专题07 句子还原六选四（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高二英语下学期

专题07 阅读还原六选四（期中真题汇编，上海专用） 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·上海莘庄中学·期中) Chances a low fat-diet will help? Slim and none The largest study ever to ask whether a low-fat diet reduces the risk of getting cancer or heart disease has found that the diet has no effect. 1 In the end, those assigned to a low-fat diet had the same rates of cancer, heart attacks and strokes as those who ate whatever they pleased, researchers reported Wednesday. “These studies are revolutionary,” said Dr. Jules Hirsch, physician at Rockefeller University in New York City, who has spent a lifetime studying the effects of diets on weight and heath.” 2 The results, the study investigators agreed, do not justify recommending low-fat diets to the public to reduce their heart disease and cancer risk. The investigators added that the best dietary advice was eating less saturated fats and trans fats (饱和脂肪和反式脂肪), more grains and more fruits and vegetables. 3 Some, like Dr. Dean Ornish, a promoter of low-fat diets and president of the Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, California, said that the women did not reduce their fat to low enough levels or eat enough fruits and vegetables. He also said the study, even at eight years, did not give the diets enough time. Barbara Howard, a principal investigator in the study, said people should realize that diet alone is not enough to stay healthy. “We are not going to reverse any of the diseases in this country by changing the composition of the diet,” Howard said. “People are always thinking it’s what they ate. 4 ” Except for not smoking, the evidence for advice on what makes a healthy lifestyle is largely indirect, Howard said. Most medical re-searchers agree, however, that it also makes sense for people to eat well, control their weight and get regular exercise. A．Not everyone was convinced. B．They should put a stop to this thinking that we have all the information we need to change the whole national diet and make everybody healthy. C．In this case, the diet study addressed a tricky problem. D．Others have said the opposite: that low-fat diets enable people to lose weight naturally. E．The $415 million study involved nearly 49,000 women aged 50 to 79 who were followed for eight years. F．They are not looking at how much they ate or that they smoke or that they are not doing any sports. 【答案】1．E 2．C 3．A 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项耗资4.15亿美元、涉及近4.9万名50到79岁女性的8年研究，发现低脂饮食对降低患癌和心脏病风险无效果，还提及不同人对此结果的看法。 1．下文“In the end, those assigned to a low-fat diet had the same rates of cancer, heart attacks and strokes as those who ate whatever they pleased, researchers reported Wednesday.(研究人员周三报告称，最终，那些被分配到低脂饮食组的人与那些想吃什么就吃什么的人患癌症、心脏病发作和中风的几率相同)”介绍了研究结果，E选项“The $415 million study involved nearly 49,000 women aged 50 to 79 who were followed for eight years.(这项耗资4.15亿美元的研究涉及近4.9万名50到79岁的女性，对她们进行了8年的跟踪调查)”引出了研究的基本情况，为下文结果的阐述做铺垫，上下文逻辑连贯。故选E项。 2．上文“These studies are revolutionary(这些研究具有革命性)”表达了对研究的肯定，结合上文提到研究发现低脂饮食对降低患癌和心脏病风险无效果，C选项“In this case, the diet study addressed a tricky problem.(在这种情况下，这项饮食研究解决了一个棘手的问题)”进一步说明该研究的重要性，因为它解决了一个难题，与上文观点一致且有逻辑递进关系。故选C项。 3．下文“Some, like Dr. Dean Ornish, a promoter of low fat diets and president of the Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, California, said that the women did not reduce their fat to low enough levels or eat enough fruits and vegetables.(一些人，比如加州索萨利托预防医学研究所所长、低脂饮食的倡导者迪恩·欧宁胥博士说，这些女性没有将脂肪摄入量降低到足够低的水平，也没有吃足够的水果和蔬菜)”提到了一些人对研究结果的质疑，A选项“Not everyone was convinced.(并非所有人都信服)”引出了下文这些人不同的看法，与下文内容构成总分关系。故选A项。 4．上文“People are always thinking it’s what they ate.(人们总是认为问题出在他们吃了什么)”指出人们的错误认知，F选项“They are not looking at how much they ate or that they smoke or that they are not doing any sports.(他们没有考虑到自己吃了多少，或者他们吸烟，或者他们不做任何运动)”进一步说明人们只关注吃了什么，而忽略了其他影响健康的因素，与上文形成递进关系，进一步阐述人们认知的片面性。故选F项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二下·上海松江区第四中学·期中) Ensuring that disabled people have an easy life is very important, not just because they are human, like all of us, but because their dignity and social well-being should not be ignored just because of a disability. Disabilities may occur through illness, aging, accidents and other different causes that may happen to anyone or affect us all at some stage in life. 1 We are all human beings and so have the same basic needs. But we should remember that there is a wide range of what we call a disability, and while the basic needs are all the same for everyone, the different lifestyle needs are entirely individual. Therefore, there is no one-size-fits-all method to improve quality of life. It is best to find out people’s needs from spending time with them. 2 . Even the most attractive homes can feel like a cage, so it makes a huge difference to be able to go out to a park or a shopping center, or to plan a day trip such as a picnic or a trip to the beach. Even if a trip can only be organized one day a month, it is more than nothing and does really make a difference. If they are interested or able, pets can be great companions. 3 . Some may be able to take care of a cat or dog; some prefer goldfish or birds in a cage. Very often, people who are cared for don’t feel that they have the chance to care for someone or something else, so caring for pets can improve their confidence and mental health, which can take their mind off their own troubles. 4 Book a regular appointment with a social worker to visit them at least once a month. This is to check on their mental and physical health as well as ways of improving their living conditions. It is important because they may need to talk to someone. A．Plan regular trips. B．Stay with them in a friendly way. C．It is wise to check the abilities of the individuals. D．You won’t know whether they can help if you don’t ask them. E．Do not let pets be their only companions. F．The great thing is that it is not hard to make disabled people’s life easier. 【答案】1．F 2．A 3．C 4．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍保障残疾人轻松生活的重要性及相关措施，包括规划定期出行、养宠物及安排社工探访等，强调关注残疾人的个性化需求。 1．根据上文“Ensuring that disabled people have an easy life is very important, not just because they are human, like all of us, but because their dignity and social well-being should not be ignored just because of a disability. Disabilities can occur through illness, aging, accidents and other different causes that may happen to anyone or affect us all at some stage in life. (确保残疾人过上轻松的生活非常重要，不仅因为他们和我们所有人一样都是人，还因为他们的尊严和社会福利不应仅仅因为残疾而被忽视。残疾可以通过疾病、衰老、事故和其他不同的原因发生，这些原因可能发生在任何人身上，也可能在人生的某个阶段影响我们所有人。)”可知，此处强调残疾的普遍性，文章接下来要介绍确保残疾人过上轻松的生活的方法。F选项“The great thing is that it is not hard to make disabled people’s life easier.(很棒的是，让残疾人的生活更轻松并不难。)”中的“The great thing”承接残疾普遍性的论述，“not hard to make life easier”引出下文具体措施，承上启下，且呼应段首的内容。故选F项。 2．根据下文“Even the most attractive homes can feel like a cage, so it makes a huge difference to be able to go out to a park or a shopping center, or to plan a day trip such as a picnic or a trip to the beach. Even if a trip can only be organized one day a month, it is more than nothing and does really make a difference. (即使是最有吸引力的房子也会感觉像一个笼子，所以能够去公园或购物中心，或者计划一天的旅行，比如野餐或海滩之旅，都会有很大的不同。即使一次旅行一个月只能组织一天，它也比什么都没有多，而且确实会有所不同。)”可知，本段主题为外出活动的重要性。A选项“Plan regular trips.(规划定期出行。)”作为小标题，内容与下文一致，概括了段落主旨，且与其他段落的祈使句结构一致。故选A项。 3．根据上文“If they are interested or able, pets can be great companions.(如果他们有兴趣或有能力，宠物可以成为很好的伙伴。)”及下文“Some may be able to take care of a cat or dog; some prefer goldfish or birds in a cage.(有些人可能有能力照顾猫或狗；有些人更喜欢金鱼或笼子里的鸟。)”可知，需强调根据个人能力选择宠物。C选项“It is wise to check the abilities of the individuals.(查看个人的能力是明智的。)”中的“check the abilities”呼应“interested or able”，引出下文不同人适合不同宠物的例证。故选C项。 4．根据下文“Book a regular appointment with a social worker to visit them at least once a month. This is to check on their mental and physical health as well as ways of improving their living conditions. It is important because they may need to talk to someone. (定期与社会工作者预约，每月至少探望他们一次。这是为了检查他们的身心健康，以及改善他们生活条件的方法。这很重要，因为他们可能需要与某人交谈。)”可知，这一段建议残疾人也需要和其他人多交流。E选项“Do not let pets be their only companions.(不要让宠物成为他们唯一的陪伴。)”概括了本段的主题，引出下文“社工探访”的必要性，和下文意思一致。故选E项。 Passage 3 (24-25高二下·上海华东师范大学第二附属中学·期中) The Fossil Fuel (矿物燃料) Diet Would you like adding fossil fuel dressing to your tomato salad, or how about coating salt water fish with it? If only it were so easy to see the effect of fossil fuels on food production, even environmentally friendly food lovers might find their lunch turning to ash in their mouth. The global food system is more dependent on fossil fuels than we tend to recognize. They power the tractors that prepare fields and the pumps that extract groundwater for soil watering. They are used to manufacture fertilizers They drive the trucks, trains, and ships that transport food. 1 So says energy scholar Vaclav Smil, who has done some calculations to illustrate this point. He estimates that producing an average French loaf requires the equivalent of about 30 milliliters of diesel (柴油) fuel. A kilogram of roast chicken requires over 300 milliliters. Surprisingly, a kilogram of tomatoes cultivated in a heated greenhouse and transported long distances requires twice as much diesel as the poultry (家禽). 2 . Producing a kilogram of farmed salt water fish, for example, uses a shocking 2 liters of diesel, according to Smil. 3 . It is also a major reason why agriculture generates around a third of greenhouse gas emissions and is a dominant driver of biodiversity loss. For a healthier planet, we must find a way to stop “eating” fossil fuels. Unfortunately, ending that dependency will be even tougher than reducing emissions from the power network or transportation. But there are a thousand things we could be doing better now. 4 . Governments should support farming practices that conserve carbon-storing soil and use water and fertilizers more efficiently. And we should eat much less meat. If we don’t, we are stuck seasoning each bite with diesel. A．Reducing food waste should be a top priority. B．In fact, we may as well think of ourselves as eating fossil fuels. C．Despite this, many farmers are already producing food with minimal fossil fuel input. D．Fortunately, removing fossil fuels from food production is a simple and straightforward process. E．Seafood is often even worse due to the inefficiency of feeding them with smaller, wild-caught fish. F．This intensive use of energy from fossil fuels is not only surprising but also contributes to the global food oversupply. 【答案】1．B 2．E 3．F 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了全球粮食系统对矿物燃料的依赖和后果以及如何结束这种依赖。 1．下文“So says energy scholar Vaclav Smil, who has done some calculations to illustrate this point. He estimates that producing an average French loaf requires the equivalent of about 30 milliliters of diesel (柴油) fuel. A kilogram of roast chicken requires over 300 milliliters. Surprisingly, a kilogram of tomatoes cultivated in a heated greenhouse and transported long distances requires twice as much diesel as the poultry (家禽).(能源学者Vaclav Smil这样说，他做了一些计算来说明这一点。他估计，生产一条法式面包平均需要大约30毫升柴油燃料。一公斤烤鸡需要300多毫升。令人惊讶的是，在加热的温室中种植一公斤西红柿并长途运输所需的柴油是家禽的两倍)”举例说明食物对矿物燃料的依赖，结合标题“The Fossil Fuel (矿物燃料) Diet(矿物燃料饮食)”可知，B项“事实上，我们不妨把自己看作是在吃化石燃料”符合语境，引起下文，并呼应标题，故选B。 2．根据下文的举例“Producing a kilogram of farmed salt water fish, for example, uses a shocking 2 liters of diesel, according to Smil.(例如，据Smil说，生产一公斤养殖咸水鱼需要消耗2升柴油，这令人震惊)”可知，E项“海鲜往往更糟糕，因为用更小的、野生捕获的鱼喂养它们效率低下”符合语境，和上文“Surprisingly, a kilogram of tomatoes cultivated in a heated greenhouse and transported long distances requires twice as much diesel as the poultry (家禽).(令人惊讶的是，在加热的温室中种植一公斤西红柿并长途运输所需的柴油是家禽的两倍)”并列，说明生产各种食物需要消耗的矿物燃料，同时和下文形成例证关系，故选E。 3．根据下文“It is also a major reason why agriculture generates around a third of greenhouse gas emissions and is a dominant driver of biodiversity loss.(这也是农业产生约三分之一温室气体排放的主要原因，也是生物多样性丧失的主要驱动因素)”中关键词“also”可知，空处也是说明消耗大量矿物燃料导致的后果，F项“这种对矿物燃料能源的大量使用不仅令人惊讶，而且还导致了全球粮食供应过剩”符合语境，故选F。 4．上文“But there are a thousand things we could be doing better now.(但我们现在有很多事情可以做得更好)”提到我们可以通过各种方法来减少对矿物燃料的依赖，空处应是紧接着说明怎么做，A项“减少食物浪费应该是当务之急”符合语境，和下文“Governments should support farming practices that conserve carbon-storing soil and use water and fertilizers more efficiently. And we should eat much less meat. If we don’t, we are stuck seasoning each bite with diesel.(各国政府应支持保护碳储存土壤和更有效地利用水和肥料的耕作方式。我们应该少吃肉。如果我们不这样做，我们每一口都要用柴油调味)”并列说明具体方法，故选A。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·上海宜川中学·期中) Today, in the field of luxury (奢侈品) business in the USA and Europe, influencer marketing has become more and more important to the industry as more mature—and wealthier—audience turn to social media for tips. It is now roughly a $1bn market. When the idea was first initiated, it was all about the blogs. Now it’s a totally different story with social media like Snapchat, YouTube and Instagram. Instagram is a community of 800 million people sharing and liking each other’s photos. 75 percent of its users said they had been inspired by a post to take actions such as visiting a website or buying something online. Instagram has brought transparency (透明度). 1 The rise of influencers is linked with changes in the economics of the luxury business and the technology of the world. A study indicates that ordinary people already make up 30 per cent of luxury consumers. Luxury companies’ investments in influencer marketing have also been pushed by the growing popularity of ad blocking software. There are now 615 million mobile phones which have ad blocking software. 2 . Companies are looking for new source for ad input for which influencer marketing seems promising. Payments vary enormously according to the length and type of projects, as well as the people involved. Influencers seeking to raise their status might be willing to work for free for a desirable high-end brand in order to broaden their media channels. 3 Normally, cooperations are more successful when the influencers develop a real feeling for the items they promote. In this sense, it is recommended that brands work with influencers who have a real passion and interest for the brand and care to create real-life posts. 4 After all, people only respond to real feelings and true affection. A．In result, digital ads which cost luxury companies huge money are mostly blocked. B．Ad blocking software is a very useful tool meeting millions of customers’ essential needs. C．The method works better than choosing influencers simply on the basis of follower numbers. D．Sometimes the brand ensures media coverage for the influencer as part of the agreement for cooperation. E．The number of social media followers is especially important, deciding the choice of an influencer. F．It is easy to assess the size and quality of the influence by checking the numbers of the influencers’ followers. 【答案】1．F 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了在美国和欧洲的奢侈品行业中，网红营销变得越来越重要，介绍了其兴起的原因、与社交媒体的关系以及网红合作的一些情况等。 1．根据上文“Instagram is a community of 800 million people sharing and liking each other’s photos. 75 percent of its users said they had been inspired by a post to take actions such as visiting a website or buying something online. Instagram has brought transparency (透明度). (Instagram 是一个有 8 亿人分享和点赞彼此照片的社区。75% 的用户表示，他们受到帖子的启发而采取行动，如访问网站或在线购买东西。Instagram 带来了透明度)” 可知，选项承接上文说明社交媒体的作用。故F选项“很容易通过查看网红粉丝的数量来评估其影响力的大小和质量”符合语境。故选F。 2．根据上文“There are now 615 million mobile phones which have ad blocking softwares. (现在有 6.15 亿部手机安装了广告拦截软件)” 可知，选项承接上文说明产生的后果。故A选项“因此，花费奢侈品公司巨额资金的数字广告大多被屏蔽”符合语境。故选A。 3．根据上文“Influencers seeking to raise their status might be willing to work for free for a desirable high-end brand in order to broaden their media channels. (为了提高自己的地位，网红们可能愿意为一个理想的高端品牌免费工作，以拓宽他们的媒体渠道)” 可知，选项承接上文说明说明网红和媒体的相互作用。故D选项“有时，作为合作协议的一部分，品牌保证其影响力的媒体报道。”符合语境。故选D。 4．根据上文 “In this sense, it is recommended that brands work with influencers who have a real passion and interest for the brand and care to create real-life posts. (从这个意义上说，建议品牌与那些对品牌有真正热情和兴趣并注重创作真实生活内容的网红合作)” 可知，选项承接上文说明上文产生的好处。故C选项“这种方法比仅仅根据关注者数量来选择有影响力的人更有效。”符合语境。故选C。 Passage 2 (24-25高二下·上海嘉定一中等四校·期中) Bad Dreams Are Good What are dreams for? There are a handful of theories. Sigmund Freud famously claimed that they reveal hidden truths and wishes. More recent studies suggest dreams might help us deal with strong feelings, improve our memories, understand random brain signals, or prepare us for danger. Despite being largely unsupported by evidence, Freud’s view maintains a strong following around the world. Researchers found in a study that students in the U.S., South Korea, and India were much more likely to say that dreams reveal hidden truths than to support better-substantiated theories. 1 In the same study, respondents said that dreaming about a plane crash would cause them more anxiety than an official warning about a terrorist attack. 2 The majority of dreams occur during REM sleep cycles, of which the average person has four or five a night. Anxiety is quite common: A study of Canadian university students found the most common dream topics to be school, falling, being chased, and arriving too late for something. 3 A 1958 study determined that compared with Japanese people, Americans dreamed more about being locked up, losing a loved one, finding money, being inappropriately dressed, or encountering a mad person. Japanese people were more likely to dream about school, trying repeatedly to do something, being paralyzed (麻痹的) with fear, or “wild, violent beasts.” If human dreams sound terrible, bear in mind that even negative ones can have positive effects. In a study of students taking a French medical-school entrance exam, 60 percent of the dreams they had beforehand involved a problem with the exam, such as being late or leaving an answer blank. 4 So the next time you dream about an education-related experience in which you are both falling and being chased, don’t worry: It’s probably totally meaningless. Then again, your brain might be practicing so you’ll be ready if such an event ever comes to pass. A．For all the commonalities dreams exhibit, they differ across cultures. B．Relatedly, people put great stock in their dreams. C．The dreamiest member of the animal kingdom logs up to eight hours of REM sleep a day. D．Even if dreams can’t foretell the future, they seem to expose our shared fascinations. E．Others argue that dreams have no evolutionary function at all. F．But those who reported dreams about the exam, even bad ones, did better on it than those who didn’t. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了关于梦境目的的不同理论观点以及相关研究。 1．空前“Researchers found in a study that students in the U.S., South Korea, and India were much more likely to say that dreams reveal hidden truths than to support better-substantiated theories.(研究人员在一项研究中发现，美国、韩国和印度的学生更有可能说梦揭示了隐藏的真相，而不是支持更有根据的理论。)”说明了研究发现梦揭示了隐藏的真相，空格处应该说明人们相信梦境的重要性，B选项“Relatedly, people put great stock in their dreams.(与此相关的是，人们对自己的梦想寄予厚望。)”说明了人们对自己的梦寄予厚望，承接上文，符合语境，故选B。 2．空后“The majority of dreams occur during REM sleep cycles, of which the average person has four or five a night. Anxiety is quite common: A study of Canadian university students found the most common dream topics to be school, falling, being chased, and arriving too late for something.(大多数梦发生在快速眼动睡眠周期，一般人每晚会做4到5个这样的梦。焦虑是很常见的：一项对加拿大大学生的研究发现，最常见的梦的主题是学校、摔倒、被追赶和迟到。)”说明了人们通常梦见的主题，这反映了人们共同的着迷的事情，D选项“Even if dreams can’t foretell the future, they seem to expose our shared fascinations.(即使梦不能预知未来，但它们似乎揭示了我们共同的痴迷。)”说明了梦揭示了人们共同的着迷的事情，引起下文，符合语境，故选D。 3．空后“A 358 study determined that compared with Japanese people, Americans dreamed more about being locked up, losing a loved one, finding money, being inappropriately dressed, or encountering a mad person. Japanese people were more likely to dream about school, trying repeatedly to do something, being paralyzed (麻痹的) with fear, or “wild, violent beasts.”(358年的一项研究表明，与日本人相比，美国人更多梦见被关起来、失去亲人、找到钱、穿着不得体或遇到疯子。日本人更有可能梦见学校、反复尝试做某事、因恐惧而瘫痪或“凶猛的野兽”。)”说明了不同的国家的人梦的内容不一样，A选项“For all the commonalities dreams exhibit, they differ across cultures.(尽管梦表现出所有的共性，但它们在不同的文化中是不同的。)”说明了梦在不同的文化中是不同的，引起下文，符合语境，故选A。 4．空前“In a study of students taking a French medical-school entrance exam, 60 percent of the dreams they had beforehand involved a problem with the exam, such as being late or leaving an answer blank.(在一项针对参加法国医学院入学考试的学生的研究中，60%的学生在考试前做的梦都涉及考试中的问题，比如迟到或没答题。)”说明了学生在考试前做的梦跟考试有关，空格处也应该和考试有关，F选项“But those who reported dreams about the exam, even bad ones, did better on it than those who didn’t.(但是那些梦见考试的人，即使是糟糕的梦，也比没有梦到的人考得好。)”和考试以及梦有关，承接上文，符合语境，故选F。 Passage 3 (24-25高二下·上海七宝中学·期中) Iron Cooks Robots have arrived in American restaurants and hotels for the same reasons they first arrived on factory floors. 1 Labor, meanwhile, is getting expensive, as some cities and states pass laws raising the minimum wage. “We think we’ve hit the point where labor-wage rates are now making automation of those tasks make a lot more sense,” Bob Wright, the chief operations officer of the fast-food chain Wendy’s, said in a conference call with investors last February, referring to jobs that feature “repetitive production tasks.” Wendy’s and McDonald’s are in the process of installing self-service kiosks (售货亭) in locations across the country, allowing customers to order without ever talking to an employee. 2 The international chain CaliBurger, for example will soon install Flippy, a robot that can make 150 burgers an hour. John Miller, the CEO of Cali Group, which owns the chain, says employees don’t like working in the kitchen. Once the robots are sweating there, human employees will be free to interact with customers in more-targeted ways, bringing them extra napkins and asking them how they’re enjoying their burgers. How many employees, though, do you need working in the cafe? 3 Will companies like CaliBurger see sufficient value in employing human greeters and soup-and-sandwich deliverers to keep those positions around long-term? The experience of Eatsa may be instructive. The start-up restaurant, based in San Francisco, allows customers to order its quinoa bowls and salads on their smartphone or an in-store tablet and then pick up their order from a white wall of cubbies (小房间)—an Automat for the app age. Initially, two greeters were stationed alongside the cubbies to welcome and direct customers. 4 So the company now employs a single greeter in its restaurants. A．The early success of the kiosks suggests that, at least when ordering fast food, customers prize speed over high-touch customer service. B．Business owners insist that robots will take over work that is dirty, dangerous, or just dull, enabling humans to focus on other tasks. C．The better hope for workers might be that automation helps the food-service industry continue to develop. D．But over time, customers relied less frequently on the greeters. E．The cost of machines has fallen significantly in recent years, dropping 40 percent since 2005. F．This has typically been the story of automation: Technology eliminates old jobs, but it also creates new ones. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是说明文。讨论了机器人和自动化技术在美国餐饮业中的应用及其影响。 1．根据前文“Robots have arrived in American restaurants and hotels for the same reasons they first arrived on factory floors.(机器人进入美国餐馆和酒店的原因与它们最初进入工厂车间的原因相同)”可知，后文应是介绍原因，所以E项“The cost of machines has fallen significantly in recent years, dropping 40 percent since 2005.(近年来，机器成本大幅下降，自2005年以来下降了40%)”符合文意，介绍原因，并和后文“Labor, meanwhile, is getting expensive, as some cities and states pass laws raising the minimum wage.(与此同时，由于一些城市和州通过了提高最低工资的法律，劳动力成本正在变得越来越高)”形成对比。故选E项。 2．设空位于段首，为本段中心句，根据后文“The international chain CaliBurger, for example will soon install Flippy, a robot that can make 150 burgers an hour. John Miller, the CEO of Cali Group, which owns the chain, says employees don’t like working in the kitchen. Once the robots are sweating there, human employees will be free to interact with customers in more-targeted ways, bringing them extra napkins and asking them how they’re enjoying their burgers.(例如，国际连锁餐厅CaliBurger很快就会安装机器人Flippy，一小时能做150个汉堡。拥有这家连锁店的卡利集团（Cali Group）首席执行官约翰·米勒（John Miller）说，员工不喜欢在厨房工作。一旦机器人在那里大汗淋漓，人类员工将可以自由地以更有针对性的方式与顾客互动，给他们带来额外的餐巾纸，并询问他们是否喜欢他们的汉堡)”可知，本段讲述机器人将接管肮脏、危险或枯燥的工作，使人类能够专注于其他任务，所以B项“Business owners insist that robots will take over work that is dirty, dangerous, or just dull, enabling humans to focus on other tasks.(企业主坚持认为，机器人将接管肮脏、危险或枯燥的工作，使人类能够专注于其他任务)”符合本段主题，为本段中心句。故选B项。 3．根据前文“How many employees, though, do you need working in the cafe?(那么，你需要多少员工在咖啡馆工作呢？)”可知，后文应是回答，A项“The early success of the kiosks suggests that, at least when ordering fast food, customers prize speed over high-touch customer service.(售货亭的早期成功表明，至少在订购快餐时，顾客更看重速度，而不是高接触的客户服务)”是通过其他例子，对前文进行委婉的回答，符合文意。故选A项。 4．根据前文“Initially, two greeters were stationed alongside the cubbies to welcome and direct customers.(最初，两名迎宾员驻扎在小隔间旁边，欢迎和指导顾客)”以及后文“So the company now employs a single greeter in its restaurants.(因此，该公司现在在其餐厅雇佣了一名迎宾员)”可知，前文提到有两人，后文变成了一人，所以空处应是解释原因，D项“But over time, customers relied less frequently on the greeters.(但随着时间的推移，顾客对迎宾员的依赖减少了)”符合文意，解释了变成一人的原因，和后文构成因果关系。故选D项。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·上海新中高级中学·期中) Monarch Butterflies Listed as Endangered The monarch butterfly, known for its legendary migration from Mexico to Canada, is now at great risk of extinction. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the population of this orange-and-black insect has shrunk between 23% and 72% over the past 10 years. IUCN has labeled it as being endangered after having added it to its Red List of Threatened Species. 1 . In order to make space for agriculture and urban development, people have been illegally cutting down trees. As a result, the massive forested areas that had previously sheltered the butterflies during winter have now been destroyed. Another factor at play is the use of herbicides (除草剂) in agricultural fields. 2 . Just before leaving their overwintering grounds, females lay eggs on milkweed plants. But now milkweed is disappearing, and monarch caterpillars are losing their host plants. Climate change has also taken a heavy toll on the species. 3 . What’s worse, severe weather conditions such as hurricanes and storms are proving to be disastrous for the already vulnerable butterflies. Monarch experts are calling for the public’s help in the fight to save the species. “Few species inspire the awe and wonder that the migratory monarch butterfly commands,” said Dr. Sean T. O’ Brien, President and CEO of Nature Serve. “While efforts to protect this species are encouraging, much is still needed to ensure its long-term survival.” What can be done to case the problem? A middle-of-the-road solution is gaining ground. Scientists recommend promoting the growth of native milkweed and nectar flowers. Monarch butterflies are a common backyard insect in America, so everyone can contribute their share. 4 . They can also plant flowers for monarchs-Those flowers will provide nectar for monarchs when they bloom. A．People can plant milkweed to support their egg-laying and caterpillars. B．When they are caterpillars (幼虫), monarchs entirely depend on milkweed. C．Hence, local people should maintain thick forests and reduce the use of pesticides within the monarch’s range. D．The reasons for the threat to monarchs are varied, but the leading one is the decades-long destruction of its habitats. E．In a one-two punch, droughts have limited the growth of milkweed, thus threatening the butterflies’ overwintering habitats. F．To help ensure the survival of monarchs, the habitats of the Monarch butterfly need to be protected and conserved. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．E 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了帝王蝶面临灭绝的风险，主因是栖息地破坏、农药使用及气候变化，呼吁公众参与保护行动，如种植马利筋草和蜜源植物以支持其生存。 1．上文“According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the population of this orange-and-black insect has shrunk between 23% and 72% over the past 10 years. IUCN has labeled it as being endangered after having added it to its Red List of Threatened Species.(根据国际自然保护联盟的数据，在过去10年间，这种橙黑相间的昆虫的数量已经减少了23%至72%。该联盟已将其列入濒危物种红色名录，标示为濒危)”及下文“In order to make space for agriculture and urban development, people have been illegally cutting down trees. As a result, the massive forested areas that had previously sheltered the butterflies during winter have now been destroyed.(为了腾出空间进行农业种植和城市发展，人们一直在非法砍伐树木。因此，过去在冬季为蝴蝶提供庇护的广阔森林区域现在已经遭到破坏)”说明了帝王蝶面临灭绝的风险，数量急剧下降，并被列为濒危物种，以及人类活动对栖息地的破坏，空处承上启下，D选项“威胁帝王蝶生存的原因多种多样，但最主要的在于长达数十年的栖息地破坏。”既承接了上文提到的濒危现状，又引出了下文具体阐述的人类活动对栖息地的破坏，符合语境。故选D。 2．上文“Another factor at play is the use of herbicides (除草剂) in agricultural fields.(另一个因素是在农田中使用的除草剂)”及下文“Just before leaving their overwintering grounds, females lay eggs on milkweed plants. But now milkweed is disappearing, and monarch caterpillars are losing their host plants.(在离开越冬地之前，雌蝶会在马利筋草上产卵。但现在马利筋草正在消失，帝王蝶幼虫也因此失去了寄主植物)”说明了农业领域除草剂使用对帝王蝶的影响，空处应解释除草剂的使用如何影响帝王蝶的具体方式，B选项“当帝王蝶处于幼虫阶段时，它们完全依赖马利筋草生存。”承接上文，解释除草剂与帝王蝶之间产生的联系，指出了马利筋草对帝王蝶幼虫的重要性，且与下文紧密相连，符合语境。故选B。 3．上文“Climate change has also taken a heavy toll on the species.(气候变化也对这一物种造成了沉重打击)”及下文“What’s worse, severe weather conditions such as hurricanes and storms are proving to be disastrous for the already vulnerable butterflies.(更糟糕的是，飓风和风暴等极端天气条件对本来就脆弱的蝴蝶来说无疑是灾难性的)”说明了气候变化对帝王蝶种群的严重影响，空处围绕气候变化的主题展开，具体说明对于帝王蝶的影响，下文与之形成递进关系，E选项“干旱的影响如同连续两次重击，限制了马利筋草的生长，从而威胁到了蝴蝶的越冬栖息地。”与上文的气候变化话题相契合，还具体解释了干旱如何通过影响马利筋草的生长间接威胁到帝王蝶的生存。故选E。 4．上文“Monarch butterflies are a common backyard insect in America, so everyone can contribute their share.(帝王蝶在美国是一种常见的后院昆虫，因此每个人都能为此贡献自己的一份力量)”及下文“They can also plant flowers for monarchs.(他们还可以为帝王蝶种植花卉)”说明了个人可以采取的具体措施来帮助帝王蝶，A选项“人们可以种植马利筋草以支持帝王蝶产卵和幼虫的生长。”提出了一个具体行动建议，即人们可以种植马利筋草来支持帝王蝶产卵和幼虫的生存，其中“can plant”与下文“can also plant”相呼应，符合语境。故选A。 Passage 2 (24-25高二下·上海闵行第三中学·期中) Nature’s Gigantic Snow Plough On January 10, 1962, an enormous piece of glacier broke away and collapsed down the side of a mountain in Peru. A mere seven minutes later, when cascading ice finally came to a stop ten miles down the mountain, it had taken the lives of 4,000 people. This disaster is one of the most “destructive” examples of a very common event: an avalanche (雪崩) of snow or ice. Because it is extremely cold at very high altitudes, snow rarely melts. 1 Glaciers are eventually created when the weight of the snow is so great that the lower layers are pressed into solid ice. 2 As snow accumulates on a steep slope, it reaches a critical point at which the slightest vibration will send it sliding into the valley below. Even an avalanche of light power can be dangerous, but the Peruvian disaster was particularly terrible because it was caused by a heavy layer of ice. 3 As it crashed down the steep mountainside like a gigantic snow plough, it swept up trees, boulders and tons of topsoil, and completely crushed and destroyed the six villages that lay in its path. At present there is no way to predict or avoid such enormous avalanches, but luckily, they are very rare. 4 In the future, perhaps dangerous masses of snow and ice can be found and removed before they take human lives? A．It is estimated that the ice that broke off weighed three million tons. B．It just keeps piling up higher and higher. C．Scientists are constantly studying the smaller, more common avalanches, to try to understand what causes them. D．An extremely rare snow and ice disaster hit the south area of China in January, 2008, seriously influencing people’s production and life. E．But most avalanches occur long before this happens. F．This year’s snow and ice disaster has caused great harm to power network. 【答案】1．B 2．E 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇科普类说明文。文章主要讲述了1962年1月10日，秘鲁山区一座冰川巨块突然崩裂，滑落山坡，造成4,000余人死亡。此次灾难展示了雪崩的毁灭性。预测和避免此类巨大雪崩目前无法实现，但幸运的是，它们并不常见。 1．根据后文“Glaciers are eventually created when the weight of the snow is so great that the lower layers are pressed into solid ice. (当雪的重量非常大，以至于下层被压成坚冰时，最终就会形成冰川)”可知，B项“It just keeps piling up higher and higher.(它只会越堆越高)”中piling up higher and higher与后文“Glaciers are eventually created...the lower layers are pressed into solid ice”相呼应。故选B项。 2．根据后文“As snow accumulates on a steep slope, it reaches a critical point at which the slightest vibration will send it sliding into the valley below. (当雪在陡峭的山坡上积聚时，会达到一个临界点，在这个临界点上，最轻微的震动都会使雪滑落到下面的山谷中)”可知，发生雪崩时，雪会在陡峭山坡上积聚，以及前文“Glaciers are eventually created when the weight of the snow is so great that the lower layers are pressed into solid ice. (当雪的重量非常大，以至于下层被压成坚冰时，最终就会形成冰川)”可知，雪在陡峭山坡上积聚是在形成冰川之前。由此可知，E项“But most avalanches occur long before this happens. (但大多数雪崩发生在此之前很久)”承上启下，符合语境，故选E项。 3．根据前文“Even an avalanche of light power can be dangerous, but the Peruvian disaster was particularly terrible because it was caused by a heavy layer of ice. (即使是轻型的雪崩也可能是危险的，但秘鲁的灾难特别可怕，因为它是由厚厚的冰层造成的)”以及后文“As it crashed down the steep mountainside like a gigantic snow plough, it swept up trees, boulders and tons of topsoil, and completely crushed and destroyed the six villages that lay in its path. (当它像一个巨大的雪犁一样从陡峭的山坡上冲下来时，卷起了树木、巨石和成吨的表土，并彻底压垮和摧毁了沿途的六个村庄)”可知，A项“It is estimated that the ice that broke off weighed three million tons. (据估计，断裂的冰层重达 300 万吨)”其中weighed three million tons与前文heavy呼应、同时与后文a gigantic snow plough相呼应。故选A项。 4．根据前文“At present there is no way to predict or avoid such enormous avalanches, but luckily, they are very rare. (目前还没有办法预测或避免这种巨大的雪崩，但幸运的是，这种雪崩非常罕见)”可知，C项“Scientists are constantly studying the smaller, more common avalanches, to try to understand what causes them. (科学家们一直在研究规模较小、更为常见的雪崩，试图了解造成雪崩的原因)”其中the smaller, more common avalanches与前文no way to predict or avoid such enormous avalanches形成对立关系，表明规模较小的雪崩较为常见，可以进行研究。故选C项。 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·上海交通大学附属中学·期中) It seemed a notably strange coincidence that the day after the Chronicle of Higher Education’s fascinating article about foreign-language acquisition and its remarkable contributions to the human mind and to society, Inside Higher Ed reported that George Washington University’s arts and sciences faculty had voted by an “overwhelming” margin not only to remove its foreign languages and cultures course requirement, but also to set up the new requirements in such a way that introductory foreign language courses can no longer count toward fulfilling any degree requirement in the college. 1 . One wonders how “global perspectives” can happen without foreign language. But Catherine Porter (a former president of the Modern Language Association), writing in the Chronicle, puts it rather more bluntly. The lack of foreign-language learning in our society, she states, is “a devastating waste of potential.” Students who learn languages at an early age “consistently display enhanced cognitive abilities relative to their monolingual peers.” 2 Porter believes: “Demands that the language-learning process makes on the brain make the brain more flexible and incite it to discover new patterns-and thus to create and maintain more circuits.” 3 My own journey in languages is something for which I cannot claim any real foresight or deliberate intention, but by the age of 16, I spoke English, Hungarian, and French fluently. I’ve managed, through travel and personal and family connections, to maintain all three. One thing I know for sure is that when I get on the phone with my mother and talk to her in Hungarian for 20 minutes, or if I have to type out an email to a friend in Paris, afterwards I feel like I’ve had a mental jog on the treadmill: strangely energized, brain-stretched, more ready for any challenge, whether it’s cooking a new dish or drafting a paper. And the connective cultural tissue created by deep immersion in another language cannot be overstated. When I went to Hungary during grad school to research my thesis, I figured: no problem, it’s my native tongue. Yes, but I first learned it when I was a toddler, and never since then. 4 Time and again, I’ve realized how language can transform our interactions with one another. Porter’s article is a wake-up call that neglecting foreign-language learning is hurting our country in more ways than we realize. A．This isn’t about being able to impress their parents’ friends by piping up in Chinese at the dinner table — the research is showing that these kids can think better. B．Porter points out, as many others have, that in diplomatic, military, professional and commercial contexts, being monolingual is a significant handicap. C．One of Porter’s most interesting observations, according to my experience, was about how multilingualism enhances “brain fitness”. D．In short, making the United States a more multilingual society would carry with it untold benefits. E．The amount of preparation I had to do to be sure I didn’t miss small details or cultural cues and didn’t draw conclusions based on inaccurate translation, was significant, but well worth it. F．At the same time, this curricular reform is apparently “designed to promote student learning in areas such as global perspectives and oral communications”. 【答案】1．F 2．C 3．A 4．E 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章强调外语学习的重要性，指出其对大脑健康、认知能力、社会交往的深远影响。通过引用专家观点和个人经历，文章批判了忽视外语学习的后果，呼吁重视语言教育，以提升个人与社会的整体能力。 1．根据上文“It seemed a notably strange coincidence that the day after the Chronicle of Higher Education’s fascinating article about foreign-language acquisition and its remarkable contributions to the human mind and to society, Inside Higher Ed reported that George Washington University’s arts and sciences faculty had voted by an “overwhelming” margin not only to remove its foreign languages and cultures course requirement, but also to set up the new requirements in such a way that introductory foreign language courses can no longer count toward fulfilling any degree requirement in the college.(这似乎是一个格外诡异的巧合—— 就在《高等教育纪事报》发表了一篇关于外语习得及其对人类思维和社会非凡贡献的精彩文章后第二天，《高等教育内幕》报道称，乔治华盛顿大学文理学院教师以压倒性票数通过决议：不仅取消外语与文化课程必修要求，还重新设定学位条件，使初级外语课程无法计入任何毕业学分)”提到乔治华盛顿大学取消外语课程要求，并设置新规则使入门课程不再计入学位要求。选项F“At the same time, this  curricular reform is apparently “designed to promote student learning in  areas such as global perspectives and oral communications”.(与此同时，这项课程改革显然“旨在促进学生在诸如全球视野和口头交流等领域的学业发展”)”与学校表面上的理由一致，形成讽刺对比（取消外语课程却声称促进全球视野），符合作者批判的语气。故选F。 2． 前文“ The lack of foreign-language learning in our society, she states, is “a devastating waste of potential.” Students who learn languages at an early age “consistently display enhanced cognitive abilities relative to their monolingual peers”.(她指出，我们社会中外语学习的缺失是“对潜能的灾难性浪费”。早年学习语言的学生“相较于单语同龄人持续展现出更强的认知能力”)”引用了Porter 观点，强调早期语言学习对认知能力的提升。选项C提到了多语种增强“大脑健康”，直接承接Porter的论述，再结合下文“Porter believes: “Demands that the language-learning process makes on the brain make the brain more flexible and incite it to discover new patterns and thus to create and maintain more circuits.” (波特认为：“ 语言学习过程对大脑的严苛要求使神经更具可塑性，激发其发现新规律 ，从而创建并维持更多神经回路。”)”，选项C“One of Porter’s most interesting observations, according to my experience, was about how multilingualism enhances “brain fitness”.(根据我的经验，波特最有趣的观察之一是多语言能力如何增强“大脑健康”)”引出了下文关于语言学习对大脑灵活性和创造力的解释。故选C。 3． 根据空后“My own journey in languages is something for which I cannot claim any real foresight or deliberate intention, but by the age of 16, I spoke English, Hungarian, and French fluently. I’ve managed, through travel and personal and family connections, to maintain all three. One thing I know for sure is that when I get on the phone with my mother and talk to her in Hungarian for 20 minutes, or if I have to type out an email to a friend in Paris, afterwards I feel like I’ve had a mental jog on the treadmill: strangely energized, brain-stretched, more ready for any challenge, whether it’s cooking a new dish or drafting a paper. And the connective cultural tissue created by deep immersion in another language cannot be overstated. When I went to Hungary during grad school to research my thesis, I figured: no problem, it’s my native tongue. Yes, but I first learned it when I was a toddler, and never since then.(我的语言学习历程谈不上任何远见或刻意规划，但16岁时我已能流利使用英语、匈牙利语和法语。通过旅行、社交和家庭联系，这三种语言得以保持。我确信的是：当用匈牙利语与母亲通话20分钟，或用巴黎友人的母语撰写邮件后，我的大脑如同完成跑步机训练：莫名充满能量，思维延展，面对新菜品研发或论文草拟都更具准备。深度语言沉浸创造的跨文化联结难以估量。研究生时期赴匈牙利进行论文调研时，我原以为母语匈牙利语不成问题。但事实上，幼年习得的语言若不持续使用仍需精心准备)”可知，作者通过个人经历说明语言的实际价值，与社会上“用外语 impress parents”的表面功夫形成对比。 选项A“This isn’t about being able to impress their parents’ friends by piping up in Chinese at the dinner table — the research is showing that these kids can think better.(这并不是为了能在晚餐桌上用中文插句话让父母的朋友们刮目相看—— 研究表明，这些孩子的思维能力更强)”提到了这不是为了impress parents，而是研究表明外语提升思维能力，引出作者的亲身经历，强调语言学习的深层益处。故选A。 4．根据上文“When I went to Hungary during grad school to research my thesis, I figured: no problem, it’s my native tongue. Yes, but I first learned it when I was a toddler, and never since then.(研究生时期赴匈牙利进行论文调研时，我原以为母语匈牙利语不成问题。但事实上，幼年习得的语言若不持续使用仍需精心准备)”可知，作者提到用母语研究时仍需仔细准备，避免文化误解。 选项E“The amount of preparation I had to do to be sure I didn’t miss small details or cultural cues and didn’t draw conclusions based on inaccurate translation, was significant, but well worth it.(为确保不遗漏任何细微的细节或文化暗示，避免因翻译不准确而得出错误结论，我所做的准备工作虽繁重，但完全值得)”总结了深度语言使用带来的挑战与回报。故选E。 Passage 2 (24-25高二下·上海延安中学·期中) Does solving a math problem give you a headache? Do you feel nervous when you sit a math exam? 1 Scientists came to this conclusion with an in-depth experiment, which was published in Public Library of Science One. They began by finding out how much participants fear math. Those involved were asked a series of questions such as how they feel when they receive a math textbook or when they walk into a math lesson. Based on their answers, participants were divided into two groups. One group was made up of people who were particularly afraid of math and participants in the other group were more comfortable with the subject. Both groups were then given either math tasks or word tasks. When a math task was going to come next, a yellow circle would appear but when a word task was soon to come, a blue square would be shown. 2 It was like the pain they would feel, for example, if they burnt their hand on a hot stove. But they reacted less strongly when they knew that they would be faced with a word task. However, scientists saw no strong brain response from people in the second group. Math can be difficult, and for those with high levels of mathematics-anxiety, math is associated with tension, apprehension and fear. “When you are really thinking about math problems, your mind is racing and you are worrying about all the things that could go wrong,” explained Ian Lyons from the University of Chicago, Leader of the study. 3 More interestingly, brain activity disappeared when participants actually started dealing with the math tasks. 4 Based on the study, scientists suggested that things could be done to help students worry less and move past their fear of math, which might mean they perform better in tests. A．This means that it’s not that math itself hurts; rather, the anticipation of math is painful. B．Researchers have developed mind-reading device that can retrieve images from the person’s memory with the help of scans. C．For most students, math can be tough, but scientists have proved that math problems can actually trigger physical pain. D．Using a brain-scanning machine, scientists noticed that whenever people from Group One saw a yellow circle, their brain would respond in a way similar to when their body is feeling pain. E．The higher a person’s anxiety of a math task, the more he activated brain regions associated with threat detection, and the experience of pain. F．Most students, especially girls, are extremely scared of math. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．E 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家通过实验发现数学焦虑会引发类似生理疼痛的大脑反应，但实际解题时这种反应会消失。 1．由上文“Does solving a math problem give you a headache? Do you feel nervous when you sit a math exam? (解数学题会让你头疼吗？当你参加数学考试时你会感到紧张吗？)”及下文“Scientists came to this conclusion with an in-depth experiment, which was published in Public Library of Science One. They began by finding out how much participants fear math. (科学家们通过一项深入的实验得出了这个结论，该实验发表在《公共科学图书馆·综合》上。他们首先弄清楚参与者对数学的恐惧程度)”可知，上文提出关于数学的问题，下文说科学家的实验结论，本空应是对上文问题的回应并引出实验结论。C选项“For most students, math can be tough, but scientists have proved that math problems can actually trigger physical pain. (对大多数学生来说，数学可能很难，但科学家已经证明，数学问题实际上会引发身体疼痛)”既回应了上文问题，又引出了下文实验结论，符合题意。故选C。 2．由上文“Both groups were then given either math tasks or word tasks. When a math task was going to come next, a yellow circle would appear but when a word task was soon to come, a blue square would be shown. (然后给两组参与者分别布置数学任务或文字任务。当下一个任务是数学任务时，会出现一个黄色的圆圈，但当下一个任务是文字任务时，会出现一个蓝色的正方形)”及下文“It was like the pain they would feel, for example, if they burnt their hand on a hot stove. But they reacted less strongly when they knew that they would be faced with a word task. (这就像他们会感受到的疼痛，例如，如果他们的手在热炉子上烫伤了。但当他们知道自己将面临一项文字任务时，他们的反应就不那么强烈了)”可知，上文提到不同任务的提示，下文说面对不同任务的反应，本空应是关于看到任务提示时的具体反应。D选项“Using a brain-scanning machine, scientists noticed that whenever people from Group One saw a yellow circle, their brain would respond in a way similar to when their body is feeling pain. (使用脑部扫描机器，科学家们注意到，每当第一组的人看到一个黄色圆圈时，他们的大脑反应方式类似于他们身体感到疼痛时的反应)”能承上启下，符合题意。故选D。 3．由上文“Math can be difficult, and for those with high levels of mathematics-anxiety, math is associated with tension, apprehension and fear. “When you are really thinking about math problems, your mind is racing and you are worrying about all the things that could go wrong,” explained Ian Lyons from the University of Chicago, leader of the study. (数学可能很难，对于那些有高度数学焦虑的人来说，数学与紧张、忧虑和恐惧联系在一起。“当你真正思考数学问题时，你的大脑在飞速运转，你在担心所有可能出错的事情，” 该研究的负责人、芝加哥大学的伊恩・莱昂斯解释道)”可知，上文在阐述数学焦虑的人的情况，本空应进一步说明数学焦虑与人的大脑和疼痛感受之间的关系。E选项“The higher a person’s anxiety of a math task, the more he activated brain regions associated with threat detection, and the experience of pain. (一个人对数学任务的焦虑程度越高，他与威胁检测和疼痛体验相关的大脑区域就越活跃)”能承接上文，符合语境。故选E。 4．由上文“More interestingly, brain activity disappeared when participants actually started dealing with the math tasks. (更有趣的是，当参与者真正开始处理数学任务时，大脑活动消失了)”及下文“Based on the study, scientists suggested that things could be done to help students worry less and move past their fear of math, which might mean they perform better in tests. (基于这项研究，科学家们建议可以采取一些措施来帮助学生减少担忧，克服对数学的恐惧，这可能意味着他们在考试中表现得更好)”可知，上文说开始做数学任务时大脑活动消失，下文说应对措施，本空应是对上文现象的总结和解释。A选项“This means that it’s not that math itself hurts; rather, the anticipation of math is painful. (这意味着不是数学本身让人痛苦；而是对数学的预期是痛苦的)”能承上启下，符合语境。故选A。 Passage 3 (24-25高二下·上海控江中学·期中) Positive Feedback In an attempt to inject some positivity into their feedback, many managers rely on sandwiching negative feedback between two positive comments. However, when feedback becomes such a routine, employees can start to perceive positive feedback as simply a form of masking the negatives, thus decreasing its value. 1 . Below are three tips to help you make positive feedback count. Don’t always follow positive feedback with negative feedback. 2 . Ensure there are times when positive feedback is given for its own sake and resist the temptation to offer constructive criticism. Cultivate a “growth mindset”. Psychologist and “growth mindset” supporter Carol Dweck spoke of the plasticity of the brain and our ability to develop skills and talents that we might not have been good at to start with. 3 . “You really have an eye for details”, for example. However, research suggests that by focusing on the process of how things are done — praising effort, experimentation and problem-solving strategies — we can encourage the development of new skills and the continued development of talents. Create a culture of offering positive feedback. Make giving positive feedback part of your team/department/company culture. Don’t just wait for special moments like evaluations to give feedback. Offer informal positive feedback when making small talk or when walking down a corridor. Feedback doesn’t have to only come from the higher ranks either. Encourage peer feedback among team members and colleagues and actively ask them for positive comments on each other’s performances on tasks. It might take time to counter the effects of an environment where there is a doubtful view of positive feedback. 4 . A．Many of us tend to focus our praise on the end result and seemingly inborn talents. B．Instead, positive feedback should not just soften negatives but enhance performance. C．When positive and negative feedback always appear to go hand in hand, the positives can become devalued and ignored. D．Enhance the productivity and efficiency by implementing strategies aimed at improving the performance of your employees. E．Therefore, it matters that you should promote the exchange of feedback between peers and actively seek out their positive remarks when doing tasks. F．But in the long run, by hugging positive feedback, you can not only enhance working performance but also enrich the quality of life in the workplace. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．F 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了三个让积极反馈发挥作用的技巧。 1．根据上文“In an attempt to inject some positivity into their feedback, many managers rely on sandwiching negative feedback between two positive comments. However, when feedback becomes such a routine, employees can start to perceive positive feedback as simply a form of masking the negatives, thus decreasing its value.(为了给他们的反馈注入一些积极的东西，许多管理者依靠把消极的反馈夹在两个积极的评论之间。然而，当反馈成为一种惯例时，员工会开始将积极反馈视为掩盖消极反馈的一种形式，从而降低了消极反馈的价值)”以及后文“Below are three tips to help you make positive feedback count.(下面有三个技巧可以帮助你让积极的反馈发挥作用)”可知，本句与上文构成转折，肯定积极反馈的正面作用。故B选项“相反，积极的反馈不仅应该缓和消极的影响，还应该提高表现”符合语境，故选B。 2．根据后文“Ensure there are times when positive feedback is given for its own sake and resist the temptation to offer constructive criticism.(确保有时候给予积极的反馈是为了反馈本身，并抵制提供建设性批评的诱惑)”可知，后文提到要“单独给予正面反馈而非总伴随负面”，说明正面和负面的反馈不应该同时存在，这样会削弱正面反馈的价值。故C选项“当正面和负面的反馈总是齐头并进时，正面的价值就会被贬低和忽略”符合语境，故选C。 3．根据上文“Psychologist and “growth mindset” supporter Carol Dweck spoke of the plasticity of the brain and our ability to develop skills and talents that we might not have been good at to start with.(心理学家和“成长心态”的支持者卡罗尔·德韦克谈到了大脑的可塑性，以及我们发展技能和才能的能力，而这些技能和才能一开始可能并不擅长)”以及后文““You really have an eye for details”, for example. However, research suggests that by focusing on the process of how things are done — praising effort, experimentation and problem-solving strategies — we can encourage the development of new skills and the continued development of talents.(比如，“你真的很注重细节”。然而，研究表明，通过关注事情如何完成的过程——表扬努力、实验和解决问题的策略——我们可以鼓励新技能的发展和人才的持续发展)”可知，本句主要说明人们对于才能的看法，A选项中talents对应上文talents，故A选项“我们中的许多人倾向于把赞美的重点放在最终结果和看似天生的才能上”符合语境，故选A。 4．根据上文“It might take time to counter the effects of an environment where there is a doubtful view of positive feedback.(在一个对积极反馈持怀疑态度的环境中，可能需要时间来抵消其影响)”可知，上文提到积极反馈需要时间抵消其影响，推测从长远来看，积极反馈带来的作用是正面的，故F选项“但是从长远来看，积极的反馈不仅可以提高你的工作表现，还可以丰富工作场所的生活质量”符合语境，故选F。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中) Why do We Love to Watch Other People’s In-flight Movies? You’re sitting on an airplane, and before you pick a movie — or maybe despite having done so already — you start watching someone else’s screen. Sound familiar? Though you can’t explain why you’d rather watch a faraway show on a too-small screen without any audio, you can’t look away. Maybe it’s easier to leech off someone else’s movie selection than to make a choice of your own. Maybe it’s the risk of being caught, the allure (诱惑) of spying on a private moment. In-flight movies are just better on a stranger’s screen. 1 On X, formerly Twitter, a user confesses: “I cannot focus on a movie on an airplane unless it is on someone else’s screen.” Another writes that “the voyeurism of watching a movie on someone else’s screen just adds to the experience.” These sneaky viewings are more common now than they were a few decades ago, when seat-back, personal screens first started to take hold in the airplane industry. 2 The term refers to the act of spying on someone else’s phone or laptop screen, ATM or other electronic device behind their back. Mohamed Khamis, an associate professor in computer science at the University of Glasgow, studies the privacy and security implications of technology. 3 The behavior also carries little risk of getting caught. While researching people’s ability to recognize when they are being shoulder-surfed, he found that it often goes unnoticed; people underestimated the number of times others were spying on their screen. The impulse to shoulder-surf, he adds, can be simply explained by boredom and curiosity. 4 “This is something that’s been around for a long time,” he said. “Even when people were reading books and newspapers and stuff, people would also look at each other’s content.” A．But “shoulder surfing” is nothing new. B．And “shoulder surfing” is nothing short of surprising. C．Apparently, loneliness and privacy-invasion are underlying causes. D．It’s why he has looked over at other passengers’ screens while on a flight. E．He says that shoulder surfing is so popular partly because it doesn’t require any special skills. F．The appeal of peeking at another person’s in-flight entertainment is well-documented online. 【答案】1．F 2．A 3．E 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了人们为何痴迷于偷看他人飞机屏幕上的电影，分析了“肩窥”现象普遍存在的三大原因。 1．前文“Though you can’t explain why you’d rather watch a faraway show on a too-small screen without any audio, you can’t look away. Maybe it’s easier to leech off someone else’s movie selection than to make a choice of your own. Maybe it’s the risk of being caught, the allure (诱惑) of spying on a private moment. In-flight movies are just better on a stranger’s screen. (虽然你无法解释为何要盯着远处那块过小的无声屏幕看别人的电影，但就是挪不开视线。或许蹭别人的电影选择比自己做决定更轻松，又或许是那种可能被发现的刺激感、偷窥他人私密时刻的诱惑在作祟。陌生人的机上电影，看起来总是更精彩)”描述人们在飞机上偷看他人屏幕的现象，以及该行为很诱人，后文“On X, formerly Twitter, a user confesses: “I cannot focus on a movie on an airplane unless it is on someone else’s screen.” Another writes that “the voyeurism of watching a movie on someone else’s screen just adds to the experience.” (在原来是Twitter的X平台上，一位用户坦白道：“除非是别人屏幕上的电影，否则我在飞机上根本没法专注于任何影片。”另一位网友则写道：“偷看别人屏幕上的电影时那种窥视感，反而让观影体验更刺激了。”)”引用网友评论佐证该行为的普遍性，此处需过渡到网络证据的普遍性，因此F项“The appeal of peeking at another person’s in-flight entertainment is well-documented online. (在网上，偷看他人机上娱乐行为的吸引力已被充分记录)”符合语境，指出网上有很多此类证据，承前启后，其中的in-flight在前文有同词复现，online则呼应后文的On X, formerly Twitter。故选F。 2．前文“These sneaky viewings are more common now than they were a few decades ago, when seat-back, personal screens first started to take hold in the airplane industry. (如今，这种偷偷观影的行为比几十年前更为普遍——当时椅背个人屏幕才刚刚在航空业兴起)”提到这种行为现在比几十年前更常见，后文“The term refers to the act of spying on someone else’s phone or laptop screen, ATM or other electronic device behind their back. (这个术语指的是偷窥他人手机、笔记本电脑屏幕、ATM机或其他电子设备屏幕的行为)”介绍一术语的定义，此处是过渡句，需引出该术语，因此A项“But “shoulder surfing” is nothing new. (但“肩窥”并非新现象)”符合语境，表明“肩窥”早已出现，和前文构成转折，引出后文的定义。故选A。 3．前文“Mohamed Khamis, an associate professor in computer science at the University of Glasgow, studies the privacy and security implications of technology. (格拉斯哥大学计算机科学副教授Mohamed Khamis主要从事技术隐私与安全影响研究)”提到Mohamed Khamis研究技术隐私，后文“The behavior also carries little risk of getting caught. (这种行为被发现的概率也很低)”指出肩窥的另一特性是不易被察觉，此处应该是Khamis的观点，与肩窥的一个特性相关，因此E项“He says that shoulder surfing is so popular partly because it doesn’t require any special skills. (他表示，肩窥如此流行的部分原因是它不需要任何特殊技巧)”符合语境，说明肩窥行为非常简单，承前启后，其中的He指代前文的Mohamed Khamis。故选E。 4．前文“The impulse to shoulder-surf, he adds, can be simply explained by boredom and curiosity. (他补充道，这种肩窥的冲动，其实可以简单地用无聊和好奇来解释)”提到肩窥的冲动源于无聊和好奇，后文““This is something that’s been around for a long time,” he said. (“这种现象其实由来已久，”他说道)”转而说明该现象已存在很久，此处应用事例佐证无聊和好奇这两种动机，因此D项“It’s why he has looked over at other passengers’ screens while on a flight. (这就是他在飞机上看其他乘客屏幕的原因)”符合语境，以研究者自身行为佐证动机，承接前文。故选D。 Passage 2 (24-25高二下·上海闵行区六校联合·期中) Today, in most of the theatres in Britain, the stages are situated behind a sort of arch (拱门), called the proscenium (幕布前的舞台部分) arch. The arch runs across the building with the stage on one side of it and the auditorium, housing the audience, on the other. The audience is kept to the area from which it can get a clear view of the stage. 1 The actor can ignore them until the end, when they applaud the performance. 2 Stage furniture or properties -“props”, as they are referred to in the business -are now as few as possible. Elaborate scenery is used only when it is going to last throughout the play, or when it is so constructed that it can be changed quickly. Modern theatres are built with the stage extending far in front of the proscenium arch, if indeed they have a proscenium arch at all, electricity, already long in use, has recently had a revolutionary effect. The modern idea of having the stage in front of the proscenium arch is not really modern, of course. It makes our stages much like Shakespeare’s. 3 The famous speeches of Hamlet, for instance, can be delivered more quietly and naturally than they were in the last century. The actors no longer have to worry much about not being heard, or about turning their backs to the auditorium. Moreover, nowadays, people are finding that modern theatres are built to sit in comfortably for two or three hours at a stretch. 4 The result of these improvements is that, in spite of the high price of seats, perhaps more people than ever before are keen on theatre-going. A．Over the last few decades, since the Second World War, theatrical customs have altered. B．It makes people feel, as they watch a play or a show, that they are seeing a living and moving picture. C．All these innovations have quickened up the pace of the drama. D．This is an advantage both for actors and audience. E．Today the theatres are much more comfortable because of the many improvements. F．Often they can meet and eat in the restaurants attached to the theatres. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国戏剧的发展以及剧院的布局特点。 1．根据上文“The arch runs across the building with the stage on one side of it and the auditorium, housing the audience, on the other. The audience is kept to the area from which it can get a clear view of the stage. (拱门横跨整个建筑，舞台在它的一侧，容纳观众的礼堂在另一侧。观众被限制在可以清楚地看到舞台的地方。)”可推知此处介绍了剧院的布局，B选项“当人们看戏剧或表演时，它使人们觉得他们在看一幅生动的、移动的画面。”符合语境，说明这样布局的原因。故选B。 2．设空处为本段的主题句。根据下文“Stage furniture or properties-props”, as they are referred to in the business -are now as few as possible. Elaborate scenery is used only when it is going to last throughout the play, or when it is so constructed that it can be changed quickly. Modern theatres are built with the stage extending far in front of the proscenium arch, if indeed they have a proscenium arch at all, electricity, already long in use, has recently had a revolutionary effect. (舞台家具或财产—因为他们在业务上被称为“props”——在尽可能少。精心制作的布景只有在它将贯穿整个戏剧，或者当它被构造得可以迅速改变时才会被使用。现代剧院的舞台都延伸到台前拱门的前面，如果它们真的有台前拱门的话，那么长期使用的电力最近已经产生了革命性的影响。)”可知本段从演员和观众两个角度说明了这样布局的好处，D选项“这对演员和观众都是有利的。”符合本段题意，故选D。 3．根据下文“The famous speeches of Hamlet, for instance, can be delivered more quietly and naturally than they were in the last century. (例如，哈姆雷特的著名演讲可以比上个世纪更安静、更自然地发表。)”可知这是在举例说明戏剧习俗发生了变化，所以A选项“在过去的几十年里，自第二次世界大战以来，戏剧的习俗发生了变化。”符合题意，紧密承接下文，故选A。 4．根据下文“The result of these improvements is that, in spite of the high price of seats, perhaps more people than ever before are keen on theatre-going. (这些改进的结果是，尽管票价很高，但也许比以往任何时候都有更多的人热衷于去剧院。)”可推知上文是关于剧院的改进，选项E“由于许多改进，今天的剧院舒适多了。”符合题意，故选E。 Passage 3 (24-25高二下·上海黄浦区·期中) How to show others you care The idea that kindness can boost happiness is hardly new. Studies have shown that prosocial behavior — basically, voluntarily helping others — can help lower people’s daily stress levels, and that simple acts of connection, like texting a friend, mean more than many of us realize. 1 “I have found that kindness can be a really hard sell,” said Tara Cousineau, a clinical psychologist, “People desire kindness yet often feel troubled by the thought of being kind.” 2 They may question whether their gesture or gift will be misinterpreted, or whether it will make the recipient feel pressured to pay it back. 3 Jennifer Oldham, who lost her 9-year-old daughter Hallie in July, recently created a Facebook group — Keeping Kindness for Hallie — that encourages participants to engage in random acts of kindness. People have bought groceries and donated school supplies in Hallie’s honor. “It will help your own heart, maybe even more than the recipients,” said Ms. Oldham. If you are not already in the habit of performing random kind acts, or if it does not come naturally to you, start by thinking about what you like to do. It’s not about you being like, ‘Oh man, now I have to learn how to bake cookies in order to be nice’. It’s about: 4 And how can you turn that into an offering for other people? A．What skills and talents do you already have? B．Stress can also keep people from being kind to others. C．Why are recipients less likely to appreciate a random act of kindness? D．But an act of kindness is unlikely to fail, and in some instances it can create even more kindness. E．People who perform a random act of kindness tend to underestimate how much the recipient will appreciate it. F．But researchers who study kindness and friendship say they hope the new findings strengthen the scientific case for making these types of gestures more often. 【答案】1．F 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述做善事可以帮助降低压力水平，以及如何做善事。 1．上文“The idea that kindness can boost happiness is hardly new. Studies have shown that prosocial behavior — basically, voluntarily helping others — can help lower people’s daily stress levels, and that simple acts of connection, like texting a friend, mean more than many of us realize.(善良可以提升幸福感的观点并不新鲜。研究表明，亲社会行为——基本上是自愿帮助他人——可以帮助人们降低日常压力水平，而简单的联系行为，比如给朋友发短信，比我们许多人意识到的更有意义。)”，而F选项“但研究善意和友谊的研究人员表示，他们希望这些新发现能够为更多地做出这类行为提供科学依据。”中的“the new findings”呼应上文，并且“these types of gestures”也对应上文的“texting a friend”等，符合题意，故选F。 2．根据下文“They may question whether their gesture or gift will be misinterpreted, or whether it will make the recipient feel pressured to pay it back.(他们可能会质疑自己的举动或礼物是否会被误解，或者是否会让收礼者感到有回报的压力。)”可知人们害怕自己的善意被误解，因此推断上文应该是和做善事也是有压力的相关内容，所以B选项“压力也可以阻止人们对别人友善。”符合语境，故选B。 3．根据下文“Jennifer Oldham, who lost her 9-year-old daughter Hallie in July, recently created a Facebook group — Keeping Kindness for Hallie — that encourages participants to engage in random acts of kindness. People have bought groceries and donated school supplies in Hallie’s honor. “It will help your own heart, maybe even more than the recipients,” said Ms. Oldham. (珍妮弗·奥尔德姆在7月份失去了9岁的女儿哈莉，她最近在Facebook上创建了一个名为“为哈莉保持善良”的小组，鼓励参与者随意做一些善举。为了纪念哈莉，人们买了杂货，捐赠了学习用品。奥尔德姆女士说：“这对你自己的心脏有帮助，甚至可能比接受者更有帮助。”)”可知本段是关于做善事还是有好处的内容，D选项“但是，善意的行为不太可能失败，在某些情况下，它甚至可以创造更多的善意。”符合本段所举的事例，并且和上文构成转折关系，故选D。 4．根据上文“It’s not about you being like, ‘Oh man, now I have to learn how to bake cookies in order to be nice’.( 这并不是说你会说，‘哦，天哪，现在我必须学会如何烤饼干才能变得漂亮。’)”以及下文“And how can you turn that into an offering for other people?(你怎么能把它变成对其他人的奉献呢?)”可知设空处说的是你现在有什么样的技能，并且能用它为别人提供帮助，所以A选项“你已经具备哪些技能和才能?”符合语境，承上启下，故选A。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·上海古美高级中学·期中) Health in space Astronaut Frank Rubiales has returned to Earth after 371 days in space. 1   Unlucky for him, but very lucky for scientists who want to see what effects spending an extended time in space has on the human body. Being in space can affect physical wellbeing. 2 Astronauts are recommended 150 minutes of exercise per day to counteract this. Also, space traveller’s eyes can be affected by the way that fluids act in zero-gravity. Outside the protection of the Earth’s atmosphere, astronauts are exposed to much higher levels and different forms of solar radiation. This can potentially cause long-term health problems, such as cancer. It’s not just physical health that is affected by being in space. Our mental health can be damaged if we don’t get enough sleep. On earth, our bodies respond through circadian rhythms (昼夜节奏) to the Sun rising and setting to help us sleep, but astronauts on board the International Space Station see 16 sunsets and sunrises every day. This means that avoiding sleep deprivation is a challenge. Isolation, and spending all your time with a small group of people can also affect mental health. Along with isolation, is the pressure that comes from being constantly monitored by experts back on Earth. With possible future missions to Mars predicted to last three years, tensions within the crew could become heightened. 3 Developing new techniques and technology to support astronauts’ health will enable more ambitious future missions. 4 The Canadian Space Agency is using its expertise to improve health care for people living in remote regions. The technology that supports robots used in space is now being used in surgery in normal hospitals, while pressure suits are being used to treat post-pregnancy complications. A．Astronaut Harry Hartfield reports an example of this where a colleague threatened to open the airlock and drain the oxygen from the spacecraft. B．The sacrifices of astronauts contributed to a giant leap in space exploration. C．It can also help those of us who are staying on Earth. D．Weightlessness caused by a lack of gravity can lead to a loss of bone and muscle mass. E．The missions do great harm to both physical and mental health of astronauts. F．It was only supposed to be 180, but a technical fault stopped him from returning as planned. 【答案】1．F 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了宇航员在太空会遇到的一些健康问题以及解决方案。 1．根据上文“Astronaut Frank Rubiales has returned to Earth after 371 days in space.(宇航员弗兰克·鲁比亚莱斯在太空生活371天后返回地球)”以及后文“Unlucky for him, but very lucky for scientists who want to see what effects spending an extended time in space has on the human body.(这对他来说是不幸的，但对那些想要了解长时间在太空中对人体有什么影响的科学家来说是幸运的)”可知，后文提到了生活371天是不幸的，可知本句是在说明原先应该停留的时间。故F选项“本来应该是180天，但是一个技术故障阻止了他按计划返回”符合语境，故选F。 2．根据上文“Being in space can affect physical wellbeing.(身处太空会影响身体健康)”可知，本句承接上文，具体说明身处太空会影响身体健康的表现。故D选项“缺乏重力造成的失重会导致骨骼和肌肉的流失”符合语境，故选D。 3．根据上文“Isolation, and spending all your time with a small group of people can also affect mental health. Along with isolation, is the pressure that comes from being constantly monitored by experts back on Earth. With possible future missions to Mars predicted to last three years, tensions within the crew could become heightened.(孤立，把所有的时间都花在一小群人身上也会影响心理健康。除了与世隔绝之外，还有来自地球上专家不断监控的压力。由于未来可能的火星任务预计将持续三年，机组人员内部的紧张局势可能会加剧)”可知，上文提到了宇航员要面对机组人员内部的紧张局势，本句为本段最后一句，故承接上文，对此进行举例说明。故A选项“宇航员哈里·哈特菲尔德报道了一个这样的例子，一名同事威胁要打开气闸，把飞船里的氧气吸干”符合语境，故选A。 4．根据上文“Developing new techniques and technology to support astronauts’ health will enable more ambitious future missions.(开发支持宇航员健康的新技术将使未来的任务更加雄心勃勃)”以及后文“The Canadian Space Agency is using its expertise to improve health care for people living in remote regions. The technology that supports robots used in space is now being used in surgery in normal hospitals, while pressure suits are being used to treat post-pregnancy complications.(加拿大航天局正在利用其专门知识改善边远地区人民的保健服务。支持太空机器人的技术现在被用于普通医院的外科手术，而压力服被用于治疗妊娠后并发症)”可知，本句主要引出后文，说明开发支持宇航员健康的新技术是如何帮助在地球上的人。故C选项“它也可以帮助我们这些留在地球上的人”符合语境，故选C。 试卷第30页，共31页 试卷第31页，共31页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题07 阅读还原六选四（期中真题汇编，上海专用） 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·上海莘庄中学·期中) Chances a low fat-diet will help? Slim and none The largest study ever to ask whether a low-fat diet reduces the risk of getting cancer or heart disease has found that the diet has no effect. 1 In the end, those assigned to a low-fat diet had the same rates of cancer, heart attacks and strokes as those who ate whatever they pleased, researchers reported Wednesday. “These studies are revolutionary,” said Dr. Jules Hirsch, physician at Rockefeller University in New York City, who has spent a lifetime studying the effects of diets on weight and heath.” 2 The results, the study investigators agreed, do not justify recommending low-fat diets to the public to reduce their heart disease and cancer risk. The investigators added that the best dietary advice was eating less saturated fats and trans fats (饱和脂肪和反式脂肪), more grains and more fruits and vegetables. 3 Some, like Dr. Dean Ornish, a promoter of low-fat diets and president of the Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, California, said that the women did not reduce their fat to low enough levels or eat enough fruits and vegetables. He also said the study, even at eight years, did not give the diets enough time. Barbara Howard, a principal investigator in the study, said people should realize that diet alone is not enough to stay healthy. “We are not going to reverse any of the diseases in this country by changing the composition of the diet,” Howard said. “People are always thinking it’s what they ate. 4 ” Except for not smoking, the evidence for advice on what makes a healthy lifestyle is largely indirect, Howard said. Most medical re-searchers agree, however, that it also makes sense for people to eat well, control their weight and get regular exercise. A．Not everyone was convinced. B．They should put a stop to this thinking that we have all the information we need to change the whole national diet and make everybody healthy. C．In this case, the diet study addressed a tricky problem. D．Others have said the opposite: that low-fat diets enable people to lose weight naturally. E．The $415 million study involved nearly 49,000 women aged 50 to 79 who were followed for eight years. F．They are not looking at how much they ate or that they smoke or that they are not doing any sports. Passage 2 (24-25高二下·上海松江区第四中学·期中) Ensuring that disabled people have an easy life is very important, not just because they are human, like all of us, but because their dignity and social well-being should not be ignored just because of a disability. Disabilities may occur through illness, aging, accidents and other different causes that may happen to anyone or affect us all at some stage in life. 1 We are all human beings and so have the same basic needs. But we should remember that there is a wide range of what we call a disability, and while the basic needs are all the same for everyone, the different lifestyle needs are entirely individual. Therefore, there is no one-size-fits-all method to improve quality of life. It is best to find out people’s needs from spending time with them. 2 . Even the most attractive homes can feel like a cage, so it makes a huge difference to be able to go out to a park or a shopping center, or to plan a day trip such as a picnic or a trip to the beach. Even if a trip can only be organized one day a month, it is more than nothing and does really make a difference. If they are interested or able, pets can be great companions. 3 . Some may be able to take care of a cat or dog; some prefer goldfish or birds in a cage. Very often, people who are cared for don’t feel that they have the chance to care for someone or something else, so caring for pets can improve their confidence and mental health, which can take their mind off their own troubles. 4 Book a regular appointment with a social worker to visit them at least once a month. This is to check on their mental and physical health as well as ways of improving their living conditions. It is important because they may need to talk to someone. A．Plan regular trips. B．Stay with them in a friendly way. C．It is wise to check the abilities of the individuals. D．You won’t know whether they can help if you don’t ask them. E．Do not let pets be their only companions. F．The great thing is that it is not hard to make disabled people’s life easier. Passage 3 (24-25高二下·上海华东师范大学第二附属中学·期中) The Fossil Fuel (矿物燃料) Diet Would you like adding fossil fuel dressing to your tomato salad, or how about coating salt water fish with it? If only it were so easy to see the effect of fossil fuels on food production, even environmentally friendly food lovers might find their lunch turning to ash in their mouth. The global food system is more dependent on fossil fuels than we tend to recognize. They power the tractors that prepare fields and the pumps that extract groundwater for soil watering. They are used to manufacture fertilizers They drive the trucks, trains, and ships that transport food. 1 So says energy scholar Vaclav Smil, who has done some calculations to illustrate this point. He estimates that producing an average French loaf requires the equivalent of about 30 milliliters of diesel (柴油) fuel. A kilogram of roast chicken requires over 300 milliliters. Surprisingly, a kilogram of tomatoes cultivated in a heated greenhouse and transported long distances requires twice as much diesel as the poultry (家禽). 2 . Producing a kilogram of farmed salt water fish, for example, uses a shocking 2 liters of diesel, according to Smil. 3 . It is also a major reason why agriculture generates around a third of greenhouse gas emissions and is a dominant driver of biodiversity loss. For a healthier planet, we must find a way to stop “eating” fossil fuels. Unfortunately, ending that dependency will be even tougher than reducing emissions from the power network or transportation. But there are a thousand things we could be doing better now. 4 . Governments should support farming practices that conserve carbon-storing soil and use water and fertilizers more efficiently. And we should eat much less meat. If we don’t, we are stuck seasoning each bite with diesel. A．Reducing food waste should be a top priority. B．In fact, we may as well think of ourselves as eating fossil fuels. C．Despite this, many farmers are already producing food with minimal fossil fuel input. D．Fortunately, removing fossil fuels from food production is a simple and straightforward process. E．Seafood is often even worse due to the inefficiency of feeding them with smaller, wild-caught fish. F．This intensive use of energy from fossil fuels is not only surprising but also contributes to the global food oversupply. 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·上海宜川中学·期中) Today, in the field of luxury (奢侈品) business in the USA and Europe, influencer marketing has become more and more important to the industry as more mature—and wealthier—audience turn to social media for tips. It is now roughly a $1bn market. When the idea was first initiated, it was all about the blogs. Now it’s a totally different story with social media like Snapchat, YouTube and Instagram. Instagram is a community of 800 million people sharing and liking each other’s photos. 75 percent of its users said they had been inspired by a post to take actions such as visiting a website or buying something online. Instagram has brought transparency (透明度). 1 The rise of influencers is linked with changes in the economics of the luxury business and the technology of the world. A study indicates that ordinary people already make up 30 per cent of luxury consumers. Luxury companies’ investments in influencer marketing have also been pushed by the growing popularity of ad blocking software. There are now 615 million mobile phones which have ad blocking software. 2 . Companies are looking for new source for ad input for which influencer marketing seems promising. Payments vary enormously according to the length and type of projects, as well as the people involved. Influencers seeking to raise their status might be willing to work for free for a desirable high-end brand in order to broaden their media channels. 3 Normally, cooperations are more successful when the influencers develop a real feeling for the items they promote. In this sense, it is recommended that brands work with influencers who have a real passion and interest for the brand and care to create real-life posts. 4 After all, people only respond to real feelings and true affection. A．In result, digital ads which cost luxury companies huge money are mostly blocked. B．Ad blocking software is a very useful tool meeting millions of customers’ essential needs. C．The method works better than choosing influencers simply on the basis of follower numbers. D．Sometimes the brand ensures media coverage for the influencer as part of the agreement for cooperation. E．The number of social media followers is especially important, deciding the choice of an influencer. F．It is easy to assess the size and quality of the influence by checking the numbers of the influencers’ followers. Passage 2 (24-25高二下·上海嘉定一中等四校·期中) Bad Dreams Are Good What are dreams for? There are a handful of theories. Sigmund Freud famously claimed that they reveal hidden truths and wishes. More recent studies suggest dreams might help us deal with strong feelings, improve our memories, understand random brain signals, or prepare us for danger. Despite being largely unsupported by evidence, Freud’s view maintains a strong following around the world. Researchers found in a study that students in the U.S., South Korea, and India were much more likely to say that dreams reveal hidden truths than to support better-substantiated theories. 1 In the same study, respondents said that dreaming about a plane crash would cause them more anxiety than an official warning about a terrorist attack. 2 The majority of dreams occur during REM sleep cycles, of which the average person has four or five a night. Anxiety is quite common: A study of Canadian university students found the most common dream topics to be school, falling, being chased, and arriving too late for something. 3 A 1958 study determined that compared with Japanese people, Americans dreamed more about being locked up, losing a loved one, finding money, being inappropriately dressed, or encountering a mad person. Japanese people were more likely to dream about school, trying repeatedly to do something, being paralyzed (麻痹的) with fear, or “wild, violent beasts.” If human dreams sound terrible, bear in mind that even negative ones can have positive effects. In a study of students taking a French medical-school entrance exam, 60 percent of the dreams they had beforehand involved a problem with the exam, such as being late or leaving an answer blank. 4 So the next time you dream about an education-related experience in which you are both falling and being chased, don’t worry: It’s probably totally meaningless. Then again, your brain might be practicing so you’ll be ready if such an event ever comes to pass. A．For all the commonalities dreams exhibit, they differ across cultures. B．Relatedly, people put great stock in their dreams. C．The dreamiest member of the animal kingdom logs up to eight hours of REM sleep a day. D．Even if dreams can’t foretell the future, they seem to expose our shared fascinations. E．Others argue that dreams have no evolutionary function at all. F．But those who reported dreams about the exam, even bad ones, did better on it than those who didn’t. Passage 3 (24-25高二下·上海七宝中学·期中) Iron Cooks Robots have arrived in American restaurants and hotels for the same reasons they first arrived on factory floors. 1 Labor, meanwhile, is getting expensive, as some cities and states pass laws raising the minimum wage. “We think we’ve hit the point where labor-wage rates are now making automation of those tasks make a lot more sense,” Bob Wright, the chief operations officer of the fast-food chain Wendy’s, said in a conference call with investors last February, referring to jobs that feature “repetitive production tasks.” Wendy’s and McDonald’s are in the process of installing self-service kiosks (售货亭) in locations across the country, allowing customers to order without ever talking to an employee. 2 The international chain CaliBurger, for example will soon install Flippy, a robot that can make 150 burgers an hour. John Miller, the CEO of Cali Group, which owns the chain, says employees don’t like working in the kitchen. Once the robots are sweating there, human employees will be free to interact with customers in more-targeted ways, bringing them extra napkins and asking them how they’re enjoying their burgers. How many employees, though, do you need working in the cafe? 3 Will companies like CaliBurger see sufficient value in employing human greeters and soup-and-sandwich deliverers to keep those positions around long-term? The experience of Eatsa may be instructive. The start-up restaurant, based in San Francisco, allows customers to order its quinoa bowls and salads on their smartphone or an in-store tablet and then pick up their order from a white wall of cubbies (小房间)—an Automat for the app age. Initially, two greeters were stationed alongside the cubbies to welcome and direct customers. 4 So the company now employs a single greeter in its restaurants. A．The early success of the kiosks suggests that, at least when ordering fast food, customers prize speed over high-touch customer service. B．Business owners insist that robots will take over work that is dirty, dangerous, or just dull, enabling humans to focus on other tasks. C．The better hope for workers might be that automation helps the food-service industry continue to develop. D．But over time, customers relied less frequently on the greeters. E．The cost of machines has fallen significantly in recent years, dropping 40 percent since 2005. F．This has typically been the story of automation: Technology eliminates old jobs, but it also creates new ones. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·上海新中高级中学·期中) Monarch Butterflies Listed as Endangered The monarch butterfly, known for its legendary migration from Mexico to Canada, is now at great risk of extinction. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the population of this orange-and-black insect has shrunk between 23% and 72% over the past 10 years. IUCN has labeled it as being endangered after having added it to its Red List of Threatened Species. 1 . In order to make space for agriculture and urban development, people have been illegally cutting down trees. As a result, the massive forested areas that had previously sheltered the butterflies during winter have now been destroyed. Another factor at play is the use of herbicides (除草剂) in agricultural fields. 2 . Just before leaving their overwintering grounds, females lay eggs on milkweed plants. But now milkweed is disappearing, and monarch caterpillars are losing their host plants. Climate change has also taken a heavy toll on the species. 3 . What’s worse, severe weather conditions such as hurricanes and storms are proving to be disastrous for the already vulnerable butterflies. Monarch experts are calling for the public’s help in the fight to save the species. “Few species inspire the awe and wonder that the migratory monarch butterfly commands,” said Dr. Sean T. O’ Brien, President and CEO of Nature Serve. “While efforts to protect this species are encouraging, much is still needed to ensure its long-term survival.” What can be done to case the problem? A middle-of-the-road solution is gaining ground. Scientists recommend promoting the growth of native milkweed and nectar flowers. Monarch butterflies are a common backyard insect in America, so everyone can contribute their share. 4 . They can also plant flowers for monarchs-Those flowers will provide nectar for monarchs when they bloom. A．People can plant milkweed to support their egg-laying and caterpillars. B．When they are caterpillars (幼虫), monarchs entirely depend on milkweed. C．Hence, local people should maintain thick forests and reduce the use of pesticides within the monarch’s range. D．The reasons for the threat to monarchs are varied, but the leading one is the decades-long destruction of its habitats. E．In a one-two punch, droughts have limited the growth of milkweed, thus threatening the butterflies’ overwintering habitats. F．To help ensure the survival of monarchs, the habitats of the Monarch butterfly need to be protected and conserved. Passage 2 (24-25高二下·上海闵行第三中学·期中) Nature’s Gigantic Snow Plough On January 10, 1962, an enormous piece of glacier broke away and collapsed down the side of a mountain in Peru. A mere seven minutes later, when cascading ice finally came to a stop ten miles down the mountain, it had taken the lives of 4,000 people. This disaster is one of the most “destructive” examples of a very common event: an avalanche (雪崩) of snow or ice. Because it is extremely cold at very high altitudes, snow rarely melts. 1 Glaciers are eventually created when the weight of the snow is so great that the lower layers are pressed into solid ice. 2 As snow accumulates on a steep slope, it reaches a critical point at which the slightest vibration will send it sliding into the valley below. Even an avalanche of light power can be dangerous, but the Peruvian disaster was particularly terrible because it was caused by a heavy layer of ice. 3 As it crashed down the steep mountainside like a gigantic snow plough, it swept up trees, boulders and tons of topsoil, and completely crushed and destroyed the six villages that lay in its path. At present there is no way to predict or avoid such enormous avalanches, but luckily, they are very rare. 4 In the future, perhaps dangerous masses of snow and ice can be found and removed before they take human lives? A．It is estimated that the ice that broke off weighed three million tons. B．It just keeps piling up higher and higher. C．Scientists are constantly studying the smaller, more common avalanches, to try to understand what causes them. D．An extremely rare snow and ice disaster hit the south area of China in January, 2008, seriously influencing people’s production and life. E．But most avalanches occur long before this happens. F．This year’s snow and ice disaster has caused great harm to power network. 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·上海交通大学附属中学·期中) It seemed a notably strange coincidence that the day after the Chronicle of Higher Education’s fascinating article about foreign-language acquisition and its remarkable contributions to the human mind and to society, Inside Higher Ed reported that George Washington University’s arts and sciences faculty had voted by an “overwhelming” margin not only to remove its foreign languages and cultures course requirement, but also to set up the new requirements in such a way that introductory foreign language courses can no longer count toward fulfilling any degree requirement in the college. 1 . One wonders how “global perspectives” can happen without foreign language. But Catherine Porter (a former president of the Modern Language Association), writing in the Chronicle, puts it rather more bluntly. The lack of foreign-language learning in our society, she states, is “a devastating waste of potential.” Students who learn languages at an early age “consistently display enhanced cognitive abilities relative to their monolingual peers.” 2 Porter believes: “Demands that the language-learning process makes on the brain make the brain more flexible and incite it to discover new patterns-and thus to create and maintain more circuits.” 3 My own journey in languages is something for which I cannot claim any real foresight or deliberate intention, but by the age of 16, I spoke English, Hungarian, and French fluently. I’ve managed, through travel and personal and family connections, to maintain all three. One thing I know for sure is that when I get on the phone with my mother and talk to her in Hungarian for 20 minutes, or if I have to type out an email to a friend in Paris, afterwards I feel like I’ve had a mental jog on the treadmill: strangely energized, brain-stretched, more ready for any challenge, whether it’s cooking a new dish or drafting a paper. And the connective cultural tissue created by deep immersion in another language cannot be overstated. When I went to Hungary during grad school to research my thesis, I figured: no problem, it’s my native tongue. Yes, but I first learned it when I was a toddler, and never since then. 4 Time and again, I’ve realized how language can transform our interactions with one another. Porter’s article is a wake-up call that neglecting foreign-language learning is hurting our country in more ways than we realize. A．This isn’t about being able to impress their parents’ friends by piping up in Chinese at the dinner table — the research is showing that these kids can think better. B．Porter points out, as many others have, that in diplomatic, military, professional and commercial contexts, being monolingual is a significant handicap. C．One of Porter’s most interesting observations, according to my experience, was about how multilingualism enhances “brain fitness”. D．In short, making the United States a more multilingual society would carry with it untold benefits. E．The amount of preparation I had to do to be sure I didn’t miss small details or cultural cues and didn’t draw conclusions based on inaccurate translation, was significant, but well worth it. F．At the same time, this curricular reform is apparently “designed to promote student learning in areas such as global perspectives and oral communications”. Passage 2 (24-25高二下·上海延安中学·期中) Does solving a math problem give you a headache? Do you feel nervous when you sit a math exam? 1 Scientists came to this conclusion with an in-depth experiment, which was published in Public Library of Science One. They began by finding out how much participants fear math. Those involved were asked a series of questions such as how they feel when they receive a math textbook or when they walk into a math lesson. Based on their answers, participants were divided into two groups. One group was made up of people who were particularly afraid of math and participants in the other group were more comfortable with the subject. Both groups were then given either math tasks or word tasks. When a math task was going to come next, a yellow circle would appear but when a word task was soon to come, a blue square would be shown. 2 It was like the pain they would feel, for example, if they burnt their hand on a hot stove. But they reacted less strongly when they knew that they would be faced with a word task. However, scientists saw no strong brain response from people in the second group. Math can be difficult, and for those with high levels of mathematics-anxiety, math is associated with tension, apprehension and fear. “When you are really thinking about math problems, your mind is racing and you are worrying about all the things that could go wrong,” explained Ian Lyons from the University of Chicago, Leader of the study. 3 More interestingly, brain activity disappeared when participants actually started dealing with the math tasks. 4 Based on the study, scientists suggested that things could be done to help students worry less and move past their fear of math, which might mean they perform better in tests. A．This means that it’s not that math itself hurts; rather, the anticipation of math is painful. B．Researchers have developed mind-reading device that can retrieve images from the person’s memory with the help of scans. C．For most students, math can be tough, but scientists have proved that math problems can actually trigger physical pain. D．Using a brain-scanning machine, scientists noticed that whenever people from Group One saw a yellow circle, their brain would respond in a way similar to when their body is feeling pain. E．The higher a person’s anxiety of a math task, the more he activated brain regions associated with threat detection, and the experience of pain. F．Most students, especially girls, are extremely scared of math. Passage 3 (24-25高二下·上海控江中学·期中) Positive Feedback In an attempt to inject some positivity into their feedback, many managers rely on sandwiching negative feedback between two positive comments. However, when feedback becomes such a routine, employees can start to perceive positive feedback as simply a form of masking the negatives, thus decreasing its value. 1 . Below are three tips to help you make positive feedback count. Don’t always follow positive feedback with negative feedback. 2 . Ensure there are times when positive feedback is given for its own sake and resist the temptation to offer constructive criticism. Cultivate a “growth mindset”. Psychologist and “growth mindset” supporter Carol Dweck spoke of the plasticity of the brain and our ability to develop skills and talents that we might not have been good at to start with. 3 . “You really have an eye for details”, for example. However, research suggests that by focusing on the process of how things are done — praising effort, experimentation and problem-solving strategies — we can encourage the development of new skills and the continued development of talents. Create a culture of offering positive feedback. Make giving positive feedback part of your team/department/company culture. Don’t just wait for special moments like evaluations to give feedback. Offer informal positive feedback when making small talk or when walking down a corridor. Feedback doesn’t have to only come from the higher ranks either. Encourage peer feedback among team members and colleagues and actively ask them for positive comments on each other’s performances on tasks. It might take time to counter the effects of an environment where there is a doubtful view of positive feedback. 4 . A．Many of us tend to focus our praise on the end result and seemingly inborn talents. B．Instead, positive feedback should not just soften negatives but enhance performance. C．When positive and negative feedback always appear to go hand in hand, the positives can become devalued and ignored. D．Enhance the productivity and efficiency by implementing strategies aimed at improving the performance of your employees. E．Therefore, it matters that you should promote the exchange of feedback between peers and actively seek out their positive remarks when doing tasks. F．But in the long run, by hugging positive feedback, you can not only enhance working performance but also enrich the quality of life in the workplace. 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中) Why do We Love to Watch Other People’s In-flight Movies? You’re sitting on an airplane, and before you pick a movie — or maybe despite having done so already — you start watching someone else’s screen. Sound familiar? Though you can’t explain why you’d rather watch a faraway show on a too-small screen without any audio, you can’t look away. Maybe it’s easier to leech off someone else’s movie selection than to make a choice of your own. Maybe it’s the risk of being caught, the allure (诱惑) of spying on a private moment. In-flight movies are just better on a stranger’s screen. 1 On X, formerly Twitter, a user confesses: “I cannot focus on a movie on an airplane unless it is on someone else’s screen.” Another writes that “the voyeurism of watching a movie on someone else’s screen just adds to the experience.” These sneaky viewings are more common now than they were a few decades ago, when seat-back, personal screens first started to take hold in the airplane industry. 2 The term refers to the act of spying on someone else’s phone or laptop screen, ATM or other electronic device behind their back. Mohamed Khamis, an associate professor in computer science at the University of Glasgow, studies the privacy and security implications of technology. 3 The behavior also carries little risk of getting caught. While researching people’s ability to recognize when they are being shoulder-surfed, he found that it often goes unnoticed; people underestimated the number of times others were spying on their screen. The impulse to shoulder-surf, he adds, can be simply explained by boredom and curiosity. 4 “This is something that’s been around for a long time,” he said. “Even when people were reading books and newspapers and stuff, people would also look at each other’s content.” A．But “shoulder surfing” is nothing new. B．And “shoulder surfing” is nothing short of surprising. C．Apparently, loneliness and privacy-invasion are underlying causes. D．It’s why he has looked over at other passengers’ screens while on a flight. E．He says that shoulder surfing is so popular partly because it doesn’t require any special skills. F．The appeal of peeking at another person’s in-flight entertainment is well-documented online. Passage 2 (24-25高二下·上海闵行区六校联合·期中) Today, in most of the theatres in Britain, the stages are situated behind a sort of arch (拱门), called the proscenium (幕布前的舞台部分) arch. The arch runs across the building with the stage on one side of it and the auditorium, housing the audience, on the other. The audience is kept to the area from which it can get a clear view of the stage. 1 The actor can ignore them until the end, when they applaud the performance. 2 Stage furniture or properties -“props”, as they are referred to in the business -are now as few as possible. Elaborate scenery is used only when it is going to last throughout the play, or when it is so constructed that it can be changed quickly. Modern theatres are built with the stage extending far in front of the proscenium arch, if indeed they have a proscenium arch at all, electricity, already long in use, has recently had a revolutionary effect. The modern idea of having the stage in front of the proscenium arch is not really modern, of course. It makes our stages much like Shakespeare’s. 3 The famous speeches of Hamlet, for instance, can be delivered more quietly and naturally than they were in the last century. The actors no longer have to worry much about not being heard, or about turning their backs to the auditorium. Moreover, nowadays, people are finding that modern theatres are built to sit in comfortably for two or three hours at a stretch. 4 The result of these improvements is that, in spite of the high price of seats, perhaps more people than ever before are keen on theatre-going. A．Over the last few decades, since the Second World War, theatrical customs have altered. B．It makes people feel, as they watch a play or a show, that they are seeing a living and moving picture. C．All these innovations have quickened up the pace of the drama. D．This is an advantage both for actors and audience. E．Today the theatres are much more comfortable because of the many improvements. F．Often they can meet and eat in the restaurants attached to the theatres. Passage 3 (24-25高二下·上海黄浦区·期中) How to show others you care The idea that kindness can boost happiness is hardly new. Studies have shown that prosocial behavior — basically, voluntarily helping others — can help lower people’s daily stress levels, and that simple acts of connection, like texting a friend, mean more than many of us realize. 1 “I have found that kindness can be a really hard sell,” said Tara Cousineau, a clinical psychologist, “People desire kindness yet often feel troubled by the thought of being kind.” 2 They may question whether their gesture or gift will be misinterpreted, or whether it will make the recipient feel pressured to pay it back. 3 Jennifer Oldham, who lost her 9-year-old daughter Hallie in July, recently created a Facebook group — Keeping Kindness for Hallie — that encourages participants to engage in random acts of kindness. People have bought groceries and donated school supplies in Hallie’s honor. “It will help your own heart, maybe even more than the recipients,” said Ms. Oldham. If you are not already in the habit of performing random kind acts, or if it does not come naturally to you, start by thinking about what you like to do. It’s not about you being like, ‘Oh man, now I have to learn how to bake cookies in order to be nice’. It’s about: 4 And how can you turn that into an offering for other people? A．What skills and talents do you already have? B．Stress can also keep people from being kind to others. C．Why are recipients less likely to appreciate a random act of kindness? D．But an act of kindness is unlikely to fail, and in some instances it can create even more kindness. E．People who perform a random act of kindness tend to underestimate how much the recipient will appreciate it. F．But researchers who study kindness and friendship say they hope the new findings strengthen the scientific case for making these types of gestures more often. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·上海古美高级中学·期中) Health in space Astronaut Frank Rubiales has returned to Earth after 371 days in space. 1   Unlucky for him, but very lucky for scientists who want to see what effects spending an extended time in space has on the human body. Being in space can affect physical wellbeing. 2 Astronauts are recommended 150 minutes of exercise per day to counteract this. Also, space traveller’s eyes can be affected by the way that fluids act in zero-gravity. Outside the protection of the Earth’s atmosphere, astronauts are exposed to much higher levels and different forms of solar radiation. This can potentially cause long-term health problems, such as cancer. It’s not just physical health that is affected by being in space. Our mental health can be damaged if we don’t get enough sleep. On earth, our bodies respond through circadian rhythms (昼夜节奏) to the Sun rising and setting to help us sleep, but astronauts on board the International Space Station see 16 sunsets and sunrises every day. This means that avoiding sleep deprivation is a challenge. Isolation, and spending all your time with a small group of people can also affect mental health. Along with isolation, is the pressure that comes from being constantly monitored by experts back on Earth. With possible future missions to Mars predicted to last three years, tensions within the crew could become heightened. 3 Developing new techniques and technology to support astronauts’ health will enable more ambitious future missions. 4 The Canadian Space Agency is using its expertise to improve health care for people living in remote regions. The technology that supports robots used in space is now being used in surgery in normal hospitals, while pressure suits are being used to treat post-pregnancy complications. A．Astronaut Harry Hartfield reports an example of this where a colleague threatened to open the airlock and drain the oxygen from the spacecraft. B．The sacrifices of astronauts contributed to a giant leap in space exploration. C．It can also help those of us who are staying on Earth. D．Weightlessness caused by a lack of gravity can lead to a loss of bone and muscle mass. E．The missions do great harm to both physical and mental health of astronauts. F．It was only supposed to be 180, but a technical fault stopped him from returning as planned. 试卷第16页，共16页 试卷第15页，共16页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $