专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，北京专用）高二英语下学期

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·北京·期中） Picture the scene: You come home after work feeling too tired to cook, only to find a delicious meal worthy of a Michelin-starred restaurant waiting for you. It sounds like a fantasy, but it could be about to come true thanks to a robot chef developed by British scientists. Those scientists have come up with a set of robotic arms so smart that they are capable of cooking meals all by themselves. The device will be sold from as early as 2017 as part of a purpose-built high-tech kitchen. Scientists at Moley Robotics spent almost 18 years developing the hands. According to its creators, the arms can chop, stir, whisk and base well enough to recreate almost anything you would care to eat, whether it is a simple home-cooked supper, or a complicated creation designed by a world-class chef. The hands move a little slowly, hovering strangely above the work surface whenever they are not busy, but they copy human movements closely enough that they can do things such as wiping a spoon on the edge of a pan to prevent drips. Mr. Oleynik, who is leading the project, said, “All the things which are possible with the hand are possible here. There is no limitation. A lot of people want to go to Michelin-starred restaurants, but they are quite expensive and may be quite far from the home. This is an opportunity for people to enjoy very good food, and for a reasonable price.” The only one that is off the robot’s menu at the moment is sushi, which requires extremely steady pressure and swift fingers to make, but the team plan to overpower that as well by the time it goes on sale. 1．People go to Michelin-starred restaurants in order to ______. A．appreciate car tires. B．enjoy delicious meals C．see the new robot chefs D．escape from work 2．According to the passage, Moley Robotics ______. A．are developing robot chef’s arms B．have developed robot chef’s hands C．will create robot chef’s hands D．can reduce the price of robot 3．What CAN’T the robot do at present? A．bake bread B．cook beef C．make sushi D．prepare sandwich 4．What can we infer from the passage? A．Hands of a robot chef can perform exactly like a cook. B．Robot chefs are available at shopping malls. C．Michelin-starred restaurants are suitable for everyone. D．It is uncertain when the robot can cook all kinds of food. Passage 2 （2025·北京门头沟·期中） One thing about AI that worries more people than any other is that it might take their livelihood away. But experts are divided as to whether the technology will bring us a life of leisure or a life of pressure. As ever, the truth probably lies somewhere in the middle. AI won’t take our jobs, but it will change them. Some British economists assumed that robots would take our jobs and our working week would decrease to 15 hours by 2030. In 2013, Michael Osborne at the University of Oxford looked at 702 types of work and ranked them according to how easy it would be to automate them. He found that about under half of all jobs in the US could workably be done by machines within two decades. The list includes jobs such as telemarketers and library technicians. Not far behind were less obviously susceptible jobs, including models and cooks, threatened respectively by digital avatars and robochefs. The least vulnerable included mental health workers and teachers of young children. In general, jobs that performed better required strong social interaction and creative ability. However, others find that list overblown. A paper for the OECD club in 2016 suggested that AI would not be able to do all the tasks associated with all these jobs, particularly those requiring human interaction, and only about 9 percent of jobs are fully automatable. Moreover, past experience shows that jobs tend to evolve (演变，进化) around automation. “Successful innovations are those that complement rather than occupy us,” says Ben Shneiderman, from the University of Maryland. “Technologies are most effective when their designs amplify human abilities. They could help us solve problems, communicate widely or create art,” says Shneiderman. “Robots could be a liberating force by taking away routine work,” says Tom Watson, whose study on AI’s development in employment concludes that AI could create as many jobs as it destroys. He is, however, concerned the increasing of automation has led to the rise in inequality and imbalance in power. “We’ve got to be careful that big corporations and employers don’t accumulate all the benefits while ordinary workers are left to lump the negatives,” he says. How can we adapt? The answer might simply be to update our social frameworks to reflect the new reality of work. Another proposal is an AI tax on companies that are saving money by replacing workers with algorithms. Ultimately we, not AI, are in charge of our own destiny. “There will be unfairness and disruptions,” says Watson. “But the question is: is future human-centered? I say it is.” 1．What does the word “susceptible” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Workable. B．Predictable. C．Replaceable. D．Reliable 2．What can we learn from Ben Shneiderman’s words? A．Technologies can always promote jobs. B．Successful automation helps evolve our jobs. C．Fully automatable jobs require human interaction. D．Effective innovations are those that can occupy us. 3．What can we learn from AI’s development in employment? A．It can help free labours from routine work. B．It makes big corporations bear most negatives. C．It will finally lead to incredible inequality in jobs. D．It destroys occupations faster than it provides them. 4．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the last paragraph? A．To offer solutions to mentioned problems. B．To note the future of relative researches. C．To reveal limits of existing perspectives. D．To sum up arguments from both sides Passage 3 （24-25高二下·期中） In the cutthroat world of artificial intelligence, long dominated by Silicon Valley, DeepSeek has emerged as an impressive new player. Since its debut in late 2023, this Chinese AI has stirred global attention, representing more than just another technological innovation. It’s a complex phenomenon that reflects the shifting landscape of innovation, power and cultural influence in the AI-driven era. Developed by QuantumThink Labs in Shenzhen, DeepSeek was created by a team of ex-Google Brain engineers and Peking University experts. DeepSeek is not your average chatbot. Trained on an astonishing 20 trillion tokens, this multimodal model showcases linguistic proficiency, code generation capabilities and reasoning skills that rival or surpass its Western counterparts. What truly sets DeepSeek apart is its remarkable efficiency, delivering GPT-4-level performance with 30 percent less computational power. In a strategic move, QuantumThink made a “lite” version of DeepSeek open source, a decision that has sparked widespread adoption across the globe. Developers from cities like Lagos to Jakarta have quickly embraced it to create poetry generators and AI-powered farm management tools for rural India. However, DeepSeek’s growing influence is not without challenges. There are concerns that US government may block American firms from using DeepSeek, mentioning data security concerns. Tariff (关税) war could also be on the cards. Yet, such moves might backfire, potentially harming US startups that benefit from DeepSeek’s cost advantages. The future of AI, with DeepSeek at the center, remains a mystery. Will it trigger a tech battle between the US and China, or will its open-source roots foster global collaboration? DeepSeek’s story is not just about technology; it’s about the power of innovation and agency. For too long, the AI narrative has been dominated by Western powers. Now, a Chinese lab has shown that innovation is not exclusive to the West. Whether we enter an AI arms race or begin a new era of global cooperation depends on how we choose to use and share this technology. As a Brazilian coder said, the future of AI must speak the language of both the developed and developing world to truly succeed. 1．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about? A．The creation of DeepSeek. B．The definition of DeepSeek. C．The strengths of DeepSeek. D．The efficiency of DeepSeek. 2．What might be a challenge DeepSeek faces? A．Involvement in tariff war. B．The possibility of data leaking. C．A decline in its competitiveness. D．A ban on its use from US government. 3．Which of the following best describes the future of AI? A．Uncertain. B．Secure. C．Promising. D．Depressing. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．AI should prioritize Western languages. B．We will enter a new era of global AI cooperation. C．Considering global needs is required to ensure AI’s success. D．Developing countries will eventually dominate AI innovation. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （23-24高二下·北京海淀·期中） Small batteries are big problems, but nobody really pays attention to where they end up. Researchers at the Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory are working to address this problem. Their new research paper describes a water-activated paper battery developed from environmentally friendly materials that could eventually present a sustainable alternative to the more harmful batteries common in low-power devices. The paper battery has the same key components as standard batteries but packages them differently. Like a typical chemical battery, it has a positively charged side called a cathode, a negatively charged side called an anode, and a conductive material called an electrolyte (电解质) between the two. A traditional battery’s components are enclosed in plastic and metal; in the new battery, the anode and cathode are inks printed onto the front and back of a piece of paper. That paper is filled with salt, which dissolves (溶解) when the paper is dampened with water. The resulting saltwater solution acts as the electrolyte. Sustainable materials were a precondition for the researchers, who considered only safe and plentiful ingredients to create their device. “We were fairly confident that we would have something that would work in the end, but developing these materials and ink systems is challenging,” says Gustav Nyström, senior author of the study. After trying hundreds of formulations for the battery components, the researchers settled on a graphite ink to make the cathode, a zinc ink for the anode, and salt-filled paper to create the electrolyte. When the paper is dry, the battery is shelf-stable. Add just a couple of drops of water, however, and the salt dissolves, allowing electrons to flow. Once the paper is dampened, the battery activates within 20 seconds. The new battery’s operating performance declines as the paper dries. When the scientists re-wet the paper during testing, the battery regained functionality and lasted an hour before beginning to dry out again. Although the researchers demonstrated that their battery could power an alarm clock, the paper batteries are unlikely to replace standard ones on store shelves. Nyström envisions a future where these paper batteries could make their way into products within the next two to five years. “The performance that you see on this device, I think, is enough for a lot of other applications already,” he says. It is mostly a matter of increasing production and integrating the batteries into systems such as diagnostic tests and environmental sensors.” 1．How is the paper battery similar to the standard battery? A．The key components are environmentally friendly. B．They are both packaged in plastic and metal. C．They both have two charged sides and an electrolyte. D．Both batteries can operate for only an hour. 2．________ is the condition for the paper battery to work. A．Heating the salt B．Charging the electrons C．Drying out the battery D．Wetting the paper 3．Nyström will most likely agree with the prediction that ________. A．major technological breakthrough will be made in the near future B．all home appliances will be powered by paper batteries C．the future for a wide application of paper batteries is not far off D．paper batteries will have longer shelf life than traditional ones Passage 2 （2023·北京朝阳·期中） The artificial-intelligence chatbot ChatGPT has shaken educators since its November release. New York City public schools have banned it from their networks and school devices. There is, perhaps surprisingly, one subject area that doesn’t seem threatened, It turns out ChatGPT is quite bad at maths. “I’m not hearing maths instructors express concern about ChatGPT,” said Paul von Hippel, a professor at the University of Texas who studies data science and statistics. “I’m not sure it’s useful for maths at all, which feels strange because maths was the first-use case for the artificial-intelligence devices.” ChatGPT’s struggle with maths is inherent in this type of AI, known as a large language model. It scans a large amount of text from across the web and develops a model that might be extremely effective for writing grammatically correct responses to essay requirement, but not for solving a maths problem. In an email, I asked Debarghya Das, a search-engine engineer, why ChatGPT gets some simple questions right but others completely wrong. “Maybe the right analogy (类比) is if you ask a room of people, who have no idea what maths is but have read many hieroglyphics (象形文字), ‘What comes after 2+2,’ they might say, ‘Usually, we see a 4,’ That’s what ChatGPT is doing.” But, he adds, “Maths isn’t just a series of hieroglyphics. It’s the process of calculating.” It isn’t great for pretending you know it through a maths class because you only recognize the mistakes if you know the maths. Another reason that maths instructors are less anxious about this innovation is that they have been here before. The field was upended for the first time decades ago with the general availability of computers and calculators. “Maths has had the biggest revolution based on machinery of any mainstream subject,” said Conrad Wolfram, the strategic director of Wolfram Research. “In the real world, since computers came along, have maths, science and engineering gotten conceptually simpler? No, completely the opposite. We’re asking harder and harder questions, going up a level.” Eventually, AI will probably get to the point where its maths answers are not only confident but correct. A pure large language model might not be up for the job, but the technology will improve. In general, however, AI, like computers, will likely ultimately be most useful for those who already know a field well. They know the questions to ask, how to identify the shortcomings and what to do with the answer. A tool, in other words, is for those who know the most maths, not the least. 1．What does the underlined word “inherent” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Stable. B．Practical. C．Limited. D．Natural. 2．What can we know from Debarghya’s reply? A．Calculating requires some knowledge of hieroglyphics. B．ChatGPT is good at solving mathematical questions by analogy. C．Reading hieroglyphics prevents ChatGPT solving maths questions. D．ChatGPT’s response is based on language models instead of calculations. 3．What can be inferred from maths instructors’ calmness about ChatGPT? A．ChatGPT is useful to identify maths mistakes. B．Technical revolution made maths easier to understand. C．New technology will end up pushing the boundaries of maths. D．ChatGPT has been banned from networks and school devices. 4．As for AI, which would the author probably agree with? A．It will play the largest role for professionals in a field. B．It will become confident to solve all the maths problems. C．It will turn the maths field over again just like computers. D．It will take the jobs from humans as the technology improves. Passage 3 （23-24高二下·北京·期中） Why do we spend so much time not doing the work we should do, or putting off small jobs that have piled up to create a big problem? Procrastinating, as putting things off like this is called, is in our character we have naturally since birth; we avoid dull or difficult jobs until it’s too late to do anything else. “We often put things off although we know it will make life more stressful,” says Dr. Steel, an authority on the science of motivation. “If these tasks were fun, we’d just do them now. We put off what is difficult or unpleasant, such as the paperwork that needs doing before leaving the office or cleaning the bits of your home that people can’t see. But the fact is, the less people procrastinate, the more money they have, the better relationships they have, and the healthier they are.” This is obvious when you look at the couples who don’t argue about whether anyone has cleaned the kitchen, and the people who simply go for a run instead of endlessly rescheduling it in their heads. Of course, there are the rest of us, who feel the small jobs piling up around us daily. “We’ve evolved to respond to the moment, and not to set our sights too far in an uncertain world,” Dr. Steel adds. “We are not set up to appreciate long-term rewards, whether it’s the benefit of a four-year degree, doing exercise or dieting. We usually feel the cost now and the reward comes much later.” According to Dr. Steel, we have two decision-making systems. They are the limbic, which is responsible for the short term, and the prefrontal cortex, which deals with the future. We bounce between long-term goals and short-term temptations, so we need goals that will translate our plans for the limbic system. Let’s take the example of students’ writing essays. They should set themselves targets and word counts per day. These are thus turned from seemingly endless tasks into something concrete with measured progress. Dr. Steel recommends such techniques, or “pre-commitments”, adding that leaving you a month before the “deadline” makes it more likely a task will be completed. The benefit is that you’ll avoid the embarrassment of not following up on something people are expecting you to do — telling everyone you are going to take up jogging makes you more likely to do so. Overcoming procrastination finally comes down to planning, which, if you’re not careful, becomes procrastination in itself. But it is worth making sure you have everything in place. “Successful people don’t pretend they don’t procrastinate,” Dr. Steel says. “People who pretend they have willpower are less successful.” Instead, plan for procrastination: make your work environment a temple of productivity by cutting out what stops you paying your attention, so you can really focus on moving forward. 1．What does the author say about procrastination in Paragraph 1? A．It is caused by the technology in people’s life. B．It is more common when people have small jobs to do. C．It is something many people can’t avoid. D．It is an excuse people often use in public. 2．In paragraph 3, Dr. Steel believes that people who procrastinate should________. A．be aware that their problem is relatively small B．find out more about the way they make decisions C．attempt to overcome their natural tendencies D．take the advice of others in the same situation 3．Why does Dr. Steel recommend making “pre-commitments” in Paragraph 4? A．They are an effective way of impressing others. B．They allow people to achieve their aims sooner. C．They are an alternative to impossible goals. D．They make challenges feel more manageable. 4．The underlined sentence in the fifth paragraph intends to________. A．Warn the reader against spending too long getting organized. B．Remind the reader to take the time to focus properly on a task. C．Encourage the reader to develop plans effectively. D．Advise the reader to deal with complex tasks quickly. 主题03 人与社会 Passage 1 （高一·北京西城·期中） A Powerisers The ability to jump two meters in the air may not be something you have thought too much about. And most people have never considered running at 30 kilometers an hour. But just stop for a moment and think about how our new product could change your life. Your daily journey to your place of work is probably a mad dash for the bus. There is no point in taking your car because there are traffic jams, and anyway the car parks are probably very expensive or, worse still, full. Here is where Powerisers can help. It takes just a couple of minutes to put them on and then you are away, going past others or even jumping over the object which blocks your way. That is the practical use for our product, but then there is sport and exercise. Powerisers are set to be the next extreme sport and the deep-fit tools. You can imagine the 100 meters, the high jump or basketball performed by athletes wearing Powerisers. And what better way to build your muscles and keep fit? Our product is very simple. It is powered by a superlight spring, which uses the gravitational(重力的) pull from your body weight and pushes you with superhuman strength. There have been no records of serious injury related to the use of Powerisers, but extreme caution is recommended. We strongly advise the wearing of protective clothing, including at least a helmet(头盔). Powerisers make you feel as if you were walking on the moon. Now we make two different models: Basic and Professional. The Basic model is designed for the occasional users and costs around $ 500. The Professional model, which is designed for the competitive use, has a strongly-made structure and different springs, though that comes at the increased price of $800. Our Powerisers are guaranteed for two years and will be replaced without question if they fail during that period. That is how confident we are. 1．According to the passage, Powerisers can help you ______. A．get on the bus B．jump over blocks C．relax hard muscles D．lift heavy weights 2．A helmet is recommended to users to _______. A．prevent them from being injured B．provide them with superhuman strength C．Offer them the feeling of walking on the moon D．Bring them good results in competitive situations 3．What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage? A．To advertise a sports product. B．To show advantages of taking exercise C．To explain basic principles of Powerisers. D．To introduce the development of Powerisers Passage 2 （24-25高二下·北京·期中） Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes? It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. The fascination with the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “yesterday” that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in “post-industrial society” has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector (制造业) with negative consequences for their economies. Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money. In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a” borderless world”. As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results. Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions. 1．Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ______. A．a lack of confidence in technology B．a waste of limited resources C．a conflict of public opinions D．a slow progress in technology 2．The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ______. A．ensure that each child gets financial support B．make their programmes attractive to people C．take people’s essential needs into account D．provide more affordable internet facilities 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Traditional technology still has a place nowadays. B．People should be encouraged to make more donations. C．Making right career choices is crucial to personal success. D．Economic policies should follow technological trends. 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·北京大兴·期中） In an article published on July 1st in Nature Medicine, Dr Herr and his team at MIT describe seven people with below-the-knee amputations (截肢) who can now walk normally with the help of surgery and new robotic prostheses (假肢). For the first time, Dr Herr says, people have been able to walk with bionic legs — mechanical prostheses that mimic their biological counterparts — that can be fully controlled by their brains. As the most important muscles in a complete leg come in pairs, so that one muscle can stretch while the other contracts, the goal of Dr Herr's procedure was to replicate (复制) this structure in those who had undergone amputations. The surgery, therefore, involved sewing together the ends of two sets of leg muscles in the remaining part of the participants’ legs. Each of these new connections forms a so-called agonist-antagonist myoneural interface, or AMI. This, in effect, replicates the mechanisms necessary for movement as well as the perception of the limb's position in space. Traditional amputations, in contrast, create no such pairings in place of the ones removed. Dr Herr's team then gave each of the participants a battery-powered prosthesis developed in their lab, along with a small electrical controller. The prosthesis was connected to the AMI by electrodes on the skin, such that the controller could pick up the AMI muscle movements and translate them to movement in the prosthesis. Once the robotic leg was linked to the AMI, nerve signals travelling from the brain to the muscles and back allowed the participants to have full control of their new legs. Though prostheses controlled by nerve signals have been designed before, these were typically only controlled by the participants' brains during certain movements, such as when the foot was off the ground, in the “swing phase” of walking. But in the latest study the participants were in charge at all times. “No previous study was able to show this level of brain control, ” says Dr Herr. Dr Herr's “promising and beautiful” approach could be the end goal for below-the-knee amputations. But it remains to be seen if it could achieve similar results for people with amputations involving knees or upper-body limbs. Nor will everyone be able to get the AMIs they need. Decades after his amputation, Dr Herr has only enough muscle mass to construct an AMI for a robotic ankle, but not a whole robotic foot. He says he is considering it regardless. Even if he cannot get the full effect, it may prove a sensible step. 1．What is the purpose of creating AMI during the surgery? A．To reduce the risk of infection in amputees. B．To connect the prosthesis directly to the electrodes. C．To sew together the ends of two sets of leg muscles. D．To replicate the muscle pairing mechanism of complete legs. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Dr Herr is determined to further his research. B．Everyone will be able to get the AMIs they need. C．Prostheses controlled by nerve signals is a new design. D．Robotic Prosthesis is suitable for people with upper-body amputation. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AMI Muscle Movements B．Below-The-Knee Amputations C．The Full Brain-Controlled Bionic Legs D．The Rapid Development of Prostheses Passage 2 （24-25高二下·北京丰台·期中） When Elinor Lobel was 16, a “smart” insulin (胰岛素) pump was attached to her body. Powered by AI, it tracks her glucose levels and administers the right dose of insulin at the right time to keep her healthy. It is one of the new ways that data and AI can help improve lives. Books that criticize the dark side of data are plentiful. They generally suggest there is much more to fear than fete in the algorithmic (算法的) age. But the intellectual tide may be turning. One of the most persuasive supporters of a more balanced view is Elinor Lobel’s mother, Orly, a law professor. In The Equality Machine she acknowledges AI’s capacity to produce harmful results. But she shows how, in the right hands, it can also be used to fight inequality and discrimination. A principle of privacy rules is “minimisation”: collect and keep as little information as possible, especially in areas such as race and gender. Ms. Lobel flips the script, showing how in hiring, pay and the legal system, knowing such characteristics leads to fairer outcomes. Ms. Lobel’s call to use more, not less, personal information challenges data-privacy orthodoxy (正统观念). But she insists that “tracking differences is key to detecting unfairness.” She advocates a loosening of privacy rules to provide more transparency (透明) over algorithmic decisions. The problems with algorithmic formulae (公式) are tackled in depth in Escape from Model Land by Erica Thompson of the School of Economics. These statistical models are the backbone of big data and AI. Yet a perfect model will always be beyond reach. “All models are wrong,” runs a wise saying. “Some are useful.” Ms Thompson focuses on a challenge she calls the Hawkmoth Effect. In the better known Butterfly Effect, a serviceable model, in the prediction of climate change, becomes less reliable over time because of the complexity of what it is simulating(模拟), or because of inaccuracies in the original data. In the Hawkmoth Effect, by contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between humidity, wind and temperature. The author calls on data geeks to improve their solutions to real-world issues, not merely refine their formulae—in other words, to escape from model land. “We do not need to have the best possible answer,” she writes, “only a reasonable one.” Both these books exhibit a healthy realism about data, algorithms and their limitations. Both recognize that making progress involves accepting limitations, whether in law or coding. As Ms Lobel puts it: “It’s always better to light a candle than to curse the darkness.” 1．Ms Lobel intends to convey that ________. A．minimisation is a good privacy rule to go by B．algorithms are currently challenged by data privacy C．employing more personal data should be encouraged D．identifying algorithms’ problems leads to better outcomes 2．What can we learn about “Hawkmoth Effect”? A．It develops from Butterfly Effect. B．It emphasizes accuracy of original data. C．It enjoys popularity in climate research field. D．It is mentioned to show the model can be faulty. 3．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．The Algorithm’s Prospect. B．The Algorithm’s Mercy. C．The Algorithm’s Complexity. D．The Algorithm’s Recognition. 主题02 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·北京大兴·期中） It is late at night. You are alone and wandering empty streets in search of your parked car when you hear footsteps creeping up from behind. Your heart pounds; your blood pressure skyrockets. Your stomach knots, and your muscles curve, ready to sprint or fight. Experiences like this reveal the tight integration between brain and body in the creation of mind — thoughts, perceptions, feelings and personality unique to each of us. The brain gives most people a vivid sensory cognition of the world. But those who might attempt to preserve their mind by uploading its data into a computer miss a critical point: “The body is essential to the mind.” How is this crucial brain-body connection orchestrated? The answer involves the very unusual vagus nerve (迷走神经). The longest nerve in the body, it winds its way from the brain throughout the head and trunk, issuing commands to our organs and receiving sensations from them. Much of the puzzling range of functions it regulates, such as mood, learning, and fear, are automatic and operate without conscious control. The vagus nerve is the conduit of the mind. The most vigorous current research involves stimulating this nerve with electricity to enhance cognition and memory and for a variety of therapies for neurological (神经学) and psychological disorders. But how could stimulating a single nerve potentially have such wide-ranging psychological and cognitive benefits? To understand this, we must understand the vagus nerve itself. The vagus nerve connects the brainstem to the body's organs. Signals between the brainstem and the body travel up and down the nerve to twist your gut (肠道) for digestion, organize your immune system, pace your heart, and dial your blood pressure up and down. Its influence goes beyond basic life support. The vagus nerve is critical to generating mind by integrating the brain and body. Choking is terrifying because death could be mere minutes away. That heightened mental state is dependent on signals coming from the body — the inability to breathe or swallow — and the vagus nerve both senses and controls the choking response. Many other mental states depend on the mind-body connection that involves information going to the brain and out of the brain. The vagus nerve is that connection. Its length and widespread nature throughout the brain as well as the body allow it to coordinate such diverse bodily functions in a way that independent nerves could not. 1．The first paragraph is to ________. A．make an assumption B．introduce the topic C．highlight an opinion D．illustrate an argument 2．What does the word “conduit” underlined in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Circle. B．Pathway. C．Clue. D．Tool. 3．The vagus nerve coordinates bodily functions mainly due to its ________. A．conscious regulation ability B．exclusive control of digestion C．direct link to mental disorders D．length and widespread distribution 4．It is implied in this passage that the vagus nerve ________. A．contributes greatly to the generation of mind B．regulates body and brain responses separately C．connects organs and receives commands from them D．stimulates electricity to enhance cognition and memory Passage 2 （24-25高二下·北京通州·期中） “There are a large number of accidents that are happening every day due to carelessness most of them, unfortunately, from human errors,” says lead author Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, assistant professor in Washington State University, “Robots act as planned and follow the rules, but humans often don’t follow the rules. That’s the most difficult and challenging problem.” Robots working with people are increasingly common in many industries, where they often work together. Many industries require that humans and robots share a workspace, but repetitive and boring work can make people lose their focus and make mistakes. Most computer programs help robots react when a mistake happens. Those algorithms (算法) might focus either on improving efficiency or safety, but they haven’t considered the changing behavior of the people they’ re working with, says Hosseinzadeh. As part of their effort to develop a plan for the robots, the researchers first worked to quantify (量化) human carelessness, looking at factors such as how often a human ignores or misses a safety alert. “We defined the carelessness, and the robot observed the behavior of the human and tried to understand it,” he says, “The concept of carelessness level is something about that.” Once the robot identifies humans careless behavior, it is programmed to change how it interacts with the human acting that way, working to diminish the chance that the person might cause a workplace error or hurt themselves. So, for instance, the robot might change the way it manages its tasks to avoid getting in the human’s way. The robot continuously updates the carelessness level and any changes that it observes. The researchers tested their plan with a computer simulation of a packaging line made up of four people and a robot. They also tested a simulated cooperative assembly line where two humans would work together with a robot. “The core idea is to make the algorithm less sensitive to the behavior of careless humans,” says Hosseinzadeh. “Our results revealed that the proposed scheme (计划) has the capability of improving efficiency and safety.” After conducting a computerized simulation, the researchers are planning to test their work in a laboratory with real robots and people-and eventually in field studies. They also want to quantify and account for other human characteristics that affect workplace productivity, such as human rationality (理性) or danger awareness. 1．What is the function of the first two paragraphs? A．To clarify the importance of a new algorithm. B．To explain the reason for human carelessness. C．To highlight the advantage of robots over humans. D．To show the trend of cooperation between robots and humans. 2．What does the underlined word “diminish” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Reduce. B．Change. C．Indicate. D．Predict. 3．How will the robot react once it notices human’s carelessness? A．Take over humans’ work. B．Send a security warning to humans. C．Remove all barriers of the task for humans. D．Update its program timely to adapt to human’s changes. 4．What would be a suitable title for this text? A．Will Robots Replace Humans in Workplace in the Future? B．Dangers Hidden in Cooperation Between Humans and Robots C．A Significant Discovery: Robots Are More Focused than Humans D．A New Algorithm Guards Robots by Making Them Notice Human Carelessness 主题03 人与自然——环境与旅游 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·北京·期中） Glass might soon meet a surprising competitor: bamboo. Scientists in China have transformed regular bamboo into a see-through material that keeps out fire and water and reduces smoke, providing an environmentally friendly replacement for traditional glass made from sand. While glass is still widely used in buildings for its clearness, its tendency to break easily, heavy weight and environmental impact have pushed researchers to look for other materials like clear wood — and now bamboo. Clear wood, made by removing a natural substance called lignin (木质素 ) and adding plastic-like materials, has been seen as a good renewable option. It is lighter than glass and better at keeping heat out. However, its tendency to catch fire and the slow growth rate of trees make it hard to produce in large amounts: To solve this, researchers at Central South University of Forestry and  Technology focused on bamboo, which grows fully in 4-7 years and produces four times more material per farm area compared to trees. The team applied the methods developed for making wood see-through to bamboo, which has a similar chemical makeup. Specifically, by removing linger, which makes plants look solid, and filling the bamboo fibers with a glass-like liquid called sodium silicate, they changed how light passes through the material, achieving 71.6% clearness. A final water-blocking treatment created three layers: a protective outer coating, a middle layer of silicon dioxide (a common glass ingredient), and a base layer of sodium silicate. The final material showed impressive strength, outshining many common plastics. Importantly, the clear bamboo showed special fire safety features. Unlike wood-based materials, it didn’t catch fire easily, blocked water, and stopped dangerous smoke and gases from spreading — key benefits for building use. When tested as a base for advanced solar cells, it helped control light better, increasing energy production by 15.29%. This double role suggests it could be used in smart buildings that use sunlight for lighting while creating clean energy. While making this material in large amounts still needs work, this discovery supports environmental goals- 1．Why do researchers want to replace glass? A．Because it is heavy, fragile, and bad for our planet. B．Because it causes smoke and damages the ecosystem. C．Because it costs too much and cannot reduce fire or smoke. D．Because it is transparent, heavy, and environmentally unfriendly. 2．How did the researchers make bamboo see-through? A．By adding lignin and filling in bamboo fibers. B．By making lignin pass through silicon dioxide. C．By changing sodium silicate into silicon dioxide. D．By taking away lignin and adding sodium silicate. 3．What can be learned about clear baraboo from the text? A．It prevents water and sunlight from spreading. B．It produces energy when used to build windows. C．It has potential for both building and energy fields. D．It is safer, stronger, and clearer than common plastics. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．A method of producing clear wood. B．An alternative to conventional plastic. C．A new material good for the environment. D．An application of clear bamboo in solar cells. Passage 2 （23-24高一下·北京海淀·期中） The Land Under the Sea Ten thousand years ago, as the last ice age ended, sea levels around the world were far lower than they are today. Much of the land under both the North Sea to the east of Britain and the English Channel which now separates France and Britain was part of a huge region of forests and grassy plains. Then the climate gradually became warmer and the water trapped in large masses of ice was released. Now the development of advanced sonar (声纳) technology, known as bathymetry, is making it possible to study this flooded landscape in extraordinary detail. A special echo (回声) sounder is fixed to the bottom of a survey ship and it makes wide sweeps across the seabed. While previous technology has only been able to produce two-dimensional images, bathymetry can now use computers, satellite-positioning equipment and special software to create accurate and remarkably detailed maps. For the first time, an ancient riverbed jumps out of the three-dimensional image. The site of pre-historic settlements can now be pinpointed. According to expert Linda Andrews, this technological development is of huge significance. “We now have the ability to map the seabed as accurately as we can map dry land,” she says. Once bathymetric techniques have identified sites where people might have built their homes and villages, divers can be sent down to investigate further. Robot submarines (潜艇) can also be used, and researchers hope they will find stone tools and wood from houses as proof of human activity. The idea shared by many people in Britain of their country as a natural island kingdom will be challenged by the findings: Britain has been inhabited for about 500,000 years and much of this time it has been linked on and off to continental Europe. It remains to be seen how far this new awareness is taken on board, however. In fact, the use of bathymetry will not be limited to the study of lost landscapes and ancient settlements. It will also be vital in finding ships that have been destroyed in accidents. In addition, commercial applications are a real possibility. Aggregates (骨材) for the construction industry are becoming increasingly expensive, and bathymetry can be used to identify suitable sites for digging for this material. Mapping the seabed will also identify places where rare plants and shellfish are living. Digging at such sites should be prevented, either to work for a profit or to make deeper waterways for massive container ships. 1．How does bathymetry work? A．It has an echo sounder placed on the seabed. B．It makes use of a number of different devices. C．It produces two-dimensional images of the sea floor. D．It bases its calculations on the location of construction sites. 2．The author believes a better understanding of the settlements on the seabed may ______. A．attract investment in the research under the sea B．inspire people to take an interest in modern technology C．adapt the attitudes of the British to their country’s history D．receive confirmation of rebuilding ancient man-made objects 3．We can learn that the use of bathymetry will help to ______. A．identify new species of plants and animals B．provide the precise location of sunken ships C．evaluate the cost of seeking certain resources D．promote the development of deeper waterways / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·北京·期中） Picture the scene: You come home after work feeling too tired to cook, only to find a delicious meal worthy of a Michelin-starred restaurant waiting for you. It sounds like a fantasy, but it could be about to come true thanks to a robot chef developed by British scientists. Those scientists have come up with a set of robotic arms so smart that they are capable of cooking meals all by themselves. The device will be sold from as early as 2017 as part of a purpose-built high-tech kitchen. Scientists at Moley Robotics spent almost 18 years developing the hands. According to its creators, the arms can chop, stir, whisk and base well enough to recreate almost anything you would care to eat, whether it is a simple home-cooked supper, or a complicated creation designed by a world-class chef. The hands move a little slowly, hovering strangely above the work surface whenever they are not busy, but they copy human movements closely enough that they can do things such as wiping a spoon on the edge of a pan to prevent drips. Mr. Oleynik, who is leading the project, said, “All the things which are possible with the hand are possible here. There is no limitation. A lot of people want to go to Michelin-starred restaurants, but they are quite expensive and may be quite far from the home. This is an opportunity for people to enjoy very good food, and for a reasonable price.” The only one that is off the robot’s menu at the moment is sushi, which requires extremely steady pressure and swift fingers to make, but the team plan to overpower that as well by the time it goes on sale. 1．People go to Michelin-starred restaurants in order to ______. A．appreciate car tires. B．enjoy delicious meals C．see the new robot chefs D．escape from work 2．According to the passage, Moley Robotics ______. A．are developing robot chef’s arms B．have developed robot chef’s hands C．will create robot chef’s hands D．can reduce the price of robot 3．What CAN’T the robot do at present? A．bake bread B．cook beef C．make sushi D．prepare sandwich 4．What can we infer from the passage? A．Hands of a robot chef can perform exactly like a cook. B．Robot chefs are available at shopping malls. C．Michelin-starred restaurants are suitable for everyone. D．It is uncertain when the robot can cook all kinds of food. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了英国科学家研发的机器人厨师或让在家享用米其林星级美食成为现实。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“You come home after work feeling too tired to cook, only to find a delicious meal worthy of a Michelin-starred restaurant waiting for you.(下班回家后，你觉得太累了，不想做饭，却发现一顿堪比米其林星级餐厅的美味佳肴在等着你)”可知，人们去米其林星级餐厅是为了享受美味的饭菜。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Those scientists have come up with a set of robotic arms so smart that they are capable of cooking meals all by themselves.(这些科学家发明了一套非常聪明的机械手臂，它们可以自己做饭)”以及第三段“Scientists at Moley Robotics spent almost 18 years developing the hands.(Moley Robotics公司的科学家们花了将近18年的时间来研发这种手)”可知，Moley Robotics已经开发出机器人厨师的手。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The only one that is off the robot’s menu at the moment is sushi, which requires extremely steady pressure and swift fingers to make, but the team plan to overpower that as well by the time it goes on sale.(目前唯一不在机器人菜单上的是寿司，这需要非常稳定的压力和敏捷的手指来制作，但该团队计划在上市时也能克服这一点)”可知，目前机器人不能做的是寿司。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The only one that is off the robot’s menu at the moment is sushi, which requires extremely steady pressure and swift fingers to make, but the team plan to overpower that as well by the time it goes on sale.(目前唯一不在机器人菜单上的是寿司，这需要非常稳定的压力和敏捷的手指来制作，但该团队计划在上市时也能克服这一点)”可知，不确定机器人什么时候能烹饪各种食物。故选D。 Passage 2 （2025·北京门头沟·期中） One thing about AI that worries more people than any other is that it might take their livelihood away. But experts are divided as to whether the technology will bring us a life of leisure or a life of pressure. As ever, the truth probably lies somewhere in the middle. AI won’t take our jobs, but it will change them. Some British economists assumed that robots would take our jobs and our working week would decrease to 15 hours by 2030. In 2013, Michael Osborne at the University of Oxford looked at 702 types of work and ranked them according to how easy it would be to automate them. He found that about under half of all jobs in the US could workably be done by machines within two decades. The list includes jobs such as telemarketers and library technicians. Not far behind were less obviously susceptible jobs, including models and cooks, threatened respectively by digital avatars and robochefs. The least vulnerable included mental health workers and teachers of young children. In general, jobs that performed better required strong social interaction and creative ability. However, others find that list overblown. A paper for the OECD club in 2016 suggested that AI would not be able to do all the tasks associated with all these jobs, particularly those requiring human interaction, and only about 9 percent of jobs are fully automatable. Moreover, past experience shows that jobs tend to evolve (演变，进化) around automation. “Successful innovations are those that complement rather than occupy us,” says Ben Shneiderman, from the University of Maryland. “Technologies are most effective when their designs amplify human abilities. They could help us solve problems, communicate widely or create art,” says Shneiderman. “Robots could be a liberating force by taking away routine work,” says Tom Watson, whose study on AI’s development in employment concludes that AI could create as many jobs as it destroys. He is, however, concerned the increasing of automation has led to the rise in inequality and imbalance in power. “We’ve got to be careful that big corporations and employers don’t accumulate all the benefits while ordinary workers are left to lump the negatives,” he says. How can we adapt? The answer might simply be to update our social frameworks to reflect the new reality of work. Another proposal is an AI tax on companies that are saving money by replacing workers with algorithms. Ultimately we, not AI, are in charge of our own destiny. “There will be unfairness and disruptions,” says Watson. “But the question is: is future human-centered? I say it is.” 1．What does the word “susceptible” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Workable. B．Predictable. C．Replaceable. D．Reliable 2．What can we learn from Ben Shneiderman’s words? A．Technologies can always promote jobs. B．Successful automation helps evolve our jobs. C．Fully automatable jobs require human interaction. D．Effective innovations are those that can occupy us. 3．What can we learn from AI’s development in employment? A．It can help free labours from routine work. B．It makes big corporations bear most negatives. C．It will finally lead to incredible inequality in jobs. D．It destroys occupations faster than it provides them. 4．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the last paragraph? A．To offer solutions to mentioned problems. B．To note the future of relative researches. C．To reveal limits of existing perspectives. D．To sum up arguments from both sides 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人工智能对于人类未来工作的影响以及人们对此的看法。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“He found that about under half of all jobs in the US could workably be done by machines within two decades. The list includes jobs such as telemarketers and library technicians.(他发现，在美国，不到一半的工作可以在20年内由机器完成。这份名单包括电话推销员和图书馆技术员等工作)”和下文“The least vulnerable included mental health workers and teachers of young children. (最不易受影响的群体包括心理健康工作者和幼儿教师)”可知，上文提到的是容易被取代的职业，下文介绍的不易受影响的职业，由此推知，划线部分所在句子介绍不太容易受影响的职业。结合划线部分下文“including models and cooks(包括模特和厨师)”可知，模特和厨师不是太容易被取代的职业。故划线词意思是“被取代的”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段““Successful innovations are those that complement rather than occupy us,” says Ben Shneiderman, from the University of Maryland. “Technologies are most effective when their designs amplify human abilities. They could help us solve problems, communicate widely or create art,” says Shneiderman.(马里兰大学的本·施奈德曼说：“成功的创新是那些补充而不是占据我们的创新。当技术的设计能够放大人类的能力时，它们是最有效的。它们可以帮助我们解决问题，广泛交流或创造艺术，”施奈德曼说)”可知，成功的自动化有助于发展我们的工作。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Robots could be a liberating force by taking away routine work(机器人可以取代日常工作，从而成为一股解放力量)”可知，人工智能可以帮助人们从日常工作中解脱出来。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“How can we adapt? The answer might simply be to update our social frameworks to reflect the new reality of work. Another proposal is an AI tax on companies that are saving money by replacing workers with algorithms. Ultimately we, not AI, are in charge of our own destiny. “There will be unfairness and disruptions,” says Watson. “But the question is: is future human-centered? I say it is.”(我们该如何适应？答案可能只是更新我们的社会框架，以反映新的工作现实。另一项提议是对那些通过用算法取代人工来节省资金的公司征收人工智能税。最终，我们，而不是人工智能，掌握着我们自己的命运。“会有不公平和混乱，”沃森说。“但问题是：未来以人为中心吗？我说是的。”)”可知，作者写最后一段的目的是为上述问题提供解决方案。故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·期中） In the cutthroat world of artificial intelligence, long dominated by Silicon Valley, DeepSeek has emerged as an impressive new player. Since its debut in late 2023, this Chinese AI has stirred global attention, representing more than just another technological innovation. It’s a complex phenomenon that reflects the shifting landscape of innovation, power and cultural influence in the AI-driven era. Developed by QuantumThink Labs in Shenzhen, DeepSeek was created by a team of ex-Google Brain engineers and Peking University experts. DeepSeek is not your average chatbot. Trained on an astonishing 20 trillion tokens, this multimodal model showcases linguistic proficiency, code generation capabilities and reasoning skills that rival or surpass its Western counterparts. What truly sets DeepSeek apart is its remarkable efficiency, delivering GPT-4-level performance with 30 percent less computational power. In a strategic move, QuantumThink made a “lite” version of DeepSeek open source, a decision that has sparked widespread adoption across the globe. Developers from cities like Lagos to Jakarta have quickly embraced it to create poetry generators and AI-powered farm management tools for rural India. However, DeepSeek’s growing influence is not without challenges. There are concerns that US government may block American firms from using DeepSeek, mentioning data security concerns. Tariff (关税) war could also be on the cards. Yet, such moves might backfire, potentially harming US startups that benefit from DeepSeek’s cost advantages. The future of AI, with DeepSeek at the center, remains a mystery. Will it trigger a tech battle between the US and China, or will its open-source roots foster global collaboration? DeepSeek’s story is not just about technology; it’s about the power of innovation and agency. For too long, the AI narrative has been dominated by Western powers. Now, a Chinese lab has shown that innovation is not exclusive to the West. Whether we enter an AI arms race or begin a new era of global cooperation depends on how we choose to use and share this technology. As a Brazilian coder said, the future of AI must speak the language of both the developed and developing world to truly succeed. 1．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about? A．The creation of DeepSeek. B．The definition of DeepSeek. C．The strengths of DeepSeek. D．The efficiency of DeepSeek. 2．What might be a challenge DeepSeek faces? A．Involvement in tariff war. B．The possibility of data leaking. C．A decline in its competitiveness. D．A ban on its use from US government. 3．Which of the following best describes the future of AI? A．Uncertain. B．Secure. C．Promising. D．Depressing. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．AI should prioritize Western languages. B．We will enter a new era of global AI cooperation. C．Considering global needs is required to ensure AI’s success. D．Developing countries will eventually dominate AI innovation. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了项目面向对社区发展有热情者，提供教育支持、环保、健康外展等志愿岗位，说明福利、要求及申请方式。 1．细节理解题。根据Education Support Volunteer部分“Assist in teaching foundational reading and math to children in underserved areas.(协助为服务不足地区的儿童教授基础阅读和数学)”可知，教育支持志愿者的主要职责是提高孩子们的阅读和数学技能。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据Benefits of Volunteering部分“Gain hands-on experience in community development.(获得社区发展的实践经验)”、“Develop teamwork, communication and leadership skills.(培养团队合作、沟通和领导能力)”可知，志愿者的好处包括培养实践技能。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据Requirements部分“Attend a one-day introduction lesson before starting.(开始前参加为期一天的入门课程)”可知，如果李华想申请这份工作，他需要完成为期一天的培训课程。故选C项。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （23-24高二下·北京海淀·期中） Small batteries are big problems, but nobody really pays attention to where they end up. Researchers at the Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory are working to address this problem. Their new research paper describes a water-activated paper battery developed from environmentally friendly materials that could eventually present a sustainable alternative to the more harmful batteries common in low-power devices. The paper battery has the same key components as standard batteries but packages them differently. Like a typical chemical battery, it has a positively charged side called a cathode, a negatively charged side called an anode, and a conductive material called an electrolyte (电解质) between the two. A traditional battery’s components are enclosed in plastic and metal; in the new battery, the anode and cathode are inks printed onto the front and back of a piece of paper. That paper is filled with salt, which dissolves (溶解) when the paper is dampened with water. The resulting saltwater solution acts as the electrolyte. Sustainable materials were a precondition for the researchers, who considered only safe and plentiful ingredients to create their device. “We were fairly confident that we would have something that would work in the end, but developing these materials and ink systems is challenging,” says Gustav Nyström, senior author of the study. After trying hundreds of formulations for the battery components, the researchers settled on a graphite ink to make the cathode, a zinc ink for the anode, and salt-filled paper to create the electrolyte. When the paper is dry, the battery is shelf-stable. Add just a couple of drops of water, however, and the salt dissolves, allowing electrons to flow. Once the paper is dampened, the battery activates within 20 seconds. The new battery’s operating performance declines as the paper dries. When the scientists re-wet the paper during testing, the battery regained functionality and lasted an hour before beginning to dry out again. Although the researchers demonstrated that their battery could power an alarm clock, the paper batteries are unlikely to replace standard ones on store shelves. Nyström envisions a future where these paper batteries could make their way into products within the next two to five years. “The performance that you see on this device, I think, is enough for a lot of other applications already,” he says. It is mostly a matter of increasing production and integrating the batteries into systems such as diagnostic tests and environmental sensors.” 1．How is the paper battery similar to the standard battery? A．The key components are environmentally friendly. B．They are both packaged in plastic and metal. C．They both have two charged sides and an electrolyte. D．Both batteries can operate for only an hour. 2．________ is the condition for the paper battery to work. A．Heating the salt B．Charging the electrons C．Drying out the battery D．Wetting the paper 3．Nyström will most likely agree with the prediction that ________. A．major technological breakthrough will be made in the near future B．all home appliances will be powered by paper batteries C．the future for a wide application of paper batteries is not far off D．paper batteries will have longer shelf life than traditional ones 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种科研新成果：由环保材料开发的水活化纸电池，这种电池最终可能成为低功耗设备中常见的更有害电池的可持续替代品。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The paper battery has the same key components as standard batteries but packages them differently. Like a typical chemical battery, it has a positively charged side called a cathode, a negatively charged side called an anode, and a conductive material called an electrolyte (电解质) between the two.(纸电池的关键部件与标准电池相同，但包装方式不同。就像一个典型的化学电池一样，它有一个带正电的一面叫做阴极，一个带负电的一面叫做阳极，在两者之间有一种叫做电解质的导电材料)”可知，新型电池和传统电池一样，都有正负电极和电解质。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“in the new battery, the anode and cathode are inks printed onto the front and back of a piece of paper. That paper is filled with salt, which dissolves (溶解) when the paper is dampened with water. The resulting saltwater solution acts as the electrolyte. (在这种新型电池中，阳极和阴极是印在一张纸的正面和背面的墨水。那张纸里装满了盐，当纸被水浸湿时，盐就会溶解。得到的盐水溶液充当电解质)”可知，新型纸电池是纸被浸湿才会发挥作用。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Nyström envisions a future where these paper batteries could make their way into products within the next two to five years.( Nyström设想未来，这些纸电池可以在未来两到五年内进入产品，投入使用)”可推测，Nyström认同这个预测——这种电池的广泛应用不会太久远。故选C项。 Passage 2 （2023·北京朝阳·期中） The artificial-intelligence chatbot ChatGPT has shaken educators since its November release. New York City public schools have banned it from their networks and school devices. There is, perhaps surprisingly, one subject area that doesn’t seem threatened, It turns out ChatGPT is quite bad at maths. “I’m not hearing maths instructors express concern about ChatGPT,” said Paul von Hippel, a professor at the University of Texas who studies data science and statistics. “I’m not sure it’s useful for maths at all, which feels strange because maths was the first-use case for the artificial-intelligence devices.” ChatGPT’s struggle with maths is inherent in this type of AI, known as a large language model. It scans a large amount of text from across the web and develops a model that might be extremely effective for writing grammatically correct responses to essay requirement, but not for solving a maths problem. In an email, I asked Debarghya Das, a search-engine engineer, why ChatGPT gets some simple questions right but others completely wrong. “Maybe the right analogy (类比) is if you ask a room of people, who have no idea what maths is but have read many hieroglyphics (象形文字), ‘What comes after 2+2,’ they might say, ‘Usually, we see a 4,’ That’s what ChatGPT is doing.” But, he adds, “Maths isn’t just a series of hieroglyphics. It’s the process of calculating.” It isn’t great for pretending you know it through a maths class because you only recognize the mistakes if you know the maths. Another reason that maths instructors are less anxious about this innovation is that they have been here before. The field was upended for the first time decades ago with the general availability of computers and calculators. “Maths has had the biggest revolution based on machinery of any mainstream subject,” said Conrad Wolfram, the strategic director of Wolfram Research. “In the real world, since computers came along, have maths, science and engineering gotten conceptually simpler? No, completely the opposite. We’re asking harder and harder questions, going up a level.” Eventually, AI will probably get to the point where its maths answers are not only confident but correct. A pure large language model might not be up for the job, but the technology will improve. In general, however, AI, like computers, will likely ultimately be most useful for those who already know a field well. They know the questions to ask, how to identify the shortcomings and what to do with the answer. A tool, in other words, is for those who know the most maths, not the least. 1．What does the underlined word “inherent” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Stable. B．Practical. C．Limited. D．Natural. 2．What can we know from Debarghya’s reply? A．Calculating requires some knowledge of hieroglyphics. B．ChatGPT is good at solving mathematical questions by analogy. C．Reading hieroglyphics prevents ChatGPT solving maths questions. D．ChatGPT’s response is based on language models instead of calculations. 3．What can be inferred from maths instructors’ calmness about ChatGPT? A．ChatGPT is useful to identify maths mistakes. B．Technical revolution made maths easier to understand. C．New technology will end up pushing the boundaries of maths. D．ChatGPT has been banned from networks and school devices. 4．As for AI, which would the author probably agree with? A．It will play the largest role for professionals in a field. B．It will become confident to solve all the maths problems. C．It will turn the maths field over again just like computers. D．It will take the jobs from humans as the technology improves. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。人工智能机器人ChatGPT震撼了教育界，但数学领域却没有受到威胁，并解释了原因。 1．词句猜测题。根据第三段首句“ChatGPT’s struggle with maths is inherent in this type of AI, known as a large language model. (这种作为大型语言模型而著名的人工智能，ChatGPT在数学上的挣扎是 。)”和“but not for solving a maths problem(但不能解决数学问题)”可知，ChatGPT是属于大型语言模型的人工智能，是语言类的，不能解决数学问题，所以它在数学上的挣扎是自然的，与生俱来的。故划线词应为“自然的，与生俱来的”词义。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中““Maybe the right analogy (类比) is if you ask a room of people, who have no idea what maths is but have read many hieroglyphics (象形文字),  ‘What comes after 2+2,’ they might say, ‘Usually, we see a 4,’ That’s what ChatGPT is doing.” But, he adds, “Maths isn’t just a series of hieroglyphics. It’s the process of calculating.” (“也许正确的类比是，如果你问一屋子不知道数学是什么，但读过很多象形文字的人，‘2+2等于什么’，他们可能会说，‘通常我们看到的是4’，这就是ChatGPT正在做的事情。”但是，他补充道：“数学不仅仅是一系列象形文字。这是计算的过程。”)”可知，工程师Debarghya将ChatGPT的原理通过将其类比成不懂数学、懂象形文字的人来解数学题进行说明，可得出ChatGPT的回应是基于语言模式而不是计算过程。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段最后两句“Another reason that maths instructors are less anxious about this innovation is that they have been here before. The field was upended for the first time decades ago with the general availability of computers and calculators. (数学教师对这种创新不那么焦虑的另一个原因是，他们以前也遇到过这种情况。几十年前，随着计算机和计算器的普及，这个领域第一次被颠覆了。)”和第六段最后三句“ “In the real world, since computers came along, have maths, science and engineering gotten conceptually simpler? No, completely the opposite. We’re asking harder and harder questions, going up a level.” (“在现实世界中，自从计算机出现以来，数学、科学和工程在概念上变得更简单了吗?”不，完全相反。我们会问越来越难的问题，上了一个水平。”)”可知，数学老师对ChatGPT很镇静的原因是几十年前，随着计算机和计算器的普及，这个领域第一次被颠覆了，最终导致数学问题越来越难，数学边界也更上了一个水平，可得出新技术最终将推动数学的极限。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据末段中“In general, however, AI, like computers, will likely ultimately be most useful for those who already know a field well. (然而，总的来说，像计算机一样，人工智能最终可能对那些已经非常了解一个领域的人最有用。)”可知，作者认为人工智能将在一个领域的专业人士中发挥最大的作用。故选A。Passage 3 （23-24高二下·北京西城·期中） Why do we spend so much time not doing the work we should do, or putting off small jobs that have piled up to create a big problem? Procrastinating, as putting things off like this is called, is in our character we have naturally since birth; we avoid dull or difficult jobs until it’s too late to do anything else. “We often put things off although we know it will make life more stressful,” says Dr. Steel, an authority on the science of motivation. “If these tasks were fun, we’d just do them now. We put off what is difficult or unpleasant, such as the paperwork that needs doing before leaving the office or cleaning the bits of your home that people can’t see. But the fact is, the less people procrastinate, the more money they have, the better relationships they have, and the healthier they are.” This is obvious when you look at the couples who don’t argue about whether anyone has cleaned the kitchen, and the people who simply go for a run instead of endlessly rescheduling it in their heads. Of course, there are the rest of us, who feel the small jobs piling up around us daily. “We’ve evolved to respond to the moment, and not to set our sights too far in an uncertain world,” Dr. Steel adds. “We are not set up to appreciate long-term rewards, whether it’s the benefit of a four-year degree, doing exercise or dieting. We usually feel the cost now and the reward comes much later.” According to Dr. Steel, we have two decision-making systems. They are the limbic, which is responsible for the short term, and the prefrontal cortex, which deals with the future. We bounce between long-term goals and short-term temptations, so we need goals that will translate our plans for the limbic system. Let’s take the example of students’ writing essays. They should set themselves targets and word counts per day. These are thus turned from seemingly endless tasks into something concrete with measured progress. Dr. Steel recommends such techniques, or “pre-commitments”, adding that leaving you a month before the “deadline” makes it more likely a task will be completed. The benefit is that you’ll avoid the embarrassment of not following up on something people are expecting you to do — telling everyone you are going to take up jogging makes you more likely to do so. Overcoming procrastination finally comes down to planning, which, if you’re not careful, becomes procrastination in itself. But it is worth making sure you have everything in place. “Successful people don’t pretend they don’t procrastinate,” Dr. Steel says. “People who pretend they have willpower are less successful.” Instead, plan for procrastination: make your work environment a temple of productivity by cutting out what stops you paying your attention, so you can really focus on moving forward. 1．What does the author say about procrastination in Paragraph 1? A．It is caused by the technology in people’s life. B．It is more common when people have small jobs to do. C．It is something many people can’t avoid. D．It is an excuse people often use in public. 2．In paragraph 3, Dr. Steel believes that people who procrastinate should________. A．be aware that their problem is relatively small B．find out more about the way they make decisions C．attempt to overcome their natural tendencies D．take the advice of others in the same situation 3．Why does Dr. Steel recommend making “pre-commitments” in Paragraph 4? A．They are an effective way of impressing others. B．They allow people to achieve their aims sooner. C．They are an alternative to impossible goals. D．They make challenges feel more manageable. 4．The underlined sentence in the fifth paragraph intends to________. A．Warn the reader against spending too long getting organized. B．Remind the reader to take the time to focus properly on a task. C．Encourage the reader to develop plans effectively. D．Advise the reader to deal with complex tasks quickly. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了拖延时间的人应该努力克服自己这个毛病。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Procrastinating, as putting things off like this is called, is in our character we have naturally since birth; we avoid dull or difficult jobs until it’s too late to do anything else.(拖延，也就是所谓的将事情往后拖，是我们与生俱来的天性，我们会避免枯燥或者困难的工作，直到做其他事情都为时已晚。)”可知，拖延是我们与生俱来的天性，是很多人无法避免的。故选C。 36．推理判断题。根据第三段中““We’ve evolved to respond to the moment, and not to set our sights too far in an uncertain world,” Dr. Steel adds. (斯蒂尔博士补充说:“我们已经进化到能够对当下做出反应，在一个不确定的世界里，我们不会把目光放得太远。”)”可知，Steel博士认为，我们已经进化到能够对当下做出反应，而不是把目光放得长远，这说明拖延是人们的天性，由此可以推断出，Steel博士认为那些拖延的人应该试图克服他们的天性，故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Dr. Steel recommends such techniques, or “pre-commitments”, adding that leaving you a month before the “deadline” makes it more likely a task will be completed. The benefit is that you’ll avoid the embarrassment of not following up on something people are expecting you to do — telling everyone you are going to take up jogging makes you more likely to do so.(斯蒂尔博士推荐这样的技巧，或者说是“预先承诺”，他补充说，在“最后期限”前留出一个月会让你更有可能完成一项任务。这样做的好处是，你可以避免因为没有跟进别人期望你做的事情而感到尴尬——比如说，告诉别人你要去慢跑，你会更有可能去慢跑。)”可推知，Steel博士在第四段提到“预先承诺”，是因为这让你留出时间来完成任务，即让你的挑战更加易于管理，故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线句子“Overcoming procrastination finally comes down to planning, which, if you’re not careful, becomes procrastination in itself(克服拖延症最终归结为计划，如果你不小心，它本身就变成了拖延症。)”可知，克服拖延症就是要制定计划，下文“But it is worth making sure you have everything in place...Instead, plan for procrastination: make your work environment a temple of productivity by cutting out what stops you paying your attention, so you can really focus on moving forward.(但是确保一切就绪是值得的......相反，为拖延制定计划: 通过减少那些阻止你集中注意力的因素，让你的工作环境成为生产力的殿堂，这样你才能真正集中精力向前迈进。)”提到制定计划是值得的，但是在制定计划时，要克服一些分散你注意力的事情，由此可推知，划线句子“克服拖延症最终归结为计划，如果你不小心，它本身就变成了拖延症。”指的是虽然制定计划是值得的，但是在制定计划时要小心，克服那些分散你注意力的事，不要花太长时间去做计划，所以划线句子意在警告读者不要花太长时间去做计划，故选A。 主题03 人与社会 Passage 1 （高一·北京西城·期中） A Powerisers The ability to jump two meters in the air may not be something you have thought too much about. And most people have never considered running at 30 kilometers an hour. But just stop for a moment and think about how our new product could change your life. Your daily journey to your place of work is probably a mad dash for the bus. There is no point in taking your car because there are traffic jams, and anyway the car parks are probably very expensive or, worse still, full. Here is where Powerisers can help. It takes just a couple of minutes to put them on and then you are away, going past others or even jumping over the object which blocks your way. That is the practical use for our product, but then there is sport and exercise. Powerisers are set to be the next extreme sport and the deep-fit tools. You can imagine the 100 meters, the high jump or basketball performed by athletes wearing Powerisers. And what better way to build your muscles and keep fit? Our product is very simple. It is powered by a superlight spring, which uses the gravitational(重力的) pull from your body weight and pushes you with superhuman strength. There have been no records of serious injury related to the use of Powerisers, but extreme caution is recommended. We strongly advise the wearing of protective clothing, including at least a helmet(头盔). Powerisers make you feel as if you were walking on the moon. Now we make two different models: Basic and Professional. The Basic model is designed for the occasional users and costs around $ 500. The Professional model, which is designed for the competitive use, has a strongly-made structure and different springs, though that comes at the increased price of $800. Our Powerisers are guaranteed for two years and will be replaced without question if they fail during that period. That is how confident we are. 1．According to the passage, Powerisers can help you ______. A．get on the bus B．jump over blocks C．relax hard muscles D．lift heavy weights 2．A helmet is recommended to users to _______. A．prevent them from being injured B．provide them with superhuman strength C．Offer them the feeling of walking on the moon D．Bring them good results in competitive situations 3．What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage? A．To advertise a sports product. B．To show advantages of taking exercise C．To explain basic principles of Powerisers. D．To introduce the development of Powerisers 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一款产品Powerisers的功能、用途、使用注意事项以及价格等。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句It takes just a couple of minutes to put them on and then you are away, going past others or even jumping over the object which blocks your way.（你只需要几分钟就能穿上它们，然后你就会离开，越过其他人，甚至跳过阻挡你的东西。）可知Powerisers可以帮助你跳过障碍物。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句We strongly advise the wearing of protective clothing, including at least a helmet.（我们强烈建议穿戴防护服，其中至少要佩戴头盔。）可知建议使用者戴上安全帽，是为了以免受伤。故选A。 3．推理判断题。文章主要介绍了Powerisers的功能、用途，使用注意事项以及价格等。由此可知，作者的意图是为了给产品打广告。故选A。 【点睛】写作意图推理判断题。作者一般不直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和理论依据，客观地使读者信服某种想法和观点。这种题型要求我们不仅要理解文章的内容，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作手法进行归纳、总结和分析的能力。推测作者的写作意图时，不同体裁的文章有不同的写作目的。故事类记叙文的写作目的通常是娱乐读者（to entertain）；广告类应用文的写作目的是推销产品或服务人们（to persuade）；议论文的写作目的是阐述论点（to argue）；科普文化类说明文的写作目的是介绍知识，帮助大家广闻博见（to inform）。如第三小题，文章主要介绍了Powerisers的功能、用途，使用注意事项以及价格等。由此可知，作者的意图是为了给产品打广告。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·北京·期中） Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes? It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. The fascination with the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “yesterday” that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in “post-industrial society” has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector (制造业) with negative consequences for their economies. Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money. In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a” borderless world”. As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results. Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions. 1．Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ______. A．a lack of confidence in technology B．a waste of limited resources C．a conflict of public opinions D．a slow progress in technology 2．The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ______. A．ensure that each child gets financial support B．make their programmes attractive to people C．take people’s essential needs into account D．provide more affordable internet facilities 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Traditional technology still has a place nowadays. B．People should be encouraged to make more donations. C．Making right career choices is crucial to personal success. D．Economic policies should follow technological trends. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们对以互联网为代表的ICT革命的过度迷恋所带来的多方面问题以及了解技术趋势的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.(然而，它们有实际的影响，因为它们导致了对稀缺资源的错误使用。)”可知，对新技术影响的误解可能造成有限资源的浪费。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most.(然而，问题是，这是否是发展中国家最需要的。)”可知，第4段的例子表明捐赠者应该考虑到人们的基本需求。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.(然而，我们对最新事物的迷恋，以及我们对已经变得普遍的事物的低估，可能并且已经把我们引向了各种错误方向。)”可知，传统技术在今天仍有一席之地。故选A项。 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·北京大兴·期中） In an article published on July 1st in Nature Medicine, Dr Herr and his team at MIT describe seven people with below-the-knee amputations (截肢) who can now walk normally with the help of surgery and new robotic prostheses (假肢). For the first time, Dr Herr says, people have been able to walk with bionic legs — mechanical prostheses that mimic their biological counterparts — that can be fully controlled by their brains. As the most important muscles in a complete leg come in pairs, so that one muscle can stretch while the other contracts, the goal of Dr Herr's procedure was to replicate (复制) this structure in those who had undergone amputations. The surgery, therefore, involved sewing together the ends of two sets of leg muscles in the remaining part of the participants’ legs. Each of these new connections forms a so-called agonist-antagonist myoneural interface, or AMI. This, in effect, replicates the mechanisms necessary for movement as well as the perception of the limb's position in space. Traditional amputations, in contrast, create no such pairings in place of the ones removed. Dr Herr's team then gave each of the participants a battery-powered prosthesis developed in their lab, along with a small electrical controller. The prosthesis was connected to the AMI by electrodes on the skin, such that the controller could pick up the AMI muscle movements and translate them to movement in the prosthesis. Once the robotic leg was linked to the AMI, nerve signals travelling from the brain to the muscles and back allowed the participants to have full control of their new legs. Though prostheses controlled by nerve signals have been designed before, these were typically only controlled by the participants' brains during certain movements, such as when the foot was off the ground, in the “swing phase” of walking. But in the latest study the participants were in charge at all times. “No previous study was able to show this level of brain control, ” says Dr Herr. Dr Herr's “promising and beautiful” approach could be the end goal for below-the-knee amputations. But it remains to be seen if it could achieve similar results for people with amputations involving knees or upper-body limbs. Nor will everyone be able to get the AMIs they need. Decades after his amputation, Dr Herr has only enough muscle mass to construct an AMI for a robotic ankle, but not a whole robotic foot. He says he is considering it regardless. Even if he cannot get the full effect, it may prove a sensible step. 1．What is the purpose of creating AMI during the surgery? A．To reduce the risk of infection in amputees. B．To connect the prosthesis directly to the electrodes. C．To sew together the ends of two sets of leg muscles. D．To replicate the muscle pairing mechanism of complete legs. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Dr Herr is determined to further his research. B．Everyone will be able to get the AMIs they need. C．Prostheses controlled by nerve signals is a new design. D．Robotic Prosthesis is suitable for people with upper-body amputation. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AMI Muscle Movements B．Below-The-Knee Amputations C．The Full Brain-Controlled Bionic Legs D．The Rapid Development of Prostheses 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是麻省理工学院Dr Herr团队研发的全脑控仿生假肢技术，结合手术与新型机器人假肢，使截肢者能够完全控制义肢腿部运动。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As the most important muscles in a complete leg come in pairs, so that one muscle can stretch while the other contracts, the goal of Dr Herr's procedure was to replicate this structure in those who had undergone amputations.(由于完整腿部中最重要的肌肉是成对存在的，一块肌肉伸展时另一块收缩，因此Dr Herr手术的目标是在截肢者身上复制这种结构)”可知，创建AMI的目的是为了复制完整腿部的肌肉配对机制，即一对肌肉一个收缩、一个伸展的自然运动机制。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“He says he is considering it regardless. Even if he cannot get the full effect, it may prove a sensible step.(他说无论如何他都在考虑尝试。即使无法达到全部效果，这可能也是一个明智的步骤)”可知，Dr Herr即使知道自己可能无法获得完全效果仍考虑接受手术来看，他对自己研究的应用前景充满信心，并愿意亲自尝试。由此推知，他对继续推进研究是坚定的。故选A项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“In an article published on July 1st in Nature Medicine, Dr Herr and his team at MIT describe seven people with below-the-knee amputations (截肢) who can now walk normally with the help of surgery and new robotic prostheses (假肢). For the first time, Dr Herr says, people have been able to walk with bionic legs — mechanical prostheses that mimic their biological counterparts — that can be fully controlled by their brains. (在2025年7月1日发表于《自然医学》的一篇文章中，麻省理工学院的赫尔博士及其团队描述了七名接受膝下截肢的人，他们在手术和新型机器人假肢的帮助下，如今已能够正常行走。赫尔博士表示，这是人类首次借助仿生腿——即模仿生物腿部功能的机械假肢——实现完全由大脑控制的行走)”可知，全文围绕赫尔博士及其团队开发的全脑控制的仿生腿展开，讲述了赫尔博士及其团队通过手术创建AMI，并结合实验室开发的电池供电假肢和小型电子控制器，实现了大脑对仿生腿的完全控制，让膝下截肢者能够正常行走。由此可知，“The Full Brain-Controlled Bionic Legs(完全由大脑控制的仿生腿)”最能概括全文主旨，适合作最佳标题。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·北京丰台·期中） When Elinor Lobel was 16, a “smart” insulin (胰岛素) pump was attached to her body. Powered by AI, it tracks her glucose levels and administers the right dose of insulin at the right time to keep her healthy. It is one of the new ways that data and AI can help improve lives. Books that criticize the dark side of data are plentiful. They generally suggest there is much more to fear than fete in the algorithmic (算法的) age. But the intellectual tide may be turning. One of the most persuasive supporters of a more balanced view is Elinor Lobel’s mother, Orly, a law professor. In The Equality Machine she acknowledges AI’s capacity to produce harmful results. But she shows how, in the right hands, it can also be used to fight inequality and discrimination. A principle of privacy rules is “minimisation”: collect and keep as little information as possible, especially in areas such as race and gender. Ms. Lobel flips the script, showing how in hiring, pay and the legal system, knowing such characteristics leads to fairer outcomes. Ms. Lobel’s call to use more, not less, personal information challenges data-privacy orthodoxy (正统观念). But she insists that “tracking differences is key to detecting unfairness.” She advocates a loosening of privacy rules to provide more transparency (透明) over algorithmic decisions. The problems with algorithmic formulae (公式) are tackled in depth in Escape from Model Land by Erica Thompson of the School of Economics. These statistical models are the backbone of big data and AI. Yet a perfect model will always be beyond reach. “All models are wrong,” runs a wise saying. “Some are useful.” Ms Thompson focuses on a challenge she calls the Hawkmoth Effect. In the better known Butterfly Effect, a serviceable model, in the prediction of climate change, becomes less reliable over time because of the complexity of what it is simulating(模拟), or because of inaccuracies in the original data. In the Hawkmoth Effect, by contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between humidity, wind and temperature. The author calls on data geeks to improve their solutions to real-world issues, not merely refine their formulae—in other words, to escape from model land. “We do not need to have the best possible answer,” she writes, “only a reasonable one.” Both these books exhibit a healthy realism about data, algorithms and their limitations. Both recognize that making progress involves accepting limitations, whether in law or coding. As Ms Lobel puts it: “It’s always better to light a candle than to curse the darkness.” 1．Ms Lobel intends to convey that ________. A．minimisation is a good privacy rule to go by B．algorithms are currently challenged by data privacy C．employing more personal data should be encouraged D．identifying algorithms’ problems leads to better outcomes 2．What can we learn about “Hawkmoth Effect”? A．It develops from Butterfly Effect. B．It emphasizes accuracy of original data. C．It enjoys popularity in climate research field. D．It is mentioned to show the model can be faulty. 3．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．The Algorithm’s Prospect. B．The Algorithm’s Mercy. C．The Algorithm’s Complexity. D．The Algorithm’s Recognition. 【答案】67．C 68．D 69．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了两本关于数据和算法的书。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Ms. Lobel flips the script, showing how in hiring, pay and the legal system, knowing such characteristics leads to fairer outcomes. Ms. Lobel’s call to use more, not less, personal information challenges data-privacy orthodoxy (正统观念).(Lobel 女士颠覆了传统观点，展示了在招聘、薪酬和法律体系中，了解这些特征如何带来更公平的结果。Lobel 女士呼吁使用更多而非更少的个人信息，这挑战了数据隐私的正统观念)” 可知，Lobel 女士认为应该鼓励使用更多个人数据。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段“In the Hawkmoth Effect, by contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between humidity, wind and temperature.(在Hawkmoth Effect中，模型本身存在缺陷；它可能没有充分考虑湿度、风和温度之间的相互作用)” 可推断，提到“Hawkmoth Effect”是为了表明模型可能存在缺陷。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。文章介绍两本书，一本强调人工智能和数据在正确使用时可对抗不平等，另一本探讨算法模型问题及呼吁解决实际问题，整体体现了算法在一定程度上能带来积极影响，如帮助改善生活、对抗不平等，即算法有其有益的一面。结合第一段“When Elinor Lobel was 16, a “smart” insulin (胰岛素) pump was attached to her body. Powered by AI, it tracks her glucose levels and administers the right dose of insulin at the right time to keep her healthy. It is one of the new ways that data and AI can help improve lives.( Elinor Lobel16 岁时，一个“智能”胰岛素泵被植入她的体内。这个由人工智能驱动的设备会追踪她的血糖水平，并在合适的时间注入适量胰岛素，以维持她的健康。这是数据和人工智能帮助改善生活的新方式之一)”可知，B选项“算法的仁慈” 作为标题合适，既呼应开篇胰岛素泵的 “ mercy”（恩惠），也概括了算法在正确使用下对人类的裨益。故选B。 主题02 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·北京大兴·期中） It is late at night. You are alone and wandering empty streets in search of your parked car when you hear footsteps creeping up from behind. Your heart pounds; your blood pressure skyrockets. Your stomach knots, and your muscles curve, ready to sprint or fight. Experiences like this reveal the tight integration between brain and body in the creation of mind — thoughts, perceptions, feelings and personality unique to each of us. The brain gives most people a vivid sensory cognition of the world. But those who might attempt to preserve their mind by uploading its data into a computer miss a critical point: “The body is essential to the mind.” How is this crucial brain-body connection orchestrated? The answer involves the very unusual vagus nerve (迷走神经). The longest nerve in the body, it winds its way from the brain throughout the head and trunk, issuing commands to our organs and receiving sensations from them. Much of the puzzling range of functions it regulates, such as mood, learning, and fear, are automatic and operate without conscious control. The vagus nerve is the conduit of the mind. The most vigorous current research involves stimulating this nerve with electricity to enhance cognition and memory and for a variety of therapies for neurological (神经学) and psychological disorders. But how could stimulating a single nerve potentially have such wide-ranging psychological and cognitive benefits? To understand this, we must understand the vagus nerve itself. The vagus nerve connects the brainstem to the body's organs. Signals between the brainstem and the body travel up and down the nerve to twist your gut (肠道) for digestion, organize your immune system, pace your heart, and dial your blood pressure up and down. Its influence goes beyond basic life support. The vagus nerve is critical to generating mind by integrating the brain and body. Choking is terrifying because death could be mere minutes away. That heightened mental state is dependent on signals coming from the body — the inability to breathe or swallow — and the vagus nerve both senses and controls the choking response. Many other mental states depend on the mind-body connection that involves information going to the brain and out of the brain. The vagus nerve is that connection. Its length and widespread nature throughout the brain as well as the body allow it to coordinate such diverse bodily functions in a way that independent nerves could not. 1．The first paragraph is to ________. A．make an assumption B．introduce the topic C．highlight an opinion D．illustrate an argument 2．What does the word “conduit” underlined in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Circle. B．Pathway. C．Clue. D．Tool. 3．The vagus nerve coordinates bodily functions mainly due to its ________. A．conscious regulation ability B．exclusive control of digestion C．direct link to mental disorders D．length and widespread distribution 4．It is implied in this passage that the vagus nerve ________. A．contributes greatly to the generation of mind B．regulates body and brain responses separately C．connects organs and receives commands from them D．stimulates electricity to enhance cognition and memory 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了迷走神经在大脑和身体连接中起关键作用，以及其功能和相关研究。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“It is late at night. You are alone and wandering empty streets in search of your parked car when you hear footsteps creeping up from behind. Your heart pounds; your blood pressure skyrockets. Your stomach knots, and your muscles curve, ready to sprint or fight.(深夜时分，你独自一人在空荡荡的街道上徘徊，寻找你停放的汽车，这时你听到身后传来蹑手蹑脚的脚步声。你的心脏怦怦直跳；你的血压急剧上升。你的胃纠结起来，你的肌肉紧绷，准备好冲刺或战斗。)”以及第二段中的“Experiences like this reveal the tight integration between brain and body in the creation of mind — thoughts, perceptions, feelings and personality unique to each of us.(像这样的经历揭示了在意识的创造过程中，大脑和身体之间的紧密结合——我们每个人独特的思想、感知、感觉和个性。)”可知，第一段描述的这个具体经历是为了引出后文关于大脑和身体在意识形成中紧密联系的话题，也就是引入主题。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“The longest nerve in the body, it winds its way from the brain throughout the head and trunk, issuing commands to our organs and receiving sensations from them. Much of the puzzling range of functions it regulates, such as mood, learning, and fear, are automatic and operate without conscious control. The vagus nerve is the conduit of the mind.(它是身体中最长的神经，从大脑蜿蜒穿过头部和躯干，向我们的器官发出指令，并从它们那里接收感觉。它所调节的许多令人费解的功能，如情绪、学习和恐惧，都是自动的，在无意识的控制下运作。迷走神经是意识的conduit。)”可知，迷走神经从大脑延伸到身体各部分，传递指令和感觉，所以迷走神经是意识的通道，由此可知，划线单词的意思与“通道；路径”意义相近。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Its length and widespread nature throughout the brain as well as the body allow it to coordinate such diverse bodily functions in a way that independent nerves could not.(它的长度以及在大脑和身体中广泛的分布特性，使它能够以一种独立神经无法做到的方式协调如此多样的身体功能。)”可知，迷走神经协调身体功能主要是因为它的长度和广泛分布。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The vagus nerve is the conduit of the mind.(迷走神经是意识的通道。)”以及最后一段“Its influence goes beyond basic life support. The vagus nerve is critical to generating mind by integrating the brain and body.(它的影响超出了基本的生命维持。迷走神经对于通过整合大脑和身体来产生意识至关重要。)”可知，迷走神经是意识的通道，对于整合大脑和身体来产生意识至关重要，由此可知，迷走神经对意识的产生有很大的贡献。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·北京通州·期中） “There are a large number of accidents that are happening every day due to carelessness most of them, unfortunately, from human errors,” says lead author Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, assistant professor in Washington State University, “Robots act as planned and follow the rules, but humans often don’t follow the rules. That’s the most difficult and challenging problem.” Robots working with people are increasingly common in many industries, where they often work together. Many industries require that humans and robots share a workspace, but repetitive and boring work can make people lose their focus and make mistakes. Most computer programs help robots react when a mistake happens. Those algorithms (算法) might focus either on improving efficiency or safety, but they haven’t considered the changing behavior of the people they’ re working with, says Hosseinzadeh. As part of their effort to develop a plan for the robots, the researchers first worked to quantify (量化) human carelessness, looking at factors such as how often a human ignores or misses a safety alert. “We defined the carelessness, and the robot observed the behavior of the human and tried to understand it,” he says, “The concept of carelessness level is something about that.” Once the robot identifies humans careless behavior, it is programmed to change how it interacts with the human acting that way, working to diminish the chance that the person might cause a workplace error or hurt themselves. So, for instance, the robot might change the way it manages its tasks to avoid getting in the human’s way. The robot continuously updates the carelessness level and any changes that it observes. The researchers tested their plan with a computer simulation of a packaging line made up of four people and a robot. They also tested a simulated cooperative assembly line where two humans would work together with a robot. “The core idea is to make the algorithm less sensitive to the behavior of careless humans,” says Hosseinzadeh. “Our results revealed that the proposed scheme (计划) has the capability of improving efficiency and safety.” After conducting a computerized simulation, the researchers are planning to test their work in a laboratory with real robots and people-and eventually in field studies. They also want to quantify and account for other human characteristics that affect workplace productivity, such as human rationality (理性) or danger awareness. 1．What is the function of the first two paragraphs? A．To clarify the importance of a new algorithm. B．To explain the reason for human carelessness. C．To highlight the advantage of robots over humans. D．To show the trend of cooperation between robots and humans. 2．What does the underlined word “diminish” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Reduce. B．Change. C．Indicate. D．Predict. 3．How will the robot react once it notices human’s carelessness? A．Take over humans’ work. B．Send a security warning to humans. C．Remove all barriers of the task for humans. D．Update its program timely to adapt to human’s changes. 4．What would be a suitable title for this text? A．Will Robots Replace Humans in Workplace in the Future? B．Dangers Hidden in Cooperation Between Humans and Robots C．A Significant Discovery: Robots Are More Focused than Humans D．A New Algorithm Guards Robots by Making Them Notice Human Carelessness 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了华盛顿州立大学研究人员开发的一种新算法，能让机器人识别人类粗心行为并改变互动方式，提高工作效率和安全性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“There are a large number of accidents that are happening every day due to carelessness most of them, unfortunately, from human errors,” says lead author Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, assistant professor in Washington State University, “Robots act as planned and follow the rules, but humans often don’t follow the rules. That’s the most difficult and challenging problem.”(华盛顿州立大学助理教授、主要作者梅赫迪·侯赛因扎德说：“每天都有大量事故发生，不幸的是，其中大多数是由于粗心造成的，而这些粗心大多源于人为错误。机器人会按计划行事并遵守规则，但人类往往不遵守规则。这是最困难和最具挑战性的问题。”)和第二段中“Robots working with people are increasingly common in many industries, where they often work together. Many industries require that humans and robots share a workspace, but repetitive and boring work can make people lose their focus and make mistakes. Most computer programs help robots react when a mistake happens.(在许多行业中，人与机器人合作越来越普遍，它们经常一起工作。许多行业要求人类和机器人共享一个工作空间，但重复性和枯燥的工作会让人失去注意力并犯错。大多数计算机程序帮助机器人在出现错误时做出反应)”可知，人类容易因粗心犯错且不遵守规则，而机器人按计划行事并遵守规则，由此可推断出，前两段是为了突出机器人相对于人类的优势。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Once the robot identifies humans careless behavior, it is programmed to change how it interacts with the human acting that way, working to diminish the chance that the person might cause a workplace error or hurt themselves.(一旦机器人识别出人类的粗心行为，它就会被编程改变与表现出这种行为的人类的互动方式，努力diminish这个人可能导致工作场所错误或伤害自己的机会)”和下文列举的事例“So, for instance, the robot might change the way it manages its tasks to avoid getting in the human’s way.(因此，例如，机器人可能会改变它管理任务的方式，以避免妨碍人类)”可知，机器人改变与人类的互动方式是为了避免妨碍人类，以减少人类在工作中出错或受伤的可能性，所以划线词“diminish”的意思是“减少”，与A项“Reduce”同义。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Once the robot identifies humans care less behavior, it is programmed to change how it interacts with the human acting that way, working to diminish the chance that the person might cause a workplace error or hurt themselves. So, for instance, the robot might change the way it manages its tasks to avoid getting in the human’s way.(一旦机器人识别出人类的粗心行为，它就会被编程改变与表现出这种行为的人类的互动方式，努力减少这个人可能导致工作场所错误或伤害自己的机会。例如，机器人可能会改变其管理任务的方式，以避免妨碍人类)”可知，当机器人注意到人类的粗心行为时，它会及时更新程序以适应人类的变化。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Robots working with people are increasingly common in many industries, where they often work together. Many industries require that humans and robots share a workspace, but repetitive and boring work can make people lose their focus and make mistakes.(在许多行业中，人与机器人合作越来越普遍，它们经常一起工作。许多行业要求人类和机器人共享一个工作空间，但重复性和枯燥的工作会让人失去注意力并犯错)”以及后文介绍的新算法能让机器人识别人类粗心行为并做出相应改变可知，本文主要介绍了一种新算法，通过让机器人注意到人类的粗心行为来保障机器人和人类的工作，D项“A New Algorithm Guards Robots by Making Them Notice Human Carelessness(一种新算法通过让机器人注意到人类的粗心行为来保障机器人)”能概括文章内容，最适合做文章标题。故选D项。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·北京大兴·期中） The United Nations Youth Environmental Leaders (UNYEL) initiative empowers youngsters to drive sustainable change in their communities. Each year, 30 leaders are selected for a two-year term to develop and perform projects focused on environmental conservation, climate action, and green innovation. They receive guidance, funding, and global networking opportunities. To qualify, candidates must first complete the Green Innovators Bootcamp. The Green Innovators Bootcamp is a three-week virtual training program held annually in March. Sessions cover topics like renewable energy, waste management, and community engagement. Live participation is encouraged, but recordings are available on the UNYEL platform. Weekly assignments involve designing mini-projects consistent with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) . The program targets individuals aged 15–22. After completing the bootcamp, candidates must submit a detailed proposal for an environmental project they intend to lead if chosen as a UNYEL. Graduates of the Green Innovators Bootcamp are well-prepared to tackle real-world environmental challenges. They gain practical skills and knowledge that enable them to create influential projects. The bootcamp also fosters a sense of global community among participants, who share ideas and collaborate across borders. Successful proposals often focus on innovative solutions such as community-based renewable energy systems, sustainable agriculture practices, or initiatives to reduce pollution. The UNYEL initiative not only supports individual growth but also promotes collective action towards a greener future. Qualifications: · At least six times of volunteer or professional experience. · Strong teamwork and problem-solving abilities. · Demonstrated passion for environmental advocacy. · Willingness to cooperate with international partners. · Fluency in English. 1．Selected UNYEL leaders can ________. A．attend live or recorded training programs B．complete Green Innovators Bootcamp voluntarily C．receive guidance and funding from global networking D．develop and conduct projects on environmental sustainability 2．Which of the following qualifications is mentioned for the UNYEL initiative? A．Willingness to create influential projects. B．Fluency in both English and other languages. C．Strong teamwork and problem-solving abilities. D．At least a six-week volunteer or professional experience. 3．What is the possible benefit of UNYEL initiative? A．Facilitating collective action. B．Demonstrating individual passion. C．Fostering youngsters independence. D．Providing funds for environmental projects. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了联合国青年环境领袖（UNYEL）倡议，包括其选拔方式、绿色创新者训练营情况以及参与者的资格要求和该倡议带来的益处。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Each year, 30 leaders are selected for a two-year term to develop and perform projects focused on environmental conservation, climate action, and green innovation.(每年会选拔 30 名领袖，任期两年，以开展和执行专注于环境保护、气候行动和绿色创新的项目。)”可知，被选中的联合国青年环境领袖（UNYEL）可以开展和执行关于环境可持续性的项目。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据Qualifications部分“・Strong teamwork and problem-solving abilities.(・较强的团队合作和解决问题的能力。)”可知，提到的联合国青年环境领袖（UNYEL）倡议的资格要求包括较强的团队合作和解决问题的能力。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The UNYEL initiative not only supports individual growth but also promotes collective action towards a greener future.(联合国青年环境领袖（UNYEL）倡议不仅支持个人成长，还促进了为实现更绿色未来的集体行动。)”可知，联合国青年环境领袖（UNYEL）倡议可能带来的好处是促进集体行动。故选A项。 Passage 2 （23-24高一下·北京海淀·期中） The Land Under the Sea Ten thousand years ago, as the last ice age ended, sea levels around the world were far lower than they are today. Much of the land under both the North Sea to the east of Britain and the English Channel which now separates France and Britain was part of a huge region of forests and grassy plains. Then the climate gradually became warmer and the water trapped in large masses of ice was released. Now the development of advanced sonar (声纳) technology, known as bathymetry, is making it possible to study this flooded landscape in extraordinary detail. A special echo (回声) sounder is fixed to the bottom of a survey ship and it makes wide sweeps across the seabed. While previous technology has only been able to produce two-dimensional images, bathymetry can now use computers, satellite-positioning equipment and special software to create accurate and remarkably detailed maps. For the first time, an ancient riverbed jumps out of the three-dimensional image. The site of pre-historic settlements can now be pinpointed. According to expert Linda Andrews, this technological development is of huge significance. “We now have the ability to map the seabed as accurately as we can map dry land,” she says. Once bathymetric techniques have identified sites where people might have built their homes and villages, divers can be sent down to investigate further. Robot submarines (潜艇) can also be used, and researchers hope they will find stone tools and wood from houses as proof of human activity. The idea shared by many people in Britain of their country as a natural island kingdom will be challenged by the findings: Britain has been inhabited for about 500,000 years and much of this time it has been linked on and off to continental Europe. It remains to be seen how far this new awareness is taken on board, however. In fact, the use of bathymetry will not be limited to the study of lost landscapes and ancient settlements. It will also be vital in finding ships that have been destroyed in accidents. In addition, commercial applications are a real possibility. Aggregates (骨材) for the construction industry are becoming increasingly expensive, and bathymetry can be used to identify suitable sites for digging for this material. Mapping the seabed will also identify places where rare plants and shellfish are living. Digging at such sites should be prevented, either to work for a profit or to make deeper waterways for massive container ships. 1．How does bathymetry work? A．It has an echo sounder placed on the seabed. B．It makes use of a number of different devices. C．It produces two-dimensional images of the sea floor. D．It bases its calculations on the location of construction sites. 2．The author believes a better understanding of the settlements on the seabed may ______. A．attract investment in the research under the sea B．inspire people to take an interest in modern technology C．adapt the attitudes of the British to their country’s history D．receive confirmation of rebuilding ancient man-made objects 3．We can learn that the use of bathymetry will help to ______. A．identify new species of plants and animals B．provide the precise location of sunken ships C．evaluate the cost of seeking certain resources D．promote the development of deeper waterways 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了关于海底陆地测量的方法——深度测量法及实际运用。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“While previous technology has only been able to produce two-dimensional images, bathymetry can now use computers, satellite-positioning equipment and special software to create accurate and remarkably detailed maps. (虽然以前的技术只能产生二维图像，但测深学现在可以使用计算机、卫星定位设备和特殊软件来绘制精确而非常详细的地图。)”可知，水深测量技术使用许多不同的设备来工作。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The idea shared by many people in Britain of their country as a natural island kingdom will be challenged by the findings: Britain has been inhabited for about 500,000 years and much of this time it has been linked on and off to continental Europe. (许多英国人认为他们的国家是一个天然的岛屿王国，这一发现将挑战这一观点：英国已经有人居住了大约50万年，在这段时间里，它一直与欧洲大陆断断续续地联系在一起)”可推知，海底定居点的发现刷新了英国人对自己国家的认识。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“In fact, the use of bathymetry will not be limited to the study of lost landscapes and ancient settlements. It will also be vital in finding ships that have been destroyed in accidents. (事实上，测深法的应用将不仅仅局限于对失落的景观和古代定居点的研究。它对于寻找在事故中被毁的船只也至关重要。)”可知，使用测深法将有助于提供沉船的准确位置。故选B。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $