专题08 概要写作（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高二英语下学期

专题08 概要写作（期中真题汇编，上海专用） 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 1．(24-25高二下·上海嘉定区中光高级中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Chocolate lovers might face a challenge: the world’s chocolate supply is under threat. The cacao (可可) tree, from which chocolate is made, is suffering. Diseases wipe out a third of the global cacao crop annually, and droughts caused by climate change are making things worse. But there’s hope! Mars Inc., the world’s largest chocolate company, is leading a groundbreaking study on the cacao tree. They’re sharing their findings for free, aiming to ensure that cacao continues to be grown. The focus is on finding ways to increase the yield (产量) of cacao per hectare (亩) since expanding the areas of cacao cultivation often leads to deforestation. This research is crucial because the majority of cacao is grown in Africa by small-scale farmers who lack resources to improve crop yields. Improving cacao plants to produce more per hectare could encourage farmers to adopt more intensive farming techniques. This shift could help protect rainforests and support small farmers’ wealth. Additionally, tackling the issue of disease is critical. Fungi (真菌), like witch’s broom and frosty pod, have destroyed cacao plantations in the Americas and could threaten Africa’s crops. A key part of the solution is genetic research to find disease-resistant cacao trees. Surprisingly, a study led by Juan-Carlos Motamayor revealed that cacao has a much richer genetic diversity than previously thought, opening doors to breeding disease-resistant species. Mars, together with the USDA and IBM, is working hard to speed up this research. Scientists are optimistic that by identifying and breeding cacao trees with desirable features, such as high yield and disease resistance, they can triple cacao production. This would not only secure the chocolate supply but also allow farmers to diversify their crops, leading to year-round harvests and a move away from destructive farming practices. So, the next time you enjoy a piece of chocolate, remember it’s part of a bigger picture involving science, sustainability, and supporting global communities. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 2．(24-25·高二下·复旦大学附属中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.   Narcissism is a psychological condition defined as an obsession with the self. While not all forms of self-love or self-interest are destructive, extreme cases can be very damaging and may be diagnosed as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). According to some psychoanalysis, almost all people begin life with some degree of self-obsession. Since babies are born helpless, their physical and emotional needs must be addressed by the people surrounding them. In the infant’s mind, this translates to a deeply held belief that he is the center of the world, known as primary narcissism. This belief is usually left behind as children grow older and become more independent.   People with mild symptoms may actually benefit from their self-interested tendencies. According to some studies, mild narcissists tend to experience less stress, self-doubt, and remorse than non-narcissists. Their feeling of self-importance and invulnerability makes them less prone to depression, and makes them more likely to pursue their dreams and goals.   Those with clinical NCD, however, can have difficult and frustrating lives. In extreme cases, they may be simply unable to understand why the world does not work according to their beliefs. Despite a desire for strong personal relationships, they may be unable to maintain them because of their self-obsession. In rare cases, the ability to justify any behavior for personal gain may be so strong that a narcissist may find himself engaging in manipulative, criminal, or violent acts.   Psychotherapy is often recommended as the first-line of treatment for this condition. Cognitive behavioral therapy, which focuses on identifying and altering unhealthy behavioral patterns, can also be very helpful in constructing a healthier lifestyle. How effective these treatments usually depend on how severe the condition is. While fully defeating narcissistic urges may not always be possible, psychotherapy creates an open forum to discuss related issues and manage the problems caused by this condition.   _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 3 3．(24-25高二下·上海嘉定一中等四校·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. The Power of Humor Humor is the heartbeat of online communication, bringing people together through laughter and shared experiences. Whether it’s a witty meme, a cleverly edited video, or a joke about the chaos of daily life, humor adds a spark to conversations and makes interactions more enjoyable. From the mundane to the unexpected, it turns ordinary moments into something worth sharing. One of the most entertaining ways humor thrives online is through storytelling. People take everyday situations and add a twist to make them both funny and relatable. Imagine waiting so long for your food that you start picturing the chef planting cabbage seeds in the kitchen—it’s these playful twists on reality that make humor so engaging. By injecting creativity into the ordinary, jokes become more than just funny words. They become shared experiences that keep conversations lively. Another way humor spreads is through wordplay. A well-crafted pun or a clever twist on a familiar phrase can instantly brighten someone’s day. These spontaneous jokes add energy to conversations, making interactions not just memorable but also more dynamic. A perfectly timed joke can even ease the tension in a serious discussion, reminding everyone that a little laughter goes a long way. Beyond entertainment, humor serves as a coping mechanism, helping people handle stress and uncertainty. In difficult moments, a lighthearted remark can offer comfort, making tough topics easier to discuss. Laughter has a way of breaking down barriers, bringing people together through a shared sense of relief. It’s a reminder that even in life’s challenges, there’s room for joy. In the digital world, humor does more than entertain—it builds bridges, promotes understanding, and adds a little brightness to everyday life. Whether through storytelling, wordplay, or a simple joke that lifts someone’s spirits, humor remains a driving force in human connection, making the world feel just a bit closer and a lot more fun. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 1．(24-25高二下·上海交通大学附属中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The quality of our daily lives is deeply influenced by our sleep patterns. Among its many functions, sleep plays a particularly vital role in cognitive performance and brain health. Sleep is critical for memory consolidation and neural maintenance. During sleep, the brain processes and organizes information gathered throughout the day, transferring short-term memories into long-term storage. Research from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) reveals that deep sleep, or slow-wave sleep, is essential for synaptic pruning—a process where unnecessary neural connections are eliminated, while important ones are strengthened. This mechanism enhances learning efficiency and problem-solving abilities. Additionally, the glymphatic system, a waste-clearing network in the brain, becomes highly active during sleep, flushing out toxins like beta-amyloid, which is linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, insufficient sleep disrupts these processes, impairing cognitive function and increasing the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Sleep is indispensable for cognitive health due to the sheer amount of time humans spend sleeping over a lifetime. The average person sleeps for about one-third of their life—approximately 25 years or more. Even minor sleep deficits accumulate over time, leading to significant impacts on attention, creativity, and emotional regulation. For instance, a study published in “Nature” found that losing just 1-2 hours of sleep per night for a week can impair cognitive performance as severely as going without sleep for 24 hours. Chronic sleep deprivation in early adulthood has also been linked to reduced brain volume in regions responsible for decision-making and emotional control. Given that many individuals, especially students and professionals, sacrifice sleep for work or leisure, the long-term consequences on brain health cannot be overlooked. Renowned sleep researcher Dr. Matthew Walker emphasizes that society must prioritize sleep not as a luxury, but as a necessity. In his book “Why We Sleep”, he argues: “Sleep is the single most effective thing we can do to reset our brain and body health each day. It is a non-negotiable biological requirement, not an optional lifestyle choice.” Adopting this mindset could transform how we structure our daily routines, ensuring that sleep is treated with the same importance as diet and exercise. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 2．(24-25高二下·上海闵行区六校联考·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Retailers closed more than 9,000 stores in 2019. Some people call what has happened to the shopping landscape ‌“the retail disaster.” It is easy to owe it to the rise of e-commerce, which has boomed while physical stores struggle. But this can be overstated. Online sales have grown tremendously in the last 20 years, but internet shopping still represents only 11 percent of the entire retail sales total. Collectively, three major economic forces have had an even bigger impact on physical retail than the internet has. To begin with, we have changed where we shop — away from smaller stores like those in malls and toward stand-alone ‌“Big Box” stores, which is a greater problem for most physical stores. Also, rising income inequality has left less of the nation’s money in the hands of the middle class, and the traditional retail stores that aim at them have suffered. It is estimated that since 1970, the share of the nation’s income earned by families in the middle class has fallen from almost two-thirds to around 40 percent. As the concentration of income at the top rises, overall retail suffers simply because high-income people save a much larger share of their money. In the latest data, people in the top 10 percent of income saved almost a third of their income after tax, while people in the middle of the income distribution spent 100 percent of their income. Therefore, as the middle class has been squeezed and more has gone to the top, it has meant higher saving rates overall. Lastly, we have spent proportionately less of income on things and more on services with every passing decade. Since 1960, we went from spending 5 percent of our income on health to almost 18 percent. We spend more on education, entertainment, business services and all sorts of other products that aren’t available in traditional retail stores. Over time, retailers selling things will have to run harder and harder just to stay in place. In short, the broad forces hitting retail are more a lesson in economics than in the power of technology. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 3 3．(23-24高二下·上海大境中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. I love charity shops and so do lots of other people in Britain because you find quite a few of them on every high street. The charity shop is a British institution, selling everything from clothes to electric goods, all at very good prices. You can get things you won’t find in the shops anymore. The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to a good cause and not into the pockets of profit-driven companies, and you are not damaging the planet, but finding a new home for unwanted goods. The first charity shop was opened in 1947 by Oxfam. The famous charity’s appeal to aid postwar Greece had been so successful it had been flooded with donations. They decided to set up a shop to sell some of these donations to raise money for that appeal. Now there are over 7,000 charity shops in the UK. My favourite charity shop in my hometown is the Red Cross shop, where I always find children’ s books,  all 10 or 20 pence each. Most of the people working in the charity shops are volunteers, although there is often a manager who gets paid. Over 90% of the goods in the charity shops are donated by the public. Every morning you see bags of unwanted items outside the front of shops, although they don’t encourage this, rather ask people to  bring things in when the shop is open. The shops have very low running costs: all profits go to charity work. Charity shops raise more than £110million a year, funding medical research, overseas aid, supporting sick and poor children, homeless and  disabled people, and much more. What better place to spend your money? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 1．(24-25高二下·上海控江中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Role of the Anesthesiologist (麻醉医生) If you’re preparing for surgery, you’ve probably given a lot of thought to the education, training, and experience of the surgeon performing the procedure. But you may not have thought much about the anesthesiologist or the importance of his or her medical expertise in your procedure — before, during, and after — to keep you safe and comfortable. Actually, anesthesiologists guide you throughout your entire surgical experience. Before surgery, in the days or weeks before your surgery, your anesthesiologist will be sure you are fit for surgery and prepare you for the procedure by asking detailed questions about your health, and examining you. Be sure to let your anesthesiologist know about any medical problems you have, such as heart disease, diabetes, or asthma, and what medications you are taking. Eventually, your anesthesiologist will create an anesthesia plan developed specifically for you to ensure a safe and successful procedure. During the surgery, the anesthesiologist closely monitors your anesthesia and vital body functions during the procedure, working alone or with an Anesthesia Care Team. Your anesthesiologist will instantly manage medical problems if they occur during surgery. After surgery, in the recovery room, the anesthesiologist supervises others who will care for you and monitor your recovery — your breathing, circulation, consciousness, and level of oxygen — and is immediately available if there are questions or concerns. In addition, the anesthesiologist typically is one of those who decide when you are ready to go home, or when you should be moved to a regular room in the hospital or the intensive care unit. The anesthesiologist may even be involved in pain management after you go home because they specialize in pain control, and some focus their practices on treating patients with chronic pain. If you suffer from pain that won’t go away, such as migraine headaches, back pain, or pain caused by a condition such as fibromyalgia, ask your doctor about a referral to an anesthesiologist who specializes in treating chronic pain._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 2．(24-25高二下·上海闵行区七宝中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Do You Find It So Hard to Not Multitask? Most of us do multitasking almost daily. But it’s time to change that. Let’s take the smartphone for example. On average you check your phone 110 times a day—that means you’re spending 23 days every year glued to your smartphone! How productive do you think that makes you? Habits encouraging you to multitask make you unproductive. But it’s hard to let go of these habits because you’ve conditioned your brain to send misleading signals to your body. Research has shown that when you multitask “successfully”, you activate the reward mechanism in your brain that releases dopamine, the happy hormone. You feel so good that you believe you’re being effective and this further encourages your multitasking habit. This rush can also make you overly optimistic, less careful about the work you do and more likely to make mistakes, Multitaskers basically get addicted to this rush which leads them to believe they are being effective when in fact they’re not. Since our brains can only effectively focus on one thing at a time, monotasking is the way for you to accomplish more in less time. Research has suggested you’re 50% quicker on average to accomplish a task if you monotask, and you’re also 50% less likely to make errors. So it’s a win-win for everyone! You’ll also be able to appreciate things on a deeper level and get more enjoyment from them when you’re focused. Now you’re probably desperate to find out how to get rid of this multitasking habit so you can find real productivity. There is no easy answer. You simply have to commit to it and have the self discipline to stick to one task at a time. Just say to yourself: When I walk, I walk. When I talk to someone, I talk to someone. Focus on the one thing you are doing. And like that, you’ve mastered monotasking ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 3 3．(24-25高二下·上海长宁区·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. The role of siblings(兄弟姐妹) It’s common knowledge that the family a child grows up in has a huge influence on the child’s attitudes, beliefs and mental health. People usually think that the child’s parents are responsible for this influence, but relationships with brothers and sisters are just as important. Siblings provide children with a unique opportunity to practice interacting with their peers, rather than authority figures. Although friendships can have similar effects, relationships with siblings offer some unique advantages. During childhood, siblings see each other every day and spend more time with each other than with anyone else, sharing experiences that last all their lives. Siblings are also forced to persevere in their relationships with each other even if they have a falling out. This forces children to practice conflict resolution skills since they cannot leave the familial relationship, as they could with a friend. But a sibling relationship also offers a safe place to discuss difficult topics without fear of abandonment. Moreover, older siblings often teach their younger brothers and sisters about life. They can convey useful skills and advice, but they can also set bad examples, leading their younger siblings to do things that are wrong or foolish. Once children grow up, they do not see their siblings as often as before since they usually no longer live together. Maintaining sibling relationships now takes work, and if siblings do not get along, they can avoid each other. But many sibling relationships improve in young adulthood as the siblings mature. Sometimes the distance helps siblings enjoy each other’s company when they do meet. Relationships between siblings vary depending on the ages and personalities of the children involved. Even the best sibling relationships involve some disagreements, but a strong relationship can survive such conflicts. Considering the role of siblings throughout our lives, it’s critical to take the time to cultivate positive relationships with siblings. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 1．(24-25高二下·上海华东师范大学第二附属中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Future of AI On 10 and 11 February, 60 countries promised to make sure artificial intelligence (AI) is safe and trustworthy, at a big meeting in Paris, France. AI is already used for all sorts of things, including. Internet searches, banking, robots and more — and the list of possible uses is quickly getting longer. At the meeting, called the AI Action Summit, world leaders discussed the impact of AI and what should be done to manage it. One of the big agreements reached was the Statement on Inclusive and Sustainable AI, which was signed by 60 countries. The statement included a list of priorities for AI that the countries agreed to follow, including making sure it is “safe, secure and trustworthy” and that it has a positive impact on people’s jobs. Another priority was to make AI “sustainable for people and the planet”, which means using AI in a way that doesn’t harm the environment. This is important because AI systems use lots of energy, which is often made by burning polluting fossil fuels. They also use lots of water to cool equipment, and water is scarce in some places. The statement is a step forward for making sure AI is used carefully, even though the countries aren’t legally required to do what the statement says. The UK and US didn’t sign the statement. A spokesperson for the UK Government said it didn’t talk enough about certain issues, including how AI will be governed across the world. US vice president said excessive regulation of AI would be bad for the technology industry. Macron, the president of France, used the AI Action Summit to announce the creation of Current AI. This is an organization designed to develop and support global AI projects that will benefit the public, including increasing access to high-quality data that can be used to train AI systems. To begin with, it's being funded by around £317 million from the French government, other countries and organizations. The founder of Current AI said, “AI has the power to transform access to jobs, healthcare, and education for the better, but only if we act now.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 2．(24-25高二下·上海青浦高级中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Nowadays, it’s easier than ever to help family, friends, and even strangers in times of need. It’s also easy to look the other way. In a new study, Boyer, a professor at Washington University, tested subjects with a variety of imaginary news stories describing cases of misfortune, such as someone in a car accident while texting and driving and someone attacked by a bear while hiking. Participants thought the stories were real, but each scene was carefully designed to test a person’s empathy and willingness to help. After reading each story, test subjects were asked to rate the character of the victim and their responsibility for the mishap(不幸). In some experiments, participants were offered a chance to donate their total payment for participating in the study, up to 60 cents, to help the victim. In others, they were asked if they would be willing to help the person with their own money. Results suggested a general lack of generosity. For example, participants in one experiment offered to donate an average of about 15 cents to the victim, less than a third of the maximum amount possible. A closer look at the data across multiple experiments revealed a trend: the more character faults participants saw in a victim, the less willing they were to donate. “They’re saying that the victim doesn’t deserve help,” Boyer says. The finding goes against a long-held assumption about human nature. In the 1960s, psychologists suggested people were reluctant to help victims of misfortune based on a fundamental belief that the world was fair and bad things only happened to bad people. But Boyer says the idea of a just world is both uncommon and unfounded. “In most places, people think the world is deeply unfair,” Boyer said. Instead of making a blanket assumption that all victims somehow deserve their misfortune, people go out of their way to find fault in each victim on a case-by-case basis, Boyer says. “If I tell you a person was burned in a kitchen fire, you’ll be sympathetic at first, but it’s very likely you or someone else will at some point suggest he must have been doing something stupid. It’s a classic example of blaming the victim,” he says __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 3 3．(24-25高二下·上海浦东新区·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Beyond the Canvas: Exploring Art’s Impact on Brain Function You probably know lots of things that are good for your brain. Reading and working puzzles, for instance. Getting enough exercise and sleep. Eating healthy foods. Now here’s something else to add to the list: arts. Engaging in arts activities, such as playing music, drawing, dancing, or even appreciating art, can significantly benefit your brain. Activities that tap into these brain tasks could boost skills that are useful in other situations, too. Jessica Bone, an expert in health statistics, recently co-wrote a report that reviewed studies on the arts and well-being. Overall, taking part in arts activities can reduce signs of depression and boost motivation in kids and teens, she finds. She also found research that linked engaging in art through clubs or other activities with fewer negative behaviors, such as skipping school and substance abuse. But art may even lead to changes in your brain. The brain’s prefrontal cortex (前额叶) controls things like decision-making, planning and paying attention. It helps you control impulses, organize your time and think creatively about problems. Together, all of these tasks fall into a category known as executive function. Training in arts may affect how the brain handles these tasks. Assal Habibi, a neuroscientist, studies the brain at the University of Southern California. Her work focuses on how music affects the brain. Kids in music programs tend to manage executive-function tasks better than kids who aren’t involved in music, her group has shown. They are better at taking turns, paying attention to others and listening before they speak. Do your portraits of people look like stick figures? Do your songs make your friends embarrassed? None of that matters when it comes to learning, Habibi says. You don’t have to be trained or talented, she says, to make or enjoy art. Just include it in your everyday life. So visit museums. Go to concerts. Watch plays. All of these may help boost brainpower in beneficial ways. Let your inner artist shine. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 试卷第12页，共12页 试卷第11页，共12页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题08 概要写作（期中真题汇编，上海专用） 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 1．(24-25高二下·上海嘉定区中光高级中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Chocolate lovers might face a challenge: the world’s chocolate supply is under threat. The cacao (可可) tree, from which chocolate is made, is suffering. Diseases wipe out a third of the global cacao crop annually, and droughts caused by climate change are making things worse. But there’s hope! Mars Inc., the world’s largest chocolate company, is leading a groundbreaking study on the cacao tree. They’re sharing their findings for free, aiming to ensure that cacao continues to be grown. The focus is on finding ways to increase the yield (产量) of cacao per hectare (亩) since expanding the areas of cacao cultivation often leads to deforestation. This research is crucial because the majority of cacao is grown in Africa by small-scale farmers who lack resources to improve crop yields. Improving cacao plants to produce more per hectare could encourage farmers to adopt more intensive farming techniques. This shift could help protect rainforests and support small farmers’ wealth. Additionally, tackling the issue of disease is critical. Fungi (真菌), like witch’s broom and frosty pod, have destroyed cacao plantations in the Americas and could threaten Africa’s crops. A key part of the solution is genetic research to find disease-resistant cacao trees. Surprisingly, a study led by Juan-Carlos Motamayor revealed that cacao has a much richer genetic diversity than previously thought, opening doors to breeding disease-resistant species. Mars, together with the USDA and IBM, is working hard to speed up this research. Scientists are optimistic that by identifying and breeding cacao trees with desirable features, such as high yield and disease resistance, they can triple cacao production. This would not only secure the chocolate supply but also allow farmers to diversify their crops, leading to year-round harvests and a move away from destructive farming practices. So, the next time you enjoy a piece of chocolate, remember it’s part of a bigger picture involving science, sustainability, and supporting global communities. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The world’s chocolate supply is threatened by diseases and droughts. Mars Inc. leads a study to boost cacao yield per hectare via genetic research, aiming to breed disease-resistant trees. This aims to triple production, protect rainforests, and support African small-scale farmers. Collaborating with USDA and IBM, they leverage cacao’s rich genetic diversity to ensure sustainability and end destructive farming. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍全球的巧克力供应受到疾病和干旱的威胁。玛氏公司（Mars Inc.）领导了一项通过基因研究提高每公顷可可产量的研究，旨在培育抗病树木。该计划旨在使产量增加两倍，保护雨林，并支持非洲小农。他们与美国农业部和IBM合作，利用可可丰富的基因多样性来确保可持续性，并结束破坏性的农业生产。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①Chocolate lovers might face a challenge: the world’s chocolate supply is under threat. ②Mars Inc., the world’s largest chocolate company, is leading a groundbreaking study on the cacao tree. They’re sharing their findings for free, aiming to ensure that cacao continues to be grown. ③Improving cacao plants to produce more per hectare could encourage farmers to adopt more intensive farming techniques. This shift could help protect rainforests and support small farmers’ wealth. ④Mars, together with the USDA and IBM, is working hard to speed up this research. Scientists are optimistic that by identifying and breeding cacao trees with desirable features, such as high yield and disease resistance, they can triple cacao production. 2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 The global supply of chocolate is threatened by diseases and droughts. Mars Inc. is leading an effort to increase cocoa production per hectare through genetic research aimed at breeding disease-resistant trees. They collaborated with the United States Department of Agriculture and IBM to leverage the rich genetic diversity of cocoa to ensure sustainability and put an end to destructive agricultural production. 【点睛】[高分句型1]：Mars Inc. leads a study to boost cacao yield per hectare via genetic research, aiming to breed disease-resistant trees.（运用了非谓语动词中的现在分词作状语。） [高分句型2]：Collaborating with USDA and IBM, they leverage cacao’s rich genetic diversity to ensure sustainability and end destructive farming.（运用了非谓语动词中的现在分词作状语以及动词不定式作目的状语。） Passage 2 2．(24-25·高二下·复旦大学附属中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.   Narcissism is a psychological condition defined as an obsession with the self. While not all forms of self-love or self-interest are destructive, extreme cases can be very damaging and may be diagnosed as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). According to some psychoanalysis, almost all people begin life with some degree of self-obsession. Since babies are born helpless, their physical and emotional needs must be addressed by the people surrounding them. In the infant’s mind, this translates to a deeply held belief that he is the center of the world, known as primary narcissism. This belief is usually left behind as children grow older and become more independent.   People with mild symptoms may actually benefit from their self-interested tendencies. According to some studies, mild narcissists tend to experience less stress, self-doubt, and remorse than non-narcissists. Their feeling of self-importance and invulnerability makes them less prone to depression, and makes them more likely to pursue their dreams and goals.   Those with clinical NCD, however, can have difficult and frustrating lives. In extreme cases, they may be simply unable to understand why the world does not work according to their beliefs. Despite a desire for strong personal relationships, they may be unable to maintain them because of their self-obsession. In rare cases, the ability to justify any behavior for personal gain may be so strong that a narcissist may find himself engaging in manipulative, criminal, or violent acts.   Psychotherapy is often recommended as the first-line of treatment for this condition. Cognitive behavioral therapy, which focuses on identifying and altering unhealthy behavioral patterns, can also be very helpful in constructing a healthier lifestyle. How effective these treatments usually depend on how severe the condition is. While fully defeating narcissistic urges may not always be possible, psychotherapy creates an open forum to discuss related issues and manage the problems caused by this condition.   _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Narcissism ranges from healthy self-interest to extreme narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). While mild narcissism may reduce stress and boost confidence, severe NPD causes relationship struggles and harmful behaviors. Psychotherapy, like cognitive behavioral therapy, helps manage symptoms by addressing unhealthy patterns. Treatment effectiveness depends on severity, aiming to mitigate issues rather than fully eliminate narcissistic tendencies. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说自恋的程度从适度的自我利益到极端的自恋型人格障碍（NPD）不等。虽然轻度的自恋可能会减轻压力并增强自信，但严重的自恋型人格障碍会导致关系问题和有害行为。心理治疗，比如认知行为疗法，通过解决不健康的行为模式来帮助控制症状。治疗效果取决于严重程度，旨在缓解问题而非完全消除自恋倾向。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Narcissism is a psychological condition defined as an obsession with the self. While not all forms of self-love or self-interest are destructive, extreme cases can be very damaging and may be diagnosed as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). ②According to some studies, mild narcissists tend to experience less stress, self-doubt, and remorse than non-narcissists. Despite a desire for strong personal relationships, they may be unable to maintain them because of their self-obsession. In rare cases, the ability to justify any behavior for personal gain may be so strong that a narcissist may find himself engaging in manipulative, criminal, or violent acts.   ③Psychotherapy is often recommended as the first-line of treatment for this condition. Cognitive behavioral therapy, which focuses on identifying and altering unhealthy behavioral patterns, can also be very helpful in constructing a healthier lifestyle. ④How effective these treatments usually depend on how severe the condition is. While fully defeating narcissistic urges may not always be possible, psychotherapy creates an open forum to discuss related issues and manage the problems caused by this condition. 2. 缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分论。 3. 遣词造句 Narcissism ranges from healthy self-interest to extreme narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). While mild narcissism may reduce stress and boost confidence, severe NPD causes relationship struggles and harmful behaviors. Psychotherapy, like cognitive behavioral therapy, helps manage symptoms by addressing unhealthy patterns. Treatment effectiveness depends on severity, aiming to mitigate issues rather than fully eliminate narcissistic tendencies. 【点睛】【高分句型1】While mild narcissism may reduce stress and boost confidence, severe NPD causes relationship struggles and harmful behaviors. 运用while引导让步状语从句对原文第三段和第四段进行了概括。 【高分句型2】Treatment effectiveness depends on severity, aiming to mitigate issues rather than fully eliminate narcissistic tendencies.用现在分词作状语对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 Passage 3 3．(24-25高二下·上海嘉定一中等四校·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. The Power of Humor Humor is the heartbeat of online communication, bringing people together through laughter and shared experiences. Whether it’s a witty meme, a cleverly edited video, or a joke about the chaos of daily life, humor adds a spark to conversations and makes interactions more enjoyable. From the mundane to the unexpected, it turns ordinary moments into something worth sharing. One of the most entertaining ways humor thrives online is through storytelling. People take everyday situations and add a twist to make them both funny and relatable. Imagine waiting so long for your food that you start picturing the chef planting cabbage seeds in the kitchen—it’s these playful twists on reality that make humor so engaging. By injecting creativity into the ordinary, jokes become more than just funny words. They become shared experiences that keep conversations lively. Another way humor spreads is through wordplay. A well-crafted pun or a clever twist on a familiar phrase can instantly brighten someone’s day. These spontaneous jokes add energy to conversations, making interactions not just memorable but also more dynamic. A perfectly timed joke can even ease the tension in a serious discussion, reminding everyone that a little laughter goes a long way. Beyond entertainment, humor serves as a coping mechanism, helping people handle stress and uncertainty. In difficult moments, a lighthearted remark can offer comfort, making tough topics easier to discuss. Laughter has a way of breaking down barriers, bringing people together through a shared sense of relief. It’s a reminder that even in life’s challenges, there’s room for joy. In the digital world, humor does more than entertain—it builds bridges, promotes understanding, and adds a little brightness to everyday life. Whether through storytelling, wordplay, or a simple joke that lifts someone’s spirits, humor remains a driving force in human connection, making the world feel just a bit closer and a lot more fun. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Humor is essential in online communication, enhancing interactions through storytelling and wordplay. Playful twists on reality and clever puns create relatable and dynamic conversations. Beyond entertainment, humor acts as a coping mechanism, easing stress and fostering connections during challenging times. It breaks down barriers, promotes understanding, and brings joy, making the world feel closer and more enjoyable. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，幽默在网络交流中至关重要，通过故事讲述和文字游戏增强了互动性。对现实的有趣扭曲和巧妙的双关语创造了相关且充满活力的对话。除了娱乐，幽默还是一种应对机制，能在困难时期缓解压力，促进人际关系。它能打破障碍，促进理解，带来欢乐，让世界感觉更亲近、更有趣。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Humor is the heartbeat of online communication, bringing people together through laughter and shared experiences. ②One of the most entertaining ways humor thrives online is through storytelling. People take everyday situations and add a twist to make them both funny and relatable. ③Another way humor spreads is through wordplay. A well-crafted pun or a clever twist on a familiar phrase can instantly brighten someone’s day. ④Beyond entertainment, humor serves as a coping mechanism, helping people handle stress and uncertainty. ⑤It’s a reminder that even in life’s challenges, there’s room for joy. ⑥In the digital world, humor does more than entertain—it builds bridges, promotes understanding, and adds a little brightness to everyday life. 2.缜密构思 将第①点作为总起句，将第②、③点整合为幽默在网络交流中增强互动性的方式，将第④、⑤点整合为幽默作为应对机制的作用，将第⑥点作为总结句。 3.遣词造句 Humor is essential in online communication, enhancing interactions through storytelling and wordplay. Playful twists on reality and clever puns create relatable and dynamic conversations. Beyond entertainment, humor acts as a coping mechanism, easing stress and fostering connections during challenging times. It breaks down barriers, promotes understanding, and brings joy, making the world feel closer and more enjoyable. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Humor is essential in online communication, enhancing interactions through storytelling and wordplay.（使用现在分词短语作状语） [高分句型2] Beyond entertainment, humor acts as a coping mechanism, easing stress and fostering connections during challenging times. （使用现在分词短语作状语） 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 1．(24-25高二下·上海交通大学附属中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The quality of our daily lives is deeply influenced by our sleep patterns. Among its many functions, sleep plays a particularly vital role in cognitive performance and brain health. Sleep is critical for memory consolidation and neural maintenance. During sleep, the brain processes and organizes information gathered throughout the day, transferring short-term memories into long-term storage. Research from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) reveals that deep sleep, or slow-wave sleep, is essential for synaptic pruning—a process where unnecessary neural connections are eliminated, while important ones are strengthened. This mechanism enhances learning efficiency and problem-solving abilities. Additionally, the glymphatic system, a waste-clearing network in the brain, becomes highly active during sleep, flushing out toxins like beta-amyloid, which is linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, insufficient sleep disrupts these processes, impairing cognitive function and increasing the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Sleep is indispensable for cognitive health due to the sheer amount of time humans spend sleeping over a lifetime. The average person sleeps for about one-third of their life—approximately 25 years or more. Even minor sleep deficits accumulate over time, leading to significant impacts on attention, creativity, and emotional regulation. For instance, a study published in “Nature” found that losing just 1-2 hours of sleep per night for a week can impair cognitive performance as severely as going without sleep for 24 hours. Chronic sleep deprivation in early adulthood has also been linked to reduced brain volume in regions responsible for decision-making and emotional control. Given that many individuals, especially students and professionals, sacrifice sleep for work or leisure, the long-term consequences on brain health cannot be overlooked. Renowned sleep researcher Dr. Matthew Walker emphasizes that society must prioritize sleep not as a luxury, but as a necessity. In his book “Why We Sleep”, he argues: “Sleep is the single most effective thing we can do to reset our brain and body health each day. It is a non-negotiable biological requirement, not an optional lifestyle choice.” Adopting this mindset could transform how we structure our daily routines, ensuring that sleep is treated with the same importance as diet and exercise. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 The passage highlights sleep patterns significantly impact daily life quality. Sleep is crucial for cognitive performance and brain health, as it helps with memory consolidation, neural maintenance, and toxin removal via the glymphatic system. Lack of sleep impairs cognitive function and raises the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Given its importance, society should prioritize sleep as a necessity, not a luxury. 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要阐述了睡眠对认知表现和大脑健康的重要性及其相关影响。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Sleep patterns deeply influence daily life quality. ②Sleep is crucial for cognitive performance and brain health, aiding memory consolidation, neural maintenance, and toxin removal. ③Insufficient sleep impairs cognitive function and increases neurodegenerative risks. ④Society should prioritize sleep as a necessity, not a luxury. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点作为引入，第2、3个要点进行整合，阐述睡眠的重要性和缺乏睡眠的危害，最后第4个要点作为总结。 3.遣词造句 Sleep is crucial for cognitive performance and brain health, as it helps with memory consolidation, neural maintenance, and toxin removal via the glymphatic system. Lack of sleep impairs cognitive function and raises the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Given its importance, society should prioritize sleep as a necessity, not a luxury. 【点睛】【高分句型1】The passage highlights sleep patterns significantly impact daily life quality. 运用了省略引导词that的宾语从句，准确概括了原文第一段的内容。 【高分句型2】It is crucial for cognitive performance and brain health, as it helps with memory consolidation, neural maintenance, and toxin removal via the glymphatic system.运用了as引导的原因状语从句，准确概括了原文第二段的内容。 Passage 2 2．(24-25高二下·上海闵行区六校联考·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Retailers closed more than 9,000 stores in 2019. Some people call what has happened to the shopping landscape ‌“the retail disaster.” It is easy to owe it to the rise of e-commerce, which has boomed while physical stores struggle. But this can be overstated. Online sales have grown tremendously in the last 20 years, but internet shopping still represents only 11 percent of the entire retail sales total. Collectively, three major economic forces have had an even bigger impact on physical retail than the internet has. To begin with, we have changed where we shop — away from smaller stores like those in malls and toward stand-alone ‌“Big Box” stores, which is a greater problem for most physical stores. Also, rising income inequality has left less of the nation’s money in the hands of the middle class, and the traditional retail stores that aim at them have suffered. It is estimated that since 1970, the share of the nation’s income earned by families in the middle class has fallen from almost two-thirds to around 40 percent. As the concentration of income at the top rises, overall retail suffers simply because high-income people save a much larger share of their money. In the latest data, people in the top 10 percent of income saved almost a third of their income after tax, while people in the middle of the income distribution spent 100 percent of their income. Therefore, as the middle class has been squeezed and more has gone to the top, it has meant higher saving rates overall. Lastly, we have spent proportionately less of income on things and more on services with every passing decade. Since 1960, we went from spending 5 percent of our income on health to almost 18 percent. We spend more on education, entertainment, business services and all sorts of other products that aren’t available in traditional retail stores. Over time, retailers selling things will have to run harder and harder just to stay in place. In short, the broad forces hitting retail are more a lesson in economics than in the power of technology. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】     Retail stores are closing in large numbers, but e-commerce isn’t mainly to blame. There’re three other factors at play. Firstly, we shift from smaller stores to big hypermarkets when shopping. Secondly, high-income people earn and save more, while middle-class people earn much less nowadays, badly affecting the retailers targeting them. Lastly, we spend more on services than on physical goods. (60 words) 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章指出实体零售店大量关闭不能全归咎于电商，还受三大经济因素影响，如购物场所转变、收入不平等加剧和消费向服务倾斜。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ① Retailers closed more than 9,000 stores in 2019. Some people call what has happened to the shopping landscape “the retail disaster.” ② But this can be overstated. Online sales have grown tremendously in the last 20 years, but internet shopping still represents only 11 percent of the entire retail sales total. ③ To begin with, we have changed where we shop — away from smaller stores like those in malls and toward stand alone “Big Box” stores. ④ Also, rising income inequality has left less of the nation’s money in the hands of the middle class, and the traditional retail stores that aim at them have suffered. ⑤ Lastly, we have spent proportionately less of income on things and more on services with every passing decade. 2. 缜密构思 将第1、2要点整合；将第3、4、5要点进行分说。 3. 遣词造句 Retail stores are closing in large numbers, but e-commerce isn’t mainly to blame. Firstly, we shift from smaller stores to big hypermarkets when shopping. Secondly, high-income people earn and save more, while middle-class people earn much less nowadays, badly affecting the retailers targeting them. Lastly, we spend more on services than on physical goods. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Firstly, we shift from smaller stores to big hypermarkets when shopping.(使用了when引导时间状语从句的省略) [高分句型2] Secondly, high-income people earn and save more, while middle-class people earn much less nowadays, badly affecting the retailers targeting them.(运用现在分词作结果状语) Passage 3 3．(23-24高二下·上海大境中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. I love charity shops and so do lots of other people in Britain because you find quite a few of them on every high street. The charity shop is a British institution, selling everything from clothes to electric goods, all at very good prices. You can get things you won’t find in the shops anymore. The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to a good cause and not into the pockets of profit-driven companies, and you are not damaging the planet, but finding a new home for unwanted goods. The first charity shop was opened in 1947 by Oxfam. The famous charity’s appeal to aid postwar Greece had been so successful it had been flooded with donations. They decided to set up a shop to sell some of these donations to raise money for that appeal. Now there are over 7,000 charity shops in the UK. My favourite charity shop in my hometown is the Red Cross shop, where I always find children’ s books,  all 10 or 20 pence each. Most of the people working in the charity shops are volunteers, although there is often a manager who gets paid. Over 90% of the goods in the charity shops are donated by the public. Every morning you see bags of unwanted items outside the front of shops, although they don’t encourage this, rather ask people to  bring things in when the shop is open. The shops have very low running costs: all profits go to charity work. Charity shops raise more than £110million a year, funding medical research, overseas aid, supporting sick and poor children, homeless and  disabled people, and much more. What better place to spend your money? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The charity shops are popular in Britain. Charity shops sell donated items at low prices and benefit good causes. The first charity shop was opened by Oxfam in 1947, and now there are over 7, 000 charity shops in the UK. Charity shops are staffed mainly by volunteers, and over 90% of goods are donated by the public. Charity shops raise millions for medical research, overseas aid, and supporting vulnerable groups. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍慈善商店在英国很受欢迎。慈善商店以低廉的价格出售捐赠的物品，为慈善事业造福。1947年乐施会开设了第一家慈善商店，现在英国有7000多家慈善商店。慈善商店的工作人员主要是志愿者，90%以上的商品是由公众捐赠的。慈善商店为医学研究、海外援助和支持弱势群体筹集了数百万美元。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①I love charity shops and so do lots of other people in Britain because you find quite a few of them on every high street. ②The first charity shop was opened in 1947 by Oxfam. ③Most of the people working in the charity shops are volunteers, although there is often a manager who gets paid. Over 90% of the goods in the charity shops are donated by the public. ④The shops have very low running costs: all profits go to charity work. 2. 缜密构思将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、4两个要点进行整合。 3. 遣词造句 The charity shops are popular in Britain, which sell donated items at low prices and benefit good causes. The first charity shop was set up by Oxfam in 1947, and now there are over 7, 000 charity shops in the UK. Charity shops are staffed mainly by volunteers, and they receive over 90% of goods from the donations of the public. Charity shops raise millions for the sake of medical research, overseas aid, and supporting vulnerable groups. 【点睛】【高分句型1】The first charity shop was opened by Oxfam in 1947, and now there are over 7, 000 charity shops in the UK. 运用一般过去时的被动语态和there be句型对第二段进行了概括。 【高分句型2】Charity shops are staffed mainly by volunteers, and over 90% of goods are donated by the public. 用一般现在时的被动语态和and连接的并列句对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 1．(24-25高二下·上海控江中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Role of the Anesthesiologist (麻醉医生) If you’re preparing for surgery, you’ve probably given a lot of thought to the education, training, and experience of the surgeon performing the procedure. But you may not have thought much about the anesthesiologist or the importance of his or her medical expertise in your procedure — before, during, and after — to keep you safe and comfortable. Actually, anesthesiologists guide you throughout your entire surgical experience. Before surgery, in the days or weeks before your surgery, your anesthesiologist will be sure you are fit for surgery and prepare you for the procedure by asking detailed questions about your health, and examining you. Be sure to let your anesthesiologist know about any medical problems you have, such as heart disease, diabetes, or asthma, and what medications you are taking. Eventually, your anesthesiologist will create an anesthesia plan developed specifically for you to ensure a safe and successful procedure. During the surgery, the anesthesiologist closely monitors your anesthesia and vital body functions during the procedure, working alone or with an Anesthesia Care Team. Your anesthesiologist will instantly manage medical problems if they occur during surgery. After surgery, in the recovery room, the anesthesiologist supervises others who will care for you and monitor your recovery — your breathing, circulation, consciousness, and level of oxygen — and is immediately available if there are questions or concerns. In addition, the anesthesiologist typically is one of those who decide when you are ready to go home, or when you should be moved to a regular room in the hospital or the intensive care unit. The anesthesiologist may even be involved in pain management after you go home because they specialize in pain control, and some focus their practices on treating patients with chronic pain. If you suffer from pain that won’t go away, such as migraine headaches, back pain, or pain caused by a condition such as fibromyalgia, ask your doctor about a referral to an anesthesiologist who specializes in treating chronic pain._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Anesthesiologists are important in the surgical process. Before surgery, they make anesthesia plans for patients by asking them health-related questions and examining them. During surgery, anesthesiologists closely monitor patients’ anesthesia and vital body functions in case of medical emergencies. After surgery, anesthesiologists supervise patients’ recovery and determine patients’ next medical process. After patients go home, anesthesiologists help manage pains. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说麻醉师在手术过程中很重要。手术前，他们通过询问患者与健康相关的问题并对其进行检查，为患者制定麻醉计划。在手术过程中，麻醉师密切监测患者的麻醉和重要的身体功能，以防医疗紧急情况。手术后，麻醉师监督病人的恢复并决定病人下一步的治疗过程。病人回家后，麻醉师会帮助控制疼痛。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①But you may not have thought much about the anesthesiologist or the importance of his or her medical expertise in your procedure — before, during, and after — to keep you safe and comfortable. ②Before surgery, in the days or weeks before your surgery, your anesthesiologist will be sure you are fit for surgery and prepare you for the procedure by asking detailed questions about your health, and examining you. Eventually, your anesthesiologist will create an anesthesia plan developed specifically for you to ensure a safe and successful procedure. ③During the surgery, the anesthesiologist closely monitors your anesthesia and vital body functions during the procedure, working alone or with an Anesthesia Care Team. ④After surgery, in the recovery room, the anesthesiologist supervises others who will care for you and monitor your recovery — your breathing, circulation, consciousness, and level of oxygen — and is immediately available if there are questions or concerns. ⑤The anesthesiologist may even be involved in pain management after you go home because they specialize in pain control, and some focus their practices on treating patients with chronic pain. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总述，将第2、3、4、5四个要点进行分论。 3.遣词造句 Anesthesiologists are important in the surgical process. Before surgery, they make anesthesia plans for patients by asking them health-related questions and examining them. During surgery, anesthesiologists closely monitor patients’ anesthesia and vital body functions in case of medical emergencies. After surgery, anesthesiologists supervise patients’ recovery and determine patients’ next medical process. After patients go home, anesthesiologists help manage pains. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Before surgery, they make anesthesia plans for patients by asking them health-related questions and examining them.运用动名词作宾语对原文第二段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] After patients go home, anesthesiologists help manage pains.用after引导时间状语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 Passage 2 2．(24-25高二下·上海闵行区七宝中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Do You Find It So Hard to Not Multitask? Most of us do multitasking almost daily. But it’s time to change that. Let’s take the smartphone for example. On average you check your phone 110 times a day—that means you’re spending 23 days every year glued to your smartphone! How productive do you think that makes you? Habits encouraging you to multitask make you unproductive. But it’s hard to let go of these habits because you’ve conditioned your brain to send misleading signals to your body. Research has shown that when you multitask “successfully”, you activate the reward mechanism in your brain that releases dopamine, the happy hormone. You feel so good that you believe you’re being effective and this further encourages your multitasking habit. This rush can also make you overly optimistic, less careful about the work you do and more likely to make mistakes, Multitaskers basically get addicted to this rush which leads them to believe they are being effective when in fact they’re not. Since our brains can only effectively focus on one thing at a time, monotasking is the way for you to accomplish more in less time. Research has suggested you’re 50% quicker on average to accomplish a task if you monotask, and you’re also 50% less likely to make errors. So it’s a win-win for everyone! You’ll also be able to appreciate things on a deeper level and get more enjoyment from them when you’re focused. Now you’re probably desperate to find out how to get rid of this multitasking habit so you can find real productivity. There is no easy answer. You simply have to commit to it and have the self discipline to stick to one task at a time. Just say to yourself: When I walk, I walk. When I talk to someone, I talk to someone. Focus on the one thing you are doing. And like that, you’ve mastered monotasking ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Multitasking reduces productivity and leads to mistakes due to the brain's addiction to dopamine-driven multitasking rushes. Monotasking, focusing on one task at a time, increases efficiency and accuracy while enhancing enjoyment. Breaking multitasking habits requires self-discipline and commitment to single-task focus. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨人们难以停止多任务处理的原因，指出多任务处理会降低效率、导致错误，阐述单任务处理的优势，并强调需要自律来改变多任务处理的习惯。 【详解】1.要点摘录： ① Habits encouraging you to multitask make you unproductive. ② Research has shown that when you multitask “successfully”, you activate the reward mechanism in your brain that releases dopamine, the happy hormone. You feel so good that you believe you’re being effective and this further encourages your multitasking habit. This rush can also make you overly optimistic, less careful about the work you do and more likely to make mistakes, Multitaskers basically get addicted to this rush which leads them to believe they are being effective when in fact they’re not.. ③ Research has suggested you’re 50% quicker on average to accomplish a task if you monotask, and you’re also 50% less likely to make errors. So it’s a win-win for everyone! You’ll also be able to appreciate things on a deeper level and get more enjoyment from them when you’re focused. ④ You simply have to commit to it and have the self discipline to stick to one task at a time. 2.缜密构思：将要点①②整合为多任务处理效率低下的原因；要点③单独呈现单任务处理的好处；要点④作为改变习惯的方式，从而形成完整且逻辑清晰的概括。 3.遣词造句 Multitasking reduces productivity and leads to mistakes due to the brain's addiction to dopamine-driven multitasking rushes. Monotasking, focusing on one task at a time, increases efficiency and accuracy while enhancing enjoyment. Breaking multitasking habits requires self-discipline and commitment to single-task focus. 【点睛】【高分句型 1】Breaking multitasking habits requires self-discipline and commitment to single-task focus.（运用了动名词做主语） 【高分句型 2】Monotasking, focusing on one task at a time, increases efficiency and accuracy while enhancing enjoyment.（运用了while引导的状语从句的省略） Passage 3 3．(24-25高二下·上海长宁区·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. The role of siblings(兄弟姐妹) It’s common knowledge that the family a child grows up in has a huge influence on the child’s attitudes, beliefs and mental health. People usually think that the child’s parents are responsible for this influence, but relationships with brothers and sisters are just as important. Siblings provide children with a unique opportunity to practice interacting with their peers, rather than authority figures. Although friendships can have similar effects, relationships with siblings offer some unique advantages. During childhood, siblings see each other every day and spend more time with each other than with anyone else, sharing experiences that last all their lives. Siblings are also forced to persevere in their relationships with each other even if they have a falling out. This forces children to practice conflict resolution skills since they cannot leave the familial relationship, as they could with a friend. But a sibling relationship also offers a safe place to discuss difficult topics without fear of abandonment. Moreover, older siblings often teach their younger brothers and sisters about life. They can convey useful skills and advice, but they can also set bad examples, leading their younger siblings to do things that are wrong or foolish. Once children grow up, they do not see their siblings as often as before since they usually no longer live together. Maintaining sibling relationships now takes work, and if siblings do not get along, they can avoid each other. But many sibling relationships improve in young adulthood as the siblings mature. Sometimes the distance helps siblings enjoy each other’s company when they do meet. Relationships between siblings vary depending on the ages and personalities of the children involved. Even the best sibling relationships involve some disagreements, but a strong relationship can survive such conflicts. Considering the role of siblings throughout our lives, it’s critical to take the time to cultivate positive relationships with siblings. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Growing up with siblings promotes the ability to get along with peers. Siblings shape each other. In childhood, they share life under the same safe roof, acquiring conflict-handling skills together, with older siblings often guiding. Adult siblings meet less, but relationships often improve. Sibling relationships are diverse, and it's important to develop a positive one. (55 words) 【导语】这是一篇说明文。和兄弟姐妹一起长大可以提高与同龄人相处的能力。兄弟姐妹互相影响。在童年时期，他们在同一个安全的屋檐下生活，一起学习处理冲突的技能，通常由哥哥姐姐指导。成年兄弟姐妹见面较少，但关系往往会改善。兄弟姐妹的关系是多种多样的，发展积极的关系很重要。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Siblings provide children with a unique opportunity to practice interacting with their peers, rather than authority figures. ②During childhood, siblings see each other every day and spend more time with each other than with anyone else, sharing experiences that last all their lives. ③Siblings are also forced to persevere in their relationships with each other even if they have a falling out. This forces children to practice conflict resolution skills since they cannot leave the familial relationship, as they could with a friend. But a sibling relationship also offers a safe place to discuss difficult topics without fear of abandonment. Moreover, older siblings often teach their younger brothers and sisters about life. They can convey useful skills and advice, but they can also set bad examples, leading their younger siblings to do things that are wrong or foolish. ④Once children grow up, they do not see their siblings as often as before since they usually no longer live together. Maintaining sibling relationships now takes work, and if siblings do not get along, they can avoid each other. But many sibling relationships improve in young adulthood as the siblings mature. ⑤Relationships between siblings vary depending on the ages and personalities of the children involved ⑥Considering the role of siblings throughout our lives, it’s critical to take the time to cultivate positive relationships with siblings. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4、要点进行分说，5、6进行总结 3.遣词造句 Growing up with siblings promotes the ability to get along with peers. Siblings shape each other. In childhood, they share life under the same safe roof, acquiring conflict-handling skills together, with older siblings often guiding. Adult siblings meet less, but relationships often improve. Sibling relationships are diverse, and it's important to develop a positive one 【点睛】[高分句型1] In childhood, they share life under the same safe roof, acquiring conflict-handling skills together, with older siblings often guiding.（运用了现在分词作状语） [高分句型2] Sibling relationships are diverse, and it’s important to develop a positive one.（运用了it作形式主语，不定式作真正主语） 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 1．(24-25高二下·上海华东师范大学第二附属中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Future of AI On 10 and 11 February, 60 countries promised to make sure artificial intelligence (AI) is safe and trustworthy, at a big meeting in Paris, France. AI is already used for all sorts of things, including. Internet searches, banking, robots and more — and the list of possible uses is quickly getting longer. At the meeting, called the AI Action Summit, world leaders discussed the impact of AI and what should be done to manage it. One of the big agreements reached was the Statement on Inclusive and Sustainable AI, which was signed by 60 countries. The statement included a list of priorities for AI that the countries agreed to follow, including making sure it is “safe, secure and trustworthy” and that it has a positive impact on people’s jobs. Another priority was to make AI “sustainable for people and the planet”, which means using AI in a way that doesn’t harm the environment. This is important because AI systems use lots of energy, which is often made by burning polluting fossil fuels. They also use lots of water to cool equipment, and water is scarce in some places. The statement is a step forward for making sure AI is used carefully, even though the countries aren’t legally required to do what the statement says. The UK and US didn’t sign the statement. A spokesperson for the UK Government said it didn’t talk enough about certain issues, including how AI will be governed across the world. US vice president said excessive regulation of AI would be bad for the technology industry. Macron, the president of France, used the AI Action Summit to announce the creation of Current AI. This is an organization designed to develop and support global AI projects that will benefit the public, including increasing access to high-quality data that can be used to train AI systems. To begin with, it's being funded by around £317 million from the French government, other countries and organizations. The founder of Current AI said, “AI has the power to transform access to jobs, healthcare, and education for the better, but only if we act now.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dozens of state leaders discussed the future of Al to ensure its safety and reliability at a summit. They signed a non-binding agreement which prioritized Al’s security, job-friendliness and sustainability by addressing energy consumption and water usage. However, US and UK rejected it, citing governance gaps and regulatory risks. France unveiled Current AI for the sake of public well-being. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，数十位国家领导人在峰会上讨论了人工智能的未来，以确保其安全性和可靠性。他们签署了一项不具约束力的协议，通过解决能源消耗和用水问题，优先考虑人工智能的安全性、就业友好性和可持续性。然而，美国和英国以治理缺口和监管风险为由，拒绝了这一提议。法国为了国民的福祉，公开了“目前的人工智能”。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①On 10 and 11 February, 60 countries promised to make sure artificial intelligence (AI) is safe and trustworthy, at a big meeting in Paris, France. ②The statement included a list of priorities for AI that the countries agreed to follow, including making sure it is “safe, secure and trustworthy” and that it has a positive impact on people’s jobs. This is important because AI systems use lots of energy, which is often made by burning polluting fossil fuels. They also use lots of water to cool equipment, and water is scarce in some places. ③The UK and US didn’t sign the statement. A spokesperson for the UK Government said it didn’t talk enough about certain issues, including how AI will be governed across the world. US vice president said excessive regulation of AI would be bad for the technology industry. ④To begin with, it's being funded by around £317 million from the French government, other countries and organizations. The founder of Current AI said, “AI has the power to transform access to jobs, healthcare, and education for the better, but only if we act now.” 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Dozens of state leaders discussed the future of Al to ensure its safety and reliability at a summit. They signed a non-binding agreement which prioritized Al’s security, job-friendliness and sustainability by addressing energy consumption and water usage. However, US and UK rejected it, citing governance gaps and regulatory risks. France unveiled Current AI for the sake of public well-being. 【点睛】[高分句型1] They signed a non-binding agreement which prioritized Al’s security, job-friendliness and sustainability by addressing energy consumption and water usage.（运用which引导定语从句对原文三段进行了概括） [高分句型2] However, US and UK rejected it, citing governance gaps and regulatory risks.（用现在分词作状语对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级） Passage 2 2．(24-25高二下·上海青浦高级中学·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Nowadays, it’s easier than ever to help family, friends, and even strangers in times of need. It’s also easy to look the other way. In a new study, Boyer, a professor at Washington University, tested subjects with a variety of imaginary news stories describing cases of misfortune, such as someone in a car accident while texting and driving and someone attacked by a bear while hiking. Participants thought the stories were real, but each scene was carefully designed to test a person’s empathy and willingness to help. After reading each story, test subjects were asked to rate the character of the victim and their responsibility for the mishap(不幸). In some experiments, participants were offered a chance to donate their total payment for participating in the study, up to 60 cents, to help the victim. In others, they were asked if they would be willing to help the person with their own money. Results suggested a general lack of generosity. For example, participants in one experiment offered to donate an average of about 15 cents to the victim, less than a third of the maximum amount possible. A closer look at the data across multiple experiments revealed a trend: the more character faults participants saw in a victim, the less willing they were to donate. “They’re saying that the victim doesn’t deserve help,” Boyer says. The finding goes against a long-held assumption about human nature. In the 1960s, psychologists suggested people were reluctant to help victims of misfortune based on a fundamental belief that the world was fair and bad things only happened to bad people. But Boyer says the idea of a just world is both uncommon and unfounded. “In most places, people think the world is deeply unfair,” Boyer said. Instead of making a blanket assumption that all victims somehow deserve their misfortune, people go out of their way to find fault in each victim on a case-by-case basis, Boyer says. “If I tell you a person was burned in a kitchen fire, you’ll be sympathetic at first, but it’s very likely you or someone else will at some point suggest he must have been doing something stupid. It’s a classic example of blaming the victim,” he says __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】A study by Boyer examined people’s willingness to help victims of misfortune. Results showed low generosity, with participants donating less when they blamed victims’ character flaws. This contradicts the “just world” theory, revealing people tend to find fault case-by-case to justify withholding aid, rather than believing all victims deserve misfortune universally. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，博耶的一项研究调查了人们帮助不幸受害者的意愿。结果显示，参与者的慷慨程度较低，当他们指责受害者的性格缺陷时，他们的捐款会减少。这与“公正的世界”理论相矛盾，表明人们倾向于逐个找出错误来为拒绝援助辩护，而不是相信所有受害者都应该遭受不幸。 【详解】1.要点摘录： ①Boyer, a professor at Washington University, tested subjects with imaginary news stories to test a person’s empathy and willingness to help. ②Results suggested a general lack of generosity, and the more character faults participants saw in a victim, the less willing they were to donate. ③The finding goes against a long-held assumption about human nature. ④Instead of making a blanket assumption, people go out of their way to find fault in each victim on a case-by-case basis. 2.缜密构思：将1、2点分别总结。将3、4点结合总结 。 遣词造句： A study by Boyer examined people’s willingness to help victims of misfortune. Results showed low generosity, with participants donating less when they blamed victims’ character flaws. This contradicts the “just world” theory, revealing people tend to find fault case-by-case to justify withholding aid, rather than believing all victims deserve misfortune universally. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Results showed low generosity, with participants donating less when they blamed victims’ character flaws.（运用了when引导的时间状语从句） 【高分句型 2】This contradicts the “just world” theory, revealing people tend to find fault case-by-case to justify withholding aid, rather than believing all victims deserve misfortune universally.（运用了现在分词做状语和省略that的宾语从句） Passage 3 3．(24-25高二下·上海浦东新区·期中)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Beyond the Canvas: Exploring Art’s Impact on Brain Function You probably know lots of things that are good for your brain. Reading and working puzzles, for instance. Getting enough exercise and sleep. Eating healthy foods. Now here’s something else to add to the list: arts. Engaging in arts activities, such as playing music, drawing, dancing, or even appreciating art, can significantly benefit your brain. Activities that tap into these brain tasks could boost skills that are useful in other situations, too. Jessica Bone, an expert in health statistics, recently co-wrote a report that reviewed studies on the arts and well-being. Overall, taking part in arts activities can reduce signs of depression and boost motivation in kids and teens, she finds. She also found research that linked engaging in art through clubs or other activities with fewer negative behaviors, such as skipping school and substance abuse. But art may even lead to changes in your brain. The brain’s prefrontal cortex (前额叶) controls things like decision-making, planning and paying attention. It helps you control impulses, organize your time and think creatively about problems. Together, all of these tasks fall into a category known as executive function. Training in arts may affect how the brain handles these tasks. Assal Habibi, a neuroscientist, studies the brain at the University of Southern California. Her work focuses on how music affects the brain. Kids in music programs tend to manage executive-function tasks better than kids who aren’t involved in music, her group has shown. They are better at taking turns, paying attention to others and listening before they speak. Do your portraits of people look like stick figures? Do your songs make your friends embarrassed? None of that matters when it comes to learning, Habibi says. You don’t have to be trained or talented, she says, to make or enjoy art. Just include it in your everyday life. So visit museums. Go to concerts. Watch plays. All of these may help boost brainpower in beneficial ways. Let your inner artist shine. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Engaging in arts activities benefits brain function by reducing depression, enhancing motivation, and improving executive functions like decision-making and attention. Studies show arts participation decreases negative behaviors in youth and boosts cognitive skills, regardless of artistic talent. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章指出参与艺术活动有利于大脑功能，减少抑郁，增强动力，提高决策和注意力等执行功能。研究表明，参与艺术活动可以减少青少年的消极行为，提高认知能力，无论艺术天赋如何。 【详解】1.要点摘录： ① Engaging in arts activities, such as playing music, drawing, dancing, or even appreciating art, can significantly benefit your brain. ② Overall, taking part in arts activities can reduce signs of depression and boost motivation in kids and teens. ③ Training in arts may affect how the brain handles these tasks. Kids in music programs tend to manage executive - function tasks better than kids who aren’t involved in music. ④ You don’t have to be trained or talented, she says, to make or enjoy art. All of these may help boost brainpower in beneficial ways. 2.缜密构思：将要点①作为总起，要点②③作为分述；要点④总结 遣词造句： Engaging in arts activities benefits brain function by reducing depression, enhancing motivation, and improving executive functions like decision-making and attention. Studies show arts participation decreases negative behaviors in youth and boosts cognitive skills, regardless of artistic talent. 【点睛】【高分句型 1】Engaging in arts activities benefits brain function by reducing depression, enhancing motivation, and improving executive functions like decision-making and attention.（运用动名作主语） 【高分句型 2】Studies show arts participation decreases negative behaviors in youth and boosts cognitive skills, regardless of artistic talent.（省略that的定语从句 ） 试卷第24页，共24页 试卷第23页，共24页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $