考前押题06 完形填空（期中复习专项训练）高二英语下学期沪外版

考前押题06 完形填空题 话题1 环境保护 话题4 社会服务 话题2 个人成长 话题5 科学技术 话题3 研究发现 话题6 社会发展 话题1 环境保护 Passage 1 Methane (甲烷) is a greenhouse gas. Over 20 years it has over 80 times the planet-cooking power of carbon dioxide, and is 1 for nearly 45%of warming today. Because methane is the main 2 of natural gas, much of man-made emissions comes from the energy industry. Yet because it is short-lived, controlling methane offers the world its best possible chance for 3 progress against climate change. As COP28, the UN’s climate summit, gets 4 in Dubai, it is greatly encouraging, therefore, that the chances of such a deal on methane are good. Negotiators must 5 at a rare opportunity to strike one. The reason a deal looks possible is that the politics are promising in all the biggest markets. China has recently announced that it will start including methane in its national climate plans. America will soon finalize regulations to 6 methane emissions from its huge oil and gas sector, including measures that cover leaky pipelines and storage. And the European Union has also agreed on tough methane standards, covering both domestic sources and 7 fossil fuels. 8 are helping, too. A range of new technologies for monitoring methane will help 9 large sources of emissions from the energy industry. Because oil and gas firms can often sell methane (rather than wastefully burning or releasing it), many investment s to avoid 10 will pay for themselves. Most firms do not invest because of the trouble, higher returns on other projects, or wells’ distance from consumers. Whatever the reason, they suffer no 11 for adding needlessly to global warming. Since green-washing, the process of conveying a false impression about how some products or measures are environmentally sound, is quite common, if a global methane deal is to be more than that, 12 , it will need rigour (缜密). Methane-control seemed to 13 at the UN climate summit in Glasgow two years ago, when negotiators 14 came up with a proposal to cut emissions by 30% by 2030．Yet the deal was voluntary, and had no enforcement mechanisms (机制); emissions have since 15 . An agreement this time round must link promises to national climate plans and, crucially, to domestic enforcement mechanisms. 1．A．powerful B．noticeable C．responsible D．possible 2．A．cause B．ingredient C．agent D．consequence 3．A．quick B．economic C．original D．national 4．A．under way B．in the making C．on board D．to the point 5．A．stare B．point C．come D．leap 6．A．increase B．stabilize C．reduce D．balance 7．A．imported B．localized C．exported D．globalized 8．A．Revolutions B．Evolutions C．Resolutions D．Innovations 9．A．create B．activate C．decrease D．spot 10．A．disasters B．delays C．emissions D．examinations 11．A．loss B．punishment C．abuse D．defeat 12．A．however B．therefore C．further D．once 13．A．pay off B．make out C．run out D．take off 14．A．noisily B．admittedly C．reluctantly D．accidentally 15．A．declined B．disappeared C．swung D．risen Passage 2 Throughout history, many lives have been lost at the hands of severe weather. Meteorologists (气象学家) and scientists alike are always investigating new ways to increase the warning time for storms, with the hope of reducing the 1 of lives. In the past few decades, local weather radar advancements have been made, which allow for better accuracy in 2 the paths of storms. Meteorologists and scientists have been able to successfully track severe thunderstorms and possible tornadoes by using an advanced tracking system called NEXRAD (Next-Generation Radar). NEXRAD is a tracking network 3 158 Doppler weather radars. And during a storm this high-resolution computerized 4 takes readings on the amount of precipitation (降水) in the air, the movements in the clouds, and the wind speeds. These 5 are bounced back to a local weather computer, and a colorful image appears on the screen,giving meteorologists a clear picture of what kind of weather is on the horizon. This final image is what you see when the meteorologist breaks in with severe weather reports and warnings. 6 , on your television screen you will see a computer animated image of the approaching storm. If the storm is severe enough, then the National Weather Service (NWS) will 7 severe weather reports of severe thunderstorm warnings for your area. 8 , the storm captured on the radar will have produced strong readable winds, detectable lightning, and some hail (冰雹). Paying attention to the weather map is 9 when severe weather is around. On the television screen you will see several colors on the precipitation map, 10 from blue (the lightest) to black (the heaviest). If the colors for your 11 area are yellow, take caution. If the colors range between orange and red, take cover immediately, as damaging winds and dangerous lightning have been reported. When local weather radar in Atlanta, Georgia reported high winds, circular wind patterns and large hail earlier this year, the National Weather Service issued a tornado 12 . Meteorologists in the area used the collected data to predict what path the storm would take, 13 which areas needed to be warned. Thanks to this technology, most residents received the severe weather reports early enough to seek 14 before the storm hit. Paying attention to your 15 weather source during severe weather plays a vital role in your safety. 1．A．loss B．increase C．protection D．value 2．A．changing B．controlling C．predicting D．guiding 3．A．faced with B．exposed to C．involved in D．made up of 4．A．structure B．system C．mode D．style 5．A．figures B．data C．readings D．statistics 6．A．Most likely B．Most evidently C．Most interestingly D．Most importantly 7．A．decide B．estimate C．handle D．issue 8．A．By the way B．In that case C．To some extent D．On the contrary 9．A．vital B．reasonable C．normal D．available 10．A．expanding B．spreading C．ranging D．extending 11．A．proper B．specific C．typical D．regular 12．A．process   B．threat C．warning D．sign 13．A．indicating B．recognizing C．covering D．recommending 14．A．rescue B．residence C．support D．shelter 15．A．local B．international C．nationwide D．neighborhood Passage 3 The East African country of Kenya has been at the forefront of the global war on plastic since 2017, when officials banned plastic bags. In June 2020, the government 1 the efforts with a ban on single-use plastics in protected areas. Unfortunately, the measures have 2 made any impact. Hundreds of tons of industrial and consumer polymer (聚合物) waste continue to get 3 into landfills daily. However, if 29-year-old Nzambi Matee has her way, the unpleasant plastic 4 will soon be transformed into colourful bricks. The material engineer’s search to find a (n) 5 solution to control plastic pollution began in 2017. She quit her job as a data analyst at a local chemical factory and set up a small lab in her mother’s backyard. It took her nine months to produce the first brick and even longer to 6 a partner to help build the machinery to make them. But the determined eco-entrepreneur was confident in her idea and did not 7 . She says, “I wanted to use my education in applied physics and material engineering to do something about the problem of plastic waste pollution. But I was very 8 that the solution had to be practical, sustainable, and affordable. The best way to do this was by 9 the waste into the construction and finding the most efficient and affordable material to build homes.” Her company, Gjenge Makers, now hires 112 people and produces over 1,500 bricks a day. The pavers (铺路材料) are made using a mix of plastic products that cannot be reprocessed or recycled. The polymer is obtained 10 from factories or picked by hired locals from Nairobi’s largest landfill, Dandora. The collected plastic is 11 with sand, heated at very high temperatures, and compressed into bricks that vary in colour and thickness. The 12 product is stronger, lighter, and about 30 percent cheaper than concrete bricks. Matee, who was recently 13 as one of the Young Champions of the Earth 2020 — the United Nations’ highest environmental 14 . Her dream is to reduce the mountain of trash in Dandora to just a hill by increasing production and expanding her offerings. She says, “The more we recycle the plastic, the more we produce affordable housing, and the more we create 15 for the youth.” 1．A．modified B．glorified C．intensified D．justified 2．A．equally B．nearly C．mildly D．barely 3．A．dumped B．turned C．loaded D．leaked 4．A．modes B．ports C．heaps D．costumes 5．A．personal B．feasible C．orderly D．adjustable 6．A．remind B．assure C．convince D．direct 7．A．get off B．give up C．show off D．put out 8．A．clear B．fair C．bold D．mature 9．A．enclosing B．distributing C．reversing D．channelling 10．A．distantly B．openly C．directly D．secretly 11．A．replaced B．mixed C．equipped D．fixed 12．A．reforming B．resulting C．recovering D．recording 13．A．defended B．criticized C．claimed D．recognized 14．A．honour B．level C．grant D．diploma 15．A．employment B．experiment C．entertainment D．investment 话题2 个人成长 Passage 1 Jealousy is a motive of immense power. Although you are often 1 aware of being jealous or envious of someone, sometimes the actual reasons for the envy are buried in your unconsciousness and hidden by rationalizations. 2 , what you really value in life is more often revealed by asking yourself who you are jealous of rather than asking yourself directly “what do I value.” The 3 often takes into account what society expects you to value and you are aware only of what you should want 4 what you really want. Envy and jealousy, on the other hand, kick in as a gut reaction (直觉反应) in your emotional system long 5 you become conscious of it. Introspection (反省) which can help one achieve a deeper understanding of emotions is unfashionable in contemporary psychology largely due to the lasting effects of behaviorism. 6 this view, we will argue that introspection can be a valuable source of insights into the internal logic and evolutionary underlying principle of certain complex emotions like envy. Of course, 7 can be rightfully raised against the purely subjective exercise of introspection, which is why it is essential to eventually test these assumptions by using a rigorous scientific approach. But 8 one can have fun speculating (沉思) on possibilities of finding why. What 9 jealousy, beyond the obvious of someone who is better off? And can the functional logic of the causes be explained in evolutionary terms; i.e., what might be their 10 value? Through introspecting on 11 and through informally surveying friends, students, colleagues, etc., we are trying to come up with a reasonable evolutionary scenario (设想). Let’s think about envy, too. The whole purpose of envy is to 12 you to act either by independently trying harder (envy) or by coveting (贪求) and stealing what the other has (jealousy). This is why jealousy has a (n) 13 component, but envy is more positive sometimes even being associated with admiration. In this book, we can show that there is often an evolutionary hidden 14 that drives this human psychological tendency, and makes it comprehensible. Evolution has 15 into you an emotion (jealousy) that is caused by certain very specific “releasers” or social cues, which is largely insensitive to what the other person’s final state of happiness is. 1．A．obviously B．actively C．consciously D．hardly 2．A．Importantly B．Generally C．Certainly D．Ironically 3．A．former B．latter C．above D．below 4．A．other than B．less than C．more than D．rather than 5．A．before B．after C．until D．unless 6．A．Compared to B．In response to C．In line with D．Contrary to 7．A．agreements B．arguments C．doubts D．objections 8．A．luckily B．unfortunately C．meanwhile D．finally 9．A．agrees with B．lies in C．results in D．comes from 10．A．emotion B．survival C．moral D．compulsory 11．A．others B．ourselves C．parents D．superiors 12．A．forbid B．force C．motivate D．bother 13．A．beneficial B．aggressive C．promising D．active 14．A．hint B．enemy C．regulation D．agenda 15．A．programmed B．created C．constructed D．migrated Passage 2 My daughter had just turned five when I took her to go grocery shopping with me one day. There on display was the most beautiful toilet paper she had ever seen, for it was pink. During 1 awareness month, the toilet paper company had made their products pink, with a part of each sale’s profits helping the people in need. And my daughter simply had to have it. She begged with her sweetest pretty pleases. Of course I 2 her request, explaining that it was pink to raise awareness of kindness and that 3 of the money we were paying was going towards helping others. My little girl sat in the cart, holding her package of pink toilet paper. She could not contain her excitement and talked on and on. On the way out, she retold to the cashier everything she could remember about the 4 of the colored toilet paper. Her 5 spread among the other customers, and several more packages went through the checkouts that morning. My daughter carried the tower of toilet paper into the house herself and dragged it upstairs, which was a great 6 considering the package stood as tall as she did. That evening, I walked into the bathroom to find all the rolls 7 stored in the cupboard, in the shape of a lovely castle. She began in all seriousness as she ceremoniously (隆重地) 8 a half used white roll on the holder with a new pink one, “ 9 I use it, I will remember to pray for all those people who are 10 right now.” 1．A．beauty B．charity C．culture D．environment 2．A．put in B．agreed to C．turned down D．responded to 3．A．all B．more C．none D．some 4．A．usage B．price C．meaning D．misunderstanding 5．A．calmness B．confidence C．passion D．patience 6．A．achievement B．expectation C．independence D．responsibility 7．A．neatly B．messily C．casually D．naturally 8．A．combined B．compared C．mixed D．replaced 9．A．In case B．Now that C．Every time D．Even though 10．A．in common B．in silence C．in trouble D．in practice Passage 3 Percival Lugue is an artist in the Philippines. From the age of 5, he has had a ____1____ for collecting toys from fast-food restaurant chains like McDonald’s and home-country favorite Jollibee. Now, the 50-year-old has about 20, 000 toys packed from ____2____ to ceiling in his home and ____3____ a Guinness World Record from 2014, when his collection ____4____ more than 10, 000 items. “The toy is like a storyteller in itself,” said Lugue, explaining his ____5____ while sitting among his toys in his three-story home. “For example, it gives me a glimpse of that ____6____ period when I got it, the story of what’s going on.” he said. Lugue built his home especially to ____7____ his collection. He compares the ____8____ that getting new toys gives him to Christmas morning. He has always played with the toy. But unlike the other kids, who would ____9____ their toys into pieces, even as a child, he took ____10____ care of them and put them on display. While ____11____ purchases brought him most of his toys, some were shared by friends and family. “I would invite my friends to have lunch at McDonald’s and in one sitting I would be able to complete the ____12____ set,” he said. One of his most ____13____ pieces is a “Hetty Spaghetti” figurine, a mascot from the Jollibee chain that his mother gave him in 1988. His dream now is to ____14____ put his collection on display for the public or even open a museum to “give others a chance to ____15____ their own childhood memories.” 1. A. potential B. passion C. mission D. quality 2. A. bedroom B. garden C. floor D. kitchen 3. A. holds B. ruins C. provides D. collects 4. A. filled B. reached C. allowed D. expected 5. A. courage B. chain C. choice D. hobby 6. A. particular B. fragrant C. fragile D. curious 7. A. ship B. blanket C. house D. film 8. A. excitement B. depression C. suspect D. frustration 9. A. set up B. tear up C. use up D. build up 10. A. casual B. good C. slight D. little 11. A. personal B. private C. secret D. legal 12. A. enough B. only C. all D. whole 13. A. shared B. treasured C. wasted D. sacred 14. A. eventually B. constantly C. immediately D. naturally 15. A. melt B. weaken C. revisit D. spill 话题3 研究发现 Passage 1 Our Extraordinary Brains The 1.4-kilogram organ inside each person's head is the most complex part of the human body. This remarkable organ, the brain, not only 1 body movements and shapes people's behavior but also decodes sensory inputs and is the seat of intelligence. These facts have been scientifically proven, but a lot of what we believe about the brain is based on 2 . What percentage of your brain do you actually use? The statistic that has been circulating for about a century is 10 percent, sometimes 20, suggesting that we haven't fully tapped into our full mental 3 . But that is merely a misconception. While our brains do have some reserves, scans have shown that a large portion of our brains are 4 in even the simplest of tasks. If you're artistic, you might   5 that you are mostly drawing upon the right side of your brain. If you're logical, you may have been led to believe you favor your left brain. While both of these hemispheres (脑半球) do exist, one is not considered to be 6 over the other. They are intricately (错综复杂地) connected, with both hemispheres 7 in all mental activities. Parents want “smart” children and perhaps have heard that playing classical music to their unborn child or to their infant increases their chances of being intelligent. However, a (n) 8 analysis of relevant studies fails to establish a direct correlation between brain development and 9 to classical music. Many believe that a person's genes totally determine intelligence. While genetics   10 plays an important role, other factors such as nutrition, education, home environment, and available resources also 11 significantly. The topic of a child's capability to learn multiple languages at the same time has sparked   12 debate. The belief that children will   13 languages and not develop any language properly has been the basis for educational policies for years. 14 to this belief, evidence indicates that young children gain a better knowledge of language structures overall when learning two languages simultaneously. Such myths have persisted for ages, 15 never-ending discussions. Yet one unquestionable truth remains: the brain is truly an amazing organ. 1．A．expands B．initiates C．follows D．reflects 2．A．fiction B．fact C．theory D．statistics 3．A．confusion B．comfort C．capacity D．stability 4．A．engaged B．buried C．wrapped D．absorbed 5．A．guarantee B．indicate C．demonstrate D．assume 6．A．superior B．senior C．dominant D．crucial 7．A．involving B．cooperating C．transforming D．disturbing 8．A．abstract B．comprehensive C．sensitive D．efficient 9．A．exposure B．approach C．objection D．response 10．A．unexpectedly B．exceptionally C．undoubtedly D．continuously 11．A．suffer B．clarify C．contribute D．interact 12．A．outstanding B．considerable C．desperate D．optimistic 13．A．mix up B．give up C．back up D．pick up 14．A．Relevant B．Similar C．Familiar D．Contrary 15．A．submitting B．generating C．indicating D．advocating Passage 2 Taking A Vacation Could Help You Live Longer Thinking about skipping vacation days? Don’t. One of the longest follow-up studies in the world finds vacations can actually prolong your life. And if you think your spin classes (动感单车课程) and clean eating will make up for 1 your dream cruise trip and save you from your jam-packed, hard driving life, think again. An improved, healthier lifestyle doesn’t 2 working too hard and not taking your holidays, University of Helsinki professor Timo Strandberg said Tuesday at the annual European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Congress. “ 3 can be a good way to relieve stress.” The new findings are a part of the Helsinki Businessmen Study, research that for decades has 4 1,222 male executives born between 1919 and 1934. Each had at least one risk factor for heart disease, for example, smoking, 5 , or had high blood pressure. The research, which began in the 1960s, 6 into a longitudinal (纵向的) study and was extended through 2014, focusing in part on how mid-life risk factors can impact the 7 in old age. For the study, the men were split into two groups. In one control group, men lived their lives as they 8 did and did not meet with the study’s investigators. Men in the other group, a(n) 9 group, were given advice on how to improve their health. These men were asked to exercise, improve their diets, reach a healthy weight or stop smoking. At the study’s 15-year check-in, Strandberg found that if their vacations 10 , the men who improved their lifestyles had a 37 percent higher chance of death rate. What is to 11 ? Working too hard, not sleeping enough and not taking enough vacation. While 12 , this new research won’t likely impact most Americans’ vacation habits. Most American workers don’t get that many paid days to begin with. Even if they do have the time, many workers feel they can’t 13 it. Americans have put off vacation because they feel they have too much work to do and too many family 14 . Given that experts find that vacation can help you be more productive when you return to work, maybe it’s time to put forward the request for a few days 15 . 1．A．extending B．postponing C．planning D．locating 2．A．apply for B．sort out C．compensate for D．soak up 3．A．Vacations B．Work-outs C．Outlets D．Adventures 4．A．qualified B．counted C．motivated D．followed 5．A．mood B．gender C．obesity D．diet 6．A．halved B．fell C．evolved D．looked 7．A．perception B．status C．ambition D．well-being 8．A．eventually B．usually C．individually D．attentively 9．A．intervention B．selection C．witness D．supervision 10．A．added up B．faded away C．stood out D．fell short 11．A．emerge B．blame C．escape D．rescue 12．A．dramatic B．ideal C．awkward D．delicate 13．A．exclude B．afford C．involve D．stretch 14．A．operations B．versions C．obligations D．generations 15．A．over B．in C．down D．off Passage 3 The word ‘habits’ gets thrown around a lot.Your doctor encourages you to get into the ‘good habit’ of eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a day; your friend ____1____ their ‘bad habit’ of checking social media before bed; maybe you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they ‘feel ____2____,. But according to psychologists, not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is ____3____ a habit. Some of the situations above are more about goals (what you hope to achieve at some point in the future), ____4____ (your plans for what you’re going to do) and skills (such as being able to hit musical notes consistently), than about habits. ____5____, routines — such as going to the gym regularly — have the ____6____ to become a habit, but it’s not for sure that they will. So, what exactly is a habit? And what does it take to make one that’s ‘good’ or ____7____ one that’s ‘bad’? One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without thinking. Building on that idea, psychologists today say that what makes a habit a habit is that it’s a behaviour that’s started ____8____ by specific cues (提示) in the environment. The pairing between the cue and the action might have begun as ____9____ — that is, done to serve a particular goal or because it’s rewarding, but over time, the association is ____10____ and now it plays out without thought even if the behaviour is no longer pleasurable or desirable. This process of a behaviour in a particular situation starting out as willful but then becoming increasingly automatic through ____11____, has been shown at the level of brain activity. When a behaviour turns into a habit, the brain relies less on goal-directed systems and more on those driving ____12____ action. Or, to put it another way, the decision-making process you once had to ____13____ to perform the behaviour has been bypassed. But what really makes habits so interesting to psychologists and other health professionals is the way they can ____14____ our behaviour for better and worse. The healthy or unhealthy habits you may have can have an outsized influence on the kind of lifestyle you lead, and on your ability to fulfil your longer-tern goals. So, if you’ve formed a number of unhealthy habits, the long-term ____15____ impact could be significant. 1. A. worries about B. takes pride in C. benefits from D. depends on 2. A. exhausting B. worrying C. habitual D. imperfect 3. A. reversely B. alternatively C. necessarily D. academically 4. A. calendars B. intentions C. preferences D. actions 5. A. Still B. Consequently C. Instead D. Therefore 6. A. right B. limit C. advantage D. potential 7. A. define B. break C. form D. have 8. A. barely B. thoroughly C. early D. automatically 9. A. purposeful B. mindless C. temporary D. accidental 10. A. confirmed B. strengthened C. discovered D. approved 11. A. repetition B. struggle C. practice D. selection 12. A. decisive B. positive C. instinctive D. unlawful 13. A. come back B. settle down C. take over D. go through 14. A. control B. change C. interpret D. observe 15. A. indirect B. emotional C. unexpected D. harmful 话题4 社会服务 Passage 1 Foreign aid and NGOs can make things worse when disaster strikes Nearly all of us are collective donors in some sense - when governments send relief to disaster areas, the money they use comes from taxpayers. Many of us are also 1 donors, sending funds directly from our own wallets to charitable organizations. But in the past 10 to 15 years, accusations of 2 relief efforts and unused donations have generated concern among donors. These concerns are not 3 ; large-scale international disaster relief can have drawbacks that range from wasting resources to seriously undermining (削弱) local governments. One of the biggest challenges to disaster relief is coordination (协调). After disaster strikes, immediate necessities are important, but what is the best way to 4 them? Unfortunately, pouring donated items into a disaster area can 5 relief efforts. Their arrival in large numbers can cause “the second disaster”, 6 relief workers with extra responsibilities and taking up precious space. Then there are the consequent effects of 7 for donations for sudden big emergencies. A heartfelt expression of feeling can harm other charitable efforts by redirecting funds. The 2007 economic decline, 8 , hit US charitable giving which didn’t recover until 2014. In such a time of donation 9 , increasing donations to a disaster area can take funds away from other efforts that might be able to use it better. If coordination is good and immediate relief goes well, damaged communities move into the 10 phase. For individuals, this includes returning to work, and recollecting personal networks, all of which require 11 to basic public services. The charitable supply of these services can have 12 consequences. Most philanthropic (慈善的) organizations want to 13 their rebuilding efforts with local workers. This practice is beneficial to a post-disaster economy as it provides a(n) 14 source of wages. But if salaries and work standards of these visiting organizations are higher than those offered in the recovery area, these visitors end up causing an intemal 15 . Top employees are no longer available or willing to work in the public sector. 1．A．individual B．generous C．competent D．cautious 2．A．involuntary B．desperate C．ill-intentioned D．counterproductive 3．A．reasonable B．unfounded C．prompt D．limited 4．A．strike B．secure C．deliver D．pace 5．A．renew B．resist C．demand D．slow 6．A．overloading B．supplying C．charging D．greeting 7．A．votes B．appeals C．pressures D．substitutes 8．A．on the contrary B．as a result C．in the meanwhile D．for example 9．A．fear B．boom C．scarcity D．change 10．A．final B．recovery C．critical D．distinct 11．A．reference B．attention C．access D．favor 12．A．positive B．immediate C．mixed D．uncertain 13．A．staff B．benefit C．replace D．survive 14．A．external B．reliable C．natural D．solid 15．A．weak economy B．unstable community C．class prejudice D．brain drain Passage 2 I was travelling on a bus. The bus was so ____1____ that many people had to stand in the aisle (过道), including me. The people sitting near the windows ____2____ happy faces, while the people seated near the aisle were ____3____ with the standing persons who had to sometimes touch their shoulders. After about two hours, I was feeling extremely ____4____. I tried to balance myself and move the body weight from one leg to the other to feel a little comfortable. I ____5____ sensed a soft hand touching my arm. I thought this man sitting near me must be ____6____ that my body was touching his shoulder. I ____7____ and looked down at him with a questioning expression. The man ____8____ me with a kind smile on his face. He stood up and ____9____ me that I could take his seat for a few minutes. I was very surprised and immediately sat down without wasting a second. He was happily standing in my place and looking around in _____10_____ . Another 20 minutes passed and I stood up and let him take his _____11_____. A person who was seated near the window was watching us. He stood up and _____12_____ his seat to another standing man. Suddenly this game of _____13_____ spread around and almost all standing people could sit for a few minutes. People were talking to each other while _____14_____ the seats. Needless to say, the rest of the journey became quite _____15_____. 1. A. dirty B. crowded C. extra D. dark 2. A. pretended B. preferred C. wore D. stored 3. A. unhappy B. strict C. familiar D. patient 4. A. annoyed B. tired C. frightened D. excited 5. A. suddenly B. actually C. obviously D. extremely 6. A. anxious B. curious C. upset D. confident 7. A. came along B. fell apart C. calmed down D. turned around 8. A. kept up with B. looked up at C. lived up to D. got along with 9. A. promised B. wished C. warned D. told 10. A. shock B. doubt C. amusement D. surprise 11. A. breath B. seat C. flight D. responsibility 12. A. delivered B. returned C. offered D. passed 13. A. exploring B. cheating C. checking D. sharing 14. A. exchanging B. taking C. searching D. holding 15. A. enjoyable B. painful C. boring D. interesting Passage 3 Last month, I opened my banking app, I read through the statement, and I stopped cold: 9.99 for AppleTV+, 12.99 for a fitness app I quit using months ago, $14.99 for extra cloud storage... I suddenly realize how modern consumer life is increasingly dominated by “background spending”: automatic monthly ____1____ for numerous subscriptions of services which should have reduced life’s inconvenience. This spending model turns us into ____2____ consumers, damaging our financial control. We easily forget subscriptions we ____3____ use, like paying for TV apps long after watching just one show. Companies ____4____ this consumer inattention. It’s estimated that our forgotten cancellations can boost a business’ profit by up to 200%. Such an environment encourages price rise, as service providers know customers are often too busy or lazy to cancel unused services. This problem is widespread. A 2021 survey of 2,500 consumers found the average person spends $273 monthly on subscriptions, a 15% ____5____ from 2018. Yet not a single respondent knew their exact spending. Businesses find subscriptions highly ____6____, and offer the promise of “sell once, earn forever” to encourage long-term customer loyalty. While these services have been around for decades, their ____7____ to consumers has grown significantly in recent years, fueled by the popularity of smartphones and the increasing home delivery. Despite the promised ____8____ of these subscriptions, dissatisfaction is growing. A recent study found 40% of consumers believe they have too many subscriptions, and nearly half feel they ____9____ for streaming video, with a third actively planning to cut the expense. _____10_____, people still vastly underestimate their spending. Last year, C + R Research found the actual average monthly spend was 219, which was over 2.5 times higher than 86 that people guessed. To help consumers regain _____11_____, the US Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) has proposed a “click to cancel” policy. This would legally require companies to make _____12_____ a subscription as easy as starting one on the smartphone — no more forcing gym members to cancel in person. Additionally, under this extra consumer protection, businesses would need to remind subscribers annually about their membership before these are _____13_____ renewed. This rule would mean any background spending would be present in your mind at least for one moment a year. If all that doesn’t work, there is another idea: choose an app to _____14_____ your various subscriptions and background spending so you can better control your finances. Oh, wait a minute! I have to remind you that they are _____15_____ services, of course. 1. A. report B. project C. payment D. review 2. A. passive B. subjective C. optimistic D. loyal 3. A. properly B. rarely C. favourably D. individually 4. A. are concerned about B. are curious about C. are open to D. take advantage of 5. A. increase B. decrease C. difference D. share 6. A. concerning B. valuable C. attractive D. competitive 7. A. response B. opportunity C. harm D. access 8. A. aspect B. curiosity C. ease D. prejudice 9. A. overpay B. renew C. upgrade D. subscribe 10. A. Therefore B. Besides C. Contrarily D. However 11. A. confidence B. control C. freedom D. strength 12. A. buying B. ending C. offering D. sharing 13. A. automatically B. formally C. constantly D. completely 14. A. cancel B. monitor C. continue D. share 15. A. excellent B. free C. essential D. chargeable 话题5 科学技术 Passage 1 AI can transform education for the better As students return to classrooms for the new year, it is striking to reflect on how little education has changed in recent decades. The sector remains a digital laggard (落后者). American schools and universities spend 2% and 5% of their budgets, 1 , on technology, compared with 8% for the average American company. When the pandemic forced schools and universities to shut down, the moment for a digital 2 seemed close when the market value of online tutoring providers like Chegg and Byju’s both increased. However, once covid was brought under control, classes continued much as before. If the pandemic couldn’t overcome the education sector’s 3 to digital interruption, can artificial intelligence? ChatGPT-like generative AI, which can converse cleverly on varieties of subjects, certainly 4 . So much so that educationalists began to 5 that students would use it to cheat on essays and homework. Increasingly, however, it is generating excitement as a means to provide 6 tutoring to various students and speed up boring tasks such as marking. Learners, for their part, are 7 the technology. Two-fifths of undergraduates reported using an AI chatbot to help them with their studies. Indeed, the technology’s popularity has raised awkward questions for companies like Chegg, which was losing customers 8 ChatGPT. Yet there are good reasons to believe that education specialists like Chegg who employ AI will eventually 9 generalists such as OpenAI, the maker of ChatGPT. For one, AI chatbots often talk nonsense, an unhelpful trait in an educational context. “Students want content from 10 providers,” argues Kate Edwards, chief pedagogist at Pearson, a textbook publisher. The company has not allowed ChatGPT and other AIs to 11 its material, but has instead used the content to train its own models, which it is embedding into its set of learning apps. 12 , as Chegg’s Mr Rosensweig argues, teaching is not merely about giving students an answer, but about presenting it in a way that helps them learn. Understanding pedagogy (教学法) thus gives education specialists an 13 . Pearson has designed its AI tools to 14 students by breaking complex topics down, testing their understanding and providing quick feedback, says Ms Edwards. Byju’s is incorporating “forgetting curves” for students into the design of its AI tutoring tools, refreshing their memories at personalized 15 . Bringing AI to education will not be easy, but once answers on how to make use of this technology become clearer, such a development will certainly deserve top marks. 1．A．respectively B．appropriately C．totally D．ultimately 2．A．divide B．reverse C．boom D．withdrawal 3．A．tendency B．resistance C．attention D．anxiety 4．A．serve the purpose B．break the ice C．take the initiative D．do some good 5．A．maintain B．panic C．doubt D．wonder 6．A．personalized B．individualistic C．characteristic D．attentive 7．A．attempting B．declining C．opposing D．embracing 8．A．for B．under C．to D．in 9．A．detect B．transform C．overtake D．enhance 10．A．comprehensive B．advanced C．distinguished D．trusted 11．A．give away B．take in C．bring about D．hold up 12．A．By contrast B．Despite this C．What’s more D．As a result 13．A．applause B．edge C．hesitation D．improvement 14．A．convince B．engage C．capture D．challenge 15．A．intervals B．cost C．mercy D．best Passage 2 Deepfake Are Deeply Troubling A recent video on the internet has Coco Lee, who died last year, talking to her fans and saying, “From the moment I left this world, I can always feel your endless love and support.” The video looked 1 , but it was a “deepfake” created by AI. AI has 2 to the point where it has become difficult to distinguish what is real from what isn’t. These types of deepfakes are now all over the internet where we see people, usually celebrities and politicians, saying things which they didn’t really say. One “deepfake” has Taylor Swift 3 a brand of cookware. Some “creative” person used AI to manipulate (操控) her image and 4 to make it appear that she were speaking for the product. But there is a more 5 trend in deepfakes that has become more prevalent (普遍的). As with the Coco Lee deepfake, there are people using AI to “resurrect (复活)” their lost loved ones and 6 them. In one recent high-profile case you’re probably aware of, the famous musician Bao Xiaobo used AI to “resurrect” his daughter, who died at the age of twenty-two. With the technology, he is able to talk to her and ask her questions. Though he knew it was fake, he didn’t 7 because he missed her very much. The 8 consequences of not “letting go” of a loved one can be serious. It may cause a person to live in a fantasy world instead of accepting the healthy and necessary process of grieving and 9 with his or her life. 10 , there is a legal aspect to AI deepfakes which has yet to be thoroughly considered. Can a dead person’s image be manipulated to say things which they didn’t say and wouldn’t have said if they were 11 ? Can a person’s image be copyrighted to prevent this from happening? These are some of the questions that 12 will have to consider, and courts will have to decide. In 1931, the British author Aldous Huxley wrote a novel called Brave New World, which was about a future 13 by technology. In many ways we are living in this “Brave New World” and are 14 our “humanity” with all its faults, virtues and limitations. I’m sorry that Coco Lee is gone, and I’m sorry that Tino Bao’s daughter is gone, but grieving is a part of life, and grief, as they say, is the 15 for love. 1．A．interesting B．affectionate C．joyful D．authentic 2．A．sweated B．certified C．progressed D．reacted 3．A．crafting B．promoting C．sampling D．releasing 4．A．identity B．weight C．mind D．voice 5．A．disturbing B．outstanding C．struggling D．entertaining 6．A．look after B．bring up C．interact with D．benefit from 7．A．regret B．admit C．participate D．care 8．A．ethical B．psychological C．imaginary D．financial 9．A．putting up B．coming down C．moving on D．ending up 10．A．Relatively B．Consequently C．Likely D．Additionally 11．A．conscious B．alive C．present D．mindful 12．A．scientists B．creators C．applicants D．lawmakers 13．A．threatened B．innovated C．inhabited D．dominated 14．A．bombarding B．modifying C．losing D．replacing 15．A．signal B．price C．mission D．foundation Passage 3 Before Yuri Gagarin and that first generation of astronauts breached Earth’s atmosphere to start a new era in space, nobody really knew just how humans would fare, either mentally or physically, in low Earth orbit. In those early days, data was collected from probes and a selection of ___1____, but until that pioneering generation flew, no one could say how astronauts would react. The medical profession is still researching the ____2____ of space on the body today, both when in space and the after-effects upon returning to Earth. Of all the medical ____3____ facing life in space, the most fundamental remains the effects of weightlessness. John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth said that he “found weightlessness to be extremely ____4____”. Ironically for Glenn, it wasn’t until an incident two years after returning from space that a more in-depth level of medical inspection was triggered. When Glenn ____5____ a head injury after a fall in a hotel bathroom, the dizzy spells he was suffering highlighted inner-ear issues he’d sustained while in space. ____6____, they raised further questions about his health and how weightlessness had affected it, such as the strain placed on cardiovascular (心血管的) and circulatory systems. Since the 1960s, studies conducted on those who’ve spent time in space have revealed a whole range of medical ____7____. One paper revealed that on missions lasting six months or longer, an astronaut will experience bone density loss that is ____8____ to several decades of ageing. ____9____ this is one of the reasons why crews on the International Space Station need to exercise for two hours every day. Research has also confirmed changes to vision, a compromised immune system, digestive issues and elevated long-term cancer risks. ____10____ space flight could also lead to cognitive decline, plus the onset of depression and anxiety. However, while Glenn’s bathroom fall ____11____sparked a series of rigorous investigations from ground-based doctors, tracking the health effects of space has moved to the environment that causes them: space itself, and the spacecraft and orbiting platforms where longer-term research can be carried out. In the intervening years, there have been thousands of medical research projects on human health in space. For example, in 1989 two physicians on board Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-34) ____12____ to establish a link between cranial (颅骨的) pressure and motion sickness. In 1995, Mir Principal Expedition 18 saw a joint US-Russian medical research project to investigate the effects of weightlessness. And in 2023, members of Expedition 70 on board the International Space Station ____13____ how weightlessness impacts the neck, shoulders and leg veins. However, regardless of what space has thrown at us then and now, the driving force to overcome any ____14____ medical problem remains unshaken: our existence as a species beyond the day when Earth’s time is finally done, depends upon it. It’s one thing to assemble the hardware to propel humankind to Mars and ____15____ beyond the Red Planet; the state of our health when we arrive is another. 1. A. humans B. animals C. insects D. birds 2. A. effects B. causes C. lives D. secretes 3. A. achievements B. challenges C. anticipations D. temptations 4. A. unpleasant B. ridiculous C. impressive D. enjoyable 5. A. created B. made C. obtained D. sustained 6. A. Finally B. Unusually C. Soon D. Later 7. A. achievements B. treatments C. concerns D. experiments 8. A. necessary B. awkward C. equivalent D. reluctant 9. A. Measuring B. Combatting C. Implying D. Discouraging 10. A. Prolonged B. Exploited C. Triggered D. simulated 11. A. unintentionally B. uncommonly C. unfortunately D. unnecessarily 12. A. applied B. declined C. bothered D. sought 13. A. inquired B. responded C. monitored D. assembled 14. A. illegal B. financial C. potential D. preventive 15. A. immediately B. particularly C. occasionally D. possibly 话题6 社会发展 Passage 1 A new study confirms that technologies installed to remove Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)from drinking water are highly effective at removing other harmful pollutants, such as trihalomethanes (三卤甲烷) and haloacetic acids (卤乙酸).The finding ____1____ the argument for investing in these advanced water treatment systems. PFAS are a class of thousands of ____2____ compounds that do not easily break down in the environment. They are linked to a range of serious ____3____ problems, including various cancers and developmental delays. Their ____4____ presence is a major concern: a 2023 U.S. Geological Survey study estimated that up to 45% of tap water could contain at least one PFAS chemical. So, the systems’ removal of PFAS is of great significance. Additionally, new research from the Environmental Working Group ____5____ other benefits. By analyzing data from 19 water systems that installed PFAS treatment, the study compared ____6____ of disinfection byproducts before and after installation. The results showed a clear reduction: trihalomethanes decreased by an average of 42 percent; haloacetic acids by 50 percent. Long-term ____7____ to these byproducts is linked to certain cancers, and getting rid of them could prevent thousands of illnesses. ____8____ the administration set the first-ever national legal limits on six specific PFAS chemicals in drinking water, requiring that water suppliers meet the standard by 2029. Just like in most cases, application of the rule faces difficulties. While experts confirm wider benefits of the treatment systems, they also note that real-world results can ____9____ due to factors like seasonal differences and diverse sources of pollution. That’s only a minor problem; some major ones await our resolution. There were ____10____ from water suppliers about the huge expected costs of installing these facilities. Afterwards, the Environmental Protection Agency announced in May 2024 that it would ____11____ the rule — set limits to four of the six PFAS and extend the deadline by two years. This ____12____ has created uncertainty in regulation and slowed down action. Besides, a study showed a great ____13____ in adoption — only 7% of the systems are equipped with advanced filtration (过滤) function and they serve fewer than 500 people; in contrast, the rest serve over 100,000 people in rural or ____14____ communities — areas without sufficient financial assistance. The central question now is one of ____15____.Technology exists and offers proven benefits, but do we have the resolve to enact strong policies and ensure financial support? 1. A. contradicts B. involves C. strengthens D. challenges 2. A. long-lasting B. fast-acting C. easily-degraded D. man-made 3. A. security B. health C. environment D. growth 4. A. permanent B. restricted C. temporary D. widespread 5. A. guaranteed B. attained C. revealed D. maximized 6. A. sources B. functions C. categories D. concentrations 7. A. resistance B. solution C. addiction D. exposure 8. A. In response B. By contrast C. After all D. For example 9. A. solidify B. vary C. worsen D. persist 10. A. complaints B. proposals C. comments D. welcomes 11. A. enforce B. revise C. abandon D. tighten 12. A. association B. hesitation C. move D. mess 13. A. conflict B. divide C. unity D. likelihood 14. A. high-population B. large-scale C. under-resourced D. over-developed 15. A. technology B. finance C. efficiency D. commitment Passage 2 In China, no Spring Festival celebration would be 1 without oranges. The sweet fruit not only adorns decorated homes, but also 2 as a good snack for visitors because it peels easily. The popularity of the fruit during the festive season has a long history. As early as the Qing Dynasty, Chinese parents would 3 fruit like oranges, dates (枣子) or persimmons (柿子) beside their children’s pillows, along with red envelopes under the pillow. The tradition was meant to 4 monsters from folk tales. The children would then eat the fruit upon waking up the next morning. There are many 5 for why oranges have come to be considered such a lucky symbol. A major part of that comes from pronunciation. Some say the Mandarin pronunciation of the fruit “ju” sounds like the word for “ji” (good luck). Others 6 its Cantonese pronunciation “gam,” which is the same as the word “gold.” The Chinese are known for a good amount of “luck talk” during Chinese New Year. The practice is believed to be a sign of good 7 for the rest of the year. Other fruit considered auspicious in Chinese culture include the apple, a homophone for “ 8 ” and the lychee, a homophone for “profit.” 9 , of course, is nearly as popular as the orange during the festival. Besides having an auspicious ring to its name, the reddish golden color and round shape of oranges are also 10 seen as symbols of good luck. They’ve even 11 Chinese art lasting thousands of years. The 12 poem The Orange Tree by the Warring States period poet Qu Yuan sings the praises of a young man, with the fruit and tree as its central metaphor. A letter to a friend by Wang Xizhi, 13 by a gift of oranges, remains the great calligrapher’s most famous passages nearly 2,000 years later. Today, the orange is such a popular fruit that people will shell out for the highest quality ones they can find. Meanwhile, the rest looking to buy regular, 14 oranges usually have to deal with demand-driven price rises during Chinese New Year. The fruit has become practically a(an) 15 for the most important holiday in almost every household in China. 1．A．capable B．complete C．complex D．common 2．A．regards B．creates C．serves D．stands 3．A．supply B．place C．carry D．deliver 4．A．set off B．put off C．ward off D．show off 5．A．explanations B．contributions C．conclusions D．occasions 6．A．attach to B．point to C．contribute to D．object to 7．A．attitude B．fortune C．attempt D．benefit 8．A．bonus B．affair C．advance D．safety 9．A．either B．neither C．something D．everything 10．A．barely B．widely C．causally D．necessarily 11．A．blocked B．inspired C．assembled D．approached 12．A．typical B．ancient C．ordinary D．critical 13．A．adapted B．aroused C．accompanied D．assessed 14．A．autonomous B．affordable C．artificial D．apparent 15．A．alternative B．attempt C．base D．necessity Passage 3 On a summer evening, my wife and I were on our way to the grocery store when I noticed a man sitting on the sidewalk. A used advertisement banner (横幅) draped loosely around his waist was his only ___1___in the bad weather. The blank look in his eyes indicated he was possibly incapable of ___2___mental function. We tried asking him a few questions, but he showed no ___3___that he had heard or understood us. “He looks starving. Let’s buy him a loaf of bread, my wife___4___. When we returned, he wasn’t there.____5____,we decided to go home, wondering what to do with the loaf of bread. We'd barely gone a hundred meters when we ____6____him. He was seated with a family of migrant labourers who had camped there. Surprisingly, none of the family members seemed to____7____his presence. In fact, he looked to be quite welcome. Out of curiosity, I stopped my motorcycle and ____8____. It was dinnertime and the family was____9____around an open fire. The man was eating hungrily from a plate—identical to the ones from which the family partook their meals. Even as she roasted more food, the lady watched on the stranger ____10____, making sure that his plate was not____11____.The other members of the family chatted happily as they ate. The family was far from ____12____because they were the people who had no roof over their heads. But they shared what they had, not something they had no ____13____for. Overcome with guilt, we____14____the loaf of bread near the man and rode away, but not before____15____the true meaning of giving and sharing. 1. A. problem B. habit C. protection D. choice 2. A. actual B. optional C. original D. normal 3. A. doubt B. hope C. sign D. fear 4. A. suggested B. admitted C. agreed D. promised 5. A. Relieved B. Inspired C. Excited D. Disappointed 6. A. spotted B. helped C. visited D. followed 7. A. guess B. know C. mind D. remember 8. A. camped B. observed C. searched D. wandered 9. A. gathering B. communicating C. performing D. waiting 10. A. at a loss B. in the long run C. from time to time D. by no means 11. A. broken B. dusty C. wet D. empty 12. A. intelligent B. wealthy C. curious D. unfortunate 13. A. use B. patience C. responsibilities D. expectations 14. A. picked up B. checked out C. showed off D. put down 15. A. explaining B. learning C. forgetting D. assuming 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $考前押题06 完形填空题 话题1 环境保护 话题4 社会服务 话题2 个人成长 话题5 科学技术 话题3 研究发现 话题6 社会发展 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 话题1 环境保护 Passage 1 Methane (甲烷) is a greenhouse gas. Over 20 years it has over 80 times the planet-cooking power of carbon dioxide, and is 1 for nearly 45%of warming today. Because methane is the main 2 of natural gas, much of man-made emissions comes from the energy industry. Yet because it is short-lived, controlling methane offers the world its best possible chance for 3 progress against climate change. As COP28, the UN’s climate summit, gets 4 in Dubai, it is greatly encouraging, therefore, that the chances of such a deal on methane are good. Negotiators must 5 at a rare opportunity to strike one. The reason a deal looks possible is that the politics are promising in all the biggest markets. China has recently announced that it will start including methane in its national climate plans. America will soon finalize regulations to 6 methane emissions from its huge oil and gas sector, including measures that cover leaky pipelines and storage. And the European Union has also agreed on tough methane standards, covering both domestic sources and 7 fossil fuels. 8 are helping, too. A range of new technologies for monitoring methane will help 9 large sources of emissions from the energy industry. Because oil and gas firms can often sell methane (rather than wastefully burning or releasing it), many investment s to avoid 10 will pay for themselves. Most firms do not invest because of the trouble, higher returns on other projects, or wells’ distance from consumers. Whatever the reason, they suffer no 11 for adding needlessly to global warming. Since green-washing, the process of conveying a false impression about how some products or measures are environmentally sound, is quite common, if a global methane deal is to be more than that, 12 , it will need rigour (缜密). Methane-control seemed to 13 at the UN climate summit in Glasgow two years ago, when negotiators 14 came up with a proposal to cut emissions by 30% by 2030．Yet the deal was voluntary, and had no enforcement mechanisms (机制); emissions have since 15 . An agreement this time round must link promises to national climate plans and, crucially, to domestic enforcement mechanisms. 1．A．powerful B．noticeable C．responsible D．possible 2．A．cause B．ingredient C．agent D．consequence 3．A．quick B．economic C．original D．national 4．A．under way B．in the making C．on board D．to the point 5．A．stare B．point C．come D．leap 6．A．increase B．stabilize C．reduce D．balance 7．A．imported B．localized C．exported D．globalized 8．A．Revolutions B．Evolutions C．Resolutions D．Innovations 9．A．create B．activate C．decrease D．spot 10．A．disasters B．delays C．emissions D．examinations 11．A．loss B．punishment C．abuse D．defeat 12．A．however B．therefore C．further D．once 13．A．pay off B．make out C．run out D．take off 14．A．noisily B．admittedly C．reluctantly D．accidentally 15．A．declined B．disappeared C．swung D．risen 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．A 5．D 6．C 7．A 8．D 9．D 10．C 11．B 12．B 13．D 14．A 15．D 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了世界必须采取措施来控制甲烷。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在20年的时间里，它的加热能力是二氧化碳的80倍以上，并且对今天近45%的变暖负有责任。A. powerful有力量的；B. noticeable显而易见的；C. responsible负责任的；D. possible可能的。根据上文“Over 20 years it has over 80 times the planet-cooking power of carbon dioxide”可知，甲烷对今天近45%的变暖负有责任。故选C项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为天然气的主要组成部分，能源行业是人为甲烷排放的主要来源。 A. cause原因；B. ingredient成分；C. agent代理人；D. consequence结果。根据空后“of natural gas, much of man-made emissions comes from the energy industry”及常识可知，天然气的主要组成是甲烷。故选B项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，甲烷的寿命较短，因此控制甲烷排放成为全球迅速应对气候变化的最佳途径。A. quick快速的；B. economic经济的；C. original原始的；D. national国家的。根据上文“Yet because it is short-lived, controlling methane offers the world its best possible chance”可知，控制甲烷排放成为全球迅速应对气候变化的最佳途径。故选A项。 4．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：随着联合国气候峰会（COP28）在迪拜的召开，有关甲烷的协议达成的可能性很大，这是一个令人鼓舞的迹象。 A. under way进行中；B. in the making正在形成中；C. on board在船上；D. to the point切题。根据上文“As COP28, the UN’s climate summit”可知，联合国气候峰会（COP28）在迪拜的召开。故选A项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：谈判者必须把握这一难得的机会。 A. stare盯着；B. point指向；C. come来；D. leap赶紧抓住（机会）。根据上文“the chances of such a deal on methane are good”可知，机会难得，要抓住。固定搭配leap at“迅速抓住（机会、机遇等）”。故选D项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国即将完成旨在减少其庞大石油和天然气行业甲烷排放的规定，包括对泄漏的管道和储存设施的控制措施。A. increase增加；B. stabilize稳固；C. reduce减少；D. balance平衡。根据下文“including measures that cover leaky pipelines and storage”可知，美国即将完成旨在减少其庞大石油和天然气行业甲烷排放的规定。故选C项。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同时，欧盟也制定了严格的甲烷标准，覆盖国内和进口化石燃料。 A. imported进口的；B. localized局部的；C. exported出口的；D. globalized使全球化的。根据上文“domestic sources”可知，与国内相对应的是进口燃料。故选A项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：创新技术的应用也在起到作用。 A. Revolutions革命；B. Evolutions进化；C. Resolutions决议；D. Innovations创新。根据下文“A range of new technologies”可知，创新技术也起了作用。故选D项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一系列监测甲烷的新技术将有助于发现能源工业的大型排放源。A. create创造；B. activate激活；C. decrease减少；D. spot发现。根据上文“monitoring methane”可知，测甲烷的新技术将有助于发现能源工业的大型排放源。故选D项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于石油和天然气公司可以销售甲烷（而非浪费性地燃烧或排放），许多减排投资能够自负盈亏。A. disasters灾难；B. delays拖延；C. emissions排放；D. examinations考试。根据上文“releasing it”可知，许多减排投资能够自负盈亏。故选C项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不管原因如何，他们对无谓加剧全球变暖的行为并未受到惩罚。A. loss丢失；B. punishment惩罚；C. abuse虐待，凌辱；D. defeat打败。根据上文“Most firms do not invest because of the trouble, higher returns on other projects, or wells’ distance from consumers.”可知，他们没有受到惩罚。故选B项。 12．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，要确保全球甲烷协议不仅仅是表面的环保措施，它必须具备严谨性。A. however然而；B. therefore因此；C. further进一步；D. once曾经。根据句意可知，前后句为因果关系。故选B项。 13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：甲烷控制似乎在两年前的格拉斯哥联合国气候峰会上开始起步，当时谈判代表们吵吵嚷嚷地提出了到2030年将排放量减少30%的建议。 A. pay off回报；B. make out弄清楚；C. run out耗尽；D. take off起飞，脱下。根据下文“when negotiators  ____14____  came up with a proposal to cut emissions by 30% by 2030.”可知，甲烷控制似乎在两年前的格拉斯哥联合国气候峰会上开始起步。故选D项。 14．考查副词词义辨析。句意：甲烷控制似乎在两年前的格拉斯哥联合国气候峰会上开始起步，当时谈判代表们吵吵嚷嚷地提出了到2030年将排放量减少30%的建议。A. noisily吵闹地；B. admittedly不可否认地；C. reluctantly勉强地；D. accidentally 意外地。联合国气候峰会来自不同的国家，国情完全不同，所以达成一致较为困难，无所以是吵吵嚷嚷地提出了到2030年将排放量减少30%的建议。故选A项。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，该协议是自愿的，没有执行机制；自那以后排放量增加了。A. declined拒绝；B. disappeared 消失；C. swung摆动；D. risen上涨。根据上文“had no enforcement mechanisms  (机制)”可知，缺乏执行机制导致放量反而有所上升。故选D项。 Passage 2 Throughout history, many lives have been lost at the hands of severe weather. Meteorologists (气象学家) and scientists alike are always investigating new ways to increase the warning time for storms, with the hope of reducing the 1 of lives. In the past few decades, local weather radar advancements have been made, which allow for better accuracy in 2 the paths of storms. Meteorologists and scientists have been able to successfully track severe thunderstorms and possible tornadoes by using an advanced tracking system called NEXRAD (Next-Generation Radar). NEXRAD is a tracking network 3 158 Doppler weather radars. And during a storm this high-resolution computerized 4 takes readings on the amount of precipitation (降水) in the air, the movements in the clouds, and the wind speeds. These 5 are bounced back to a local weather computer, and a colorful image appears on the screen,giving meteorologists a clear picture of what kind of weather is on the horizon. This final image is what you see when the meteorologist breaks in with severe weather reports and warnings. 6 , on your television screen you will see a computer animated image of the approaching storm. If the storm is severe enough, then the National Weather Service (NWS) will 7 severe weather reports of severe thunderstorm warnings for your area. 8 , the storm captured on the radar will have produced strong readable winds, detectable lightning, and some hail (冰雹). Paying attention to the weather map is 9 when severe weather is around. On the television screen you will see several colors on the precipitation map, 10 from blue (the lightest) to black (the heaviest). If the colors for your 11 area are yellow, take caution. If the colors range between orange and red, take cover immediately, as damaging winds and dangerous lightning have been reported. When local weather radar in Atlanta, Georgia reported high winds, circular wind patterns and large hail earlier this year, the National Weather Service issued a tornado 12 . Meteorologists in the area used the collected data to predict what path the storm would take, 13 which areas needed to be warned. Thanks to this technology, most residents received the severe weather reports early enough to seek 14 before the storm hit. Paying attention to your 15 weather source during severe weather plays a vital role in your safety. 1．A．loss B．increase C．protection D．value 2．A．changing B．controlling C．predicting D．guiding 3．A．faced with B．exposed to C．involved in D．made up of 4．A．structure B．system C．mode D．style 5．A．figures B．data C．readings D．statistics 6．A．Most likely B．Most evidently C．Most interestingly D．Most importantly 7．A．decide B．estimate C．handle D．issue 8．A．By the way B．In that case C．To some extent D．On the contrary 9．A．vital B．reasonable C．normal D．available 10．A．expanding B．spreading C．ranging D．extending 11．A．proper B．specific C．typical D．regular 12．A．process   B．threat C．warning D．sign 13．A．indicating B．recognizing C．covering D．recommending 14．A．rescue B．residence C．support D．shelter 15．A．local B．international C．nationwide D．neighborhood 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 5．C 6．A 7．D 8．B 9．A 10．C 11．B 12．C 13．A 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是说明文。气象学家和科学家们一直在研究增加天气预警时间的新方法，以期减少生命损失。天气雷达技术的进步，尤其是NEXRAD这种雷达体系，能够更准确及时地预报不同程度的天气状况，进而给人们警告，让人们采取适当的防范措施。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：气象学家和科学家们一直在研究增加风暴预警时间的新方法，以期减少生命损失。A. loss 失去；B. increase 增长；C. protection 保护；D. value 价值。根据上文“Throughout history, many lives have been lost at the hands of severe weather.”可知，历史上，许多人死于恶劣天气。结合此句句意，科学家应该是研究新方法减少生命的损失，故选A。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在过去的几十年里，当地的天气雷达已经取得了进步，这使得预报风暴路径的精确度更高。A. changing 改变；B. controlling 控制；C. predicting 预测；D. guiding 指导。根据前文“In the past few decades, local weather radar advancements have been made”可知，天气雷达技术已经取得了进步，所以“预报”的精确度更高，故选C。 3．考查动词短语辨析。句意：NEXRAD是一个由158个多普勒天气雷达组成的跟踪网络。A. faced with 面对；B. exposed to 暴露；C. involved in 包含在……，与……有关；D. made up of 组成。分析句子结构可知，此空是过去分词作a tracking network的后置定语，结合空后“158 Doppler weather radars.”以及选项可知，此处表示“一个由158个多普勒天气雷达组成的跟踪网络 ”。故选D。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在暴风雨中，这个高分辨率的计算机系统读取空气中的降水量、云层的运动和风速。A. structure 结构；B. system 体系；C. mode 方式，风格；D. style 方式，样式。上文“eteorologists and scientists have been able to successfully track severe thunderstorms and possible tornadoes by using an advanced tracking system called NEXRAD (Next-Generation Radar).”提到了使用这种被称作NEXRAD的先进的追踪系统，用这个系统，气象学家和科学家已经能够成功地跟踪严重的雷暴和可能的龙卷风，所以此处指的就是这个系统。故选B。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些读数被传回当地的气象计算机，屏幕上会出现一幅彩色图像，让气象学家清楚地了解地平线上的天气情况。A. figures 数字；B. data 数据；C. readings 读数；D. statistics 统计数字。上文“And during a storm this high-resolution computerized　　　4　　　takes readings on the amount of precipitation (降水) in the air, the movements in the clouds, and the wind speeds.”提到这种体系读取空气中的降水量、云层的运动和风速这些数据，所以此处指的就是把这些传回当地的气象计算机的读数。故选C。 6．考查副词短语辨析。句意：很有可能，在你的电视屏幕上，你会看到电脑模拟的未来风暴的图像。A. Most likely 很有可能地；B. Most evidently 最明显地；C. Most interestingly 最有趣地；D. Most importantly 最重要地。副词修饰整句话，根据后文“on your television screen you will see a computer animated image of the approaching storm.”和选项，可知此处表示的是，很有可能，你会在电视上看到电脑模拟的天气图像。故选A。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果风暴足够严重，那么国家气象局（NWS）将为你所在地区发布严重雷暴警告的恶劣天气报告。A. decide 决定；B. estimate 估计；C. handle 处理；D. issue 宣布；公布。根据后文“severe weather reports of severe thunderstorm warnings for your area.”可知，此处表示有很严重风暴时，国家气象局会“发布”恶劣天气报告，故选D。 8．考查介词短语辨析。句意：如果这样的话，雷达捕捉到的风暴将产生强大的可读数的风、可探测的闪电和一些冰雹。A. By the way 顺便说；B. In that case 在那种情况下；如果这样的话；C. To some extent 在某种程度上；D. On the contrary 正相反。根据上文“If the storm is severe enough, then the National Weather Service (NWS) will 　　　7　　　severe weather reports of severe thunderstorm warnings for your area.”可知，雷达可以监测风暴情况，如果有严重的风暴，国家气象局就会发布严重风暴的天气报告，如果这样的话，这些报告会预测风暴将会引起怎样的风以及闪电，也就是通过雷达技术，会预测到风暴会产生的强风的风力和风速（就是readable winds可读数的风，也就是可测风力和风向的风)和闪电（就是detectable lightning可检测的闪电）。故选B。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当恶劣天气来临时，注意天气图是至关重要的。A. vital 重要的；B. reasonable 合理的；C. normal 正常的；D. available 可使用的，有空的。根据前文“Paying attention to the weather map”以及后文“when severe weather is around.”可知，严重风暴来临时，注意天气图是至关重要的，这会让你清楚风暴的具体情况，进而做出合适的应对。故选A。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在电视屏幕上，你会看到降水图上有几种颜色，从蓝色（最轻）到黑色（最重）。A. expanding 扩大，增加；B. spreading 展开，打开；C. ranging (在一定的范围内)变化，变动；D. extending 延伸。根据前文“you will see several colors on the precipitation map”，以及空后“from blue (the lightest) to black (the heaviest)”可知，此处表示的是这些颜色的变化范围。故选C。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果你所在的特定区域的颜色是黄色，请小心。A. proper 合适的；B. specific 特定的；C. typical 典型的；D. regular 规则的，定期的。根据后文“area are yellow, take caution.”可知，此处表示的是你所在的特定区域。故选B。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：今年早些时候，当乔治亚州亚特兰大的当地天气雷达报告有强风、环形风和大冰雹时，国家气象局发布了龙卷风警报。A. process 过程；B. threat 威胁；C. warning 警告；D. sign 签名。根据下文“Meteorologists in the area used the collected data to predict what path the storm would take, 　　　13　　　which areas needed to be warned.”可知，该地区的气象学家利用收集到的数据来预测风暴的路径，然后发出警告。故选C项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该地区的气象学家利用收集到的数据来预测风暴将经过的路径，指出哪些地区需要预警。A. indicating 表明，指出；B. recognizing 认出，识别；C. covering覆盖；D. recommending 推荐。根据空前“Meteorologists in the area used the collected data to predict what path the storm would take”可知，该地区的气象学家预测风暴将经过的路径，这样就可以指出哪些地区需要预警，故选A。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：多亏了这项技术，大多数居民提前收到恶劣天气报告，以便在风暴来袭前找到避难所。A. rescue 营救；B. residence 住所；C. support 支持；D. shelter 避难处，住处。根据句意可知，此处表示多亏了这项技术，大多数居民提前收到恶劣天气报告，这样就可以在风暴来袭之前找到“避难所”。故选D。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在恶劣天气期间，注意当地的天气来源对您的安全起着至关重要的作用。A. local 当地的；B. international 国际的；C. nationwide 全国范围的；D. neighborhood街坊。根据前文“Thanks to this technology, most residents received the severe weather reports early enough to seek　　　14　　　before the storm hit.”可知，多亏了这项技术，大多数居民提前收到恶劣天气报告，这样就可以在风暴来袭之前找到“避难所”，所以应是注意当地的天气来源。故选A项。 Passage 3 The East African country of Kenya has been at the forefront of the global war on plastic since 2017, when officials banned plastic bags. In June 2020, the government 1 the efforts with a ban on single-use plastics in protected areas. Unfortunately, the measures have 2 made any impact. Hundreds of tons of industrial and consumer polymer (聚合物) waste continue to get 3 into landfills daily. However, if 29-year-old Nzambi Matee has her way, the unpleasant plastic 4 will soon be transformed into colourful bricks. The material engineer’s search to find a (n) 5 solution to control plastic pollution began in 2017. She quit her job as a data analyst at a local chemical factory and set up a small lab in her mother’s backyard. It took her nine months to produce the first brick and even longer to 6 a partner to help build the machinery to make them. But the determined eco-entrepreneur was confident in her idea and did not 7 . She says, “I wanted to use my education in applied physics and material engineering to do something about the problem of plastic waste pollution. But I was very 8 that the solution had to be practical, sustainable, and affordable. The best way to do this was by 9 the waste into the construction and finding the most efficient and affordable material to build homes.” Her company, Gjenge Makers, now hires 112 people and produces over 1,500 bricks a day. The pavers (铺路材料) are made using a mix of plastic products that cannot be reprocessed or recycled. The polymer is obtained 10 from factories or picked by hired locals from Nairobi’s largest landfill, Dandora. The collected plastic is 11 with sand, heated at very high temperatures, and compressed into bricks that vary in colour and thickness. The 12 product is stronger, lighter, and about 30 percent cheaper than concrete bricks. Matee, who was recently 13 as one of the Young Champions of the Earth 2020 — the United Nations’ highest environmental 14 . Her dream is to reduce the mountain of trash in Dandora to just a hill by increasing production and expanding her offerings. She says, “The more we recycle the plastic, the more we produce affordable housing, and the more we create 15 for the youth.” 1．A．modified B．glorified C．intensified D．justified 2．A．equally B．nearly C．mildly D．barely 3．A．dumped B．turned C．loaded D．leaked 4．A．modes B．ports C．heaps D．costumes 5．A．personal B．feasible C．orderly D．adjustable 6．A．remind B．assure C．convince D．direct 7．A．get off B．give up C．show off D．put out 8．A．clear B．fair C．bold D．mature 9．A．enclosing B．distributing C．reversing D．channelling 10．A．distantly B．openly C．directly D．secretly 11．A．replaced B．mixed C．equipped D．fixed 12．A．reforming B．resulting C．recovering D．recording 13．A．defended B．criticized C．claimed D．recognized 14．A．honour B．level C．grant D．diploma 15．A．employment B．experiment C．entertainment D．investment 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．B 6．C 7．B 8．A 9．D 10．C 11．B 12．B 13．D 14．A 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了材料工程师Nzambi Matee通过自己的努力解决塑料垃圾污染问题。 1．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：2020年6月，政府通过在保护区禁止一次性塑料来加强这些努力。A. modified修改；B. glorified赞美；C. intensified加强；D. justified证明合理。根据上文“The East African country of Kenya has been at the forefront of the global war on plastic since 2017”以及语境可知，这是对2017年禁令的进一步加强。故选C项。 2．考查副词词义辨析。 句意：不幸的是，这些措施几乎没有产生任何影响。A. equally平等地；B. nearly几乎；C. mildly温和地；D. barely几乎不。根据上文“unfortunately”及“Hundreds of tons of industrial and consumer polymer (聚合物) waste continue to”可知，这里指禁令几乎没有效果。故选D项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：每天仍有数百吨工业和消费聚合物垃圾被倾倒进垃圾填埋场。A. dumped倾倒；B. turned转变；C. loaded装载；D. leaked泄漏。根据“waste”以及语境可知，这里的废弃物应该是被倾倒，被扔掉。dumped into landfills，表示“倾倒进填埋场”，符合垃圾处理语境。故选A项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：然而，如果29岁的Nzambi Matee能如愿以偿，这些令人不快的塑料堆很快将被转化为彩色砖块。A. modes模式；B. ports港口；C. heaps堆；D. costumes服装。根据上文“into landfills daily”可知，这里是很多废弃物倾倒之后变成垃圾堆。plastic heaps，指“塑料垃圾堆”，与后文“mountain of trash”呼应。故选C项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：这位材料工程师从517年开始寻找可行的解决方案来控制塑料污染。A. personal个人的；B. feasible可行的；C. orderly有序的；D. adjustable可调节的。根据下文“practical, sustainable, and affordable”可知，这里指她寻求的是可行的方法。故选B项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：她花了九个月时间生产出第一块砖，甚至花了更长时间说服一个合作伙伴帮助制造生产这些砖的机器。A. remind提醒；B. assure确保；C. convince说服；D. direct指导。根据下文“a partner to help build the machinery to make them”以及语境可知，这里指她需说服合作伙伴相信其想法，convince符合“说服某人做某事”的语境。故选C项。 7．考查动词短语辨析。 句意：但这位坚定的环保企业家对自己的想法充满信心，没有放弃。A. get off下车；B. give up放弃；C. show off炫耀；D. put out扑灭。根据上文“determined”和“confident”以及语境可知，这里指她很坚定，未放弃自己的梦想。故选B项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：但我很清楚，解决方案必须实用、可持续且负担得起。A. clear清楚的；B. fair公平的；C. bold大胆的；D. mature成熟的。根据文章语境以及下文的“practical, sustainable, and affordable”可知，这一方案必须切实可行，可持续，负担得起才能真正达到环保的目的，因此她的目标是非常清晰的。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：最好的方法是将废物引入建筑领域，并找到最有效和实惠的材料来建造房屋。A. enclosing包围；B. distributing分配；C. reversing逆转；D. channelling引导。根据上文“It took her nine months to produce the first brick”以及语境可知，这一方案是将废弃物转变成可用砖块，channelling waste into construction，指“将废物引入建筑领域”，体现材料再利用。故选D项。 10．考查副词词义辨析。 句意：聚合物直接从工厂获得，或由雇佣的当地人从内罗毕最大的垃圾填埋场丹多拉捡拾。A. distantly遥远地；B. openly公开地；C. directly直接地；D. secretly秘密地。根据下文“picked by hired locals from Nairobi’s largest landfill”可知，两种方式是并列关系，后者通过被雇佣者经过垃圾分拣之后间接得到，则前者则是直接从工厂废弃物中获得。“directly from factories”表示“直接从工厂获取”，与“picked from landfill”形成获取途径对比。故选C项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：收集的塑料与沙子混合，在高温下加热，然后压缩成颜色和厚度不同的砖块。A. replaced替换；B. mixed混合；C. equipped装备；D. fixed固定。根据下文“compressed into bricks”可知，这里是指将沙子和废弃物混合然后压缩，mixed with sand，表示“与沙子混合”，是制作砖块的步骤。故选B项。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：最终的产品比混凝土砖更坚固、更轻，价格便宜约30%。A. reforming改革的；B. resulting最终的；C. recovering恢复的；D. recording记录的。根据上文“heated at very high temperatures, and compressed into bricks that vary in colour and thickness”可知，这里指经过一定的工序之后得到砖块。resulting product，指“最终产品”，即加工后的塑料砖。故选B项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：Matee最近被认定为2020 年“地球青年卫士” 之一 —— 联合国最高环境荣誉。A. defended辩护；B. criticized批评；C. claimed声称；D. recognized认定。根据短语be recognized as意为“被评定为…”以及下文“as one of the Young Champions of the Earth 2020”可知，这里指Matee被评为地球青年。故选D项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：Matee最近被认定为 2020 年“地球青年卫士”之一 —— 联合国最高环境荣誉。A. honour荣誉；B. level水平；C. grant拨款；D. diploma文凭。根据上文“Young Champions of the Earth”以及语境可知，这是联合国的环境荣誉奖项。故选A项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：我们回收的塑料越多，就能生产越多经济适用房，为年轻人创造越多就业机会。A. employment就业；B. experiment实验；C. entertainment娱乐；D. investment投资。根据上文“hires 112 people”以及语境可知，这里指她的企业创造了就业机会。故选A项。 话题2 个人成长 Passage 1 Jealousy is a motive of immense power. Although you are often 1 aware of being jealous or envious of someone, sometimes the actual reasons for the envy are buried in your unconsciousness and hidden by rationalizations. 2 , what you really value in life is more often revealed by asking yourself who you are jealous of rather than asking yourself directly “what do I value.” The 3 often takes into account what society expects you to value and you are aware only of what you should want 4 what you really want. Envy and jealousy, on the other hand, kick in as a gut reaction (直觉反应) in your emotional system long 5 you become conscious of it. Introspection (反省) which can help one achieve a deeper understanding of emotions is unfashionable in contemporary psychology largely due to the lasting effects of behaviorism. 6 this view, we will argue that introspection can be a valuable source of insights into the internal logic and evolutionary underlying principle of certain complex emotions like envy. Of course, 7 can be rightfully raised against the purely subjective exercise of introspection, which is why it is essential to eventually test these assumptions by using a rigorous scientific approach. But 8 one can have fun speculating (沉思) on possibilities of finding why. What 9 jealousy, beyond the obvious of someone who is better off? And can the functional logic of the causes be explained in evolutionary terms; i.e., what might be their 10 value? Through introspecting on 11 and through informally surveying friends, students, colleagues, etc., we are trying to come up with a reasonable evolutionary scenario (设想). Let’s think about envy, too. The whole purpose of envy is to 12 you to act either by independently trying harder (envy) or by coveting (贪求) and stealing what the other has (jealousy). This is why jealousy has a (n) 13 component, but envy is more positive sometimes even being associated with admiration. In this book, we can show that there is often an evolutionary hidden 14 that drives this human psychological tendency, and makes it comprehensible. Evolution has 15 into you an emotion (jealousy) that is caused by certain very specific “releasers” or social cues, which is largely insensitive to what the other person’s final state of happiness is. 1．A．obviously B．actively C．consciously D．hardly 2．A．Importantly B．Generally C．Certainly D．Ironically 3．A．former B．latter C．above D．below 4．A．other than B．less than C．more than D．rather than 5．A．before B．after C．until D．unless 6．A．Compared to B．In response to C．In line with D．Contrary to 7．A．agreements B．arguments C．doubts D．objections 8．A．luckily B．unfortunately C．meanwhile D．finally 9．A．agrees with B．lies in C．results in D．comes from 10．A．emotion B．survival C．moral D．compulsory 11．A．others B．ourselves C．parents D．superiors 12．A．forbid B．force C．motivate D．bother 13．A．beneficial B．aggressive C．promising D．active 14．A．hint B．enemy C．regulation D．agenda 15．A．programmed B．created C．constructed D．migrated 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D 5．A 6．D 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．B 11．B 12．C 13．B 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了嫉妒是什么以及嫉妒产生的原因。 1．考查副词词义辨析。句意：虽然你经常有意识地意识到嫉妒或嫉妒某人，但有时嫉妒的真正原因被埋在你的无意识中，被合理化所掩盖。A. obviously显然；B. actively积极地；C. consciously有意识地；D. hardly几乎不。根据上文“Although”和下文“sometimes the actual reasons for the envy are buried in your unconsciousness and hidden by rationalizations”可知，句子表示“虽然你经常有意识地意识到嫉妒或嫉妒某人，但有时嫉妒的真正原因被埋在你的无意识中，被合理化所掩盖”。故选C。 2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：讽刺的是，你在生活中真正看重的往往是问自己嫉妒谁，而不是直接问自己“我看重什么”。A. Importantly重要的是；B. Generally普遍地；C. Certainly当然；D. Ironically讽刺的是。根据下文“what you really value in life is more often revealed by asking yourself who you are jealous of rather than asking yourself directly “what do I value.””可知，句子表示“讽刺的是，你在生活中真正看重的往往是问自己嫉妒谁，而不是直接问自己“我看重什么””。故选D。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：后者通常会考虑到社会对你的期望，你只知道你应该想要什么，而不是你真正想要什么。A. former(两者中)前者的；B. latter(两者之中的)后者的；C. above上述的；D. below在下面。根据下文“what you really value in life is more often revealed by asking yourself who you are jealous of rather than asking yourself directly “what do I value.””可知，后者通常会考虑到社会对你的期望，你只知道你应该想要什么，而不是你真正想要什么。故选B。 4．考查介词短语辨析。句意：后者通常会考虑到社会对你的期望，你只知道你应该想要什么，而不是你真正想要什么。A. other than除了；B. less than少于；C. more than多于；D. rather than而不是。根据上文“what society expects you to value and you are aware only of what you should want”和下文“what you really want”可知，后者通常会考虑到社会对你的期望，你只知道你应该想要什么，而不是你真正想要什么。故选D。 5．考查连接词词义辨析。句意：另一方面，在你意识到之前，羡慕和嫉妒就会作为一种本能反应在你的情感系统中发挥作用。A. before在……之前；B. after在……之后；C. until直到；D. unless除非。根据上文“kick in as a gut reaction (直觉反应) in your emotional system”和下文“you become conscious of it”可知，在你意识到之前，羡慕和嫉妒就会作为一种本能反应在你的情感系统中发挥作用。故选A。 6．考查介词短语辨析。句意：与这种观点相反，我们认为内省可以成为洞察某些复杂情绪（如嫉妒）的内在逻辑和进化基本原理的宝贵来源。A. Compared to与……相比；B. In response to作为回应；C. In line with与……一致；D. Contrary to与……相反。根据下文“we will argue that introspection can be a valuable source of insights into the internal logic and evolutionary underlying principle of certain complex emotions like envy”可知，句子表示“与这种观点相反，我们认为内省可以成为洞察某些复杂情绪（如嫉妒）的内在逻辑和进化基本原理的宝贵来源”。故选D。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当然，对纯粹主观的内省练习提出反对意见是合理的，这就是为什么必须使用严格的科学方法最终检验这些假设。A. agreements协定；B. arguments争论；C. doubts怀疑；D. objections反对。根据下文“against the purely subjective exercise of introspection, which is why it is essential to eventually test these assumptions by using a rigorous scientific approach”可知，此处表示“对纯粹主观的内省练习提出反对意见是合理的”。故选D。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但幸运的是，人们可以从猜测找到原因的可能性中获得乐趣。A. luckily幸运的是；B. unfortunately不幸的是；C. meanwhile同时；D. finally最后。根据下文“one can have fun speculating (沉思) on possibilities of finding why”可知，此处表示“幸运的是，人们可以从猜测找到原因的可能性中获得乐趣”。故选A。 9．考查动词短语辨析。句意：除了显而易见的某人过得更好之外，是什么导致了嫉妒？A. agrees with同意；B. lies in在于；C. results in导致；D. comes from来自。根据下文“beyond the obvious of someone who is better off”可知，句子表示“除了显而易见的某人过得更好之外，是什么导致了嫉妒”。故选C。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些原因的功能逻辑是否能用进化论的术语来解释？也就是说，它们的生存价值是什么？A. emotion情绪；B. survival生存；C. moral道德准则；D. compulsory规定动作。根据上文“evolutionary terms”可知，句子表示“这些原因的功能逻辑是否能用进化论的术语来解释？也就是说，它们的生存价值是什么？”故选B。 11．考查代词和名词词义辨析。句意：通过自我反省，通过非正式地调查朋友、学生、同事等，我们试图提出一个合理的进化方案。A. others其他人；B. ourselves我们自己；C. parents父母；D. superiors上级。根据下文“and through informally surveying friends, students, colleagues”可知，句子表示“通过自我反省，通过非正式地调查朋友、学生、同事等，我们试图提出一个合理的进化方案”。故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：嫉妒的全部目的是激励你采取行动，要么更努力地独立努力（嫉妒），要么觊觎和窃取他人拥有的东西（嫉妒）。A. forbid禁止；B. force强迫；C. motivate激励；D. bother打扰。根据下文“to act either by independently trying harder (envy) or by coveting (贪求) and stealing what the other has (jealousy)”可知，嫉妒的全部目的是激励你采取行动。故选C。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这就是为什么嫉妒有侵略性的成分，但嫉妒有时更积极，甚至与钦佩联系在一起。A. beneficial有益的；B. aggressive侵略性的；C. promising有前途的；D. active积极的。根据下文“but envy is more positive sometimes even being associated with admiration”可知，句子表示“这就是为什么嫉妒有侵略性的成分，但嫉妒有时更积极，甚至与钦佩联系在一起”。故选B。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这本书中，我们可以表明，推动这种人类心理倾向的往往是一种进化的隐藏议程，并使其易于理解。A. hint暗示；B. enemy敌人；C. regulation规则；D. agenda待议事项，议程。根据下文“that drives this human psychological tendency, and makes it comprehensible”可知，句子表示“推动这种人类心理倾向的往往是一种进化的隐藏议程，并使其易于理解”，空格处意为“待议事项”。故选D。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：进化已经给你设定了一种情绪（嫉妒），这是由某些非常具体的“释放者”或社会暗示引起的，这在很大程度上对他人的最终幸福状态是不敏感的。A. programmed设置；B. created创造；C. constructed修建；D. migrated迁徙。根据下文“into you an emotion (jealousy) that is caused by certain very specific “releasers” or social cues”可知，此处表示“进化已经给你设定了一种情绪（嫉妒），这是由某些非常具体的“释放者”或社会暗示引起的”，空格处意为“设置”。故选A。 Passage 2 My daughter had just turned five when I took her to go grocery shopping with me one day. There on display was the most beautiful toilet paper she had ever seen, for it was pink. During 1 awareness month, the toilet paper company had made their products pink, with a part of each sale’s profits helping the people in need. And my daughter simply had to have it. She begged with her sweetest pretty pleases. Of course I 2 her request, explaining that it was pink to raise awareness of kindness and that 3 of the money we were paying was going towards helping others. My little girl sat in the cart, holding her package of pink toilet paper. She could not contain her excitement and talked on and on. On the way out, she retold to the cashier everything she could remember about the 4 of the colored toilet paper. Her 5 spread among the other customers, and several more packages went through the checkouts that morning. My daughter carried the tower of toilet paper into the house herself and dragged it upstairs, which was a great 6 considering the package stood as tall as she did. That evening, I walked into the bathroom to find all the rolls 7 stored in the cupboard, in the shape of a lovely castle. She began in all seriousness as she ceremoniously (隆重地) 8 a half used white roll on the holder with a new pink one, “ 9 I use it, I will remember to pray for all those people who are 10 right now.” 1．A．beauty B．charity C．culture D．environment 2．A．put in B．agreed to C．turned down D．responded to 3．A．all B．more C．none D．some 4．A．usage B．price C．meaning D．misunderstanding 5．A．calmness B．confidence C．passion D．patience 6．A．achievement B．expectation C．independence D．responsibility 7．A．neatly B．messily C．casually D．naturally 8．A．combined B．compared C．mixed D．replaced 9．A．In case B．Now that C．Every time D．Even though 10．A．in common B．in silence C．in trouble D．in practice 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．C 6．A 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。本文讲述了作者带女儿去购物，在看到女儿从来没见过的粉色厕纸的时候，女儿非常喜欢，记下并重复粉色厕纸的意义，拿回家后作者女儿替换了白色厕纸，并说她以后会为处于困境中的人祈祷。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在慈善宣传月期间，这家卫生纸公司把他们的产品做成了粉红色，每次销售的一部分利润都用来帮助有需要的人。A. beauty漂亮；B. charity慈善；C. culture文化；D. environment环境。由本句中“helping the people in need”可知是帮助需要的人，即做慈善活动，推知空处表达的是“慈善”。故选B项。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：当然，我同意了她的要求，并解释说，粉红色是为了提高人们对善良的认识，我们支付的一些钱是用来帮助别人的。A. put in投入；B. agreed to同意；C. turned down拒绝；D. responded to回应。由“Of course（当然）”可知作者同意了女儿的请求。故选B项。 3．考查代词词义辨析。句意：当然，我同意了她的要求，并解释说，粉红色是为了提高人们对善良的认识，我们支付的一些钱是用来帮助别人的。A. all所有；B. more更多；C. none全无；D. some一些。根据空格后的“of the money we were paying was going towards helping others”可知，钱中的一些用来帮助别人。故选D项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在出去的路上，她把她所记得的关于彩色卫生纸的意义的一切都告诉了收银员。A. usage用法；B. price价格；C. meaning意义； D. misunderstanding误解。由第一段“Of course I__2__her request, explaining that it was pink to raise awareness of kindness and that ____of the money we were paying was going towards helping others.”可知作者跟女儿解释过了这种粉色厕纸的意义；由本句中“retold（重述）”可推知，作者的女儿又将她所记得的粉色厕纸的意义跟收银员又说了一遍，因为她女儿得到这个厕纸是很激动的，重述一遍厕纸的意义恰恰也是反应这点。故选C项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的热情在其他顾客中传播开来，那天早上又有几个包裹通过了收银台。A. calmness冷静；B. confidence自信；C. passion热情；D. patience耐心。根据下文“several more packages went through the checkouts that morning.”可知，她的热情在其他顾客中传播开来。故选C项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我女儿自己把那堆卫生纸扛进屋里，拖到楼上，考虑到包裹和她一样高，这是一个了不起的成就。A. achievement成就；B. expectation期望；C. independence独立；D. responsibility责任。由本句“My daughter carried the tower of toilet paper into the house herself and dragged it upstairs”可知，那个包裹跟作者女儿一样高，而这个孩子把包裹拖到楼上了，对于一个孩子来说这个是很不容易的，所以对孩子来说这是一个了不起的成就。故选A项。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：那天晚上，我走进浴室，发现所有的卷纸都整齐地放在橱柜里，形状像一座可爱的城堡。A. neatly整齐地；B. messily乱糟糟地；C. casually随意地；D. naturally自然地。根据下文“in the shape of a lovely castle.”可知，发现所有的卷纸都整齐地放在橱柜里。故选A项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她非常严肃地开始了她的仪式，用一个新的粉色纸卷取代了固定器上用了一半的白色纸卷，“每次我使用它的时候，我会立即记得为所有那处于困境中的人祈祷。A. combined结合；B. compared对比；C. mixed混合；D. replaced取代。根据下文“____I use it, I will remember to pray for all those people who are _____right now.”可知，作者女儿严肃地开始一个仪式，即一个动作，并说立刻会想起为那些处于困境中人所祈祷，她看到那些粉色纸卷的时候才会立即想起来祈祷，推知她这个动作就是将用过一半的白色纸卷用新的粉色纸卷替换掉了，故选D项。 9．考查连词短语辨析。句意：她非常严肃地开始了她的仪式，用一个新的粉色纸卷取代了固定器上用了一半的白色纸卷，“每次我使用它的时候，我会立即记得为所有那处于困境中的人祈祷。A. In case以防；B. Now that既然；C. Every time每次；D. Even though即使。根据句意可知，本句为Every time引导的时间状语从句。故选C项。 10．考查介词短语辨析。她非常严肃地开始了她的仪式，用一个新的粉色纸卷取代了固定器上用了一半的白色纸卷，“每次我使用它的时候，我会立即记得为所有那处于困境中的人祈祷。A. in common共同的；B. in silence沉默地；C. in trouble处于困难中；D. in practice实践上。根据上文“the people in need”可知，指为所有那处于困境中的人祈祷。 故选C项。 Passage 3 Percival Lugue is an artist in the Philippines. From the age of 5, he has had a ____1____ for collecting toys from fast-food restaurant chains like McDonald’s and home-country favorite Jollibee. Now, the 50-year-old has about 20, 000 toys packed from ____2____ to ceiling in his home and ____3____ a Guinness World Record from 2014, when his collection ____4____ more than 10, 000 items. “The toy is like a storyteller in itself,” said Lugue, explaining his ____5____ while sitting among his toys in his three-story home. “For example, it gives me a glimpse of that ____6____ period when I got it, the story of what’s going on.” he said. Lugue built his home especially to ____7____ his collection. He compares the ____8____ that getting new toys gives him to Christmas morning. He has always played with the toy. But unlike the other kids, who would ____9____ their toys into pieces, even as a child, he took ____10____ care of them and put them on display. While ____11____ purchases brought him most of his toys, some were shared by friends and family. “I would invite my friends to have lunch at McDonald’s and in one sitting I would be able to complete the ____12____ set,” he said. One of his most ____13____ pieces is a “Hetty Spaghetti” figurine, a mascot from the Jollibee chain that his mother gave him in 1988. His dream now is to ____14____ put his collection on display for the public or even open a museum to “give others a chance to ____15____ their own childhood memories.” 1. A. potential B. passion C. mission D. quality 2. A. bedroom B. garden C. floor D. kitchen 3. A. holds B. ruins C. provides D. collects 4. A. filled B. reached C. allowed D. expected 5. A. courage B. chain C. choice D. hobby 6. A. particular B. fragrant C. fragile D. curious 7. A. ship B. blanket C. house D. film 8. A. excitement B. depression C. suspect D. frustration 9. A. set up B. tear up C. use up D. build up 10. A. casual B. good C. slight D. little 11. A. personal B. private C. secret D. legal 12. A. enough B. only C. all D. whole 13. A. shared B. treasured C. wasted D. sacred 14. A. eventually B. constantly C. immediately D. naturally 15. A. melt B. weaken C. revisit D. spill 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. A 12. D 13. B 14. A 15. C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了菲律宾一位50岁男子从小收集快餐店玩具打破吉尼斯记录的故事。 【1题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：从5岁起，他就热衷于从麦当劳和家乡最受欢迎的欢乐蜂等快餐连锁店收集玩具。A. potential潜力；B. passion热情；C. mission使命；D. quality质量。根据后文“Now, the 50-year-old has about 20,000 toys(现在，这位50岁的老人有大约2万个玩具)”可知，从他收集的玩具数量来看，他热衷于收集玩具。故选B。 【2题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：现在，这位50岁的老人在家里有大约2万个玩具，从地板到天花板都挤满了，并保持着2014年的吉尼斯世界纪录，当时他的收藏品达到1万多件。A. bedroom卧室；B. garden花园；C. floor地板；D. kitchen厨房。根据后文“to ceiling(到天花板)”可知，他收集的玩具从地板堆到了天花板的高度。故选C。 【3题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：现在，这位50岁的老人在家里有大约2万个玩具，从地板到天花板都挤满了，并保持着2014年的吉尼斯世界纪录，当时他的收藏品达到1万多件。A. holds握住；B. ruins毁坏；C. provides提供；D. collects收集。根据后文“a Guinness World Record from 2014(2014年的吉尼斯世界纪录)”可知，他是2014年的吉尼斯世界纪录的保持者。故选A。 【4题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：现在，这位50岁的老人在家里有大约2万个玩具，从地板到天花板都挤满了，并保持着2014年的吉尼斯世界纪录，当时他的收藏品达到1万多件。A. filled装满；B. reached达到；C. allowed允许；D. expected期待。根据后文“more than 10,000 items(1万多件)”可知，他的收藏品达到1万多件。故选B。 【5题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：“这个玩具本身就像一个讲故事的人，”Lugue坐在他三层楼高的家里的各种各样的玩具中间，解释他的爱好时说。A. courage勇气；B. chain链；C. choice选择；D. hobby爱好。根据上文“The toy is like a storyteller in itself(这个玩具本身就像一个讲故事的人)”可知，他在向别人解释自己收集玩具的爱好。故选D。 【6题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他说：“比如，它让我看到了我得到它的那个特定时期，了解了正在发生的事情，以及收购中附带的事件。”A. particular特定的；B. fragrant芳香的；C. fragile易碎的；D. curious好奇的。 根据后文“period when I got it(当我得到它的时候)”可知，此处指想起得到玩具的特定时期。故选A。 【7题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Lugue建造了自己的家，专门收藏他的收藏品。A. ship运送；B. blanket覆盖；C. house收藏；D. film录制。根据后文“his collection(他的收藏品)”可知，建造了自己的家，专门收藏他的收藏品，故选C。 【8题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他把得到新玩具的兴奋感比作圣诞节早晨。A. excitement激动；B. depression沮丧；C. suspect嫌疑犯；D. frustration懊恼。根据后文“that getting new toys gives him to Christmas morning(得到新玩具给他圣诞节的早晨)”可知，他把获得新玩具的心情比作成像圣诞节早上（获得礼物）的感觉，所以心情应该是兴奋激动地。故选A。 【9题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：但不像其他孩子，他们会把自己的玩具撕成碎片，甚至在小时候，他很好地照顾它们，并把它们展示出来。A. set up建立；B. tear up撕毁；C. use up用完；D. build up建立。根据后文“care of them and put them on display(照顾它们并把它们展示出来)”可知，他不像其他孩子，会把自己的玩具撕成碎片。故选B。 【10题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但不像其他孩子，他们会把自己的玩具撕成碎片，甚至在小时候，他很好地照顾它们，并把它们展示出来。A. casual随便的；B. good好的；C. slight轻微的；D. little很少的。根据后文“care of them and put them on display(照顾它们并把它们展示出来)”可知，此处指好好照顾自己的玩具，应用take good care of。故选B。 【11题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然他的大部分玩具都是自己买的，但也有一些是朋友和家人捐赠的。A. personal亲自的；B. private私人的；C. secret秘密的；D. legal合法的。根据上文“purchases brought him most of his toys(他的大部分玩具都是买来的)”可知，此处指大部分玩具都是自己购买。故选A。 【12题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他说：“他说：我会邀请朋友去麦当劳吃午餐，我可以一口气整完全套。”A. enough足够的；B. only唯一的；C. all完全；D. whole全部的。根据语境可知，此处指收集完整套玩具，应用whole set“成套”。故选D。 【13题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他最珍爱的展品之一是“Hetty Spaghetti”小雕像，这是他母亲1988年送给他的Jollibee连锁店的吉祥物。A. shared分享的；B. treasured珍视的；C. wasted浪费掉的；D. sacred神圣的。根据后文“his mother gave him in 1988. (他母亲1988年送给他的)”可知，这个雕像是母亲送的，是他最珍爱的展品之一。故选B。 【14题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：他现在的梦想是最终将自己的收藏向公众展出，甚至开设一家博物馆，“让其他人有机会重温自己的童年记忆。”A. eventually最终；B. constantly总是；C. immediately立即；D. naturally自然地。根据后文“put his collection on display(把他的收藏品展出)”可知，他现在的梦想是最终将自己的收藏向公众展出，故选A。 【15题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他现在的梦想是最终将自己的收藏向公众展出，甚至开设一家博物馆，“让其他人有机会重温自己的童年记忆。”A. melt融化；B. weaken使虚弱；C. revisit重游；D. spill溢出。根据后文“their own childhood memories(他们自己的童年记忆)”可知，此处是让其他人有机会重温自己的童年回忆。故选C。 话题3 研究发现 Passage 1 Our Extraordinary Brains The 1.4-kilogram organ inside each person's head is the most complex part of the human body. This remarkable organ, the brain, not only 1 body movements and shapes people's behavior but also decodes sensory inputs and is the seat of intelligence. These facts have been scientifically proven, but a lot of what we believe about the brain is based on 2 . What percentage of your brain do you actually use? The statistic that has been circulating for about a century is 10 percent, sometimes 20, suggesting that we haven't fully tapped into our full mental 3 . But that is merely a misconception. While our brains do have some reserves, scans have shown that a large portion of our brains are 4 in even the simplest of tasks. If you're artistic, you might   5 that you are mostly drawing upon the right side of your brain. If you're logical, you may have been led to believe you favor your left brain. While both of these hemispheres (脑半球) do exist, one is not considered to be 6 over the other. They are intricately (错综复杂地) connected, with both hemispheres 7 in all mental activities. Parents want “smart” children and perhaps have heard that playing classical music to their unborn child or to their infant increases their chances of being intelligent. However, a (n) 8 analysis of relevant studies fails to establish a direct correlation between brain development and 9 to classical music. Many believe that a person's genes totally determine intelligence. While genetics   10 plays an important role, other factors such as nutrition, education, home environment, and available resources also 11 significantly. The topic of a child's capability to learn multiple languages at the same time has sparked   12 debate. The belief that children will   13 languages and not develop any language properly has been the basis for educational policies for years. 14 to this belief, evidence indicates that young children gain a better knowledge of language structures overall when learning two languages simultaneously. Such myths have persisted for ages, 15 never-ending discussions. Yet one unquestionable truth remains: the brain is truly an amazing organ. 1．A．expands B．initiates C．follows D．reflects 2．A．fiction B．fact C．theory D．statistics 3．A．confusion B．comfort C．capacity D．stability 4．A．engaged B．buried C．wrapped D．absorbed 5．A．guarantee B．indicate C．demonstrate D．assume 6．A．superior B．senior C．dominant D．crucial 7．A．involving B．cooperating C．transforming D．disturbing 8．A．abstract B．comprehensive C．sensitive D．efficient 9．A．exposure B．approach C．objection D．response 10．A．unexpectedly B．exceptionally C．undoubtedly D．continuously 11．A．suffer B．clarify C．contribute D．interact 12．A．outstanding B．considerable C．desperate D．optimistic 13．A．mix up B．give up C．back up D．pick up 14．A．Relevant B．Similar C．Familiar D．Contrary 15．A．submitting B．generating C．indicating D．advocating 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 5．D 6．C 7．B 8．B 9．A 10．C 11．C 12．B 13．A 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了很多关于大脑的虚构看法。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这个非凡的器官，大脑，不仅启动身体运动和塑造人们的行为，而且还解码感官输入，是智力的所在地。A. expands扩大；B. initiates开启；C. follows跟随；D. reflects反映。根据下文“body movements”和常识可知人的大脑是启动身体运动的，故选B。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些事实已经得到了科学证明，但我们对大脑的很多看法都是基于虚构的。A. fiction虚构；B. fact事实；C. theory理论；D. statistics统计学。根据上文“These facts have been scientifically proven, but a lot of what we believe about the brain is based on”可知，本句和上文为转折关系，所以设空处和上文的科学证明相反，所以应该是虚构的，故选A。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：已经流传了大约一个世纪的统计数据是10%，有时是20%，这表明我们还没有充分发挥自己的心智能力。A. confusion困惑；B. comfort安慰；C. capacity能力，容量；D. stability稳定。根据上文“What percentage of your brain do you actually use? The statistic that has been circulating for about a century is 10 percent, sometimes 20, suggesting that we haven't fully tapped into our full mental”可知，流传我们的大脑只被使用了10%或者20%，所以说大脑的能力并未得到充分发挥，故选C。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然我们的大脑确实有一些储备，但扫描显示，即使是最简单的任务，我们大脑的很大一部分也会参与其中。A. engaged参与；B. buried埋藏；C. wrapped包，裹；D. absorbed吸收。根据上文“But that is merely a misconception. While our brains do have some reserves, scans have shown that a large portion of our brains”可知，大脑能力没有得到充分发挥只是一种误解，所以最简单的任务，我们大脑的很大一部分也会参与其中，故选A。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你是艺术家，你可能会认为你主要是在用右脑画画。A. guarantee保证；B. indicate暗示；C. demonstrate证明；D. assume假设，认为。根据下文“If you're logical, you may have been led to believe you favor your left brain.”可知，这里应和believe意思相对应，表示“相信，认为”，故选D。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然这两个大脑半球确实存在，但人们并不认为其中一个半球比另一个半球占优势。A. superior优良的；B. senior地位高的；C. dominant占优势的；D. crucial至关重要的。根据上文“While both of these hemispheres (脑半球) do exist, one is not considered to be”以及下文“They are intricately (错综复杂地) connected, with both hemispheres 　　7　　 in all mental activities.”可知，两个大脑半球是相互合作的，所以人们不认为其中一个半球比另一个半球占优势，故选C。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它们错综复杂地联系在一起，两个大脑半球在所有的心理活动中都相互合作。A. involving包含；B. cooperating合作；C. transforming转换；D. disturbing打扰。根据上文“They are intricately (错综复杂地) connected”可知，两个大脑半球错综复杂地联系在一起，所以它们应该相互合作，故选B。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，对相关研究的全面分析未能建立大脑发育与接触古典音乐之间的直接联系。A. abstract抽象的；B. comprehensive全面的；C. sensitive敏感的；D. efficient效率高的。根据上文“Parents want “smart” children and perhaps have heard that playing classical music to their unborn child or to their infant increases their chances of being intelligent.”和下文“relevant studies fails to establish a direct correlation between brain development and 　　9　　 to classical music.”可知，是进行全面的分析之后才能得出结论，故选B。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. exposure接触；B. approach方法；C. objection反对；D. response反应。根据上文“Parents want “smart” children and perhaps have heard that playing classical music to their unborn child or to their infant increases their chances of being intelligent.”可知，应是指研究是有关接触音乐和大脑发育有没有直接的联系，故选A。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：虽然遗传无疑起着重要作用，但营养、教育、家庭环境和可用资源等其他因素也起着重要作用。A. unexpectedly未预料到的；B. exceptionally异常地；C. undoubtedly无疑地；D. continuously持续地。根据上文“Many believe that a person's genes totally determine intelligence.”和常识可知，遗传无疑起着重要作用，故选C。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. suffer忍受；B. clarify澄清；C. contribute促成，贡献；D. interact互动。根据本句“While genetics  　　10　　 plays an important role, other factors such as nutrition, education, home environment, and available resources also”可知，上下文是转折关系，营养、教育、家庭环境和可用资源等其他因素也有帮助，故选C。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：孩子同时学习多种语言的能力这个话题引发了相当大的争论。A. outstanding突出的；B. considerable相当大/多的；C. desperate绝望的；D. optimistic乐观的。根据下文“The belief that children will 　　13　　 languages and not develop any language properly has been the basis for educational policies for years. 　　14　　 to this belief, evidence indicates that young children gain a better knowledge of language structures overall when learning two languages simultaneously.”可知，举例两种不同的观点，所以关于这个话题有很多讨论，故选B。 13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：多年来，儿童会混淆语言，无法正确发展任何一门语言的信念一直是教育政策的基础。A. mix up混淆；B. give up放弃；C. back up支持；D. pick up拿起。根据下文“not develop any language properly has been the basis for educational policies”可知，儿童无法正确发展任何一门语言，也就是会混淆语言，故选A。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与这种观点相反，有证据表明，幼儿在同时学习两种语言时，对语言结构的整体认识会更好。A. Relevant相关的；B. Similar相似的；C. Familiar熟悉的；D. Contrary相反的。根据下文“evidence indicates that young children gain a better knowledge of language structures overall when learning two languages simultaneously.”可知，和上文观点相反，故选D。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这样的神话已经存在了很长时间，引发了永无止境的讨论。A. submitting提交；B. generating产生，引起；C. producing生产；D. advocating提倡。根据上文“Such myths have persisted for ages”可知，关于大脑的神秘有很多种观点，所以引发了永无止境的讨论，故选B。 Passage 2 Taking A Vacation Could Help You Live Longer Thinking about skipping vacation days? Don’t. One of the longest follow-up studies in the world finds vacations can actually prolong your life. And if you think your spin classes (动感单车课程) and clean eating will make up for 1 your dream cruise trip and save you from your jam-packed, hard driving life, think again. An improved, healthier lifestyle doesn’t 2 working too hard and not taking your holidays, University of Helsinki professor Timo Strandberg said Tuesday at the annual European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Congress. “ 3 can be a good way to relieve stress.” The new findings are a part of the Helsinki Businessmen Study, research that for decades has 4 1,222 male executives born between 1919 and 1934. Each had at least one risk factor for heart disease, for example, smoking, 5 , or had high blood pressure. The research, which began in the 1960s, 6 into a longitudinal (纵向的) study and was extended through 2014, focusing in part on how mid-life risk factors can impact the 7 in old age. For the study, the men were split into two groups. In one control group, men lived their lives as they 8 did and did not meet with the study’s investigators. Men in the other group, a(n) 9 group, were given advice on how to improve their health. These men were asked to exercise, improve their diets, reach a healthy weight or stop smoking. At the study’s 15-year check-in, Strandberg found that if their vacations 10 , the men who improved their lifestyles had a 37 percent higher chance of death rate. What is to 11 ? Working too hard, not sleeping enough and not taking enough vacation. While 12 , this new research won’t likely impact most Americans’ vacation habits. Most American workers don’t get that many paid days to begin with. Even if they do have the time, many workers feel they can’t 13 it. Americans have put off vacation because they feel they have too much work to do and too many family 14 . Given that experts find that vacation can help you be more productive when you return to work, maybe it’s time to put forward the request for a few days 15 . 1．A．extending B．postponing C．planning D．locating 2．A．apply for B．sort out C．compensate for D．soak up 3．A．Vacations B．Work-outs C．Outlets D．Adventures 4．A．qualified B．counted C．motivated D．followed 5．A．mood B．gender C．obesity D．diet 6．A．halved B．fell C．evolved D．looked 7．A．perception B．status C．ambition D．well-being 8．A．eventually B．usually C．individually D．attentively 9．A．intervention B．selection C．witness D．supervision 10．A．added up B．faded away C．stood out D．fell short 11．A．emerge B．blame C．escape D．rescue 12．A．dramatic B．ideal C．awkward D．delicate 13．A．exclude B．afford C．involve D．stretch 14．A．operations B．versions C．obligations D．generations 15．A．over B．in C．down D．off 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 5．C 6．C 7．D 8．B 9．A 10．D 11．B 12．A 13．B 14．C 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上最长的跟踪研究之一发现，度假实际上可以延长人的寿命。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你认为你的动感单车课程和干净的饮食可以弥补你推迟的梦想游轮之旅，把你从拥挤的、艰难的驾驶生活中拯救出来，那你再想想吧。A. extending延伸，扩展；B. postponing推迟；C. planning计划；D. locating确定……的位置。根据语境和前文“And if you think your spin classes(动感单车课程) and clean eating will make up for”以及后文“your dream cruise trip and save you from your jam-packed, hard driving life”可知，此处是指如果你认为你的动感单车课程和干净的饮食可以弥补你推迟的梦想游轮之旅，把你从拥挤的、艰难的驾驶生活中拯救出来。故选B项。 2．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：本周二，赫尔辛基大学教授蒂莫·斯特兰德伯格在欧洲心脏病学会年度大会上说，改善的、健康的生活方式并不能弥补工作过度和不休假的损失。A. apply for申请；B. sort out分类；C. compensate for弥补；D. soak up吸收。根据语境和前文“An improved, healthier lifestyle doesn’t”和后文“working too hard and not taking your holidays”以及“　　3　　 can be a good way to relieve stress.”可知，缓解压力的好方法是其他方法，由此推知，此处是指改善的、健康的生活方式并不能弥补工作过度和不休假的损失。故选C项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：度假是缓解压力的好方法。A. Vacations度假；B. Work-outs锻炼；C. Outlets出口，经销店；D. Adventures冒险。根据语境和前文“One of the longest follow-up studies in the world finds vacations can actually prolong your life.”可知，世界上最长的跟踪研究之一发现，度假实际上可以延长你的寿命，由此推知，度假是缓解压力的好方法。故选A项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些新发现是赫尔辛基商人研究的一部分，该研究对1222名出生于1919年至1934年之间的男性高管进行了数十年的跟踪调查。A. qualified取得资格；B. counted数数；C. motivated激励；D. followed跟踪。根据常识和前文“research that for decades has”以及后文“1,222 male executives born between 1919 and 1934”可知，此处是指该研究对1222名出生于1919年至1934年之间的男性高管进行了数十年的跟踪调查。故选D项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：每个人都至少有一个心脏病的危险因素，例如，吸烟，肥胖，或有高血压。A. mood情绪；B. gender性别；C. obesity肥胖；D. diet饮食。根据语境和前文“one risk factor for heart disease, for example, smoking”以及后文“or had high blood pressure”可知，吸烟，肥胖，或有高血压都属于心脏病的危险因素。故选C项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项研究始于20世纪60年代，后来演变成一项纵向研究，并持续到2014年，部分重点关注中年风险因素如何影响老年人的健康。A. halved减半；B. fell降落，减少；C. evolved演变；D. looked看。根据语境和前文“The research, which began in the 1960s”以及后文“into a longitudinal(纵向的) study and was extended through 2014”可知，此处是指这项研究始于20世纪60年代，后来演变成一项纵向研究，并持续到2014年。故选C项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这项研究始于20世纪60年代，后来演变成一项纵向研究，并持续到2014年，部分重点关注中年风险因素如何影响老年人的健康。A. perception感知；B. status地位，身份；C. ambition抱负；D. well-being健康。根据语境和前文“Each had at least one risk factor for heart disease, for example, smoking, 　　5　　, or had high blood pressure.”和“focusing in part on how mid-life risk factors can impact the”可知，每个人都至少有一个心脏病的危险因素，例如，吸烟，肥胖，或有高血压，由此推知，此处是指部分重点关注中年风险因素如何影响老年人的健康。故选D项。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：在一个对照组中，男性过着他们平常的生活，不与研究人员见面。A. eventually最终；B. usually通常；C. individually单独地；D. attentively专心地；根据语境和前文“In one control group, men lived their lives as they”与后文“did and did not meet with the study’s investigators. Men in the other group, a(n) 　　9　　group, were given advice on how to improve their health.”可知，另一个组的男性被给一些如何改善他们的健康的建议，由此推知，在对照组中，男性过着他们平常的生活，不与研究人员见面。故选B项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：另一组，即干预组的男性被给一些如何改善他们的健康的建议。A. intervention干预；B. selection选择；C. witness目击者；D. supervision监督。根据语境和后文“were given advice on how to improve their health.”可知，另一组的男性被给一些如何改善他们的健康的建议，这一组为干预组。故选A项。 10．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：在这项长达15年的研究中，斯特兰德伯格发现，如果他们的假期不够长，那些改善了生活方式的男性的死亡率要高出37%。A. added up加起来；B. faded away逐渐消失；C. stood out显眼，突出；D. fell short不足，不够。根据语境和前文“Strandberg found that if their vacations”以及后文“the men who improved their lifestyles had a 37 percent higher chance of death rate”可知，斯特兰德伯格在研究中发现，如果他们的假期不够长，那些改善了生活方式的男性的死亡率要高出37%。故选D项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是什么原因呢? A. emerge出现；B. blame 责备，把……归咎于；C. escape逃跑；D. rescue援救。根据语境和前文“the men who improved their lifestyles had a 37 percent higher chance of death rate”以及后文“Working too hard, not sleeping enough and not taking enough vacation.”可知，工作太辛苦，睡眠不足，假期不够，这些是改善了生活方式的男性的死亡率要高出37%的原因，由此推知，此处是指这是什么原因呢?故选B项。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这项新研究虽然引人注目，但不太可能影响大多数美国人的度假习惯。A. dramatic引人注目的；B. ideal理想的；C. awkward尴尬的；D. delicate精致的。根据语境和前文“At the study’s 15-year check-in, Strandberg found that if their vacations 　　10　　, the men who improved their lifestyles had a 37 percent higher chance of death rate. What is to 　　11　　? Working too hard, not sleeping enough and not taking enough vacation.”可知，工作太辛苦，睡眠不足，假期不够，这些是改善了生活方式的男性的死亡率要高出37%的原因，由此推知，这项新研究的结果是引人注目的。故选A项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使他们有时间，许多员工也觉得他们负担不起度假的费用。A. exclude排除；B. afford买得起，负担得起；C. involve使卷入；D. stretch延伸。根据语境和前文“Even if they do have the time, many workers feel they can’t”以及后文“it”可知，此处是指即使他们有时间，许多员工也觉得他们负担不起度假的费用。故选B项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：美国人推迟了度假，因为他们觉得有太多的工作要做，有太多的家庭责任。A. operations运营；运作；B. versions版本；C. obligations义务，责任；D. generations世代。根据常识和前文“Americans have put off vacation because they feel they have too much work to do and too many family”可知，此处是指美国人推迟了度假，因为他们觉得有太多的工作要做，有太多的家庭责任。故选C项。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：鉴于专家们发现度假可以帮助你在重返工作岗位时更有效率，也许是时候提出请几天假的请求了。A. over在上方；B. in在里头；C. down朝下，向下；D. off不工作，休息。根据语境和前文“Given that experts find that vacation can help you be more productive when you return to work, maybe it’s time to put forward the request for a few days”可知，此处是指鉴于专家们发现度假可以帮助你在重返工作岗位时更有效率，也许是时候提出请几天假的请求了。故选D项。 Passage 3 The word ‘habits’ gets thrown around a lot.Your doctor encourages you to get into the ‘good habit’ of eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a day; your friend ____1____ their ‘bad habit’ of checking social media before bed; maybe you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they ‘feel ____2____,. But according to psychologists, not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is ____3____ a habit. Some of the situations above are more about goals (what you hope to achieve at some point in the future), ____4____ (your plans for what you’re going to do) and skills (such as being able to hit musical notes consistently), than about habits. ____5____, routines — such as going to the gym regularly — have the ____6____ to become a habit, but it’s not for sure that they will. So, what exactly is a habit? And what does it take to make one that’s ‘good’ or ____7____ one that’s ‘bad’? One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without thinking. Building on that idea, psychologists today say that what makes a habit a habit is that it’s a behaviour that’s started ____8____ by specific cues (提示) in the environment. The pairing between the cue and the action might have begun as ____9____ — that is, done to serve a particular goal or because it’s rewarding, but over time, the association is ____10____ and now it plays out without thought even if the behaviour is no longer pleasurable or desirable. This process of a behaviour in a particular situation starting out as willful but then becoming increasingly automatic through ____11____, has been shown at the level of brain activity. When a behaviour turns into a habit, the brain relies less on goal-directed systems and more on those driving ____12____ action. Or, to put it another way, the decision-making process you once had to ____13____ to perform the behaviour has been bypassed. But what really makes habits so interesting to psychologists and other health professionals is the way they can ____14____ our behaviour for better and worse. The healthy or unhealthy habits you may have can have an outsized influence on the kind of lifestyle you lead, and on your ability to fulfil your longer-tern goals. So, if you’ve formed a number of unhealthy habits, the long-term ____15____ impact could be significant. 1. A. worries about B. takes pride in C. benefits from D. depends on 2. A. exhausting B. worrying C. habitual D. imperfect 3. A. reversely B. alternatively C. necessarily D. academically 4. A. calendars B. intentions C. preferences D. actions 5. A. Still B. Consequently C. Instead D. Therefore 6. A. right B. limit C. advantage D. potential 7. A. define B. break C. form D. have 8. A. barely B. thoroughly C. early D. automatically 9. A. purposeful B. mindless C. temporary D. accidental 10. A. confirmed B. strengthened C. discovered D. approved 11. A. repetition B. struggle C. practice D. selection 12. A. decisive B. positive C. instinctive D. unlawful 13. A. come back B. settle down C. take over D. go through 14. A. control B. change C. interpret D. observe 15. A. indirect B. emotional C. unexpected D. harmful 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了心理学家对习惯的定义、形成过程及其对人们行为的影响。 【1题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：你的朋友担心他们睡前刷社交媒体的“坏习惯”。A. worries about担心；B. takes pride in以……为傲；C. benefits from从……中受益；D. depends on依赖。根据后文“their ‘bad habit’ of checking social media before bed”可知，此处应是对坏习惯的负面态度，“担心”符合逻辑。故选A。 【2题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：也许你曾经有一位音乐老师一直督促你练习手指练习，直到它们“感觉习惯为止”。A. exhausting令人疲惫的；B. worrying令人担心的；C. habitual习惯的；D. imperfect不完美的。根据上文“maybe you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they ‘feel ”和下文“not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is 3 　 a habit”可知，并非你经常或定期做的、或想做的每一件事都必然是一种习惯，本文谈论的是“习惯”。老师督促练习的目的是让动作成为习惯，此处指练习到感觉习惯为止。故选C。 【3题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：但根据心理学家的说法，并不是你经常或定期做的，或想要做的每一件事都一定是习惯。A. reversely相反地；B. alternatively或者；C. necessarily必要地，一定地；D. academically学术上。根据后文“Some of the situations above are more about goals”可知，并不是你经常做或想要做的每一件事都一定是习惯，有些更像是目标。故选C。 【4题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：上面的有些情况更多的是关于目标（你希望在未来某个时刻实现的目标）、意图（你打算做什么的计划）和技能（比如能够持续地击中音符），而不是关于习惯。A. calendars日历；B. intentions意图；C. preferences偏爱；D. actions行动。根据后文“your plans for what you’re going to do”可知，此处指做某事的计划，即意图。故选B。 【5题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，像定期去健身房这样的日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，但也不能确定它们一定会。A. Still尽管如此；B. Consequently因此；C. Instead相反；D. Therefore因此。上文“But according to psychologists, not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is 　3　 a habit. Some of the situations above are more about goals”提到有些情况不是关于习惯，后文提到“have the 　6　 to become a habit”日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，前后为转折关系，应用Still。故选A。 【6题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，像定期去健身房这样的日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，但也不能确定它们一定会。A. right权利；B. limit限制；C. advantage优势；D. potential潜力。根据后文“to become a habit, but it’s not for sure that they will”可知，日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，但也不一定。故选D。 【7题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：要养成一个“好”习惯或改掉一个“坏”习惯需要什么呢？A. define定义；B. break打破；C. form形成；D. have拥有。根据前文“what does it take to make one that’s ‘good’ or”和后文“one that’s ‘bad’”可知，与养成好习惯对比，此处指改掉坏习惯。故选B。 【8题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：基于这一观点，如今的心理学家表示，习惯之所以成为习惯，是因为它是一种由环境中的特定提示自动引发的行为。A. barely几乎不；B. thoroughly彻底地；C. early早地；D. automatically自动地。根据前文“One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without thinking”提到习惯是无需思考就做的可知，习惯的核心是“自动性”，无需刻意思考，此处指它是一种由环境中的特定提示自动引发的行为。故选D。 【9题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：提示和行动之间的配对可能一开始是有目的的——也就是说，是为了服务于一个特定的目标或因为它是有回报的，但随着时间的推移，这种关联会加强，现在即使行为不再令人愉快或可取，它也会不假思索地发生。A. purposeful有目的的；B. mindless没头脑的；C. temporary暂时的；D. accidental偶然的。根据后文“that is, done to serve a particular goal or because it’s rewarding”可知，为了达到某个特定目标，所以起初的行为是“有目的的”。故选A。 【10题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：提示和行动之间的配对可能一开始是有目的的——也就是说，是为了服务于一个特定的目标或因为它是有回报的，但随着时间的推移，这种关联会加强，现在即使行为不再令人愉快或可取，它也会不假思索地发生。A. confirmed确认；B. strengthened加强；C. discovered发现；D. approved批准。根据后文“now it plays out without thought even if the behaviour is no longer pleasurable or desirable”可知，现在即使行为不再令人愉快或可取，它也会不假思索地发生，所以随着时间的推移，这种关联会加强。故选B。 【11题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在特定情况下，一种行为从有意为之到逐渐变得自动化的过程，通过重复已经在大脑活动水平上得到了证明。A. repetition重复；B. struggle挣扎；C. practice练习；D. selection选择。根据上文“you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they ‘feel”、“This process of a behaviour in a particular situation starting out as willful but then becoming increasingly automatic through”以及常识可知，行为从有意为之到逐渐变得自动化需要通过重复。故选A。 【12题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当一种行为变成习惯时，大脑较少依赖目标导向系统，而更多地依赖驱动本能行为的系统。A. decisive决定性的；B. positive积极的；C. instinctive本能的；D. unlawful非法的。根据上文“One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without thinking”、“the brain relies less on goal-directed systems and more on those driving”以及习惯的特点可知，习惯是一种本能的行为，所以大脑会更多地依赖驱动本能行为的系统，不假思索。故选C。 【13题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：换句话说，你曾经为了执行这种行为而必须经历的决策过程已经被绕过了。A. come back回来；B. settle down定居；C. take over接管；D. go through经历。根据后文“to perform the behaviour has been bypassed”可知，此处指“经历”决策的过程，即必须经历的决策过程已经被绕过了。故选D。 【14题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但真正让心理学家和其他健康专家对习惯感兴趣的是，它们能够控制我们的行为，无论是好是坏。A. control控制；B. change改变；C. interpret解释；D. observe观察。根据后文“our behaviour for better and worse”可知，习惯对行为的影响是“控制”性的，而非单纯“改变”。故选A。 【15题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所以，如果你养成了许多不健康的习惯，长期的有害影响可能是显著的。A. indirect间接的；B. emotional情绪的；C. unexpected意外的；D. harmful有害的。根据上文“if you’ve formed a number of unhealthy habits”可知，不健康的习惯会产生有害的影响。故选D。 话题4 社会服务 Passage 1 Foreign aid and NGOs can make things worse when disaster strikes Nearly all of us are collective donors in some sense - when governments send relief to disaster areas, the money they use comes from taxpayers. Many of us are also 1 donors, sending funds directly from our own wallets to charitable organizations. But in the past 10 to 15 years, accusations of 2 relief efforts and unused donations have generated concern among donors. These concerns are not 3 ; large-scale international disaster relief can have drawbacks that range from wasting resources to seriously undermining (削弱) local governments. One of the biggest challenges to disaster relief is coordination (协调). After disaster strikes, immediate necessities are important, but what is the best way to 4 them? Unfortunately, pouring donated items into a disaster area can 5 relief efforts. Their arrival in large numbers can cause “the second disaster”, 6 relief workers with extra responsibilities and taking up precious space. Then there are the consequent effects of 7 for donations for sudden big emergencies. A heartfelt expression of feeling can harm other charitable efforts by redirecting funds. The 2007 economic decline, 8 , hit US charitable giving which didn’t recover until 2014. In such a time of donation 9 , increasing donations to a disaster area can take funds away from other efforts that might be able to use it better. If coordination is good and immediate relief goes well, damaged communities move into the 10 phase. For individuals, this includes returning to work, and recollecting personal networks, all of which require 11 to basic public services. The charitable supply of these services can have 12 consequences. Most philanthropic (慈善的) organizations want to 13 their rebuilding efforts with local workers. This practice is beneficial to a post-disaster economy as it provides a(n) 14 source of wages. But if salaries and work standards of these visiting organizations are higher than those offered in the recovery area, these visitors end up causing an intemal 15 . Top employees are no longer available or willing to work in the public sector. 1．A．individual B．generous C．competent D．cautious 2．A．involuntary B．desperate C．ill-intentioned D．counterproductive 3．A．reasonable B．unfounded C．prompt D．limited 4．A．strike B．secure C．deliver D．pace 5．A．renew B．resist C．demand D．slow 6．A．overloading B．supplying C．charging D．greeting 7．A．votes B．appeals C．pressures D．substitutes 8．A．on the contrary B．as a result C．in the meanwhile D．for example 9．A．fear B．boom C．scarcity D．change 10．A．final B．recovery C．critical D．distinct 11．A．reference B．attention C．access D．favor 12．A．positive B．immediate C．mixed D．uncertain 13．A．staff B．benefit C．replace D．survive 14．A．external B．reliable C．natural D．solid 15．A．weak economy B．unstable community C．class prejudice D．brain drain 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．D 6．A 7．B 8．D 9．C 10．B 11．C 12．C 13．A 14．A 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述的是当灾难来袭时，外国援助和非政府组织会让事情变得更糟的原因。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们中的许多人也是个人捐赠者，直接从自己的钱包里把钱捐给慈善组织。A. individual个体的；B. generous慷慨的；C. competent能干的；D. cautious谨慎的。根据后文“sending funds directly from our own wallets to charitable organizations.”可知，面对灾难我们中的许多人也是个人捐赠者。故选A。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但在过去的10到15年里，有关救灾工作适得其反和未使用的捐款的指责引起了捐助者的关注。A. involuntary不知不觉的；B. desperate绝望的；C. ill-intentioned恶意的；D. counterproductive事与愿违的。根据后文的“unused donations”可知，有关救灾工作适得其反和未使用的捐款的指责引起了捐助者的关注。故选D。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些担忧并非毫无根据；大规模的国际救灾可能有一些缺点，从浪费资源到严重破坏地方政府。A. reasonable合理的；B. unfounded没有理由的；C. prompt迅速的，立刻的；D. limited有限的。根据后文“large-scale international disaster relief can have drawbacks that range from wasting resources to seriously undermining(削弱)local governments.”可知，从浪费资源到严重破坏地方政府，引发了对大规模的国际救灾的一些担忧，即这种担忧并不是没有依据的。故选B。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：救灾面临的最大挑战之一是协调。灾难来袭后，紧急必需品很重要，但什么是运送这些必需品的最佳方式？A. strike敲击，袭击；B. secure使安全；C. deliver运输；D. pace踱步。根据前文“After disaster strikes, immediate necessities are important”可知，救灾面临的最大挑战之一是协调。灾难来袭后，紧急必需品很重要，但什么是运送这些必需品的最佳方式？故选C。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，将捐赠物品倒入灾区可能会减缓救援工作。A. renew更新；B. resist抵抗；C. demand要求；D. slow减慢。根据后文“Their arrival in large numbers can cause “the second disaster””可知，大量捐赠物品的到来会减缓救援工作。故选D。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们的大量到来可能导致“第二次灾难”，使救援人员承担额外的责任，占用宝贵的空间。A. overloading超载；B. supply提供；C. charging管理，索费；D. greeting问候。根据前文“Their arrival in large numbers can cause “the second disaster””可知，他们的大量到来可能导致“第二次灾难”，使救援人员承担额外的责任，占用宝贵的空间。故选A。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然后是为突发的重大紧急情况呼吁捐款的后续影响。A. votes投票；B. appeals呼吁；C. pressures压力；D. substitutes代替。根据后文的“for donation.”可知，此处指呼吁捐款。故选B。 8．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，2007年的经济衰退打击了美国的慈善捐赠，直到2014年才恢复。A. on the contrary相反；B. as a result结果；C. in the meanwhile同时；D. for example例如。根据前文“The 2007 economic decline,”以及后文的“hit US charitable giving which didn’t recover until 2014.”可知，此处以2007年的经济衰退打击了美国的慈善捐赠，直到2014年才恢复为例，来进行说明。故选D。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这样一个捐赠稀缺的时期，增加对灾区的捐赠可能会从其他可能更好地利用它的工作中抢走资金。A. fear害怕；B. boom繁荣；C. scarcity不足；D. change干煸。根据前文“The 2007 economic decline,  ___8___ , hit US charitable giving which didn’t recover until 2014.”可知，在这样一个捐赠稀缺的时期，增加对灾区的捐赠可能会从其他可能更好地利用它的工作中抢走资金。故选C。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果协调良好，立即救援进展顺利，受损社区就会进入恢复阶段。A. final最终的；B. recovery恢复；C. critical批判的；D. distinct不同的。根据前文“If coordination is good and immediate relief goes well”可知，如果协调良好，立即救援进展顺利，受损社区就会进入恢复阶段。故选B。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对个人而言，这包括重返工作岗位和重新建立个人网络，所有这些都需要获得基本的公共服务。A. reference参考；B. attention注意力；C. access入口，通路；D. favor支持，喜欢。根据前文“For individuals, this includes returning to work, and recollecting personal networks,”可知，对个人而言，这包括重返工作岗位和重新建立个人网络这些都需要获得基本的公共服务。故选C。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些服务的慈善提供可能会产生复杂的后果。A. positive积极的；B. immediate立即的；C. mixed混合的，复杂的；D. uncertain不确定的。根据后文“Most philanthropic (慈善的) organizations want to  ___13___  their rebuilding efforts with local workers. This practice is beneficial to a post-disaster economy as it provides a(n)  ___14___  source of wages. But if salaries and work standards of these visiting organizations are higher than those offered in the recovery area, these visitors end up causing an intemal  ___15___ . Top employees are no longer available or willing to work in the public sector.”可知，这些服务的慈善提供可能会产生复杂的后果即要么对当地的工人有利，要么，导致人才外流。故选C。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：大多数慈善组织都希望为他们的重建工作配备当地工人。这种做法有利于灾后经济，因为它提供了一种外部工资来源。A. staff为……配备员工；B. benefit受益；C. replace代替；D. survive幸存。根据后文的“with local workers.”可知，大多数慈善组织都希望为他们的重建工作配备当地工人。故选A。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种做法有利于灾后经济，因为它提供了一种外部工资来源。A. external外部的，外聘的；B. reliable可靠的；C. natural自然的；D. solid坚固的。根据前文“is beneficial to a post-disaster economy”可知，这种做法有利于灾后经济，因为它提供了一种外部工资来源即将当地工人与重建工作相结合，为当地劳动力提供了一种外部的工资来源。故选A。 15．考查名词短语辨析。句意：但是，如果这些来访组织的工资和工作标准高于恢复区的水平，这些来访者最终会导致内部人才流失。A. weak economy经济不景气；B. unstable community不稳定社会；C. class prejudice等级偏见；D. brain drain人才外流。根据前文“if salaries and work standards of these visiting organizations are higher than those offered in the recovery area,”可知，如果来访组织（慈善组织）的工资和工作标准高于恢复地区的工资和工作标准，则会导致内部人才流失，即不愿意留在当地工作，而出现人才流出现象。故选D。 Passage 2 I was travelling on a bus. The bus was so ____1____ that many people had to stand in the aisle (过道), including me. The people sitting near the windows ____2____ happy faces, while the people seated near the aisle were ____3____ with the standing persons who had to sometimes touch their shoulders. After about two hours, I was feeling extremely ____4____. I tried to balance myself and move the body weight from one leg to the other to feel a little comfortable. I ____5____ sensed a soft hand touching my arm. I thought this man sitting near me must be ____6____ that my body was touching his shoulder. I ____7____ and looked down at him with a questioning expression. The man ____8____ me with a kind smile on his face. He stood up and ____9____ me that I could take his seat for a few minutes. I was very surprised and immediately sat down without wasting a second. He was happily standing in my place and looking around in _____10_____ . Another 20 minutes passed and I stood up and let him take his _____11_____. A person who was seated near the window was watching us. He stood up and _____12_____ his seat to another standing man. Suddenly this game of _____13_____ spread around and almost all standing people could sit for a few minutes. People were talking to each other while _____14_____ the seats. Needless to say, the rest of the journey became quite _____15_____. 1. A. dirty B. crowded C. extra D. dark 2. A. pretended B. preferred C. wore D. stored 3. A. unhappy B. strict C. familiar D. patient 4. A. annoyed B. tired C. frightened D. excited 5. A. suddenly B. actually C. obviously D. extremely 6. A. anxious B. curious C. upset D. confident 7. A. came along B. fell apart C. calmed down D. turned around 8. A. kept up with B. looked up at C. lived up to D. got along with 9. A. promised B. wished C. warned D. told 10. A. shock B. doubt C. amusement D. surprise 11. A. breath B. seat C. flight D. responsibility 12. A. delivered B. returned C. offered D. passed 13. A. exploring B. cheating C. checking D. sharing 14. A. exchanging B. taking C. searching D. holding 15. A. enjoyable B. painful C. boring D. interesting 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. D 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. A 【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者回忆自己在上大学时一次坐公交车回家的经历。在闷热、拥挤的车厢里，有一个陌生人给当时站着的作者让座，后来车上坐着的人纷纷给站着的人让座。人与人之间的这份善意给了旅途中的人一份清凉和感动。 【1题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：公共汽车太拥挤了，许多人不得不站在过道里，包括我在内。A. dirty脏的；B. crowded拥挤的；C. extra额外的；D. dark黑暗的。根据“that many people had to stand in the aisle”可知公共汽车上很拥挤，很多人都没有座位，站在过道里。故选B。 【2题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：坐在窗边的人脸上挂着快乐的表情，而坐在过道边的人则对站着的人感到不高兴，因为这些人有时不得不碰他们的肩膀。A. pretended假装；B. preferred更喜欢；C. wore面带，呈现，流露；D. stored储存。根据“happy faces”可知，在公共汽车很拥挤的情况下，坐在窗边的人脸上面带快乐的表情。故选C。 【3题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. unhappy不高兴的；B. strict严厉的；C. familiar熟悉的；D. patient耐心的。根据“The people sitting near the windows ____2____ happy faces, while”可知，与坐在窗边的人进行对比，坐在过道边的人则感到不高兴。故选A。 【4题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：大约两个小时后，我感到非常累。A. annoyed生气的，恼怒的；B. tired劳累的；C. frightened害怕的；D. excited兴奋的。根据“that many people had to stand in the aisle (过道), including me”和“After about two hours”可知，因为在拥挤的公共汽车上站了两个小时，作者感到很累。故选B。 【5题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：我突然感到一只柔软的手碰着我的手臂。A. suddenly突然地；B. actually实际上；C. obviously明显地；D. extremely极端地，非常。根据“I tried to balance myself and move the body weight from one leg to the other to feel a little comfortable”可知，作者正在试着保持平衡，感到一只柔软的手碰着他的手臂，这对于作者来说是很突然的。故选A。 【6题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我想坐在我旁边的这个人一定很生气，因为我的身体碰到了他的肩膀。A. anxious焦虑的；B. curious好奇的；C. upset沮丧的，苦恼的；D. confident自信的。根据“while the people seated near the aisle were ____3____ with the standing persons who had to sometimes touch their shoulders.”可知，作者认为坐在他旁边的人一定很生气。故选C。 【7题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：我转过身，带着疑问的表情低头看着他。A. came along出现，进展；B. fell apart崩溃；C. calmed down冷静；D. turned around转身。根据“I thought this man sitting near me must be ____6____”可知，作者在猜想那个人的感受，是没有看到他的表情的，因此是转身低头看着他。故选D。 【8题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：那人抬头看着我，脸上带着慈祥的微笑。A. kept up with跟上；B. looked up at仰视；C. lived up to不辜负；D. got along with与……友好相处。根据“looked down at him with a questioning expression.”可知，作者低头看着那个人，因此那人需要抬头才能看到作者。故选B。 【9题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他站起来告诉我，我可以在他的座位上坐几分钟。A. promised承诺；B. wished希望；C. warned警告；D. told告诉。根据“that I could take his seat for a few minutes”可知，那个人告诉作者可以在他的座位上坐几分钟。故选D。 【10题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他高兴地站在我的位置上，高兴地环顾四周。A. shock震惊；B. doubt怀疑；C. amusement娱乐，消遣；D. surprise惊讶。根据“He was happily standing in my place”可知，那个人很高兴。故选C。 【11题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：又过了20分钟，我站起来让他坐下。A. breath呼吸；B. seat座位；C. flight航班；D. responsibility责任心。根据“He stood up and ____9____ me that I could take his seat for a few minutes.”可知，此处是信息词seat的词汇复现。故选B。 【12题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他站起来，把座位让给另一个站着的人。A. delivered递送；B. returned返回；C. offered提议，提供；D. passed通过。根据“his seat to another standing man”可知，是把座位给另一个站着的人。故选C。 【13题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：突然间，这个分享的游戏开始流传开来，几乎所有站着的人都可以坐上几分钟。A. exploring探索；B. cheating欺骗；C. checking检查；D. sharing分享。根据“almost all standing people could sit for a few minutes”可知，坐着的人和站着的人分享座位。故选D。 【14题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们在交换座位时互相交谈。A. exchanging交流，交换；B. taking拿走；C. searching搜索，查找；D. holding握住，持有。根据“Suddenly this game of ____13____ spread around and almost all standing people could sit for a few minutes.”可知，人们因为交换座位开始交谈起来。故选A。 【15题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：不用说，剩下的旅程变得相当愉快。A. enjoyable令人愉快的；B. painful痛苦的；C. boring无聊的；D. interesting有趣的。根据“People were talking to each other while ____14____ the seats.”可知，人们因为交换座位，交谈起来，接下来的旅程无疑是令人愉快的。故选A。 Passage 3 Last month, I opened my banking app, I read through the statement, and I stopped cold: 9.99 for AppleTV+, 12.99 for a fitness app I quit using months ago, $14.99 for extra cloud storage... I suddenly realize how modern consumer life is increasingly dominated by “background spending”: automatic monthly ____1____ for numerous subscriptions of services which should have reduced life’s inconvenience. This spending model turns us into ____2____ consumers, damaging our financial control. We easily forget subscriptions we ____3____ use, like paying for TV apps long after watching just one show. Companies ____4____ this consumer inattention. It’s estimated that our forgotten cancellations can boost a business’ profit by up to 200%. Such an environment encourages price rise, as service providers know customers are often too busy or lazy to cancel unused services. This problem is widespread. A 2021 survey of 2,500 consumers found the average person spends $273 monthly on subscriptions, a 15% ____5____ from 2018. Yet not a single respondent knew their exact spending. Businesses find subscriptions highly ____6____, and offer the promise of “sell once, earn forever” to encourage long-term customer loyalty. While these services have been around for decades, their ____7____ to consumers has grown significantly in recent years, fueled by the popularity of smartphones and the increasing home delivery. Despite the promised ____8____ of these subscriptions, dissatisfaction is growing. A recent study found 40% of consumers believe they have too many subscriptions, and nearly half feel they ____9____ for streaming video, with a third actively planning to cut the expense. _____10_____, people still vastly underestimate their spending. Last year, C + R Research found the actual average monthly spend was 219, which was over 2.5 times higher than 86 that people guessed. To help consumers regain _____11_____, the US Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) has proposed a “click to cancel” policy. This would legally require companies to make _____12_____ a subscription as easy as starting one on the smartphone — no more forcing gym members to cancel in person. Additionally, under this extra consumer protection, businesses would need to remind subscribers annually about their membership before these are _____13_____ renewed. This rule would mean any background spending would be present in your mind at least for one moment a year. If all that doesn’t work, there is another idea: choose an app to _____14_____ your various subscriptions and background spending so you can better control your finances. Oh, wait a minute! I have to remind you that they are _____15_____ services, of course. 1. A. report B. project C. payment D. review 2. A. passive B. subjective C. optimistic D. loyal 3. A. properly B. rarely C. favourably D. individually 4. A. are concerned about B. are curious about C. are open to D. take advantage of 5. A. increase B. decrease C. difference D. share 6. A. concerning B. valuable C. attractive D. competitive 7. A. response B. opportunity C. harm D. access 8. A. aspect B. curiosity C. ease D. prejudice 9. A. overpay B. renew C. upgrade D. subscribe 10. A. Therefore B. Besides C. Contrarily D. However 11. A. confidence B. control C. freedom D. strength 12. A. buying B. ending C. offering D. sharing 13. A. automatically B. formally C. constantly D. completely 14. A. cancel B. monitor C. continue D. share 15. A. excellent B. free C. essential D. chargeable 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. D 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文指出隐性订阅支出让消费者被动消费、财务失控，其规模持续增长，虽有监管政策和监控工具应对，但部分工具本身也需付费。 【1题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我突然意识到，现代消费者的生活正日益被“隐性消费”所主导：每月自动支付众多服务项目的订阅费用，本应减少生活的不便，但结果却恰恰相反。A. report报道；B. project项目；C. payment支付；D. review复习。前文“9.99 for AppleTV+，12.99 for a fitness app I quit using months ago, $14.99 for extra cloud storage...”列举的AppleTV+、健身应用等费用，均为每月自动扣除的订阅付款，payment（付款、支付）符合“background spending”（隐性支出）的范畴。故选C。 【2题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种消费模式使我们变成了被动的消费者，从而损害了我们的财务掌控能力。A. passive被动的；B. subjective主观的；C. optimistic乐观的；D. loyal忠诚的。根据后文“damaging our financial control”可知，这种自动订阅模式让消费者无需主动操作，变成被动的消费群体，削弱了对财务的掌控力。故选A。 【3题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们往往会忘记那些很少使用的订阅服务，比如在观看完一部节目很久之后，仍会继续为电视应用程序付费。A. properly合适地；B. rarely几乎不；C. favourably顺利地；D. individually个人地。后文“like paying for TV apps long after watching just one show.”举例看完一部剧后还长期为电视应用付费，说明是忘记了很少使用的订阅服务，rarely（很少、难得）符合语境。故选B。 【4题详解】 考查形容词短语辨析。句意：企业利用了消费者对产品的不关注状况。A. are concerned about关心；B. are curious about对……好奇；C. are open to对……开放；D. take advantage of利用。根据后文“It’s estimated that our forgotten cancellations can boost a business’ profit by up to 200%. Such an environment encourages price rise, as service providers know customers are often too busy or lazy to cancel unused services.(据估计，我们所忽略的那些取消订单能够使企业的利润提高多达200%。在这种环境下，服务提供商会倾向于提高价格，因为他们清楚，客户往往因为太忙或太懒而不愿取消未使用的服务)”可知，企业正是利用了消费者容易遗忘订阅的特点来获利，故选D。 【5题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：2021年对2500名消费者的调查发现，平均每人每月在订阅服务上的花费为273美元，较2018年增长了15%。A. increase增加；B. decrease减少；C. difference差异；D. share分享。根据上文“ It’s estimated that our forgotten cancellations can boost a business’ profit by up to 200%. ”和“spends $273 monthly on subscriptions, a 15%”可知，2021年人均月订阅支出273美元，对比2018年增长了15%，故选A。 【6题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：企业发现订阅模式极具吸引力，并承诺“一次销售，终身盈利”，以此来增强客户的长期忠诚度。A. concerning让人不安的；B. valuable宝贵的；C. attractive吸引人的；D. competitive竞争的。后文“offer the promise of “sell once, earn forever" to encourages long - term customer loyalty”提到订阅模式能实现“一次销售、永久盈利”，还能提升客户忠诚度，说明对企业而言该模式极具吸引力，故选C。 【7题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然这些服务已经存在了数十年，但近年来它们对消费者的普及程度有了显著提升，这得益于智能手机的普及以及日益增多的送货上门服务。A. response回复；B. opportunity机会；C. harm危害；D. access获取机会。根据后文“fueled by the popularity of smartphones and the increasing home delivery”可知，智能手机普及和外卖发展，让消费者获取订阅服务的渠道大幅增加，access（使用途径、获取机会）符合，故选D。 【8题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管这些订阅服务承诺会非常便捷，但人们的不满情绪却在不断加剧。A. aspect方面；B. curiosity好奇心；C. ease容易；D. prejudice偏见。订阅服务最初承诺的是为生活带来便利（前文“reduced life’s inconvenience”），ease（便利、轻松）与之呼应。故选C。 【9题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：最近的一项研究发现，40%的消费者认为自己订阅的服务过多，近一半的人觉得他们为流媒体视频服务支付的费用过高，还有三分之一的人正积极计划削减相关开支。A. overpay多付；B. renew重新开始；C. upgrade升级；D. subscribe订阅。根据上文“40% of consumers believe they have too many subscriptions, and nearly half feel they”可知，40%消费者认为订阅过多，近半数觉得流媒体视频付多了钱，故选A。 【10题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，人们对于自己的消费金额仍存在极大的低估。A. Therefore因此；B. Besides此外；C. Contrarily相反地；D. However然而。前文说消费者想削减订阅开支，后文却指出人们仍大幅低估支出，存在转折关系，However（然而）符合逻辑。故选D。 【11题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：为帮助消费者重新掌控局面，美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）提出了“点击即取消”的政策。A. confidence自信；B. control控制；C. freedom自由；D. strength力量。FTC 提出“一键取消”政策，目的是帮助消费者重新获得对自身财务的掌控权，control（掌控）与前文“damaging our financial control”形成呼应。故选B。 【12题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这将从法律上要求企业让用户取消订阅的过程与开始订阅的过程一样简便——不再需要让健身房会员亲自前往办理取消手续。A. buying购买；B. ending结束；C. offering提议；D. sharing分享。根据后文“a subscription as easy as starting one on the smartphone”指政策要求取消订阅和开通一样简便，ending（终止、结束）对应“cancel”。故选B。 【13题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，在这一额外的消费者保护措施下，企业需要每年提醒订阅用户其会员身份的存在，并在自动续费前告知用户相关事宜。A. automatically自动地；B. formally正式地；C. constantly持续地；D. completely完全地。根据上文“businesses would need to remind subscribers annually about their membership before these are”可知，企业需在会员自动续费前每年提醒用户，故选A。 【14题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果上述方法都不奏效，那么还有另一个办法：选择一款应用程序来监控你的各项订阅服务和日常支出情况，这样你就能更好地掌控自己的财务状况了。A. cancel取消；B. monitor监督；C. continue继续；D. share分享。根据后文“your various subscriptions and background spending so you can better control your finances”可知，另一种方案是用应用监控各类订阅和隐性支出，以便掌控财务，monitor（监控、监测）符合“掌握支出情况”的需求。故选B。 【15题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我得提醒您，这些服务是收费的，这是毫无疑问的。A. excellent出色的；B. free自由的；C. essential重要的；D. chargeable收费的。作者调侃这类监控应用本身也是收费服务，chargeable（收费的）符合语境的幽默转折。故选D。 话题5 科学技术 Passage 1 AI can transform education for the better As students return to classrooms for the new year, it is striking to reflect on how little education has changed in recent decades. The sector remains a digital laggard (落后者). American schools and universities spend 2% and 5% of their budgets, 1 , on technology, compared with 8% for the average American company. When the pandemic forced schools and universities to shut down, the moment for a digital 2 seemed close when the market value of online tutoring providers like Chegg and Byju’s both increased. However, once covid was brought under control, classes continued much as before. If the pandemic couldn’t overcome the education sector’s 3 to digital interruption, can artificial intelligence? ChatGPT-like generative AI, which can converse cleverly on varieties of subjects, certainly 4 . So much so that educationalists began to 5 that students would use it to cheat on essays and homework. Increasingly, however, it is generating excitement as a means to provide 6 tutoring to various students and speed up boring tasks such as marking. Learners, for their part, are 7 the technology. Two-fifths of undergraduates reported using an AI chatbot to help them with their studies. Indeed, the technology’s popularity has raised awkward questions for companies like Chegg, which was losing customers 8 ChatGPT. Yet there are good reasons to believe that education specialists like Chegg who employ AI will eventually 9 generalists such as OpenAI, the maker of ChatGPT. For one, AI chatbots often talk nonsense, an unhelpful trait in an educational context. “Students want content from 10 providers,” argues Kate Edwards, chief pedagogist at Pearson, a textbook publisher. The company has not allowed ChatGPT and other AIs to 11 its material, but has instead used the content to train its own models, which it is embedding into its set of learning apps. 12 , as Chegg’s Mr Rosensweig argues, teaching is not merely about giving students an answer, but about presenting it in a way that helps them learn. Understanding pedagogy (教学法) thus gives education specialists an 13 . Pearson has designed its AI tools to 14 students by breaking complex topics down, testing their understanding and providing quick feedback, says Ms Edwards. Byju’s is incorporating “forgetting curves” for students into the design of its AI tutoring tools, refreshing their memories at personalized 15 . Bringing AI to education will not be easy, but once answers on how to make use of this technology become clearer, such a development will certainly deserve top marks. 1．A．respectively B．appropriately C．totally D．ultimately 2．A．divide B．reverse C．boom D．withdrawal 3．A．tendency B．resistance C．attention D．anxiety 4．A．serve the purpose B．break the ice C．take the initiative D．do some good 5．A．maintain B．panic C．doubt D．wonder 6．A．personalized B．individualistic C．characteristic D．attentive 7．A．attempting B．declining C．opposing D．embracing 8．A．for B．under C．to D．in 9．A．detect B．transform C．overtake D．enhance 10．A．comprehensive B．advanced C．distinguished D．trusted 11．A．give away B．take in C．bring about D．hold up 12．A．By contrast B．Despite this C．What’s more D．As a result 13．A．applause B．edge C．hesitation D．improvement 14．A．convince B．engage C．capture D．challenge 15．A．intervals B．cost C．mercy D．best 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．B 6．A 7．D 8．C 9．C 10．D 11．B 12．C 13．B 14．B 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人工智能在教育领域的应用和发展前景。 1．考查副词词义辨析。句意：美国的学校和大学分别将预算的2%和5%用于技术，而美国公司的平均水平为8%。A. respectively分别地；B. appropriately适当地；C. totally完全地；D. ultimately最终地。根据“American schools and universities spend 2% and 5% of their budgets”可知，此处是指学校和大学分别的预算。故选A。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当疫情迫使学校和大学关闭时，在线辅导提供商Chegg和Byju等的市值都有所增加，数字化繁荣的时刻似乎已经来临。A. divide分歧；B. reverse反转；C. boom繁荣；D. withdrawal撤退。根据“the market value of online tutoring providers like Chegg and Byju’s both increased”可知，在线辅导的市值增加，这说明在线辅导繁荣发展。故选C。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果疫情无法克服教育部门对数字中断的抵制，人工智能能吗？A. tendency趋势；B. resistance抵制；C. attention注意力；D. anxiety焦虑。根据上文“If the pandemic couldn’t overcome the education sector’s ”可知，疫情无法克服教育部门对数字中断的抵制。故选B。 4．考查动词短语辨析。句意：像ChatGPT这样可以在各种主题上进行聪明对话的生成式人工智能当然可以。A. serve the purpose达到目的；B. break the ice打破僵局；C. take the initiative采取主动；D. do some good做一些好事。根据“So much so that educationalists began to… that students would use it to cheat on essays and homework.”可知，生成式人工智能可以在各种主题上进行聪明对话，可推理出此处是指生成式人工智能可以达到目的。故选A。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：以至于教育家们开始担心学生们会用它来在论文和作业上作弊。A. maintain维护；B. panic恐慌；C. doubt怀疑；D. wonder想知道。根据“that students would use it to cheat on essays and homework”可知，学生们会用ChatGPT来在论文和作业上作弊，这是指教育家们所担心的。故选B。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，它作为一种为各种学生提供个性化辅导并加快评分等枯燥任务的手段，正越来越令人兴奋。A. personalized个性化的；B. individualistic个人主义的；C. characteristic独特的；D. attentive注意的。根据上文“it is generating excitement as a means to provide”可知，它为各种学生提供个性化辅导。故选A。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：就学习者而言，他们正在接受这项技术。A. attempting尝试；B. declining下降；C. opposing反对；D. embracing拥抱。根据“Two-fifths of undergraduates reported using an AI chatbot to help them with their studies.”可知，五分之二的本科生报告称他们使用人工智能聊天机器人来帮助他们学习，这说明学习者正在接受这项技术。故选D。 8．考查介词词义辨析。句意：事实上，该技术的普及给Chegg等公司带来了尴尬的问题，Chegg正在失去客户，客户都流向了ChatGPT。A. for因为；B. under在……下面；C. to向；D. in在……里面。根据上文“which was losing customers”以及下文“ChatGPT”可知，Chegg的客户都流向了ChatGPT。故选C。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，有充分的理由相信，像Chegg这样使用人工智能的教育专家最终将超越OpenAI等通用人工智能，OpenAI是ChatGPT 的制造商。A. detect察觉；B. transform改变；C. overtake超越；D. enhance增强。根据“generalists such as OpenAI, the maker of ChatGPT”和however可知，前后是转折关系，上文提到Chegg面临尴尬的问题，即其客户都流向ChatGPT，下文和上文是转折相反关系，应是指像Chegg这样使用人工智能的教育专家的好的一面，即它们将超越通用人工智能。故选C。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：学生希望从值得信赖的供应商那里获得内容。A. comprehensive综合的；B. advanced先进的；C. distinguished卓越的；D. trusted可信的。根据上文“For one, AI chatbots often talk nonsense, an unhelpful trait in an educational context.”以及下文“Providers”可知，人工智能聊天机器人经常胡言乱语，这在教育环境中是无益的，由此可推知，学生希望从值得信赖的供应商那里获得内容。故选D。 11．考查动词短语辨析。句意：该公司并未允许ChatGPT和其他人工智能系统使用其材料，而是利用这些内容来训练自己的模型，并将其嵌入到自己的学习应用程序套件中。A. give away赠送；B. take in接受；C. bring about引起；D. hold up举起。根据下文“but has instead used the content to train its own models, which it is embedding into its set of learning apps.”中的but可知，前后是转折关系，该公司是利用这些内容来训练自己的模型，并将其嵌入到自己的学习应用程序，而非允许ChatGPT使用其材料。故选B。 12．考查固定短语辨析。句意：此外，正如Chegg的罗森茨威格先生所说，教学不仅仅是给学生一个答案，而是以一种帮助他们学习的方式呈现答案。A. By contrast相比之下；B. Despite this尽管如此；C. What’s more此外；D. As a result结果。根据“as Chegg’s Mr Rosensweig argues, teaching is not merely about giving students an answer, but about presenting it in a way that helps them learn.”可知，下文表示对前面所述内容的补充或强调。故选C。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，了解教学法为教育专家提供了优势。A. applause掌声；B. edge优势；C. hesitation犹豫；D. improvement改进。根据“Pearson has designed its AI tools to … students by breaking complex topics down, testing their understanding and providing quick feedback, says Ms Edwards.”可知，了解教学法为教育专家提供了优势。故选B。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：爱德华兹女士说，培生公司设计了人工智能工具，通过分解复杂的话题、测试学生的理解能力并提供快速反馈来吸引学生。A. convince使信服；B. engage吸引；C. capture捕捉；D. challenge挑战。根据上文“Pearson has designed its AI tools to ”可知，培生公司设计了人工智能工具是为了吸引学生。故选B。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Byju正在将针对学生的“遗忘曲线”纳入其人工智能辅导工具的设计中，以个性化的时间间隔刷新他们的记忆。A. intervals间隔；B. cost花费；C. mercy仁慈；D. best最好的事物（人）。根据 “Byju’s is incorporating “forgetting curves” for students into the design of its AI tutoring tools, refreshing their memories at personalized”可知，将针对学生的“遗忘曲线”纳入其人工智能辅导工具的设计中，这样能以个性化的时间间隔刷新学生的记忆。故选A。 Passage 2 Deepfake Are Deeply Troubling A recent video on the internet has Coco Lee, who died last year, talking to her fans and saying, “From the moment I left this world, I can always feel your endless love and support.” The video looked 1 , but it was a “deepfake” created by AI. AI has 2 to the point where it has become difficult to distinguish what is real from what isn’t. These types of deepfakes are now all over the internet where we see people, usually celebrities and politicians, saying things which they didn’t really say. One “deepfake” has Taylor Swift 3 a brand of cookware. Some “creative” person used AI to manipulate (操控) her image and 4 to make it appear that she were speaking for the product. But there is a more 5 trend in deepfakes that has become more prevalent (普遍的). As with the Coco Lee deepfake, there are people using AI to “resurrect (复活)” their lost loved ones and 6 them. In one recent high-profile case you’re probably aware of, the famous musician Bao Xiaobo used AI to “resurrect” his daughter, who died at the age of twenty-two. With the technology, he is able to talk to her and ask her questions. Though he knew it was fake, he didn’t 7 because he missed her very much. The 8 consequences of not “letting go” of a loved one can be serious. It may cause a person to live in a fantasy world instead of accepting the healthy and necessary process of grieving and 9 with his or her life. 10 , there is a legal aspect to AI deepfakes which has yet to be thoroughly considered. Can a dead person’s image be manipulated to say things which they didn’t say and wouldn’t have said if they were 11 ? Can a person’s image be copyrighted to prevent this from happening? These are some of the questions that 12 will have to consider, and courts will have to decide. In 1931, the British author Aldous Huxley wrote a novel called Brave New World, which was about a future 13 by technology. In many ways we are living in this “Brave New World” and are 14 our “humanity” with all its faults, virtues and limitations. I’m sorry that Coco Lee is gone, and I’m sorry that Tino Bao’s daughter is gone, but grieving is a part of life, and grief, as they say, is the 15 for love. 1．A．interesting B．affectionate C．joyful D．authentic 2．A．sweated B．certified C．progressed D．reacted 3．A．crafting B．promoting C．sampling D．releasing 4．A．identity B．weight C．mind D．voice 5．A．disturbing B．outstanding C．struggling D．entertaining 6．A．look after B．bring up C．interact with D．benefit from 7．A．regret B．admit C．participate D．care 8．A．ethical B．psychological C．imaginary D．financial 9．A．putting up B．coming down C．moving on D．ending up 10．A．Relatively B．Consequently C．Likely D．Additionally 11．A．conscious B．alive C．present D．mindful 12．A．scientists B．creators C．applicants D．lawmakers 13．A．threatened B．innovated C．inhabited D．dominated 14．A．bombarding B．modifying C．losing D．replacing 15．A．signal B．price C．mission D．foundation 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．A 6．C 7．D 8．B 9．C 10．D 11．B 12．D 13．D 14．C 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讨论了深度伪造（deepfake）技术的发展及其带来的问题，包括伦理、心理、法律等多个层面的影响。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：视频看起来像真的，但它是由人工智能创造的深度伪造。A. interesting有趣的；B. affectionate表示关爱的；C. joyful快乐的；D. authentic真实的。根据下文“but it was a “deepfake” created by AI”可知，这是AI制作的假视频，由表示转折的but可知，上文中视频看起来像是真的，故选D项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人工智能已经进步到了很难区分真假的地步。A. sweated出汗；B. certified认证；C. progressed进步；D. reacted反应。根据下文“has become difficult to distinguish what is real from what isn’t”可知，现在人们已经很难分辨AI的真假了，这说明AI技术取得了很大进步，故选C项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有一个深度伪造视频显示泰勒·斯威夫特正在推广一个炊具品牌。A. crafting制作；B. promoting推广；C. sampling品尝；D. releasing释放。根据下文“make it appear that she were speaking for the product”可知，让名人为自己的产品发声，这是在推广产品，故选B项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些创意人士使用人工智能操纵她的形象和声音，使她看起来像是在为该产品发言。A. identity身份；B. weight重量；C. mind思想；D. voice声音。根据上文“saying things which they didn’t really say”可知，这是操纵她的声音，故选D项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但是深度伪造中有一个更令人不安的趋势，这种趋势变得越来越普遍。A. disturbing令人不安的；B. outstanding杰出的；C. struggling挣扎的；D. entertaining娱乐的。根据下文“resurrect their lost loved ones”和上下文对深度伪造的负面描述，AI可以使用死去的人的形象，可知趋势是令人不安的，故选A项。 6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：就像李玟的深度伪造一样，有人使用人工智能复活他们失去的亲人并与他们互动。A. look after照顾；B. bring up提出；C. interact with与……互动；D. benefit from从……获益。根据下文“With the technology, he is able to talk to her and ask her questions.”可知，此处指与人工智能复活的亲人互动。故选C项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管他知道这是假的，但他并不在意，因为他非常想念她。A. regret后悔；B. admit承认；C. participate参与；D. care关心，在意。根据上下文“Though he knew it was fake”和“he missed her very much”可知，尽管他知道这是假的，但是他非常想念女儿，这让他不介意这是假的。故选D项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：不放手亲人的心理后果可能很严重。A. ethical道德的；B. psychological心理的；C. imaginary想象的；D. financial财政的，金融的。根据下文“instead of accepting the healthy and necessary process of grieving”可知，人们会沉溺于虚幻的世界，而不是接受健康的心理疗愈过程，这是心理问题，故选B项。 9．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这可能导致一个人生活在幻想世界中，而不是接受健康和必要的悲伤过程，并继续他或她的生活。A. putting up举起；B. coming down崩塌，降落；C. moving on前进；D. ending up结束。根据上下文“instead of accepting the healthy and necessary process of grieving”可知，作者认为这会导致人们生活在幻想世界，而不是接受健康和必要的悲伤过程，然后继续自己的生活，故选C项。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，人工智能深度伪造还有一个法律层面，这个层面尚未得到充分考虑。A. Relatively相对地；B. Consequently因此；C. Likely可能地；D. Additionally此外。根据上文“ The ___8___ consequences of not “letting go” of a loved one can be serious.”以及空后“there is a legal aspect”提出的法律问题，可知是进一步补充说明深度伪造的问题，故选D项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个已故人士的形象可以被操纵说出他们从未说过的以及如果他们活着也不会说的话吗？A. conscious有意识的；B. alive活着的；C. present在场的；D. mindful留意的。根据上下文“Can a dead person’s image be manipulated”以及“if they were”可知，这个句子使用了虚拟语气，表示假如他们活着。故选B项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些都是立法者必须考虑的问题，法院将必须做出决定。A. scientists科学家；B. creators创造者；C. applicants申请人；D. lawmakers立法者。根据上文“there is a legal aspect to AI deepfakes”以及下文“courts will have to decide”可知，此处指这是立法者需要考虑的问题。故选D项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：1931年，英国作家奥尔德斯·赫胥黎写了一本名为《美丽新世界》的小说，这是关于一个由技术支配的未来世界。A. threatened威胁；B. innovated创新；C. inhabited居住；D. dominated支配。根据上文所讲述的人工智能技术以及下文“by technology”可知，此处指被技术支配的未来世界。故选D项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在很多方面，我们正生活在这个美丽新世界中，并且正在失去我们的人性，包括它的所有缺点、美德和局限性。A. bombarding轰炸；B. modifying修改；C. losing失去；D. replacing取代。根据上下文“our humanity with all its faults, virtues and limitations”可知，科技是没有人性的，也没有感情，作者认为科技主导的世界是在失去人性，故选C项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我很遗憾李玟已经走了，我很遗憾包小柏的女儿已经走了，但悲伤是生活的一部分，正如他们所说，悲伤是爱的代价。A. signal信号；B. price代价；C. mission使命；D. foundation基础。根据上下文“but grieving is a part of life”以及常识可知，悲伤是生命的一部分，是每个人都会经历的事情，因为爱，失去后才会悲伤，这说明悲伤是爱的某种结果或代价，故选B项。 Passage 3 Before Yuri Gagarin and that first generation of astronauts breached Earth’s atmosphere to start a new era in space, nobody really knew just how humans would fare, either mentally or physically, in low Earth orbit. In those early days, data was collected from probes and a selection of ___1____, but until that pioneering generation flew, no one could say how astronauts would react. The medical profession is still researching the ____2____ of space on the body today, both when in space and the after-effects upon returning to Earth. Of all the medical ____3____ facing life in space, the most fundamental remains the effects of weightlessness. John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth said that he “found weightlessness to be extremely ____4____”. Ironically for Glenn, it wasn’t until an incident two years after returning from space that a more in-depth level of medical inspection was triggered. When Glenn ____5____ a head injury after a fall in a hotel bathroom, the dizzy spells he was suffering highlighted inner-ear issues he’d sustained while in space. ____6____, they raised further questions about his health and how weightlessness had affected it, such as the strain placed on cardiovascular (心血管的) and circulatory systems. Since the 1960s, studies conducted on those who’ve spent time in space have revealed a whole range of medical ____7____. One paper revealed that on missions lasting six months or longer, an astronaut will experience bone density loss that is ____8____ to several decades of ageing. ____9____ this is one of the reasons why crews on the International Space Station need to exercise for two hours every day. Research has also confirmed changes to vision, a compromised immune system, digestive issues and elevated long-term cancer risks. ____10____ space flight could also lead to cognitive decline, plus the onset of depression and anxiety. However, while Glenn’s bathroom fall ____11____sparked a series of rigorous investigations from ground-based doctors, tracking the health effects of space has moved to the environment that causes them: space itself, and the spacecraft and orbiting platforms where longer-term research can be carried out. In the intervening years, there have been thousands of medical research projects on human health in space. For example, in 1989 two physicians on board Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-34) ____12____ to establish a link between cranial (颅骨的) pressure and motion sickness. In 1995, Mir Principal Expedition 18 saw a joint US-Russian medical research project to investigate the effects of weightlessness. And in 2023, members of Expedition 70 on board the International Space Station ____13____ how weightlessness impacts the neck, shoulders and leg veins. However, regardless of what space has thrown at us then and now, the driving force to overcome any ____14____ medical problem remains unshaken: our existence as a species beyond the day when Earth’s time is finally done, depends upon it. It’s one thing to assemble the hardware to propel humankind to Mars and ____15____ beyond the Red Planet; the state of our health when we arrive is another. 1. A. humans B. animals C. insects D. birds 2. A. effects B. causes C. lives D. secretes 3. A. achievements B. challenges C. anticipations D. temptations 4. A. unpleasant B. ridiculous C. impressive D. enjoyable 5. A. created B. made C. obtained D. sustained 6. A. Finally B. Unusually C. Soon D. Later 7. A. achievements B. treatments C. concerns D. experiments 8. A. necessary B. awkward C. equivalent D. reluctant 9. A. Measuring B. Combatting C. Implying D. Discouraging 10. A. Prolonged B. Exploited C. Triggered D. simulated 11. A. unintentionally B. uncommonly C. unfortunately D. unnecessarily 12. A. applied B. declined C. bothered D. sought 13. A. inquired B. responded C. monitored D. assembled 14. A. illegal B. financial C. potential D. preventive 15. A. immediately B. particularly C. occasionally D. possibly 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. C 9. B 10. A 11. A 12. D 13. C 14. C 15. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕太空对人体健康的影响展开，介绍了从早期航天时代至今，医学界对太空环境给宇航员身心带来的各类影响的研究历程。 【1题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在早期，人们从探测器和一些动物身上收集数据，但在那批先驱者飞上太空之前，没人能说清宇航员会有怎样的反应。A. humans人类；B. animals动物；C. insects昆虫；D. birds鸟类。根据上文“Before Yuri Gagarin and that first generation of astronauts breached Earth’s atmosphere”及下文“no one could say how astronauts would react”可知，早期还未开展人体太空实验，无法直接收集人类数据，只能先以动物为实验对象获取相关信息，昆虫和鸟类的范畴过于狭窄，不符合科研的常规选择。故选B项。 【2题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：时至今日，医学界仍在研究太空对人体的影响，包括在太空时的影响以及返回地球后的后遗症。A. effects影响；B. causes原因；C. lives生命；D. secretes分泌物。根据下文“both when in space and the after-effects upon returning to Earth”可知，“after-effects”（后遗症）是太空对人体产生的影响之一，由此可判断此处指太空对人体的“影响”。故选A项。 【3题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在太空生活面临的所有医学挑战中，最根本的仍是失重带来的影响。A. achievements成就；B. challenges挑战；C. anticipations期待；D. temptations诱惑。根据下文“the effects of weightlessness”以及后文提及的骨密度流失、视力变化等一系列太空相关健康问题可知，太空生活给人体健康带来的是医学层面的“挑战”。故选B项。 【4题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：美国首位绕地球飞行宇航员约翰·格伦说，他“发现失重状态极其令人不适”。A. unpleasant令人不快的；B. ridiculous荒谬的；C. impressive令人印象深刻的；D. enjoyable令人愉快的。根据后文“When Glenn __5__ a head injury after a fall in a hotel bathroom, the dizzy spells he was suffering highlighted inner-ear issues he’d sustained while in space.”可知，格伦返回地球后因摔倒引发内耳问题，说明失重带来负面体验，故选A项。 【5题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当格伦在酒店浴室摔倒后头部受伤，他所遭受的眩晕症状凸显了他在太空时就已出现的内耳问题。A. created创造；B. made制造；C. obtained获得；D. sustained遭受。根据下文“a fall in a hotel bathroom”可知，此处指格伦在意外中“遭受”了头部损伤，“sustain injury”为固定搭配，意为“受伤”。故选D项。 【6题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：后来，这些症状引发了更多关于他健康状况以及失重如何影响其健康的疑问，比如对心血管和循环系统造成的压力。A. Finally最终；B. Unusually不寻常地；C. Soon很快；D. Later后来。根据上文“an incident two years after returning from space”及“highlighted inner-ear issues”可知，先是浴室摔倒引发的眩晕症状凸显了太空留下的内耳问题，“后来”这些症状进一步引发了对其整体健康及失重影响的更多疑问，存在时间上的递进关系。故选D项。 【7题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：自20世纪60年代以来，针对太空驻留人员的研究揭示了一系列医学隐患。A. achievements成就；B. treatments治疗；C. concerns隐患、担忧；D. experiments实验。根据下文“bone density loss”以及“changes to vision, a compromised immune system”等具体的太空健康问题可知，这些都是太空环境给宇航员带来的医学“隐患”。故选C项。 【8题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一篇论文显示，在为期六个月或更长时间的任务中，宇航员会经历的骨密度流失相当于数十年衰老带来的影响。A. necessary必要的；B. awkward尴尬的；C. equivalent等同的；D. reluctant不情愿的。根据下文“several decades of ageing”可知，此处是将长期太空任务中的骨密度流失程度与数十年衰老的影响作类比，“equivalent to”为固定搭配，意为“等同于”，符合语境。故选C项。 【9题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：应对这一问题也是国际空间站的宇航员每天需要锻炼两小时的原因之一。A. Measuring测量；B. Combatting应对、对抗；C. Implying暗示；D. Discouraging阻止。根据上文提及的“bone density loss”这一太空健康隐患，以及下文“crews on the International Space Station need to exercise for two hours every day”可知，宇航员每天锻炼是为了“应对”骨密度流失的问题。故选B项。 【10题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：长时间的太空飞行还可能导致认知能力下降，以及抑郁和焦虑的出现。A. Prolonged长期的；B. Exploited被利用的；C. Triggered被触发的；D. simulated模拟的。根据上文“missions lasting six mont$