mining had affected the ocean ecology. D．They found the rare metallic rocks were harmful to sea creatures. 3．What does the underlined word “detrimental” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Appealing. B．Harmful. C．Helpful. D．Impressive. 25．What is Steven Scolt’s attitude towards deep-sea mining? A．Doubtful. B．Neutral. C．Supportive. D．Disapproving. Passage 2 （24-25·高一下·北京·期中） Chemists have spent the past century trying to make plastics that will break down in seawater. As it is, most plastics appear to take centuries to fully degrade in the ocean. But that may change. Scientists have just designed a new plastic that can break down in seawater within weeks, not decades or more. Back in the 1930s, scientists created a now-popular plastic out of corn and potato starch (淀粉). It’s known as polylactide, or PLA．It’s a polymer (聚合物), which is a molecule made by linking many building blocks — called monomers — into a long string. Scientists had hoped PLA would quickly break down in the environment. And in some places, like compost pits (堆肥坑), it does. But not in seawater. Even after three years in ocean water, PLA remains largely unchanged. Timo Rheinberger is a PhD student at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. His work on polymers has focused on boosting PLA’s breakdown. As part of that work, he became part of a team that just added some RNA-inspired breaking points to PLA．They put those breaking points in places where monomers in the PLA molecules are linked.   They weakened the links that joined up to 15 percent of a PLA’s monomers. Then, they soaked their samples in artificial seawater and measured how fast these tweaked versions of PLA broke down. The expected final product of PLA’s breakdown was a small molecule called lactic acid. So, they tested for that too. As the team had hoped, seawater attacked the weakened links between monomers, splitting the polymer chain apart. The more breaking points the researchers added to the polymer, the faster the PLA broke down. When they weakened 15 percent of PLA’s monomer links, the polymer broke down entirely within just two weeks. When they weakened only 3 percent of the links, the breakdown took about 2 years. This suggests the team can design how quickly PLA will break down in water by adjusting how many weakened links it has. Mehlika Karamanlioglu teaches biomedical engineering at Istanbul Gelisim University. She, too, has studied environmental breakdown of PLA．“It’s a new approach,” she says of the Dutch technique. Theirs is also “an early-stage study,” Karamanlioglu says. So, more testing must follow. Scientists want to know how the strength of the new PLA compares to old PLA． Rheinberger agrees. “You need a lot of material to start those studies,” he adds. And so far, his team has made only small amounts of the modified PLA． Karamanlioglu notes the Dutch team also tested the breakdown of its PLA in artificial seawater. “I wonder if they checked [the water] for pollution,” she adds. If there were microbes (微生物), those microbes may have produced molecules called enzymes that sped up the PLA’s degradation. 1．What can we learn about PLA from the passage? A．Lactic acid prevents the breakdown of PLA． B．PLA breaks down faster in artificial seawater. C．PLA’s breakdown relies on that of monomers. D．Compost pits are the best places for PLA’s breakdown. 2．What is Mehlika’s attitude towards the findings of the Dutch team? A．Supportive. B．Doubtful. C．Optimistic. D．Cautious. 3．What can be learned from the last three paragraphs? A．Mehlika is confident about the application of the new PLA． B．The cleanness of water also affects the breakdown of PLA． C．The new PLA has better strength than the old PLA． D．The new PLA have been produced in large amounts. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·北京·期中） You spend a third of your life asleep, a certain part of which involves dreaming. But most often, you don’t remember any of your dreams. While the exact reason of why we can hardly recall our dreams is not fully known, scientists have gotten some insight into memory processes during sleep, leading to several ideas that may explain our forgetfulness. You are awake, but is your hippocampus (海马体) awake? When we fall asleep, not all the brain’s regions go offline at the same time. Researchers have found one of the last regions to go to sleep is the hippocampus, a structure in brain that is important for moving information from short-term memory into long-term memory. “If the hippocampus is the last to go to sleep, it could very well be the last to wake up, ” said Thomas Andrillon, a neuroscientist at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. “So, you could have this window where you wake up with a dream in your short-term memory, but since the hippocampus is not fully awake yet, your brain is not able to keep that memory,” Andrillon told Live Science. While this might explain why dream memories are so fleeting, it doesn’t mean that your hippocampus has been inactive throughout the night. In fact, this region is quite active during sleep, and appears to be storing and caring for existing memories to strengthen them, instead of listening for incoming new experiences. Sometimes your dreams are just not memorable? Do you remember what you were thinking about this morning when brushing your teeth? Our minds wander all the time, but we get rid of most of those thoughts as unimportant information. Dreams, especially ordinary ones, may be just like daydreaming thoughts and believed by the brain to be too useless to remember. But dreams that are more vivid, emotional and coherent(连贯的)seem to be better remembered-perhaps because they cause more awakening, and their organized story makes them easier to store. If you are interested in improving your dream recall, there are a few tricks to try. One is drinking water before bed, because it will make you wake up at night to use the bathroom. These middle-of-the-night awakenings are frequently accompanied by dream recall. Repeatedly reminding yourself that you want to remember your dreams may increase your chances, and so does keeping a dream journal, some studies have suggested. Upon waking up, hang on to that fragile(脆弱的)dream memory: keep your eyes closed, stay still and replay the dream memory, until your hippocampus catches up and properly stores the memory. 1．What can we learn about dreams from the passage? A．Dreaming means processing memory during sleeping. B．Dreams come from your hippocampus. C．Dreams are sometimes useless for us to remember. D．We need special trainings to recall our dreams. 2．You can’t remember your dreams when you wake up probably because ________. A．you are forgetful and poor in remembering things B．your dreams are vivid, emotional and coherent C．your hippocampus is active in receiving new information D．your brain needs to start up to move dreams into long-term memory 3．Which of the following CANNOT help you to recall a dream? A．Improve the ability of your hippocampus to catch up information. B．Keep reminding yourself of the need to remember your dreams. C．Record what you can remember in your dreams upon awakening. D．Think back on the things in your dreams directly after you wake up. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To tell the importance of dreams. B．To explain our forgetfulness in dreams. C．To present some methods to recall dreams. D．To analyze how our brain deal with information. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了人们难以回忆起梦境的原因，并介绍了一些有助于提高梦境回忆能力的方法。 1．细节理解题。根据第六段“Dreams, especially ordinary ones, may be just like daydreaming thoughts and believed by the brain to be too useless to remember.(梦，尤其是普通的梦，可能就像白日梦的想法一样，大脑认为它们太无用而无需记住)” 可知，有些梦对我们来说可能没有记住的价值。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Researchers have found one of the last regions to go to sleep is the hippocampus, a structure in brain that is important for moving information from short - term memory into long - term memory.(研究人员发现，最后进入睡眠状态的区域之一是海马体，这是大脑中的一个结构，对于将信息从短期记忆转移到长期记忆至关重要)” 以及第四段““If the hippocampus is the last to go to sleep, it could very well be the last to wake up, ” said Thomas Andrillon, a neuroscientist at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. “So, you could have this window where you wake up with a dream in your short-term memory, but since the hippocampus is not fully awake yet, your brain is not able to keep that memory,” Andrillon told Live Science.(“如果海马体是最后进入睡眠的，那它很可能也是最后醒来的，” 澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大学的神经科学家托马斯・安德里隆说。“所以，你可能会有这样一个阶段，醒来时梦还在你的短期记忆中，但由于海马体还没有完全清醒，你的大脑无法保留这段记忆。” 安德里隆告诉《生活科学》杂志)” 可知，当我们醒来时，梦处于短期记忆中，但因为海马体未完全苏醒，大脑无法将梦的记忆从短期转为长期，即大脑需要启动海马体来将梦转化为长期记忆，否则就记不住梦。所以，你醒来时记不住梦可能是因为大脑需要启动来将梦转化为长期记忆，故选D。 3．细节理解题题。根据最后一段 “Repeatedly reminding yourself that you want to remember your dreams may increase your chances, and so does keeping a dream journal, some studies have suggested. Upon waking up, hang on to that fragile (脆弱的) dream memory: keep your eyes closed, stay still and replay the dream memory, until your hippocampus catches up and properly stores the memory.(一些研究表明，反复提醒自己想要记住梦可能会增加记住梦的机会，写梦的日记也是如此。醒来后，抓住那脆弱的梦的记忆：闭上眼睛，保持静止，重放梦的记忆，直到你的海马体跟上并正确存储记忆)” 可知，选项 B（不断提醒自己需要记住梦）、选项 C（醒来后记录你能记住的梦中内容）和选项 D（醒来后直接回想梦中的事情）都有助于回忆梦，而选项 A（提高海马体捕捉信息的能力）文中未提及能帮助回忆梦，故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“You spend a third of your life asleep, a certain part of which involves dreaming. But most often, you don’t remember any of your dreams.(你一生中有三分之一的时间在睡觉，其中一部分时间会做梦。但大多数时候，你什么梦都不记得)”，提出人们记不住梦这一现象。接着第二段 “While the exact reason of why we can hardly recall our dreams is not fully known, scientists have gotten some insight into memory processes during sleep, leading to several ideas that may explain our forgetfulness.(虽然我们几乎记不起梦的确切原因尚未完全明了，但科学家们对睡眠期间的记忆过程有了一些了解，从而产生了一些可以解释我们遗忘现象的观点)” 表明文章要解释记不住梦的原因，后文从海马体的状态、梦本身特点等方面展开解释。所以文章主要目的是解释我们在梦中的遗忘现象，故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·北京房山·期中） Decades of exercise science research shows that when people or animals are given a new exercise routine, they get healthier. But when thinking about the benefits of exercise, most people hold a bias: they only focus on how regular exercise helps increase strength and balance. Actually, exercise matters even more for our brains, in ways that are often overlooked. Animal exercise studies often have rats run on wheels for weeks. Voluntarily running, they get health benefits like better muscle tone, cardiovascular health, and brain function. However, in some studies, rats are made to run on a mechanized wheel. After being forced to exercise daily for weeks, their bodies get fit, but their brains are affected. They show signs of anxiety, more so than voluntary runners or those not exercising. This implies that when exercise brings a sense of control and joy, it benefits us. Otherwise, it can turn harmful. Just as it is for rats, our human experience with exercise also reveals the importance of how we approach it. For us humans, exercise studies that examine whether exercise is described as helpful find that shifting our exercise expectations more positive significantly improves mood and some markers of physical health, such as lowering resting blood pressure. A groundbreaking paper published in February examined hundreds of clinical trials of exercise training for treating major depression. It found that while there were some benefits of taking antidepressant (抗抑郁) medications, exercise programs such as walking, jogging or dancing had two to three times larger effects on improving mental health. What’s more, our attitudes toward exercise have even been linked to longevity. For example, the confidence in the belief that one exercises more than others has been linked to greater longevity — an effect that persists even after controlling for the actual amount of physical activity. Modern science reminds us to pay new attention to the old Roman saying, “A sound mind in a sound body.” Exercise, when done wisely, can become a welcome comfort that doesn’t just improve the health of our bodies, but also our brains. 1．What does the underlined word “bias” in the first paragraph probably mean? A．One-sided view. B．Lack of interest. C．Perfect Mindset. D．Feeling of disbelief. 2．What can we learn from the exercise studies? A．Voluntary runners can push anxiety levels up. B．Forced physical activity may harm mental health. C．Longer exercise can lead to better health outcomes. D．Exercise may take the place of antidepressant medications. 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To show new findings of animal exercise studies. B．To stress exercise’s importance for physical health. C．To describe the wisdom behind the old Roman saying. D．To explain the effects of a positive mindset in exercise. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了运动对大脑的益处往往被忽视，并通过动物和人类的研究来证明当运动带来控制感和愉悦感时，它对我们有益，否则可能有害，强调了积极的心态在运动中的重要性。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“But when thinking about the benefits of exercise, most people hold a bias: they only focus on how regular exercise helps increase strength and balance. Actually, exercise matters even more for our brains, in ways that are often overlooked. (但在考虑运动的好处时，大多数人都有一种bias：他们只关注定期运动如何有助于增强力量和平衡。事实上，运动对我们的大脑更为重要，只是这一点常常被忽视。)”可知，当考虑运动的好处时，大多数人只关注运动如何增强力量和平衡，而忽视了运动对大脑的重要性，这是一种片面的看法。由此可推知，bias意为“片面的看法，偏见”，与one-sided view同义。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, in some studies, rats are made to run on a mechanized wheel. After being forced to exercise daily for weeks, their bodies get fit, but their brains are affected. They show signs of anxiety, more so than voluntary runners or those not exercising. (然而，在一些研究中，老鼠被迫在机械轮上跑步。在被迫连续数周每天运动后，它们的身体变得健康，但大脑却受到了影响。它们表现出焦虑的迹象，比自愿跑步的老鼠或不运动的老鼠更焦虑。)”可知，被迫的身体活动可能会损害心理健康。故选B项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“For us humans, exercise studies that examine whether exercise is described as helpful find that shifting our exercise expectations more positive significantly improves mood and some markers of physical health, such as lowering resting blood pressure. (对我们人类来说，研究运动是否有帮助的研究发现，将我们对运动的期望调整得更加积极可以显著改善情绪和一些身体健康指标，比如降低静息血压。)”以及“What’s more, our attitudes toward exercise have even been linked to longevity. (更重要的是，我们对运动的态度甚至与寿命有关。)”可知，文章主要目的是解释积极的心态在运动中的影响。故选D项。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·北京·期中） A new study has found the amount of antibiotics (抗生素) given to farm animals is expected to increase by two-thirds over the next 15 years. Researchers are linking the growing dependence on the drugs to the increasing need for meat, milk and eggs. However, the drugs could quicken the development of antibiotic-resistant infections (感染). Such infections are already a major public, health concern in the United States. The World Health Organization notes when people stop living in poverty (贫困), the first thing they want to do is eat better, rather than earn more money. For most people, that means their diet should contain more meat. With the rapid development of Asia, people there are eating nearly four times as much meat, milk and other milk products as they did 50 year ago. To meet the need, farmers have put many animals into smaller spaces. As the animals are crowded together, the easiest way to deal with some of the problems d crowding is to give them antibiotics. It’s clear that antibiotics help animals stay healthy in a crowded environment and grow faster. But bacteria can develop resistance to the drugs gradually. Nowadays, doctors find antibiotics that once worked against the infections no longer work. The bacteria have learned ways to fight against the drugs. The heavy use of antibiotics in animals is responsible for the growth of antibiotic resistance worldwide. In the United States, at least two million people get drug-resistant infections each year and at least 23,000 die from an infection. Europe has banned the use of antibiotics to increase animal growth. And the United States is hoping to persuade farmers to stop using antibiotics for that purpose. 1．What do most people want to do first when they get rid of poverty according to the WHO? A．Making a lot of money. B．Focusing more on health. C．Having more meat in their diet. D．Living in a better environment. 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Antibiotics do harm to animals. B．Antibiotics help animals stay healthy. C．Antibiotics are used heavily in Europe. D．Antibiotic-resistant bacteria spread to people. 3．What’s the passage mainly about? A．A new way of raising farm animals. B．The advantages of using antibiotics. C．The reason for banning the use of antibiotics. D．The negative effect of antibiotics in farm animals. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。一项新研究发现，未来15年农场动物的抗生素使用量预计将增加三分之二，这与人们对肉、奶、蛋的需求增长有关，但该行为可能加速耐药菌感染的发展，而此类感染已成为美国主要的公共健康问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The World Health Organization notes when people stop living in poverty, the first thing they want to do is eat better, rather than earn more money(世界卫生组织指出，当人们摆脱贫困时，他们想做的第一件事是吃得更好，而不是赚更多钱)”以及“For most people, that means their diet should contain more meat(对大多数人来说，这意味着他们的饮食应包含更多肉类)”可知，摆脱贫困后人们首先想做的是在饮食中增加肉类。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“The bacteria have learned ways to fight against the drugs. The heavy use of antibiotics in animals is responsible for the growth of antibiotic resistance worldwide(细菌已学会抵抗药物的方法。动物身上大量使用抗生素是全球抗生素耐药性增长的原因)”以及“In the United States, at least two million people get drug-resistant infections each year and at least 23,000 die from an infection(在美国，每年至少有200万人感染耐药菌，至少23000人死于感染)”可知，细菌已学会抵抗药物的方法且在美国每年至少有200万人感染耐药菌，可推知，动物身上的耐药菌会传播给人类，故选D项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study has found the amount of antibiotics given to farm animals is expected to increase by two-thirds over the next 15 years. Researchers are linking the growing dependence on the drugs to the increasing need for meat, milk and eggs. However, the drugs could quicken the development of antibiotic-resistant infections. Such infections are already a major public, health concern in the United States(一项新研究发现，未来15年内，给农场动物使用的抗生素量预计将增加三分之二。研究人员将这种对药物日益增长的依赖与肉类、牛奶和鸡蛋需求的增加联系起来。然而，这些药物可能会加速抗生素耐药性感染的发展。此类感染已成为美国的一个重大公共卫生问题)”、第四段“The bacteria have learned ways to fight against the drugs. The heavy use of antibiotics in animals is responsible for the growth of antibiotic resistance worldwide(细菌已学会抵抗药物的方法。动物身上大量使用抗生素是全球抗生素耐药性增长的原因)”、“In the United States, at least two million people get drug-resistant infections each year and at least 23,000 die from an infection(在美国，每年至少有200万人感染耐药菌，至少23000人死于感染)”以及最后一段“Europe has banned the use of antibiotics to increase animal growth. And the United States is hoping to persuade farmers to stop using antibiotics for that purpose(欧洲已禁止使用抗生素来促进动物生长。美国则希望说服农民停止出于该目的使用抗生素)”可知，文章首段指出农场动物抗生素使用量增加可能加速耐药菌感染，接着分析其原因和影响，最后提及欧美应对措施。全文围绕农场动物使用抗生素的负面影响展开。故选D项。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·北京通州·期中） For those who study the development of intelligence (智力) in the animal world, self - awareness is an important measurement. An animal that is aware of itself has a high level of intelligence. Awareness can be tested by studying whether the animal recognizes itself in the mirror, that is, its own reflected image. Many animals fail this exercise bitterly, paying very little attention to the reflected image. Only humans, and some intelligent animals like apes (类人猿) and dolphins, have been shown to recognize that the image in the mirror is of themselves. Now another animal has joined the club. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, researchers report that an Asian elephant has passed the mirror self-reflection test. “We thought that elephants were the next important animal,” said Diana Reiss of the Wildlife Conservation Society, an author of the study with Joshua M. Plotnik and Fans B．M. de Waal of Emory University. With their large brains, Reiss said, elephants “seemed like cousins to apes and dolphins.” The researchers tested Happy, Maxine and Patty, three elephants at the Bronx Zoo. They put an 8 - foot - square mirror on a wall of the animals’ play area (out of the sight of zoo visitors) and recorded what happened with cameras, including one built in the mirror. The elephants used their long noses to find what was behind it, and to examine parts of their bodies. Of the three, Happy then passed the test, in which a clear mark was painted on one side of her face. She could tell the mark was there by looking in the mirror, and she used the mirror to touch the mark with her long nose. Diana Reiss said, “We knew elephants were intelligent, but now we can talk about their intelligence in a better way.” 1．What can mirror tests tell us about animals? A．Whether they enjoy outdoor exercises. B．Whether they have large brains. C．Whether they enjoy playing with mirrors. D．Whether they have self-awareness. 2．Why does the author mention apes and dolphins in the text? A．They are big favor B．They are most familiar to readers. C．They are already known to be intelligent. D．They are included in the study by Reiss. 3．What made Happy different from Maxine and Patty? A．She recognized her own image in the mirror. B．She found the hidden camera. C．She used her nose to search behind the mirror. D．She painted a mark on her own face. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了人类通过研究动物是否能够认出镜中的自己，即自己反射出的影像来测试意识。事实证明，只有人类和一些高智商的动物，如猿和海豚，能够辨认出镜中的影像就是自己。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Awareness can be tested by studying whether the animal recognizes itself in the mirror, that is, its own reflected image.(意识可以通过研究动物是否在镜子中认出自己来测试，也就是它自己的倒影)”可知，镜像测试能告诉我们关于动物是否有自我意识。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Only humans, and some intelligent animals like apes (类人猿) and dolphins, have been shown to recognize that the image in the mirror is of themselves.(只有人类和一些聪明的动物，如猿和海豚，能够认出镜子里的影像是他们自己)”可知，作者中提到猿和海豚是因为它们已经被认为是聪明的。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Of the three, Happy then passed the test, in which a clear mark was painted on one side of her face. She could tell the mark was there by looking in the mirror, and she used the mirror to touch the mark with her long nose.(最后，乐乐通过了测试，在她的一侧脸上画了一个清晰的记号。她从镜子里看出来印记在那里，然后用她的长鼻子对着镜子去摸那个印记)”可知，乐乐认出了镜子里的自己让乐乐不同于玛克辛和帕蒂。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·北京丰台·期中） Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo. While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions (同伴) than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to tell when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more properly to the user. The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding (提醒) an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos. Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces. Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The company’s “Oshbot” robot is built to help customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the products’ location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for. The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,” said Breazeal. 1．How are social robots different from household robots? A．They have their feelings. B．They are more like humans. C．They do the normal housework. D．They respond to users more slowly. 2．What can Oshbot work as? A．A language teacher. B．A tour guide. C．A private nurse. D．A shop assistant. 3．We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will . A．train employees B．improve technologies C．be our workmates D．take the place of workers 4．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．An introduction to social robots. B．Marketing methods for social robots. C．Information on household robots. D．A new design idea of household robots. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了社交机器人的功能与作用。 18．细节理解题。根据第二段“While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions (同伴) than mere tools.(如今的家用机器人能够完成日常家务，而社交机器人则会更像是一种伙伴而非单纯的工具)”可知，社交机器人不是纯粹的工具，它们更像人。故选B。 19．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company’s “Oshbot” robot is built to help customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the products’ location in the store.(该公司的“奥什博特”机器人旨在为店内顾客提供帮助，它能够帮助顾客找到商品，并引导他们找到商品在店内的具体位置)”可知，它能帮助顾客找商品，并引导顾客到商品位置，所以它是作为一个商店助理而存在的。故选D。 20．细节理解题。根据最后一段“We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us(我们拥有相关技术，能够训练社交机器人去做一些并非为人类服务的工作，而是与人类共同完成的任务)”可知，社交机器人可以和我们一起做事情。故选C。 21．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years.(无论是在家庭中还是在工作场所，社交机器人在未来几年内将会变得更为普及)”以及本文介绍了社交机器人的特点，与其他机器人相比，它更像是伙伴而不是工具，甚至可以和人类一起工作。故选A。 主题03 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·北京·期中） How should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation (通货膨胀)? Left in a bank it will hardly keep its value, however high the interest rate. Only a brave man, or a very rich one, dares to buy and sell on the Stock Market. Today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your savings, and even increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past. Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks, which I personally consider are among the most interesting of antiques. I sometimes wonder what a being from another planet might report back about our way of life. “The planet Earth is ruled by a mysterious creature that sits or stands in a room and makes a strange ticking sound. It has a face with twelve black marks and two hands. Men can do nothing without its permission, and it fastens its young round people’s wrists so that everywhere men go they are still under its control. This creature is the real master of Earth and men are its slaves.” Whether or not we are slaves of time today depends on our culture and personality, but it is believed that many years ago kings kept special slaves to tell the time. Certain men were very clever at measuring the time of day according to the beating of their own hearts. They were made to stand in a fixed place and every hour or so would shout the time. So it seems that the first clocks were human beings. However, men quickly found more convenient and reliable ways of telling the time. They learned to use the shadows cast by the sun. They marked the hours on candles, used sand in hour-glasses, and invented water-clocks. Indeed, any serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces, stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past. Antique clocks could be very expensive, but one of the joys of collecting clocks is that it is still possible to find quite cheap ones for your own home. After all, if you are going to be ruled by time, why not invest in an antique clock and perhaps make a future profit? 1．According to the passage, collecting antique clocks ________. A．can hardly keep the value of your savings B．will cost much of your savings C．may increase your wealth D．needs your bravery 2．By quoting (引用) the remark of a being from another planet, the author intends to ________. A．suggest human beings are controlled by a clock B．describe why clocks can rule the planet Barth C．tell readers what clocks look like D．compare clocks to human beings 3．Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to measure the time? A．Counting the beating of one’s own heart. B．Making use of candles, sand and water. C．Observing shadows cast by the sun. D．Keeping slaves busy day and night. 4．The underlined phrase stately homes in paragraph 4 means ________. A．state-owned houses B．houses in very good condition C．grand houses open to the public D．houses where statesmen meet regularly 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了收藏古董钟可保护储蓄甚至增加财富。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your savings, and even increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past. Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks, which I personally consider are among the most interesting of antiques. (如今，似乎保护你的储蓄，甚至增加你的财富的最好方法之一是购买过去的精美物品。在这里，我将提供一些关于收藏古董钟的建议，我个人认为古董钟是最有趣的古董之一)”可知，收藏古董钟可能会增加你的财富。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The planet Earth is ruled by a mysterious creature that sits or stands in a room and makes a strange ticking sound. It has a face with twelve black marks and two hands. Men can do nothing without its permission, and it fastens its young round people’s wrists so that everywhere men go they are still under its control. This creature is the real master of Earth and men are its slaves. (地球被一种神秘的生物统治着，它坐在或站在一个房间里，发出奇怪的滴答声。它有一张有十二个黑点和两只手的脸。没有它的允许，人类什么也做不了，它把它的幼崽系在人们的手腕上，这样无论人们走到哪里，他们仍然在它的控制之下。这种生物是地球的真正主人，人类是它的奴隶)”以及第三段中“Whether or not we are slaves of time today depends on our culture and personality, but it is believed that many years ago kings kept special slaves to tell the time. (我们今天是否是时间的奴隶取决于我们的文化和个性，但据信，许多年前，国王们会养专门的奴隶来报时)”可知，作者引用另一个星球上生物的话是想表明人类被时钟控制着。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Certain men were very clever at measuring the time of day according to the beating of their own hearts. (有些人非常善于根据自己的心跳来测量一天的时间)”、第四段中“They learned to use the shadows cast by the sun. They marked the hours on candles, used sand in hour-glasses, and invented water-clocks. (他们学会了利用太阳投射的影子。他们在蜡烛上标记时间，在沙漏里使用沙子，并发明了水钟)”可知，让奴隶日夜忙碌文中未提及，其余选项均被提及。故选D。 4．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Indeed, any serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces, stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past. (事实上，任何认真研究古董的学生都应该花尽可能多的时间参观宫殿、stately homes和博物馆，去看看一些过去最精美的钟表)”可推知，stately homes应该是与宫殿、博物馆类似的对公众开放的大房子，stately homes意思是“向公众开放的大房子”。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·北京·期中） Over the last 25 years, perhaps one of the most disappointing changes in newspapers has been the unavoidable decline in the range and seriousness of their arts coverage. For most young readers, it’s hard to believe that there was a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. In the 20th century, a large number of the most significant collections of criticism included many art reviews (评论). Today, when we read them, we may be amazed that those great reviews were once considered suitable for publication in everyday newspapers. We are even farther removed from the newspaper reviews published between 1900 and World War II, at a time when newsprint was extremely cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered a decoration for the publications. A long time ago, the critics of major papers were expected to write deeply and fully about the events they covered. These men believed in journalism as a responsibility and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to succeed in journalism,” Ernest Newman, a noted British music critic, once wrote. Unfortunately, these critics are almost forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known only as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. However, only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music criticism is unknown except to professionals. It seems unlikely that Cardus’s criticism will experience a revival (复兴). Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered (词藻华丽) Victorian prose in which he specialized. Although the golden age of arts criticism may have passed, its legacy continues to inspire a deeper appreciation for the role of the arts in our daily lives. 1．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Newspapers with more arts coverage sold well. B．There were more art reviews in newspapers in the past. C．The criticism published in the 20th century lacked great contents. D．Arts criticism was a major part of newspapers in the early 20th century. 2．Why is Cardus’s criticism no longer popular? A．Because his works are no longer professional. B．Because people doubt his reputation as a knight. C．Because his writing style fails to suit modern tastes. D．Because he mainly writes essays on the game of cricket. 3．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．The Lost Horizon in Newspapers B．The Shortage of Literary Geniuses C．The Renowned Critics in Memory D．The Newspapers of the Good Old Days 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讨论了过去25年报纸在艺术评论方面的不可避免的衰退，以及这种变化对读者和文化的影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“For most young readers, it’s hard to believe that there was a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. In the 20th century, a large number of the most significant collections of criticism included many art reviews (评论). Today, when we read them, we may be amazed that those great reviews were once considered suitable for publication in everyday newspapers. (对于大多数年轻读者来说，很难相信曾经有一段时间，在大多数大城市的报纸上都能找到高质量的艺术评论。在20世纪，大量最重要的批评文集包括许多艺术评论。今天，当我们读到它们时，我们可能会惊讶于那些伟大的评论曾经被认为适合在日常报纸上发表。)”和第三段的句子“We are even farther removed from the newspaper reviews published between 1900 and World War II, at a time when newsprint was extremely cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered a decoration for the publications. (我们离1900年到第二次世界大战期间出版的报纸评论更远了，当时新闻纸非常便宜，时尚的艺术评论被认为是出版物的装饰。)”可以推论出，过去报纸上的艺术评论比现在多。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“It seems unlikely that Cardus’s criticism will experience a revival. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Victorian prose in which he specialized. (卡迪斯的评论似乎不太可能复兴。他去世很久以前，新闻界的品味就已经发生了变化，而后现代读者对他擅长的华丽的维多利亚风格散文几乎没有需求。)”可知，卡迪斯的批评不再受欢迎是因为他的写作风格不符合现代读者的口味。故选C项。 3．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是第一段“Over the last 25 years, perhaps one of the most disappointing changes in newspapers has been the unavoidable decline in the range and seriousness of their arts coverage. (在过去的25年里，也许报纸最令人失望的变化之一就是其艺术报道的范围和严肃性不可避免地下降。)”可知，文章主要讨论了报纸艺术评论的衰退，以及这种变化对读者和文化的影响。文章通过历史对比，展示了过去报纸艺术评论的黄金时代以及现在的衰退。因此，用A项“The Lost Horizon in Newspapers (报纸中失落的地平线)”作为本文的标题，与文章主题相符合。故选A项。 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2025·北京朝阳·期中） When people view photographs of frightening spiders, scientists usually observe increased electrical activity deep in their brain, in a region called the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The obvious conclusion is that the PAG controls fight-or-flight responses in threatening situations. But what if brains don’t have dedicated circuits for fighting and flighting? Is threat detection really a primary mode of the brain with its own neural circuitry (神经回路)? This idea of fight-or-flight circuits originates from the “triune brain” model dividing brains into the so-called lizard brain, including the PAG, for survival functions, the “limbic system” for emotions, and the “neocortex” for higher-order reasoning. If you know anything about evolution, you might know that something is spurious. The only animal on this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Also, there’s no unified limbic “system” or the “neocortex” for emotions or rationality (理性) respectively. So where does this leave the fight-or-flight story? Recently, changes in PAG activity have been observed in nonthreatening tasks, such as reading a fascinating article about the brain. The PAG has also been proved to regulate bodily systems continuously. Incidentally, this explains why antianxiety medications manage anxiety disorders without healing them. They target brain circuits that aren’t dedicated to anxiety or fight-or-flight but that simply regulate the body. Researches on the brain’s powers also cast new light on our understandings. In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react to various stimuli as either threatening or safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and formulates action plans in anticipation of events before stimuli occur. The brain’s preparatory mechanism, metabolically (新陈代谢地) expensive, involves complicated neuronal activities for sustaining multiple predictions and corresponding action plans over extended periods. But the experiences in fight-or-flight responses crafted by your brain don’t reveal how it works. Moreover, your brain, which does much more than avoid threats, handles a complex social world full of uncertainty. That’s a recipe for stress. And what is stress? It reflects energy preparation for anticipated challenges. Your brain often makes sense of metabolic cost of uncertainty, if it drags on for long enough, as anxiety, but that’s not a must. People seek uncertainty out — and its positive cousin, novelty — when they try new foods or learn new skills. Uncertainty is common, but these days, with social media and round-the-clock news coverage, it sometimes bombards us and leaves us anxious and exhausted. But these feelings don’t emerge from fight-or-flight circuits. They may just mean, in an ever changing and only partly predictable world, that you’re doing something hard. 1．The author asks the questions in Paragraph 1 to ________. A．evaluate a statement B．justify an assumption C．challenge an argument D．introduce a new concept 2．Which does the underlined word “spurious” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Rare. B．Wrong. C．Limited. D．Unexpected. 3．What can we infer from this passage? A．Hunting for novelty reduces stress and anxiety. B．Medicine targeting PAG cures anxiety disorders. C．Uncertainty is a product of modern media and news cycles. D．The “Fight or Flight” idea overlooks the brain’s predictive power. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了对“战斗或逃跑”这一大脑反应模式的质疑与新的理解。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The obvious conclusion is that the PAG controls fight-or-flight responses in threatening situations. But what if brains don’t have dedicated circuits for fighting and flighting? Is threat detection really a primary mode of the brain with its own neural circuitry (神经回路)?(显而易见的结论是，中脑导水管周围灰质（PAG）在威胁情况下控制着战斗或逃跑反应。但是，如果大脑并没有专门用于战斗或逃跑的回路呢？威胁探测真的只是大脑自身神经回路的一种主要模式吗？)”可知，作者在第一段提出问题是为了挑战一个论点，即“战斗或逃跑”反应是否由大脑中的特定回路控制。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“The only animal on this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Also, there’s no unified limbic ‘system’ or the ‘neocortex’ for emotions or rationality (理性) respectively.(这个星球上唯一拥有“蜥蜴脑”的动物就是蜥蜴。此外，也不存在分别负责情感或理性的统一“边缘系统”或“新皮层”)”可知，地球上只有蜥蜴有蜥蜴脑，也没有分别用于情感或理性的统一的边缘 “系统” 或 “新皮质”。说明前面提到的 “三位一体脑” 模型是错误的，所以“spurious”意思是“错误的”。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react to various stimuli as either threatening or safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and formulates action plans in anticipation of events before stimuli occur.(在日常生活中，人们可能会觉得他们对各种刺激的认知和反应，要么是将其视为威胁，要么是视为安全。实际上，大脑会利用过往的经验，在刺激发生之前，巧妙地预测并制定行动计划，以应对即将发生的事件)”可知，“战斗或逃跑”这一观念忽视了大脑的预测能力。大脑利用过去的经验，在刺激发生之前就能熟练地预测并制定行动计划。故选D。 Passage 2 （23-24高二上·北京西城·期中） Frozen in time, a 125-million-year-old mammal attacking a dinosaur. A 39-million-year-old whale, the heaviest animal that ever lived. The oldest known jellyfish, from 505 million years ago. Paleontology (古生物学) produces newsworthy discoveries. Fossils (化石), moreover, provide direct evidence for the long history of life, allowing paleontologists to test hypotheses (假设) about evolution with data only they provide. They allow investigation of present and past life on Earth. Flows of biological diversity, appearances of new life forms and the extinctions of long existing ones, would go undiscovered without these efforts. But the headlines over exciting new fossils greatly underestimate the true importance of paleontology. Its real significance lies in how such discoveries brighten the grand history of life on Earth. From its beginnings, more than three billion years ago, to the present day, fossils record how life adapted or disappeared in the face of major environmental challenges. Paleontologists provide us with a unique vantage on modern climate change. They play an essential role in interpreting ancient environments, in reconstructing ancient oceans, continents and climates. Fossils provide key limitation on the climate models that are essential for predicting future climate change. And the fossil record gives important insights into how life will respond to predicted future climate conditions, because these have occurred before in Earth’s history. In addition, paleontology has provided a fundamental contribution to human thought: the reality of species extinction and thus of a world that has dramatically changed over time. In documenting the history of life, paleontologists recognized that many extinction episodes could occur suddenly, such as the event 66 million years ago that ended the dinosaurs. The search for the causes of past mass extinctions started pioneering studies from across the scientific spectrum (科学界), focusing on potential future threats to humanity. Not only do paleontologists know what happens to life when things go bad, they also know how long it takes for ecosystems and biodiversity to recover from these disasters, which can take far longer than modern humans have existed. Paleontologists thus provide a unique perspective on the nature and future long-term ecological impact of the current human-produced biodiversity crisis, the so-called Sixth Extinction, and therefore the importance of protecting modern biodiversity. The very concept of a Sixth Extinction would not exist without paleontologists documenting the first five. Paleontologists know that understanding life’s past is critical to anticipating and adapting to life’s and humanity’s future. Paleontology is important because it brings its unique and critical perspective to current challenges in climate change, biodiversity loss and the environment. Paleontologists can predict the future because they know the past. 1．The first two paragraphs are written to _______. A．describe an event B．raise a question C．present an opinion D．make a comparison 2．What does the underlined word “vantage” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．A positive effect. B．A valuable suggestion. C．A quick decision. D．A comprehensive view. 3．Which of the following would the author agree with? A．Ecological recovery takes shorter than imagined. B．Past lessons can help to predict the future threats. C．Paleontologists can handle the biodiversity crisis. D．Fossil studies focus on the causes of mass extinctions. 4．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Paleontology: A Pioneering Study B．Paleontology: A History Recorder C．Paleontology Tells More About Nature Than Humans D．Paleontology Is Far More Than New Fossil Discoveries 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了古生物学远不止是新的化石发现，通过化石上表征的过去，古生物学家抽丝剥茧得出过去经验，预测危险，为未来如何避免犯过去同样的错误提供明灯，强调了古生物学研究的真正意义何在。 1．推理判断题。第一段“Frozen in time, a 125-million-year-old mammal attacking a dinosaur. A 39-million-year-old whale, the heaviest animal that ever lived. The oldest known jellyfish, from 505 million years ago. Paleontology (古生物学) produces newsworthy discoveries. (时间凝固，一只1.25亿年前的哺乳动物正在攻击一只恐龙。一头3900万年前的鲸鱼，是有史以来最重的动物。已知最古老的水母，来自5.05亿年前。古生物学产生了有新闻价值的发现)”讲述了古生物学产生了有新闻价值的古老化石发现，再结合第二段“Fossils (化石), moreover, provide direct evidence for the long history of life, allowing paleontologists to test hypotheses (假设) about evolution with data only they provide. (此外，化石为漫长的生命史提供了直接证据，使古生物学家能够用他们提供的数据来检验进化论的假设)”和“But the headlines over exciting new fossils greatly underestimate the true importance of paleontology. Its real significance lies in how such discoveries brighten the grand history of life on Earth. (但是，关于令人兴奋的新化石的头条新闻大大低估了古生物学的真正重要性。它的真正意义在于这些发现如何照亮地球上生命的伟大历史)”可知，作者在前两段提出了一个观点——古生物学的意义不仅是化石发现，它的真正意义在于这些发现如何照亮地球上生命的伟大历史。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。由第三段“Paleontologists provide us with a unique vantage on modern climate change. They play an essential role in interpreting ancient environments, in reconstructing ancient oceans, continents and climates. Fossils provide key limitation on the climate models that are essential for predicting future climate change. And the fossil record gives important insights into how life will respond to predicted future climate conditions, because these have occurred before in Earth’s history. (古生物学家为我们提供了一个了解现代气候变化的独特vantage。他们在解释古代环境、重建古代海洋、大陆和气候方面发挥着重要作用。化石对预测未来气候变化至关重要的气候模型提供了关键的限制。化石记录为生命将如何应对预测的未来气候条件提供了重要的见解，因为这些情况在地球历史上以前就发生过)”可知，古生物学家通过对化石进行研究，获得了重要的见解，使他们在解释古代环境、重建古代海洋、大陆和气候方面发挥着重要作用，所以他们能为人类了解现代气候变化提供独特全面的视角，划线词意为“A comprehensive view (全面的视角)”。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。由第四段中“The search for the causes of past mass extinctions started pioneering studies from across the scientific spectrum (科学界), focusing on potential future threats to humanity. (寻找过去大规模灭绝的原因开始了跨科学领域的开创性研究，重点关注未来对人类的潜在威胁)”和最后一段中“Paleontologists know that understanding life’s past is critical to anticipating and adapting to life’s and humanity’s future. (古生物学家知道，了解生命的过去对于预测和适应生命和人类的未来至关重要)”可知，通过化石上表征的过去，古生物学家能得出过去的经验，预测危险，为未来如何避免犯过去同样的错误提供明灯。由此推知，作者同意“过去的经验教训有助于预测未来的威胁”。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。由第二段中“But the headlines over exciting new fossils greatly underestimate the true importance of paleontology. Its real significance lies in how such discoveries brighten the grand history of life on Earth. (但是，关于令人兴奋的新化石的头条新闻大大低估了古生物学的真正重要性。它的真正意义在于这些发现如何照亮地球上生命的伟大历史)”和其它段落可知，文章讲述了古生物学远不止是新的化石发现，通过化石上表征的过去，古生物学家抽丝剥茧得出过去经验，预测危险，为未来如何避免犯过去同样的错误提供明灯，强调了古生物学研究的真正意义何在，D项“古生物学远不止是新的化石发现”符合文意，可以作为小标题。故选D项。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·北京通州·期中） Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp (敏锐) as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions. Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination (着迷), newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb (麻木的) to new stimulation (刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits. The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One cold night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first. Another block to awareness is the obsession (痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who noticed a bird immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a “ruby-crowned kinglet” and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing. The pressures of “time” and “destination” are further blocks to awareness. I met many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to walk slowly and take a moment to see what was around them. I asked them what they’d seen. “Oh, a few birds,” they said. They seemed bent on their destinations. Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension (维度) to your life. 1．According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more ____. A．likely to develop unpleasant habits B．eager to explore the world around them C．concerned about others’ feelings D．anxious to grow up 2．The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they ____. A．are really fascinated by nature B．are very patient in their observation C．question the correctness of the field guides D．care only about the names of birds 60．Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey? A．They focus on arriving at the camp in time. B．The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them. C．They hope to see beautiful birds at the destination. D．The forest in the dark is dangerous for them. 4．In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should ____. A．try our best to protect nature B．open our mind to new things and ideas C．fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world D．get rid of some bad habits in our daily life 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出但当我们还是孩子的时候，好奇心给了我们一种自然的意识。而如今我们对新的刺激、新的想法已经麻木了。尽管需要练习，重新学习观察周围世界的艺术是很简单的，需要打破一些坏习惯。作者就此说明了唤醒意识需要进行的步骤和会遇到的障碍。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“A child’s day is filled with fascination (着迷), newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb (麻木的) to new stimulation (刺激), new ideas. (孩子的一天充满了迷恋、新奇和惊奇。好奇心给了我们一种自然的意识。但是，小时候对我们来说很明显的区别变得不清晰了；我们对新的刺激、新的想法麻木了。)”可知，与成人相比，孩子们对世界更具有好奇心，更乐于去探索世界。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Another block to awareness is the obsession (痴迷) many of us have with naming things. (认识的另一个障碍是我们许多人对命名事物的痴迷。)”可知，鸟观察者在发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“I met many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to walk slowly and take a moment to see what was around them. (我遇到了许多徒步旅行者，他们正前往一个遥远的营地，只有足够的时间在天黑前到达那里。他们很少想到要慢慢地走，花点时间看看周围的东西。)”可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选 A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. (大自然似乎向那些观察和等待的人展现。下次你散步的时候，无论你在哪里，把所有的景象、声音和感觉都吸收进去。)”可知，作者希望我们能够运用我们的感官和情感去全方位感受自然的美妙，去感受世界。故选C。 Passage 2 （23-24高一下·北京·期中） When you hear “I have a dream…”, one of the most famous speeches in human history, you’ll never have the idea how the audience on the scene were fueled by emotional intelligence. When Martin Luther King. Jr. presented his dream, he chose language that would stir the hearts of his audience. Delivering this electrifying message required emotional intelligence — the ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions. Emotional intelligence has been highly recommended by leaders, policymakers, and educators as the solution to a wide range of social problems. Emotional intelligence is important, but the uncontrolled enthusiasm has obscured (掩盖) a dark side. New evidence shows that when people sharpen their emotional skills, they become better at controlling others. When you’re good at controlling your own emotions, you can hide your true feelings. When you know what others are feeling, you can motivate them to act against their own best interests. Social scientists have begun to document this dark side of emotional intelligence. In a research conducted by Professor Jochen Menges from University of Toronto, when a leader gave an inspiring speech filled with emotion, the audience was less likely to examine the message closely and remember the content. Ironically (讽刺的是), audience members were so moved by the speech that they claimed to recall more of it. The authors call this the awestruck (敬畏的) effect, but it might just as easily be described as the dumbstruck effect. One observer reflected that Hitler’s persuasive impact came from his ability to strategically express emotions — he would “tear open his heart” — and these emotions affected his followers to the point that they would “stop thinking critically and just emote (激动地表达感情).” Leaders who master emotions can rob us of our abilities to reason. If their values are out of step with our own, the results can be destructive. New evidence suggests that when people have selfish motives, emotional intelligence becomes a weapon for controlling others. Throwing light on this dark side of emotional intelligence is one mission of a research team led by University College London professor Martin Kilduff. According to these experts, emotional intelligence helps people disguise (伪装) one set of emotions while expressing another for personal gain. Professor Kilduffs team writes, “The strategic disguise of one’s own emotions and the controlling of others’ emotions for strategic ends are behaviors evident not only on Shakespeare’s stage but also in the offices and corridors where power and influence are traded.” Of course, people aren’t always using emotional intelligence for evil ends. More often than not, high EQ is helpful in most aspects of our life. Emotional intelligence — like any skill — can be used for good or evil. So whether it is a gift or a curse lies in your hand. 1．Why does the author mention Martin Luther King, Jr? A．To advocate a society with fewer problems. B．To recommend his speech to other leaders. C．To honor the great leader for his courage. D．To introduce the major topic to readers. 2．What is the dumbstruck effect of Hitler’s emotional intelligence? A．His followers would tear open their hearts to him. B．His followers would express emotions strategically. C．His followers would develop the self-serving motives. D．His followers would lose the ability to reason properly. 3．How do people use their emotional intelligence for personal gain? A．They disguise their true emotions and show another one. B．They present their strategic behaviors on the stage. C．They help their colleagues to build up confidence. D．They lower their own dignity to gain popularity. 4．What would be the best title for the passage? A．The benefits of emotional intelligence. B．The reasons for using emotional skills. C．The dark side of emotional intelligence. D．The advantages and disadvantages of emotions. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是情商及情商的阴暗面。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“When Martin Luther King. Jr. presented his dream, he chose language that would stir the hearts of his audience. Delivering this electrifying message required emotional intelligence — the ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions.(当马丁·路德·金在讲述他的梦想时，他选择了能够触动听众心弦的语言。传递这种激动人心的信息需要情商——即识别、理解和管理情绪的能力)”可知，马丁·路德·金的演讲就是运用了情商。而情商就是文章的主题，所以引用马丁·路德·金的例子就是引出主题。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“One observer reflected that Hitler’s persuasive impact came from his ability to strategically express emotions — he would “tear open his heart” — and these emotions affected his followers to the point that they would “stop thinking critically and just emote (激动地表达感情).”(一位观察家反映，希特勒的说服力来自于他策略性地表达情绪的能力——他会“撕开自己的心”——这些情绪影响着他的追随者，以至于他们“停止批判性思考，只是情绪化”)”可知，希特勒的情商会让他的追随者失去理智。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“According to these experts, emotional intelligence helps people disguise (伪装) one set of emotions while expressing another for personal gain.(根据这些专家的说法，情商可以帮助人们掩饰一种情绪，同时表达另一种情绪以获取个人利益)”可知，情商可以使人们掩饰他们自己的真实情感，展示另一种情感。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第三段“Social scientists have begun to document this dark side of emotional intelligence.(社会科学家已经开始记录情商的黑暗面)”可知，文章前两段介绍什么是情商，从第三段开始主要介绍情商的阴暗面，并举例论证。所以本文主要讲的是情商的阴暗面，故C选项“情商的黑暗面”是文章最佳标题。故选C。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·北京丰台·期中） Deep Sea: To Mine Or Not To Mine A robot as large as a truck moves along the bottom of the deep sea. It eats metallic (含金属的) rock and soft mud. They travel up a long pipe to a ship, where workers and machinery separate out the rock and throw the mud back into the ocean. This is a mining operation. The rock contains a mixture of metals, including ones called rare earth metals. People use these materials to make batteries and electronics like computers and phones. Deep-sea mining hasn’t happened yet. But it probably will occur within the next decade. No country owns any part of the deep sea, so a UN organization called the International Seabed Authority (ISA) decides who is allowed to mine there. It has allowed 29 organizations to explore the deep sea and make plans for mining, one of which plans to begin mining in the year 2027. Scientists and environmentalists, though, warn that mining could destroy deep-sea ecosystem. In 1989, ecologist Hjalmar Thiel carried out a test. His team searched the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean, in a spot with lots of the metallic rocks that miners wanted. They didn’t actually collect any of the rocks. But they disturbed the mud, just as a mining operation would. The cloud of mud fell back down over the ocean floor burying creatures living there. Up to now, the area they disturbed has not recovered. Signs of the search are still there. Deep sea creatures like sponges and corals have not moved back in. That means mining could have detrimental, long-lasting consequences for deep ocean life. Scientists want to understand the deep sea better before disturbing it. Leaving the deep sea alone sounds great, but people need those metals. “Mines on land are soon going to run out,” geologist Steven Scolt of the University of Toronto told Smithsonian Magazine. “Every electronic device in the world has rare earth metals in it... we need raw resources.” New energy technologies including solar and wind power and electric cars rely on these metals as well. We may need to mine them from the sea in order to switch to greener energy sources. 1．According to the passage, why do people want to carry out deep sea mining? A．To test the mining robot. B．To collect rare earth metals. C．To separate the rock from mud. D．To understand the deep sea better. 2．What can we infer from the test of Hjalmar Thiel in 1989? A．They gathered some metallic rocks the miners wanted. B．They helped the recovery of the disturbed mining areas. C．They discovered the deep-sea mining had affected the ocean ecology. D．They found the rare metallic rocks were harmful to sea creatures. 3．What does the underlined word “detrimental” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Appealing. B．Harmful. C．Helpful. D．Impressive. 25．What is Steven Scolt’s attitude towards deep-sea mining? A．Doubtful. B．Neutral. C．Supportive. D．Disapproving. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了深海采矿作业给海洋环境带来的危害和必要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“A robot the size of a large bulldozer moves along the bottom of the deep sea.(一个大型推土机大小的机器人沿着深海底部移动)”和“This is a mining operation. The rock contains a mixture of metals, including ones called rare earth metals.(这是一个采矿作业。这种岩石含有多种金属，其中包括一种叫做稀土金属的金属)”可知，深海采矿作业是为了获得稀土金属。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“But they disturbed the mud, just as a mining operation would. The cloud of mud fell back down over the ocean floor burying creatures living there. Up to now, the area they disturbed has not recovered. Signs of the search are still there. Deep sea creatures like sponges and corals have not moved back in. That means mining could have detrimental, long-lasting consequences for deep ocean life. Scientists want to understand the deep sea better before disturbing it.(但它们搅动了海床的泥土，就像采矿作业那样。那团泥土又重新落回海底，掩埋了那里的生物。到目前为止，他们所搅动的区域仍未恢复原状。搜索留下的痕迹依然存在。像海绵和珊瑚这样的深海生物尚未重新回到那里。这意味着采矿可能会对深海生物造成有害且持久的影响。科学家们希望在对深海进行干扰之前先更好地了解它)”可知，海底采矿会影响海洋生态系统。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“But they disturbed the mud, just as a mining operation would. The cloud of mud fell back down over the ocean floor burying creatures living there. Up to now, the area they disturbed has not recovered. Signs of the search are still there. Deep sea creatures like sponges and corals have not moved back in.(但它们搅动了海床的泥土，就像采矿作业那样。那团泥土又重新落回海底，掩埋了那里的生物。到目前为止，他们所搅动的区域仍未恢复原状。搜索留下的痕迹依然存在。像海绵和珊瑚这样的深海生物尚未重新回到那里)”可知，采矿影响了当地的生态，产生了有害影响。故划线词意思是“有害的”。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Leaving the deep sea alone sounds great, but people need those metals. “Mines on land are soon going to run out,” geologist Steven Scolt of the University of Toronto told Smithsonian Magazine. “Every electronic device in the world has rare earth metals in it... we need raw resources.””(离开深海听起来很棒，但人们需要这些金属。多伦多大学的地质学家史蒂文·斯考特告诉史密森尼杂志：“陆地上的矿很快就会耗尽。世界上每一个电子设备都含有稀土金属……我们需要原材料。”)”可知，他对海底采矿是支持的。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25·高一下·北京·期中） Chemists have spent the past century trying to make plastics that will break down in seawater. As it is, most plastics appear to take centuries to fully degrade in the ocean. But that may change. Scientists have just designed a new plastic that can break down in seawater within weeks, not decades or more. Back in the 1930s, scientists created a now-popular plastic out of corn and potato starch (淀粉). It’s known as polylactide, or PLA．It’s a polymer (聚合物), which is a molecule made by linking many building blocks — called monomers — into a long string. Scientists had hoped PLA would quickly break down in the environment. And in some places, like compost pits (堆肥坑), it does. But not in seawater. Even after three years in ocean water, PLA remains largely unchanged. Timo Rheinberger is a PhD student at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. His work on polymers has focused on boosting PLA’s breakdown. As part of that work, he became part of a team that just added some RNA-inspired breaking points to PLA．They put those breaking points in places where monomers in the PLA molecules are linked.   They weakened the links that joined up to 15 percent of a PLA’s monomers. Then, they soaked their samples in artificial seawater and measured how fast these tweaked versions of PLA broke down. The expected final product of PLA’s breakdown was a small molecule called lactic acid. So, they tested for that too. As the team had hoped, seawater attacked the weakened links between monomers, splitting the polymer chain apart. The more breaking points the researchers added to the polymer, the faster the PLA broke down. When they weakened 15 percent of PLA’s monomer links, the polymer broke down entirely within just two weeks. When they weakened only 3 percent of the links, the breakdown took about 2 years. This suggests the team can design how quickly PLA will break down in water by adjusting how many weakened links it has. Mehlika Karamanlioglu teaches biomedical engineering at Istanbul Gelisim University. She, too, has studied environmental breakdown of PLA．“It’s a new approach,” she says of the Dutch technique. Theirs is also “an early-stage study,” Karamanlioglu says. So, more testing must follow. Scientists want to know how the strength of the new PLA compares to old PLA． Rheinberger agrees. “You need a lot of material to start those studies,” he adds. And so far, his team has made only small amounts of the modified PLA． Karamanlioglu notes the Dutch team also tested the breakdown of its PLA in artificial seawater. “I wonder if they checked [the water] for pollution,” she adds. If there were microbes (微生物), those microbes may have produced molecules called enzymes that sped up the PLA’s degradation. 1．What can we learn about PLA from the passage? A．Lactic acid prevents the breakdown of PLA． B．PLA breaks down faster in artificial seawater. C．PLA’s breakdown relies on that of monomers. D．Compost pits are the best places for PLA’s breakdown. 2．What is Mehlika’s attitude towards the findings of the Dutch team? A．Supportive. B．Doubtful. C．Optimistic. D．Cautious. 3．What can be learned from the last three paragraphs? A．Mehlika is confident about the application of the new PLA． B．The cleanness of water also affects the breakdown of PLA． C．The new PLA has better strength than the old PLA． D．The new PLA have been produced in large amounts. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍科学家设计出一种能在海水中快速分解的新型塑料及其研究过程。 1．细节理解题。根据第五段“As the team had hoped, seawater attacked the weakened links between monomers, splitting the polymer chain apart. The more breaking points the researchers added to the polymer, the faster the PLA broke down. (正如研究小组所希望的那样，海水攻击了单体之间薄弱的连接，使聚合物链断裂。研究人员在聚合物中添加的断点越多，PLA分解的速度就越快。)”和第六段“When they weakened 15 percent of PLA’s monomer links, the polymer broke down entirely within just two weeks. When they weakened only 3 percent of the links, the breakdown took about 2 years.(当他们削弱PLA 15%的单体连接时，聚合物在两周内完全分解。当他们只削弱了3%的联系时，这种破坏持续了大约2年。)”可知，PLA的分解依赖于单体的分解。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第七段“She, too, has studied environmental breakdown of PLA. “It’s a new approach,” she says of the Dutch technique. Theirs is also “a preliminary study,” Karamanlioglu says. So, more testing must follow. (她也研究过PLA的环境破坏。“这是一种新方法，”她谈到荷兰的技术时说。Karamanlioglu说，他们的研究也是“初步研究”。因此，必须进行更多的测试)”可推断，Mehlika对荷兰研究小组的发现持谨慎态度。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据后三段，尤其是最后一段“Karamanlioglu notes the Dutch team also tested the breakdown of its PLA in artificial seawater. “I wonder if they checked [the water] for pollution,” she adds. If there were microbes (微生物), those microbes may have produced molecules called enzymes that sped up the PLA’s degradation. (卡拉曼利奥卢指出，荷兰团队还测试了其 PLA 在人工海水中的分解情况。“我想知道他们是否检查了[水]是否有污染，”她补充说。如果有微生物，这些微生物可能会产生称为酶的分子，从而加速 PLA 的降解。)”可推知，水的清洁度也会影响PLA的分解。故选B项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $