专题07 句子还原六选四（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高一英语下学期

专题07 句子还原六选四（期中真题汇编，上海专用） 一、人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·上海中学·期中)How to Cope with Emotional Eating If you empty the fridge when you’re stressed or upset, that’s called emotional eating. Emotional eating affects most people from time to time. But regularly letting your feelings guide your food intake can affect your health. Sadness, boredom, and other negative feelings can drive emotional eating. Emotional eating includes eating a whole container of ice-cream after a breakup. Or eating up a bag of potato chips when you’re home alone on a Saturday night. 1 Many people overeat at joyous events, such as parties and weddings. Eating more food than your body needs can have dangerous results. People who eat for emotional reasons often gain too much weight. This puts them at greater risk for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, obesity, and cancer. Eating too much has emotional consequences as well. 2 Here are some tips for you to stop emotional eating episodes and break the cycle: Learn to recognize hunger. Next time you reach for a snack, ask yourself what’s driving it. If you are truly hungry, you’ll notice physical symptoms, such as an empty stomach. 3 If you don’t have those signs, you probably don’t need to eat right then. Find other interests. Finding an activity that you enjoy can increase self-confidence, which is often poor in emotional eaters. Examples might be yoga, playing a musical instrument, volunteering, or painting. 4 If that’s so, then a new interest can fill your hours and make you less likely to look to food for emotional satisfaction. A．Emotional eating results from certain feelings, such as anger or sadness. B．Other less obvious hunger cues include a bad temper and trouble focusing. C．But happy events can cause emotional eating, too. D．You may find that your eating is driven by boredom. E．These include feeling guilty or embarrassed afterward. F．However, boredom can lead to emotional eating as well. Passage 2 (24-25高一下·上海育才中学·期中)Stage Fright Imagine that you are an actor performing in a play for the first time. You have learned all your lines and you know where to walk on stage. Waiting behind the closed curtain, you can hear the audience whispering and taking their seats. Then your big moment arrives! The curtain goes up, and the crowd falls silent. All you can see is the spotlight shining down on you. 1 The inside of your mouth is dry, and your hands are wet. If you have experienced a moment like this, you know all too well what it means to have stage fright. It is one of the most common types of fear and tends to strike people when they find themselves at the center of attention. 2 People experience this fear when playing sports, giving a presentation, or even speaking in class. A person who suffers from stage fright may get sweaty hands, a dry mouth, a tight throat, or shaky knees. Stage fright is actually a form of panic, and these feelings are very real. 3 The experience differs from person to person, but the same chemical process occurs in each of us. In reaction to anxiety, our bodies produce a chemical that prepares us to either fight or run away quickly. Scientists refer to this as our bodies’ “fight or flight” reaction. As a result, we feel great energy that makes our hands sweat, our hearts race, and our knees shake. 4 Practicing your performance and following some simple tips can help calm nerves and manage the feelings caused by anxiety. First, dress comfortably and appropriately. Second, before the performance, take deep breaths and stretch to help relax your body. Third, stay away from drinks that contain caffeine. These might make your heart race even faster. Instead, try a banana! Some doctors believe that eating a banana can help calm your heart and the rest of your body. Finally, when you look into a crowd, try to focus on particular people instead of the whole group. These tips have helped many people learn to deal with their fears. A．However, there is a time when stage fright prevents you from stepping onstage. B．You don’t have to be onstage to get stage fright. C．Stage fright is part of the body’s reaction to stress. D．You try to speak your lines, but nothing seems to come out. E．With practice, we can learn how to relax while playing sports. F．The good news about stage fright is that here are ways to deal with it. Passage 3 (24-25高一下·上海复旦复兴·期中)Excerpt from a Commencement Speech I was humbled and honored to be asked by the president of this outstanding university to speak to you today. Who am I? I am Gavin Presgrave, and for the past 39 years, I have written graduation speeches for hundreds of celebrities and nervous valedictorians (致辞的最优生). 1 And, at the risk of bragging, I was the first graduation - speech writer to compare life to a book. If I’m known for anything, it’s for starting speeches by saying, “I promise to keep things short, as I’m sure you are all impatient to go forward to the wonderful lives I hope you will live.” I’m proud of that. But perhaps my most famous work came during a commencement speech at Penn State in the spring of 1977. During that speech, given by someone whose name I forget, I first used the phrase “As I look out into this sea of eager faces...” And that “sea of faces” thing was a real game - changer in the world of graduation - speech writing. 2 In 1997, I won a Herman (our version of the Oscar) for Best Use of a Children’s Author Quote. That same year, I was nominated for Best Opening Joke, which went like, “Oh, no! We’re all wearing the same gown! How embarrassing!” It was a crowd-pleaser. ...... So what have I learned during my career? 3 I’m not sure, but I’m nevertheless reminded of the day my mother died. Moments before her passing, she told me life was a book and even the saddest of chapters shall come to an end. If you can read the sad chapters swiftly and the happy chapters slowly, then yours will be a life worth living. Most of you have no idea what life lies ahead or what course your lives will take — two other ways of saying future. I know this. 4 We may not need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows, but it can’t hurt to carry an umbrella. As I once said, “Tomorrow is a gift wrapped in time. Now is the time to open it!” A．The journey you’re about to start will be filled with twists and turns. B．Yes, I’m proud to say that I’ve won several awards for my graduation speeches. C．What important lesson can I pass along? D．But my life path has not always been smooth. E．For decades, I have come up with new ways to say future. F．What should a good graduation speech be like? 二、人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·上海华二附中紫竹分校·期中)Telephobia While picking up the phone when it rings may feel like a natural reaction, for many young people, answering a call has become an anxiety-inducing experience. Instead of calling, younger generations are relying on texts, voice notes, and social media to communicate, avoiding the spontaneity of real-time conversation, causing more and more people to be scared of making a phone call. The phenomenon even has a name — telephobia. Stephanie Wijkstrom, CEO and Founder of the Counseling and Wellness Center of Pittsburgh, told Newsweek: “ 1 . Those who experience it often exhibit anxiety, avoidance behaviors, and sometimes physical symptoms such as an elevated heart rate or perspiration when anticipating a phone call.” In a 2024 Uswitch survey of 2,000 U. K. adults, nearly 70 percent of those aged 18-34preferred texting over talking, with 23 percent admitting they never answer calls at all. The reluctance to pick up the phone is often linked to avoiding scam calls, but social factors also play a role. Wijkstrom explained: “In our digital age, texting and online messaging serve as our primary modes of communication, and we often feel less vulnerable and more comfortable than in a live conversation or phone call. 2 . As a result, phone calls, with their spontaneity, are perceived as overwhelming. 3 . Nottingham College in the U. K. has started running sessions to help students build their confidence on the phone. Its’ Five Steps to Telephone Confidence’ session was developed after career advisors noticed students struggling with phone interviews. Liz Baxter, a careers advisor at the college, told Newsweek: “It is increasingly difficult to make calls these days. Companies use virtual assistants, Al, and often direct customers to websites. Teenagers find it easier to text or leave voice notes, meaning they have fewer experiences with real-time conversation and response formulation.” Thankfully, beating telephobia is possible. Wijkstrom said: “With patience and intentional practice, telephobia can be overcome. 4 . Individuals can also slowly increase their exposure to phone calls in a low-pressure situation to desensitize an anxious response. Deep breathing before a call is one method to practice mindfulness, which can help regulate the nerves and reduce stress.” A．Plus, social media contributes to the environment of curated interactions. B．Telephobia is an intense fear or discomfort of phone calls. C．Exploring and understanding the root of the fear is a help ful starting position. D．Texts allow them to think and overthink their responses, hence their preference for this. E．In some places, there are already steps to tackle the issue of telephobia in young people. F．However, phone calls are believed to convey emotions more accurately than other forms of communication. Passage 2 (24-25高一下·上海建平中学·期中)BMI Is Not Enough to Describe Obesity Body mass index (BMI), a rough measure of weight relative to height, is commonly used to diagnose obesity. But many experts believe it’s not the best tool. BMI tells very little about someone’s health. 1 Moreover, it was not designed to assess a diverse range of body types. It’s time for a better method. In January, a proposal by an international group of 58 health experts was published in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. The experts say that doctors should either supplement or replace BMI readings with other body measurements, such as waistline, or tests that can objectively measure body fat, when diagnosing obesity. They also want to divide obesity into two categories: clinical (临床的) and preclinical. Clinical obesity is accompanied by health problems tied to excess body fat. People with preclinical obesity, however, do not have immediate weight-related health concerns. In other words, the former is an illness, while the latter is a health risk that needs to be monitored. 2 The proposal has received support from 76 medical organizations around the world. Still, it won’t be easy to put it into practice. For example, machines that can accurately measure body composition aren’t available in every doctor’s office. Besides, insurance policies are often several steps behind evolving medical practices. 3 The classification of obesity, for example, could help determine which patients would benefit from treatments like drugs and surgery. For preclinical patients, monitoring alone might be enough. The proposal could help doctors decide whether, when and how to treat patients. The medical community has debated for a long time whether obesity should be considered as a disease. While many studies have shown that obesity is associated with chronic health problems, including Type 2 diabetes (2型糖尿病) and heart disease, there is less research that concretely proves obesity to be the cause. 4 These debates prove that we need accurate methods of assessing obesity and its health impacts. A．This distinction could change how people understand obesity. B．Some obese people show no signs of chronic conditions. C．In fact, obesity has a major impact on a person’s physical, social and emotional well-being. D．Nevertheless the approach suggested in the proposal offers new hope for more effective care. E．Among other faults, the index does not distinguish between weight from fat versus muscle. F．Whichever BMI category a person falls into, it’s important to look beyond that number to get a whole picture of his health. Passage 3 (24-25高一下·上海闵行中学·期中)Nightly Sleep Is Key to Student Success For young adults, college is a time of transition. It may be the first time students have the freedom to determine how to spend their time, but this freedom comes with competing interests from academics, social events and even sleep. A multi-institutional team of researchers conducted the first study to evaluate how the duration of nightly sleep early in the semester affects first year college students’ end-of-semester grade point average(GPA). Using sleep trackers, they found that students on average sleep 6.5 hours a night, but negative outcomes built up when students received less than six hours of sleep a night. 1 David Creswell, the William S. Dietrich II Professor in Psychology and Neuroscience at the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences, led a team of researchers to evaluate the relationship between sleep and GPA． “Animal studies have shown how critical sleep is for learning and memory,” said Creswell. “ 2 The less nightly sleep a first-year college student gets at the beginning of the school term predicts lower GPA at the end of the term. Lack of sleep may be hurting students’ ability to learn in their college classrooms.” 3 The researchers found that students who receive less than six hours of sleep experienced a pronounced decline in academic performance. In addition, each hour of sleep lost corresponded to (相对应) a 0. 07 decrease in end-of-term GPA． “Once you start dropping below six hours, you are starting to add massive sleep debt that can harm a student’s health and study habits, damaging the whole system,” said Creswell. “ 4 ” “A popular belief among college students is valuing studying more or partying more over nightly sleep,” said Creswell. “Our work here suggests that there are potentially real costs to reducing your nightly sleep on your ability to learn and achieve in college. There’s real value in budgeting for the importance of nightly sleep.” A．Here we show how this work translates to humans. B．Many college students experience irregular and insufficient sleep. C．The study evaluated more than 600 first-year students across five studies at three universities. D．Most surprising to me was that no matter what we did to make the effect go away, it persisted. E．The results are available in the Feb.13 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. F．Total nightly sleep is a potentially important and underappreciated behavior supporting academic achievement. Passage 4 (24-25高一下·上海市西中学·期中)What I Think of Boxing as a Sport Boxing is a popular sport. Newspapers, magazines and sports programmes on TV frequently cover boxing matches. It could be the toughest of all sports to survive. It takes boxers hours in the gym and years to develop the specific characteristics needed to be a great boxer. 1 It seems to me that some people, especially men, find it appealing because it is an aggressive sport. When they watch a boxing match, they can identify with the winning boxer. This gives them the feeling of being a winner themselves. 2 They do that because the boxer comes from their own country, and if “their” boxer loses, they often feel as if they have lost a fight themselves. It is a fact that many people have feelings of aggression from time to time, but they cannot show their aggression in their everyday lives. Watching a boxing match gives them a way of expressing it. 3 Although boxers wear gloves during the fights, and amateur boxers even have to wear helmets, a kind of strong hard hat, there have frequently been accidents in both professional and amateur boxing, sometimes with dramatic consequences. Boxers have suffered from head injuries, and occasionally, fighters have even been killed as a result of being knocked out in the ring. Besides, studies have shown that there are often long-term effects of boxing. They are usually in the form of serious brain damage, even if a boxer has never been knocked out. To conclude, I am personally not at all in favor of aggressive sports like boxing. 4 . We can celebrate more men and women from non-aggressive sports as our heroes in our society. I believe that the world is aggressive enough already! Of course, people like competitive sports, and so do I, but I think that hitting other people in an aggressive way is not something that should be regarded as a sport. A．However, boxing can be a very dangerous sport. B．Sometimes fans are supporting a particular boxer. C．In boxing, fighters are required to hit a moving target. D．Many fans are drawn to the sport because they love the competition. E．Perhaps that is the reason why successful boxers are treated as big heroes. F．I think it would be better if less time was given to aggressive sports on TV. 三、人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·上海东昌中学·期中)An environmental group in Colombia is leading a project to save wild areas in the San Lucas mountains with the help of coffee growers. 1 Colombia has more different kinds of living things than any country after neighboring Brazil, but destruction of forests has increased since 2016. Government information shows that in 2017, almost 220,000 hectares of forest were destroyed compared to 124,000 hectares in 2015. Areas like San Lucas have been threatened by mining and growers of coca plants, which are used to make the drug cocaine. To date, the project includes 10 families who farm 400 hectares of coffee plants. WebConserva said the project costs about $77,000 dollars a year. The group said it hopes that, in time, 200 families will be included. At that level, 20,000 hectares of untouched forest could be protected. In San Lucas, the families promise not to cut down trees to expand their crops or to hunt wild animals from the forest. 2 Arcadio Barajas is among those taking part. His new coffee plantation establishes a barrier between cattle ranches and forests where wild animals like the jaguar live and hunt. The presence of the coffee fields reduces the possibility that there will be conflict between cattle ranchers and the big cats. Barajas said that cutting down the forest to plant coca and killing wildlife were against his faith. 3 “I’m taking care of the environment, the forest and the animals, so that I don’t end up ruined as well,” he said. Arnobis Romero is a former coca grower and miner. He said many families depended on illegal activities to support their children. For example, at times one kilogram of Coca could be sold for $760. Romero said, “We feel really proud to look after this biodiversity and to leave it... for future generations.” 4 But each year, hundreds of thousands of hectares of land are destroyed. Activists want San Lucas to be protected as a national park, but the process has been slow. A．In return, they receive $250 to $300 for 125 kilograms of coffee. B．It protects forests, biodiversity and ecosystems at the same time. C．Colombia has set aside 16 percent of its territory as protected land. D．Gold mining and coca farming make more money than coffee growing E．But now he feels that growing coffee lets him be a good steward (管理人) of the land. F．The goal is to limit additional development in the northern San Lucas area which is rich in biodiversity, meaning many forms of life live there. Passage 2 (24-25高一下·上海复旦附中·期中)Deep Dives Free diving is a perilous sport. Divers, swimming underwater without oxygen tanks, frequently black out from low oxygen and put themselves at risk of drowning. Marine mammals such as seals, by contrast, can spend most of their lives below the surface without running such risks. A paper published in Science on March 20th explains why: seals can apparently sense how much oxygen they have in their blood and plan their actions accordingly. When a mammal holds its breath, the amount of oxygen in the body begins to decrease, while the amount of carbon dioxide steadily climbs. In humans low levels of oxygen mostly do not ring any alarm bells on their own — it is high levels of carbon dioxide that eventually produce the unpleasant urge to breathe. 1 . That led Chris McKnight, a marine biologist at the University of St Andrews, to wonder if the animals could also sense oxygen. To test the idea, he and his team placed six wild-caught seals in a tank which included an underwater feeding station at one end and a “breathing chamber”, in which the seals could pop up to breathe, at the other. The air in that chamber was then set to one of four conditions: normal air (21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide, plus other gases); air with reduced oxygen (11%); elevated oxygen (50%); and elevated carbon dioxide (8%). 2 . The results suggested otherwise. When there was more oxygen, the seals extended their dives by an average of 14 seconds. When there was less oxygen, they shortened them by roughly half a minute. 3 . In other words, the seals seemed able to perceive how much oxygen they had left and then adjust their dives. Dr McKnight believes that this ability may be common to marine mammals and other diving species, and could have evolved as an important defense against drowning. Previous studies suggest the tufted duck, snapping turtles and Nile crocodiles might be similarly sensitive. 4 . It is also unclear how diving animals might perceive oxygen differently from surface-dwelling animals and what it feels like to them. Andrew Binks, a physiologist at Virginia Tech, has previously shown that expert divers can use an impending sense of black-out, caused by low oxygen, as a cue to resurface. How seals perform the same feat, however, remains a mystery. A．The experiment demonstrated that seals rely equally on oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to regulate their dives. B．As seals dive more frequently and for longer than humans do, the range of carbon dioxide in their bodies varies more widely. C．Pinning down how widespread this ability is will take more research. D．If the seals were, like humans, more sensitive to carbon dioxide, their behavior would be identical in all but the final condition. E．Figuring out how the ability of sensing carbon dioxide evolved in different species needs further research. F．The high carbon dioxide condition, by contrast, produced no statistically significant effect. 一、人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·上海建平中学·期中)How to Survive High School It may feel impossible to survive even a day of high school, let alone three years. However, there are a lot of things you can do to make your high school experience one of the best times of your life. 1 During high school, you may feel under pressure to fit in. You need to try your best to fight the negative feelings and learn to have a change. High school actually gives you an opportunity to discover a real YOU and grow as a person, but it’s important that any change should come from within. Make friends with a variety of people. Try to break out of your comfort zone by starting a conversation with people, especially strangers. 2 Over time, you’ll develop a friend group filled with unique individuals that like you for who you are and add a lot of value to your life. But do remember — Stay away from the ones who hold negative attitudes towards everything. Spare regular time for exercise. 3 However, even if you’re not involved in a sport, try to exercise every day. Though you may feel like your study schedule is jam-packed, remember that staying fit will help improve your school performance. Don’t avoid interacting with your teachers. You don’t have to be a teacher’s pet, though. 4 If possible, spend a few minutes before or after class talking with your teachers about things related to their subject. With these tips to survive high school, you will surely be proud of graduating as an all-round approaching adult. A．Let yourself be who you really are. B．Learn to change and impress your friends. C．Everybody has something to contribute to your growth as a person. D．Pressure from friends is one factor that turns teenagers into risk-takers. E．Try your best to be kind and friendly to everybody you take a class from. F．Joining a school sports team is also a great way to meet like-minded people. Passage 2 (24-25高一下·上海育才中学·期中)Suffering from chronic fatigue (慢性疲劳)? Read on to know how to deal with it. Let your brain waves relax before sleep. If you want to feel energized in the morning, you need to change your evening and bedtime routines. 1 Besides, stay away from your phone, laptop, TV and any device that gives off the blue light. Never skip your meals. No matter how busy or depressed you are, never ever skip your meals. Have a wholesome breakfast, a light lunch, healthy snacks and a delicious dinner every single day. 2 Take a nap: If you are suffering from chronic fatigue and you have trouble surviving the afternoon, taking a short nap(15-20 minutes) is a healthy way. Ask your co-workers not to disturb you for 15 minutes. Or let your boss know that you need to take a short nap every afternoon due to health issues. Give tea a try. 3 However, since it has poor energy-boosting properties, it is time to try something new. Earl Grey tea or black tea is a better option when it comes to energy-boosting drinks. 4 Taking a cold shower in the morning is an excellent way to wake yourself up and give yourself plenty of energy. However, if you have a weak immune system, this method is not for you. Drinking a glass of cold water as soon as you wake up is a safer way to pump up your energy levels. A．Increase your body’s oxygen B．Choose ice water instead of a cold shower. C．Coffee has always been a favorite morning drink for many people. D．If your body doesn’t get enough nutrients, chronic fatigue is unavoidable. E．Do not overload your brain with unnecessary stuff and avoid negative talks. F．Taking a deep breath and muscle-tensing exercise helps you enter a state of relaxation. 二、人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·上海大同中学·期中)AI-Generated Art Is Already Transforming Creative Work For years, the conventional wisdom among Silicon Valley futurists was that artificial intelligence and automation spelled doom for blue-collar workers whose jobs involved repetitive manual labor. Truck drivers, retail cashiers and warehouse workers would all lose their jobs to robots, they said, while workers in creative fields like art, entertainment and media would be safe. Well, an unexpected thing has happened recently: 1 In the past few months, AI-based image generators like DALL-E 2, Midjourney and Stable Diffusion have made it possible for anyone to create unique, super-realistic images just by typing a few words into a text box. 2 DALL-E2, for example, has more than 1.5 million users generating more than two million images every day, while Midjourney’s official Discord server has more than three million members. It’s still too early to tell whether this new wave of apps will end up costing artists and illustrators their jobs. 3 Collin Waldoch, 29, a Brooklyn game designer, recently started using generative AI to create custom art for his online game, Tw ofer Glo ofer, which works a bit like a rhyming version of Wordle. Every day, players are given a clue, like “a set of rhythmic movements in a half-conscious state”, and are tasked with coming up with a pair of rhyming words that matches the clue. Initially, Mr. Waldoch planned to hire human artists through the gig-work platform Upwork to illustrate each day’s rhyming word pair. But when he saw the cost — between $50 and $60 per image, plus time for rounds of feedback and edits — he decided to try using AI instead. 4 Mr. Waldoch said he didn’t feel guilty about using AI instead of hiring human artists, because human artists were too expensive to make the game worthwhile. “I typed in ‘carrot parrot’, and it spit back a perfect image of a parrot made of carrots,” he said. “That was the immediate ‘aha’ moment.” A．AI has entered the creative class. B．He plugged word pairs into Midjourney and DreamStudio, an app based on Stable Diffusion, and altered the results until they looked right. C．He acknowledged that A．I. image generators had limitations. D．These apps, though new, are already popular. E．What seems clear, though, is that these tools are already being put to use in creative industries. F．These programs use what’s known as “generative AI”, a type of AI that was popularized several years ago but has since expanded into images, audio and video. Passage 2 (24-25高一下·上海华二附中·期中)Telephobia While picking up the phone when it rings may feel like a natural reaction, for many young people, answering a call has become an anxiety-inducing experience. Instead of calling, younger generations are relying on texts, voice notes, and social media to communicate, avoiding the spontaneity of real-time conversation, causing more and more people to be scared of making a phone call. The phenomenon even has a name — telephobia. Stephanie Wijkstrom, CEO and Founder of the Counseling and Wellness Center of Pittsburgh, told Newsweek: “ 1 . Those who experience it often exhibit anxiety, avoidance behaviors, and sometimes physical symptoms such as an elevated heart rate or perspiration when anticipating a phone call.” In a 2024 Uswitch survey of 2, 000 U. K. adults, nearly 70 percent of those aged 18-34preferred texting over talking, with 23 percent admitting they never answer calls at all. The reluctance to pick up the phone is often linked to avoiding scam calls, but social factors also play a role. Wijkstrom explained: “In our digital age, texting and online messaging serve as our primary modes of communication, and we often feel less vulnerable and more comfortable than in a live conversation or phone call. 2 . As a result, phone calls, with their spontaneity, are perceived as overwhelming. 3 . Nottingham College in the U. K. has started running sessions to help students build their confidence on the phone. Its ‘Five Steps to Telephone Confidence’ session was developed after career advisors noticed students struggling with phone interviews. Liz Baxter, a careers advisor at the college, told Newsweek: “It is increasingly difficult to make calls these days. Companies use virtual assistants, AI, and often direct customers to websites. Teenagers find it easier to text or leave voice notes, meaning they have fewer experiences with real-time conversation and response formulation.” Thankfully, beating telephobia is possible. Wijkstrom said: “With patience and intentional practice, telephobia can be overcome. 4 . Individuals can also slowly increase their exposure to phone calls in a low-pressure situation to desensitize an anxious response. Deep breathing before a call is one method to practice mindfulness, which can help regulate the nerves and reduce stress.” A．Plus, social media contributes to the environment of curated interactions. B．Telephobia is an intense fear or discomfort of phone calls. C．Exploring and understanding the root of the fear is a help ful starting position. D．Texts allow them to think and overthink their responses, hence their preference for this. E．In some places, there are already steps to tackle the issue of telephobia in young people. F．However, phone calls are believed to convey emotions more accurately than other forms of communication. Passage 3 (24-25高一下·上海崇明中学·期中)Exercise for a Better Brain Most of the time, your brain is the boss of your muscles — directing how you hit a ball, play the piano, or open a cereal box. 1 When you’re active, they send chemical signals telling your brain, “Hey, it’s time to grow!” Recent research suggests physical activity has multiple brain benefits, encouraging the birth and growth of new brain cells that supply oxygen and blood sugar to brain cells. In a 2016 National Institute on Aging study, people who ran on a treadmill for 45 minutes three days a week boosted their levels of brain-derived neurotrophic (神经营养的) factor, a chemical that acts like fertilizer for new brain cells. 2 Without exercise, Suzuki says, “little baby neurons don’t get bigger and make thousands of new connections to other brain cells. With exercise, you get fully functioning adult brain cells.” Studies suggest that in younger adults, this can add to the overall number of cells in the hippocampus (海马体). 3 It’s a good deal. “There’s evidence these new brain cells are very active,” she says. “They’re excitable, like teenagers. They get involved in more memory circuits than older cells do. You get more connections.’ 4 If you’re inactive, a stroll around the block may be all it takes to encourage neuroplasticity, she says. And every bit counts. In a 2019 Boston University study of 2354 adults in their 40s through 60s, sedentary people who boosted their daily walking by 7500 steps or more had bigger brains than those who didn’t exercise equivalent to 1.4 to 2.2 fewer years of brain aging, the more light activity study participants logged, such as doing housework, shopping, gardening, or walking the dog, the greater the overall size of their brains. A．And once age-related brain changes begin, starting in our 30s, exercise helps keep brain cells alive longer and replaces old cells with new ones. B．Tips have been offered as to how to do exercise. C．After four months of workouts, their scores improved on a memory test. D．Besides, studies also suggest that dying cells and brain wastes can be cleared with enough exercise on a regular basis. E．But when it comes to growing new brain cells, more and more research shows that when you exercise, your muscles take charge. F．Again, a little goes a long way. 三、人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·上海第八中学·期中)For the first time in history, we have a pretty good idea of the material content of the Universe, our position within it and how the whole thing came into being. In these times of exploding knowledge there is a definite need to assemble what we know in a popular form. 1 The essays in The Scientific American Book of the Universe have been selected by David Levy, co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. 2 Nobody can put the blame on the range of articles Levy has included. There are essays on the planets, moons and various remains in the Solar System, and on our Galaxy (星系), the Milky Way (银河系). 3 So much for the book’s content. But Levy has not succeeded in providing an accurate combination of our current knowledge of the universe, which the book cover promises. Gathering together previously published articles inevitably leaves subject gaps, missing explanations and so on. 4 . But there isn’t one. In fact, surprisingly for a book so densely packed with information, there is no index. A．Tegmark fears he may hold the record for the longest time taken to read one book. B．In a more positive manner, this is a wonderful collection of essays to dip in and out of if you already have a good summary of current planetary understanding. C．Levy is an active astronomer and an accomplished writer, so you’d expect him to provide a broad and accurate picture of our current understanding of the universe. D．Scientific American has attempted to meet this need by bringing together essays that have appeared in the magazine. E．To some extent, these could have been with a glossary (词表) of terms. F．Also included are contributions on the world of subatomic particles (次原子粒子), the origin of life on Earth and the possibility of its existence elsewhere. 2 / 28 1 / 28 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题07 句子还原六选四（期中真题汇编，上海专用） 一、人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·上海中学·期中)How to Cope with Emotional Eating If you empty the fridge when you’re stressed or upset, that’s called emotional eating. Emotional eating affects most people from time to time. But regularly letting your feelings guide your food intake can affect your health. Sadness, boredom, and other negative feelings can drive emotional eating. Emotional eating includes eating a whole container of ice-cream after a breakup. Or eating up a bag of potato chips when you’re home alone on a Saturday night. 1 Many people overeat at joyous events, such as parties and weddings. Eating more food than your body needs can have dangerous results. People who eat for emotional reasons often gain too much weight. This puts them at greater risk for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, obesity, and cancer. Eating too much has emotional consequences as well. 2 Here are some tips for you to stop emotional eating episodes and break the cycle: Learn to recognize hunger. Next time you reach for a snack, ask yourself what’s driving it. If you are truly hungry, you’ll notice physical symptoms, such as an empty stomach. 3 If you don’t have those signs, you probably don’t need to eat right then. Find other interests. Finding an activity that you enjoy can increase self-confidence, which is often poor in emotional eaters. Examples might be yoga, playing a musical instrument, volunteering, or painting. 4 If that’s so, then a new interest can fill your hours and make you less likely to look to food for emotional satisfaction. A．Emotional eating results from certain feelings, such as anger or sadness. B．Other less obvious hunger cues include a bad temper and trouble focusing. C．But happy events can cause emotional eating, too. D．You may find that your eating is driven by boredom. E．These include feeling guilty or embarrassed afterward. F．However, boredom can lead to emotional eating as well. 【答案】1．C 2．E 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了情绪化进食的诱因及其健康风险，并提供了实用建议，如识别真实饥饿信号和培养替代兴趣来打破这种不良循环。 1．前文“Sadness, boredom, and other negative feelings can drive emotional eating. Emotional eating includes eating a whole container of ice-cream after a breakup. Or eating up a bag of potato chips when you’re home alone on a Saturday night. (悲伤、无聊和其他负面情绪都可能引发情绪化进食。比如分手后吃掉整盒冰淇淋，或是周六晚上独自在家时吃完一整包薯片)”提到负面情绪会引发情绪化进食，并举例说明，后文“Many people overeat at joyous events, such as parties and weddings. (许多人在欢乐场合也会暴饮暴食，比如派对和婚礼上)”举例欢乐场合暴饮暴食的情况，此处需过渡句衔接到正面情绪也会引发情绪化进食，因此C项“But happy events can cause emotional eating, too. (但快乐的事件也可能导致情绪化进食)”符合语境，和前文构成转折，后文是对其展开说明。故选C。 2．前文“Eating too much has emotional consequences as well. (暴饮暴食同样会带来情绪上的负面影响)”提到暴饮暴食会影响情绪，此处需具体说明，因此E项“These include feeling guilty or embarrassed afterward. (这些后果包括事后感到内疚或尴尬)”符合语境，承接前文，其中的These指代前文的emotional consequences。故选E。 3．前文“If you are truly hungry, you’ll notice physical symptoms, such as an empty stomach. (如果你真的饿了，你会注意到一些身体症状，比如胃里空空的感觉)”提到真实饥饿的身体症状，此处需补充其他征兆，因此B项“Other less obvious hunger cues include a bad temper and trouble focusing. (其他不太明显的饥饿信号包括脾气暴躁和注意力不集中)”符合语境，承接前文，其中的Other less obvious hunger cues与前文的physical symptoms对应。故选B。 4．后文“If that’s so, then a new interest can fill your hours and make you less likely to look to food for emotional satisfaction. (如果是这样的话，培养一项新的兴趣爱好就能充实你的时间，让你不太可能通过进食来寻求情感上的满足)”指出培养新兴趣能充实时间，从而解决情绪化进食，此处与情绪化进食是由无聊导致的情况有关，因此D项“You may find that your eating is driven by boredom. (你可能会发现自己的进食行为是由无聊驱动的)”符合语境，是培养兴趣能减少进食的前提条件，其中的boredom和后文的fill your hours呼应。故选D。 Passage 2 (24-25高一下·上海育才中学·期中)Stage Fright Imagine that you are an actor performing in a play for the first time. You have learned all your lines and you know where to walk on stage. Waiting behind the closed curtain, you can hear the audience whispering and taking their seats. Then your big moment arrives! The curtain goes up, and the crowd falls silent. All you can see is the spotlight shining down on you. 1 The inside of your mouth is dry, and your hands are wet. If you have experienced a moment like this, you know all too well what it means to have stage fright. It is one of the most common types of fear and tends to strike people when they find themselves at the center of attention. 2 People experience this fear when playing sports, giving a presentation, or even speaking in class. A person who suffers from stage fright may get sweaty hands, a dry mouth, a tight throat, or shaky knees. Stage fright is actually a form of panic, and these feelings are very real. 3 The experience differs from person to person, but the same chemical process occurs in each of us. In reaction to anxiety, our bodies produce a chemical that prepares us to either fight or run away quickly. Scientists refer to this as our bodies’ “fight or flight” reaction. As a result, we feel great energy that makes our hands sweat, our hearts race, and our knees shake. 4 Practicing your performance and following some simple tips can help calm nerves and manage the feelings caused by anxiety. First, dress comfortably and appropriately. Second, before the performance, take deep breaths and stretch to help relax your body. Third, stay away from drinks that contain caffeine. These might make your heart race even faster. Instead, try a banana! Some doctors believe that eating a banana can help calm your heart and the rest of your body. Finally, when you look into a crowd, try to focus on particular people instead of the whole group. These tips have helped many people learn to deal with their fears. A．However, there is a time when stage fright prevents you from stepping onstage. B．You don’t have to be onstage to get stage fright. C．Stage fright is part of the body’s reaction to stress. D．You try to speak your lines, but nothing seems to come out. E．With practice, we can learn how to relax while playing sports. F．The good news about stage fright is that here are ways to deal with it. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了舞台恐惧的普遍性及其生理反应，并提供了缓解恐惧的实用建议。 1．前文“The curtain goes up, and the crowd falls silent. All you can see is the spotlight shining down on you. (幕布升起，人群安静下来。你所能看到的只是聚光灯照在你身上)”描述舞台前的场景，后文“The inside of your mouth is dry, and your hands are wet. (你的嘴巴发干，手心冒汗)”描述紧张的具体生理反应，此处需补充具体表现，因此D项“You try to speak your lines, but nothing seems to come out. (你试图说出台词，但似乎什么也说不出来)”符合语境，直接体现“舞台恐惧”的典型症状——因紧张而忘词或失声，与后文语意连贯。故选D。 2．前文“It is one of the most common types of fear and tends to strike people when they find themselves at the center of attention. (这是最常见的恐惧类型之一，当人们发现自己成为众人关注的焦点时，往往就会产生这种恐惧)”指出舞台恐惧很常见，后文“People experience this fear when playing sports, giving a presentation, or even speaking in class. (人们在运动、做演讲，甚至在课堂上发言时，都会经历这种恐惧)”列举运动、演讲等非舞台场景，此处点明这种恐惧不仅限于舞台，因此B项“You don’t have to be onstage to get stage fright. (你不必在舞台上才会经历舞台恐惧)”符合语境，承上启下，后文是对其例证。故选B。 3．后文“The experience differs from person to person, but the same chemical process occurs in each of us. In reaction to anxiety, our bodies produce a chemical that prepares us to either fight or run away quickly. (每个人的体验各不相同，但我们体内发生的化学反应却是相同的。当感到焦虑时，身体会产生一种化学物质，让我们做好“战斗或逃跑”的准备)”详细描述这种恐惧的化学过程，此处位于段首，是段落主旨句，需总领段落内容，因此C项“Stage fright is part of the body’s reaction to stress. (舞台恐惧是身体对压力的反应之一)”符合语境，点明其本质。故选C。 4．后文“First, dress comfortably and appropriately. Second, before the performance, take deep breaths and stretch to help relax your body. Third, stay away from drinks that contain caffeine. (首先，着装要舒适得体。其次，在表演前做深呼吸和伸展运动来放松身体。第三，避免饮用含咖啡因的饮料)”和“Finally, when you look into a crowd, try to focus on particular people instead of the whole group. (最后，当你面对观众时，试着把注意力集中在特定的人身上，而不是整个群体)”列举缓解恐惧的具体技巧，此处需从前文的负面描述过渡到这些方法，因此F项“The good news about stage fright is that here are ways to deal with it. (关于舞台恐惧的好消息是，有方法可以应对它)”符合语境，自然引出解决方案，与后文的“some simple tips”呼应。故选F。 Passage 3 (24-25高一下·上海复旦复兴·期中)Excerpt from a Commencement Speech I was humbled and honored to be asked by the president of this outstanding university to speak to you today. Who am I? I am Gavin Presgrave, and for the past 39 years, I have written graduation speeches for hundreds of celebrities and nervous valedictorians (致辞的最优生). 1 And, at the risk of bragging, I was the first graduation - speech writer to compare life to a book. If I’m known for anything, it’s for starting speeches by saying, “I promise to keep things short, as I’m sure you are all impatient to go forward to the wonderful lives I hope you will live.” I’m proud of that. But perhaps my most famous work came during a commencement speech at Penn State in the spring of 1977. During that speech, given by someone whose name I forget, I first used the phrase “As I look out into this sea of eager faces...” And that “sea of faces” thing was a real game - changer in the world of graduation - speech writing. 2 In 1997, I won a Herman (our version of the Oscar) for Best Use of a Children’s Author Quote. That same year, I was nominated for Best Opening Joke, which went like, “Oh, no! We’re all wearing the same gown! How embarrassing!” It was a crowd-pleaser. ...... So what have I learned during my career? 3 I’m not sure, but I’m nevertheless reminded of the day my mother died. Moments before her passing, she told me life was a book and even the saddest of chapters shall come to an end. If you can read the sad chapters swiftly and the happy chapters slowly, then yours will be a life worth living. Most of you have no idea what life lies ahead or what course your lives will take — two other ways of saying future. I know this. 4 We may not need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows, but it can’t hurt to carry an umbrella. As I once said, “Tomorrow is a gift wrapped in time. Now is the time to open it!” A．The journey you’re about to start will be filled with twists and turns. B．Yes, I’m proud to say that I’ve won several awards for my graduation speeches. C．What important lesson can I pass along? D．But my life path has not always been smooth. E．For decades, I have come up with new ways to say future. F．What should a good graduation speech be like? 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章中作者加文・普雷斯格雷夫表示，很荣幸被大学主席邀请来演讲。作者反思自己职业生涯，联想到母亲去世前说生活是一本书，悲伤章节总会结束，鼓励人们快速度过悲伤章节、慢慢享受快乐章节。最后作者指出多数人不知道未来生活如何，旅程充满曲折，建议大家做好应对未知的准备。 1．根据上文“I was humbled and honored to be asked by the president of this outstanding university to speak to you today. Who am I? I am Gavin Presgrave, and for the past 31 years, I have written graduation speeches for hundreds of celebrities and nervous valedictorians (致辞的最优生).(今天，我受宠若惊，也很荣幸受到这所杰出大学校长的邀请在这里发表演讲。我是谁？我是加文·普雷斯格雷夫，在过去的31年里，我为数百名名人和紧张的毕业生致词)”以及后文“And, at the risk of bragging, I was the first graduation - speech writer to compare life to a book.(而且，冒着吹牛的风险，我是第一个把生活比作一本书的毕业演讲作者)”可知，前文提到作者为很多人写毕业演讲，E选项中“new ways”与“the first”相呼应，符合语境，故E选项“几十年来，我想出了新的方式来表达未来”符合语境，故选E。 2．根据后文“In 1997, I won a Herman (our version of the Oscar) for Best Use of a Children’s Author Quote.(1997年，我获得了赫尔曼奖（我们版的奥斯卡奖）“最佳儿童作者引用奖”)”可知，本句主要引出作者获过奖的经历，故B选项“是的，我很自豪地说，我的毕业演讲赢得了几个奖项”符合语境，故选B。 3．根据上文“So what have I learned during my career?(那么我在职业生涯中学到了什么呢？)”以及后文“I’m not sure, but I’m nevertheless reminded of the day my mother died.(我不确定，但我想起了我母亲去世的那一天)”可知，本句与上文并列，都是在针对作者的个人经历进行设问，C选项“lesson”与前文“learned”相呼应，故C选项“我可以传递什么重要的教训？”符合语境，故选C。 4．根据上文“Most of you have no idea what life lies ahead or what course your lives will take — two other ways of saying future. I know this.(你们中的大多数人都不知道前方的生活是怎样的，也不知道你们的生活将走向何方——这是未来的另外两种说法。我知道这个)”以及后文“We may not need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows, but it can’t hurt to carry an umbrella. As I once said, “Tomorrow is a gift wrapped in time. Now is the time to open it!”(我们可能不需要天气预报员来知道风往哪个方向吹，但带把伞总无妨。正如我曾经说过的，“明天是包裹在时间里的礼物。”现在是时候打开它了！”)”可知，前文说很多人不知道未来的生活是什么样的，后文说要随时准备应对，A选项“twists and turns”与后文提到的要带伞（应对未知的变化）相呼应，故A选项“你即将开始的旅程将充满曲折”符合语境，故选A。 二、人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·上海华二附中紫竹分校·期中)Telephobia While picking up the phone when it rings may feel like a natural reaction, for many young people, answering a call has become an anxiety-inducing experience. Instead of calling, younger generations are relying on texts, voice notes, and social media to communicate, avoiding the spontaneity of real-time conversation, causing more and more people to be scared of making a phone call. The phenomenon even has a name — telephobia. Stephanie Wijkstrom, CEO and Founder of the Counseling and Wellness Center of Pittsburgh, told Newsweek: “ 1 . Those who experience it often exhibit anxiety, avoidance behaviors, and sometimes physical symptoms such as an elevated heart rate or perspiration when anticipating a phone call.” In a 2024 Uswitch survey of 2,000 U. K. adults, nearly 70 percent of those aged 18-34preferred texting over talking, with 23 percent admitting they never answer calls at all. The reluctance to pick up the phone is often linked to avoiding scam calls, but social factors also play a role. Wijkstrom explained: “In our digital age, texting and online messaging serve as our primary modes of communication, and we often feel less vulnerable and more comfortable than in a live conversation or phone call. 2 . As a result, phone calls, with their spontaneity, are perceived as overwhelming. 3 . Nottingham College in the U. K. has started running sessions to help students build their confidence on the phone. Its’ Five Steps to Telephone Confidence’ session was developed after career advisors noticed students struggling with phone interviews. Liz Baxter, a careers advisor at the college, told Newsweek: “It is increasingly difficult to make calls these days. Companies use virtual assistants, Al, and often direct customers to websites. Teenagers find it easier to text or leave voice notes, meaning they have fewer experiences with real-time conversation and response formulation.” Thankfully, beating telephobia is possible. Wijkstrom said: “With patience and intentional practice, telephobia can be overcome. 4 . Individuals can also slowly increase their exposure to phone calls in a low-pressure situation to desensitize an anxious response. Deep breathing before a call is one method to practice mindfulness, which can help regulate the nerves and reduce stress.” A．Plus, social media contributes to the environment of curated interactions. B．Telephobia is an intense fear or discomfort of phone calls. C．Exploring and understanding the root of the fear is a help ful starting position. D．Texts allow them to think and overthink their responses, hence their preference for this. E．In some places, there are already steps to tackle the issue of telephobia in young people. F．However, phone calls are believed to convey emotions more accurately than other forms of communication. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．E 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了电话恐惧症这一现象，即许多年轻人害怕接打电话，分析了其产生的原因，并介绍了应对这一现象的措施。 1．上文“The phenomenon even has a name — telephobia. Stephanie Wijkstrom, CEO and Founder of the Counseling and Wellness Center of Pittsburgh, told Newsweek:(这种现象甚至有一个名字——电话恐惧症。匹兹堡咨询与健康中心的首席执行官兼创始人Stephanie Wijkstrom告诉《新闻周刊》：)”提到了电话恐惧症，且提到了首席执行官兼创始人告诉《新闻周刊》，空处需要给出Stephanie Wijkstrom讲话的内容，引出“电话恐惧症”的定义，与后文的“Those who experience it often exhibit anxiety, avoidance behaviors, and sometimes physical symptoms such as an elevated heart rate or perspiration when anticipating a phone call.”(那些经历过这种情况的人通常会表现出焦虑、逃避行为，有时还会出现身体症状，比如在等电话时心率加快或出汗。”)”症状描述形成逻辑衔接。B项“电话恐惧症是对电话的强烈恐惧或不适”直接定义了电话恐惧症，与上下文完美契合。且B项中的“Telephobia”和上文中的“telephobia”相呼应。故选B。 2．上文“Wijkstrom explained: “In our digital age, texting and online messaging serve as our primary modes of communication, and we often feel less vulnerable and more comfortable than in a live conversation or phone call..(Wijkstrom解释说：“在我们的数字时代，短信和在线消息是我们主要的交流方式，与现场对话或电话相比，我们往往感觉不那么脆弱，也更自在”)”提到数字时代下，年轻人更喜欢发短信或在线消息，因为这种方式让他们感觉更安全、更舒适。D项“短信让他们能思考并反复思考他们的回复，因此他们更喜欢这种方式”说明了短信的优势（可以反复思考回复内容），与上文的“less vulnerable and more comfortable”呼应，同时引出下文的“As a result, phone calls, with their spontaneity, are perceived as overwhelming.(因此，自发的电话被认为是压倒性的。)”。故选D。 3．下文“Nottingham College in the U. K. has started running sessions to help students build their confidence on the phone.(英国诺丁汉学院已经开始举办课程，帮助学生建立打电话的信心)”提到英国诺丁汉学院开设课程帮助学生建立电话信心，说明本段主要介绍应对电话恐惧症的措施，空处为本段小标题，应概括本段内容。E项“在一些地方，已经有措施来解决年轻人的电话恐惧症问题”符合语境，E项中的“steps to tackle the issue of telephobia”和下文中的“running sessions to help students build their confidence on the phone”相呼应。故选E。 4．上文“With patience and intentional practice, telephobia can be overcome.(只要有耐心和有意识的练习，电话恐惧症是可以克服的)”说明电话恐惧症可以克服，空处应承接上文，说明克服电话恐惧症的方法。C项“探索和理解恐惧的根源是一个有用的起点”指出“探索恐惧根源是起点”，且C项中的“Exploring and understanding the root of the fear”和上文中的“telephobia can be overcome”相呼应，且为克服电话恐惧症的具体方法。故选C。 Passage 2 (24-25高一下·上海建平中学·期中)BMI Is Not Enough to Describe Obesity Body mass index (BMI), a rough measure of weight relative to height, is commonly used to diagnose obesity. But many experts believe it’s not the best tool. BMI tells very little about someone’s health. 1 Moreover, it was not designed to assess a diverse range of body types. It’s time for a better method. In January, a proposal by an international group of 58 health experts was published in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. The experts say that doctors should either supplement or replace BMI readings with other body measurements, such as waistline, or tests that can objectively measure body fat, when diagnosing obesity. They also want to divide obesity into two categories: clinical (临床的) and preclinical. Clinical obesity is accompanied by health problems tied to excess body fat. People with preclinical obesity, however, do not have immediate weight-related health concerns. In other words, the former is an illness, while the latter is a health risk that needs to be monitored. 2 The proposal has received support from 76 medical organizations around the world. Still, it won’t be easy to put it into practice. For example, machines that can accurately measure body composition aren’t available in every doctor’s office. Besides, insurance policies are often several steps behind evolving medical practices. 3 The classification of obesity, for example, could help determine which patients would benefit from treatments like drugs and surgery. For preclinical patients, monitoring alone might be enough. The proposal could help doctors decide whether, when and how to treat patients. The medical community has debated for a long time whether obesity should be considered as a disease. While many studies have shown that obesity is associated with chronic health problems, including Type 2 diabetes (2型糖尿病) and heart disease, there is less research that concretely proves obesity to be the cause. 4 These debates prove that we need accurate methods of assessing obesity and its health impacts. A．This distinction could change how people understand obesity. B．Some obese people show no signs of chronic conditions. C．In fact, obesity has a major impact on a person’s physical, social and emotional well-being. D．Nevertheless the approach suggested in the proposal offers new hope for more effective care. E．Among other faults, the index does not distinguish between weight from fat versus muscle. F．Whichever BMI category a person falls into, it’s important to look beyond that number to get a whole picture of his health. 【答案】1．E 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要探讨了身体质量指数（BMI）在诊断肥胖方面的局限性，以及国际健康专家提出的改进建议。 1．根据前文“Body mass index (BMI), a rough measure of weight relative to height, is commonly used to diagnose obesity. But many experts believe it’s not the best tool. BMI tells very little about someone’s health.( 身体质量指数是一种粗略的体重与身高的比值，通常用于诊断肥胖。但许多专家认为，这并不是最好的工具。BMI并不能说明一个人的健康状况。)”提到BMI 是衡量肥胖的常用指标，但很多专家认为它不是最好的工具，BMI 几乎不能说明一个人的健康状况，以及后文“Moreover, it was not designed to assess a diverse range of body types.( 此外，它的设计并不是为了评估各种不同的体型。)”提到它不是为评估不同类型的身体而设计的。E选项“Among other faults, the index does not distinguish between weight from fat versus muscle.( 该指数的缺点之一是，它无法区分脂肪和肌肉带来的体重。)”进一步说明了 BMI 的缺陷，与上下文衔接紧密。故选E项。 2．根据前文“People with preclinical obesity, however, do not have immediate weight-related health concerns. In other words, the former is an illness, while the latter is a health risk that needs to be monitored.( 然而，患有临床前肥胖的人不会立即出现与体重相关的健康问题。换句话说，前者是一种疾病，而后者是一种需要监测的健康风险。)”提到专家想把肥胖分为临床肥胖和临床前肥胖两类，并对这两类肥胖进行了具体解释，A 选项“This distinction could change how people understand obesity.( 这种区分可能会改变人们对肥胖的理解。)”中的 “This distinction”指代前文对两种肥胖类型的区分，符合语境。故选A项。 3．根据前文“The proposal has received support from 76 medical organizations around the world.  Still, it won’t be easy to put it into practice.( 该提案得到了全球76家医疗机构的支持。不过，要把它付诸实践并不容易。)”提到该提议实施起来不容易，以及后文“For preclinical patients, monitoring alone might be enough. The proposal could help doctors decide whether, when and how to treat patients.( 对于临床前患者，单独监测可能就足够了。这项提议可以帮助医生决定是否、何时以及如何治疗病人。)”提到肥胖的分类有助于确定哪些患者能从药物和手术等治疗中受益等，说明该提议有积极的作用。D选项“Nevertheless the approach suggested in the proposal offers new hope for more effective care.( 然而，提案中建议的方法为更有效的治疗提供了新的希望。)”起到了承上启下的作用。故选D项。 4．根据前文“While many studies have shown that obesity is associated with chronic health problems, including Type 2 diabetes and heart disease, there is less research that concretely proves obesity to be the cause.( 虽然许多研究表明肥胖与慢性健康问题有关，包括2型糖尿病和心脏病，但具体证明肥胖是病因的研究较少。)”提到医学界长期以来一直在争论肥胖是否应被视为一种疾病，虽然很多研究表明肥胖与慢性健康问题有关，但很少有研究具体证明肥胖是病因。B 选项“Some obese people show no signs of chronic conditions.( 一些肥胖的人没有显示出慢性疾病的迹象。)”进一步说明了肥胖与慢性疾病之间关系的不确定性，与前文内容相呼应。故选B项。 Passage 3 (24-25高一下·上海闵行中学·期中)Nightly Sleep Is Key to Student Success For young adults, college is a time of transition. It may be the first time students have the freedom to determine how to spend their time, but this freedom comes with competing interests from academics, social events and even sleep. A multi-institutional team of researchers conducted the first study to evaluate how the duration of nightly sleep early in the semester affects first year college students’ end-of-semester grade point average(GPA). Using sleep trackers, they found that students on average sleep 6.5 hours a night, but negative outcomes built up when students received less than six hours of sleep a night. 1 David Creswell, the William S. Dietrich II Professor in Psychology and Neuroscience at the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences, led a team of researchers to evaluate the relationship between sleep and GPA． “Animal studies have shown how critical sleep is for learning and memory,” said Creswell. “ 2 The less nightly sleep a first-year college student gets at the beginning of the school term predicts lower GPA at the end of the term. Lack of sleep may be hurting students’ ability to learn in their college classrooms.” 3 The researchers found that students who receive less than six hours of sleep experienced a pronounced decline in academic performance. In addition, each hour of sleep lost corresponded to (相对应) a 0. 07 decrease in end-of-term GPA． “Once you start dropping below six hours, you are starting to add massive sleep debt that can harm a student’s health and study habits, damaging the whole system,” said Creswell. “ 4 ” “A popular belief among college students is valuing studying more or partying more over nightly sleep,” said Creswell. “Our work here suggests that there are potentially real costs to reducing your nightly sleep on your ability to learn and achieve in college. There’s real value in budgeting for the importance of nightly sleep.” A．Here we show how this work translates to humans. B．Many college students experience irregular and insufficient sleep. C．The study evaluated more than 600 first-year students across five studies at three universities. D．Most surprising to me was that no matter what we did to make the effect go away, it persisted. E．The results are available in the Feb.13 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. F．Total nightly sleep is a potentially important and underappreciated behavior supporting academic achievement. 【答案】1．E 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现夜间睡眠是学生取得优异成绩的关键。 1．上文“Using sleep trackers, they found that students on average sleep 6.5 hours a night, but negative outcomes built up when students received less than six hours of sleep a night. (使用睡眠跟踪器，他们发现学生平均每晚睡眠6.5小时，但当学生每晚睡眠少于6小时时，负面结果就会积累起来。)”介绍了研究结果，空处也应是围绕研究结果来介绍，E项“研究结果发表在2月13日的《美国国家科学院院刊》上。”符合语境。故选E。 2．上文““Animal studies have shown how critical sleep is for learning and memory,” said Creswell. (“动物研究表明睡眠对学习和记忆是多么重要，”Creswell 说。)”可知，对动物的研究表明睡眠对学习和记忆很重要，下文“The less nightly sleep a first-year college student gets at the beginning of the school term predicts lower GPA at the end of the term. Lack of sleep may be hurting students’ ability to learn in their college classrooms. (大学一年级学生在学期开始时睡眠时间越少，学期结束时的平均绩点就越低。缺乏睡眠可能会损害学生在大学课堂上学习的能力。)”介绍了对于人而言，睡眠对学习和记忆也很重要，A项“这里我们展示这项工作如何影响人类。”符合语境。故选A。 3．下文“The researchers found that students who receive less than six hours of sleep experienced a pronounced decline in academic performance. (研究人员发现，睡眠时间少于6小时的学生，其学习成绩明显下降。)”介绍了研究发现，空处应该是介绍研究对象等，C项“这项研究对三所大学的五项研究中的600多名一年级学生进行了评估。”符合语境。故选C。 4．上文““Once you start dropping below six hours, you are starting to add massive sleep debt that can harm a student’s health and study habits, damaging the whole system,” said Creswell. (克雷斯威尔说：“一旦你的睡眠时间降到6小时以下，你就开始增加大量的睡眠债务，这会损害学生的健康和学习习惯，破坏整个系统。”)”指出睡眠不足会损害学生的健康和学习习惯，破坏整个系统。空处也应是介绍睡眠不足的危害，D项“最令我惊讶的是，无论我们采取什么措施来消除这种影响，它仍然存在。”符合语境，承接上文，进一步描述睡眠不足的危害。故选D。 Passage 4 (24-25高一下·上海市西中学·期中)What I Think of Boxing as a Sport Boxing is a popular sport. Newspapers, magazines and sports programmes on TV frequently cover boxing matches. It could be the toughest of all sports to survive. It takes boxers hours in the gym and years to develop the specific characteristics needed to be a great boxer. 1 It seems to me that some people, especially men, find it appealing because it is an aggressive sport. When they watch a boxing match, they can identify with the winning boxer. This gives them the feeling of being a winner themselves. 2 They do that because the boxer comes from their own country, and if “their” boxer loses, they often feel as if they have lost a fight themselves. It is a fact that many people have feelings of aggression from time to time, but they cannot show their aggression in their everyday lives. Watching a boxing match gives them a way of expressing it. 3 Although boxers wear gloves during the fights, and amateur boxers even have to wear helmets, a kind of strong hard hat, there have frequently been accidents in both professional and amateur boxing, sometimes with dramatic consequences. Boxers have suffered from head injuries, and occasionally, fighters have even been killed as a result of being knocked out in the ring. Besides, studies have shown that there are often long-term effects of boxing. They are usually in the form of serious brain damage, even if a boxer has never been knocked out. To conclude, I am personally not at all in favor of aggressive sports like boxing. 4 . We can celebrate more men and women from non-aggressive sports as our heroes in our society. I believe that the world is aggressive enough already! Of course, people like competitive sports, and so do I, but I think that hitting other people in an aggressive way is not something that should be regarded as a sport. A．However, boxing can be a very dangerous sport. B．Sometimes fans are supporting a particular boxer. C．In boxing, fighters are required to hit a moving target. D．Many fans are drawn to the sport because they love the competition. E．Perhaps that is the reason why successful boxers are treated as big heroes. F．I think it would be better if less time was given to aggressive sports on TV. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．A 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了拳击作为一项运动的吸引力及其危险性，作者表达了对这种攻击性运动的不支持态度，并提倡减少电视上的相关节目时间，推崇非攻击性运动英雄。 1．上文“It takes boxers hours in the gym and years to develop the specific characteristics needed to be a great boxer. (拳击手需要在健身房花费数小时的时间，并且要历经数年才能培养出成为一名伟大拳击手所需要的特定特质)”描述了拳击手要成为优秀选手所付出的巨大努力和漫长过程，突出了成为优秀拳击手的不易，空处承接上文，E选项“Perhaps that is the reason why successful boxers are treated as big heroes. (也许这就是为什么成功的拳击手被视为大英雄的原因)”中“that”指代上文提到的成为优秀拳击手的不易，成功的拳击手因为付出了很多努力所以被视为英雄，与上文衔接紧密，符合语境。故选E。 2．上文“When they watch a boxing match, they can identify with the winning boxer. This gives them the feeling of being a winner themselves. (当他们观看拳击比赛时，他们会认同获胜的拳击手。这会让他们感觉自己就是赢家)”提到观众会因认同获胜拳击手而有自己是赢家的感觉，及下文“They do that because the boxer comes from their own country, and if “their” boxer loses, they often feel as if they have lost a fight themselves. (他们这么做是因为拳击手来自他们自己的国家，而且如果“他们的”拳击手输了，他们常常会觉得仿佛自己也输掉了一场战斗)”具体阐述了他们支持特定拳击手的原因。空处承上启下，B选项“Sometimes fans are supporting a particular boxer. (有时粉丝们会支持某个特定的拳击手)”中“fans”与上文中的“they”相呼应，“supporting a particular boxer”引出下文对支持特定拳击手原因的解释，起到了很好的过渡作用。故选B。 3．下文“Although boxers wear gloves during the fights, and amateur boxers even have to wear helmets, a kind of strong hard hat, there have frequently been accidents in both professional and amateur boxing, sometimes with dramatic consequences. (尽管拳击手在比赛中会戴上手套，业余拳击手甚至必须佩戴头盔这种坚固的硬质帽子，但在职业和业余拳击中仍然经常发生意外，有时后果十分严重)” 提到拳击比赛中拳击手可能遭遇的各种危险情况，空处需引出下文关于拳击危险性的内容，A选项“However, boxing can be a very dangerous sport. (然而，拳击可能是一项非常危险的运动)”中“dangerous”与下文的“accidents”和“dramatic consequences”等相呼应，自然地引出了下文对拳击运动负面因素的讨论。故选A。 4．上文“To conclude, I am personally not at all in favor of aggressive sports like boxing. (总之，我个人一点也不喜欢像拳击这样的攻击性运动)”表明了作者对拳击这类攻击性运动的不喜欢，下文“We can celebrate more men and women from non-aggressive sports as our heroes in our society. (我们可以在社会中把更多来自非攻击性运动的男女当作英雄来庆祝)”提出了对非攻击性运动的倡导，空处承上启下，F选项“I think it would be better if less time was given to aggressive sports on TV. (我认为如果电视上少花些时间在攻击性运动上会更好)”中的“less time was given to aggressive sports on TV”与上文作者不喜欢攻击性运动的态度相呼应，同时引出下文对关注非攻击性运动的倡导，进一步阐述了作者对于攻击性运动在社会中呈现方式的看法，使上下文逻辑连贯，符合语境。故选F。 三、人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·上海东昌中学·期中)An environmental group in Colombia is leading a project to save wild areas in the San Lucas mountains with the help of coffee growers. 1 Colombia has more different kinds of living things than any country after neighboring Brazil, but destruction of forests has increased since 2016. Government information shows that in 2017, almost 220,000 hectares of forest were destroyed compared to 124,000 hectares in 2015. Areas like San Lucas have been threatened by mining and growers of coca plants, which are used to make the drug cocaine. To date, the project includes 10 families who farm 400 hectares of coffee plants. WebConserva said the project costs about $77,000 dollars a year. The group said it hopes that, in time, 200 families will be included. At that level, 20,000 hectares of untouched forest could be protected. In San Lucas, the families promise not to cut down trees to expand their crops or to hunt wild animals from the forest. 2 Arcadio Barajas is among those taking part. His new coffee plantation establishes a barrier between cattle ranches and forests where wild animals like the jaguar live and hunt. The presence of the coffee fields reduces the possibility that there will be conflict between cattle ranchers and the big cats. Barajas said that cutting down the forest to plant coca and killing wildlife were against his faith. 3 “I’m taking care of the environment, the forest and the animals, so that I don’t end up ruined as well,” he said. Arnobis Romero is a former coca grower and miner. He said many families depended on illegal activities to support their children. For example, at times one kilogram of Coca could be sold for $760. Romero said, “We feel really proud to look after this biodiversity and to leave it... for future generations.” 4 But each year, hundreds of thousands of hectares of land are destroyed. Activists want San Lucas to be protected as a national park, but the process has been slow. A．In return, they receive $250 to $300 for 125 kilograms of coffee. B．It protects forests, biodiversity and ecosystems at the same time. C．Colombia has set aside 16 percent of its territory as protected land. D．Gold mining and coca farming make more money than coffee growing E．But now he feels that growing coffee lets him be a good steward (管理人) of the land. F．The goal is to limit additional development in the northern San Lucas area which is rich in biodiversity, meaning many forms of life live there. 【答案】1．F 2．A 3．E 4．C 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了哥伦比亚的一个环保组织正在咖啡种植者的帮助下领导一个拯救圣卢卡斯山脉野生地区的项目。 1．上文“An environmental group in Colombia is leading a project to save wild areas in the San Lucas mountains with the help of coffee growers.(哥伦比亚的一个环保组织正在咖啡种植者的帮助下领导一个拯救圣卢卡斯山脉野生地区的项目)”可知，本句承接上文，说明拯救圣卢卡斯山脉野生地区的项目的目的。选项F项“其目标是限制圣卢卡斯北部地区的额外开发，该地区拥有丰富的生物多样性，这意味着那里生活着多种形式的生命”符合语境。故选F项。 2．根据上文“In San Lucas, the families promise not to cut down trees to expand their crops or to hunt wild animals from the forest.(在圣卢卡斯，这些家庭承诺不会砍伐树木来扩大庄稼，也不会从森林中捕猎野生动物)”可知，本句说明承诺保护森林的回报是什么。选项A项“作为回报，他们每卖出125公斤咖啡就能得到250到20美元”符合语境，故选A项。 3．上文“Barajas said that cutting down the forest to plant coca and killing wildlife were against his faith.(巴拉哈斯说，砍伐森林种植古柯和杀害野生动物违背了他的信仰)”提到破坏森林和杀害野生动物违背了他的信仰。下文““I’m taking care of the environment, the forest and the animals, so that I don’t end up ruined as well,” he said.(“我要保护环境、森林以及动物，这样我自身才不会遭殃。”他说道)”可知，空处应说明现在保护环境的做法。结合选项E项“但现在他觉得种植咖啡能让他成为这片土地的好管家”起到上下文的承上启下作用，上下文语意连贯。故选E项。 4．根据下文“But each year, hundreds of thousands of hectares of land are destroyed.(但是每年都有成千上万公顷的土地被破坏)”转折说明每年都有成千上万公顷的土地被破坏，可推知，上文内容说明国土被划为保护区的情况。结合选项C项“哥伦比亚已划出16%的国土作为保护区”符合语境。故选C项。 Passage 2 (24-25高一下·上海复旦附中·期中)Deep Dives Free diving is a perilous sport. Divers, swimming underwater without oxygen tanks, frequently black out from low oxygen and put themselves at risk of drowning. Marine mammals such as seals, by contrast, can spend most of their lives below the surface without running such risks. A paper published in Science on March 20th explains why: seals can apparently sense how much oxygen they have in their blood and plan their actions accordingly. When a mammal holds its breath, the amount of oxygen in the body begins to decrease, while the amount of carbon dioxide steadily climbs. In humans low levels of oxygen mostly do not ring any alarm bells on their own — it is high levels of carbon dioxide that eventually produce the unpleasant urge to breathe. 1 . That led Chris McKnight, a marine biologist at the University of St Andrews, to wonder if the animals could also sense oxygen. To test the idea, he and his team placed six wild-caught seals in a tank which included an underwater feeding station at one end and a “breathing chamber”, in which the seals could pop up to breathe, at the other. The air in that chamber was then set to one of four conditions: normal air (21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide, plus other gases); air with reduced oxygen (11%); elevated oxygen (50%); and elevated carbon dioxide (8%). 2 . The results suggested otherwise. When there was more oxygen, the seals extended their dives by an average of 14 seconds. When there was less oxygen, they shortened them by roughly half a minute. 3 . In other words, the seals seemed able to perceive how much oxygen they had left and then adjust their dives. Dr McKnight believes that this ability may be common to marine mammals and other diving species, and could have evolved as an important defense against drowning. Previous studies suggest the tufted duck, snapping turtles and Nile crocodiles might be similarly sensitive. 4 . It is also unclear how diving animals might perceive oxygen differently from surface-dwelling animals and what it feels like to them. Andrew Binks, a physiologist at Virginia Tech, has previously shown that expert divers can use an impending sense of black-out, caused by low oxygen, as a cue to resurface. How seals perform the same feat, however, remains a mystery. A．The experiment demonstrated that seals rely equally on oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to regulate their dives. B．As seals dive more frequently and for longer than humans do, the range of carbon dioxide in their bodies varies more widely. C．Pinning down how widespread this ability is will take more research. D．If the seals were, like humans, more sensitive to carbon dioxide, their behavior would be identical in all but the final condition. E．Figuring out how the ability of sensing carbon dioxide evolved in different species needs further research. F．The high carbon dioxide condition, by contrast, produced no statistically significant effect. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．F 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了海豹能够感知血液中的氧气含量并据此规划行动，而人类则主要对高二氧化碳水平有呼吸反应，科学家通过实验验证了海豹这种独特的氧气感知能力，并且提到这种能力可能在其他海洋哺乳动物和潜水物种中普遍存在，但仍有许多问题有待研究。 1．根据上文 “In humans low levels of oxygen mostly do not ring any alarm bells on their own — it is high levels of carbon dioxide that eventually produce the unpleasant urge to breathe.(在人类中，低氧水平本身大多不会敲响任何警钟——最终是高二氧化碳水平产生了令人不快的呼吸冲动)” 以及下文 “That led Chris McKnight, a marine biologist at the University of St Andrews, to wonder if the animals could also sense oxygen.(这使得圣安德鲁斯大学的海洋生物学家克里斯・麦克奈特想知道这些动物是否也能感知氧气)” 可推知，此处需要说明海豹与人类在呼吸调节方面的差异，从而引出对海豹感知氧气能力的研究。选项 B“由于海豹比人类潜水更频繁、时间更长，它们体内二氧化碳的范围变化更广泛” 指出了海豹因潜水习性导致体内二氧化碳变化大，不能仅依赖二氧化碳调节呼吸，所以科学家才会猜想其可能感知氧气，故选B。 2．根据下文 “The results suggested otherwise. When there was more oxygen, the seals extended their dives by an average of 14 seconds. When there was less oxygen, they shortened them by roughly half a minute.(结果却并非如此。当氧气含量增加时，海豹的潜水时间平均延长了 14 秒。当氧气含量减少时，它们的潜水时间缩短了大约半分钟)” 可知，实验结果表明海豹对氧气变化敏感，而非二氧化碳。那么空格处应是实验的假设前提，即如果海豹像人类一样对二氧化碳更敏感，其行为应该是怎样的。选项D“如果海豹像人类一样对二氧化碳更敏感，除了最后一种条件外，它们在所有条件下的行为都应该是相同的” 符合这一逻辑，与后文的实验结果形成对比，故选D。 3．根据下文“In other words, the seals seemed able to perceive how much oxygen they had left and then adjust their dives.(换句话说，海豹似乎能够感知它们还剩下多少氧气，然后调整它们的潜水行为)” 可知，前文应是具体描述海豹对氧气敏感，而对二氧化碳不敏感的实验结果。选项 F“相比之下，高二氧化碳条件没有产生统计学上的显著影响” 与前文氧气浓度变化对海豹潜水时间的显著影响形成对比，验证了海豹对氧气的敏感性，故选F。 4．根据下文“It is also unclear how diving animals might perceive oxygen differently from surface - dwelling animals and what it feels like to them.(目前还不清楚潜水动物与陆生动物对氧气的感知有何不同，以及它们对此有何感觉)” 可知，关于潜水动物感知氧气的能力，还有很多未知需要研究。选项 C“确定这种能力的普遍性需要更多的研究”引出了后文关于未知问题的讨论，故选C。 一、人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·上海建平中学·期中)How to Survive High School It may feel impossible to survive even a day of high school, let alone three years. However, there are a lot of things you can do to make your high school experience one of the best times of your life. 1 During high school, you may feel under pressure to fit in. You need to try your best to fight the negative feelings and learn to have a change. High school actually gives you an opportunity to discover a real YOU and grow as a person, but it’s important that any change should come from within. Make friends with a variety of people. Try to break out of your comfort zone by starting a conversation with people, especially strangers. 2 Over time, you’ll develop a friend group filled with unique individuals that like you for who you are and add a lot of value to your life. But do remember — Stay away from the ones who hold negative attitudes towards everything. Spare regular time for exercise. 3 However, even if you’re not involved in a sport, try to exercise every day. Though you may feel like your study schedule is jam-packed, remember that staying fit will help improve your school performance. Don’t avoid interacting with your teachers. You don’t have to be a teacher’s pet, though. 4 If possible, spend a few minutes before or after class talking with your teachers about things related to their subject. With these tips to survive high school, you will surely be proud of graduating as an all-round approaching adult. A．Let yourself be who you really are. B．Learn to change and impress your friends. C．Everybody has something to contribute to your growth as a person. D．Pressure from friends is one factor that turns teenagers into risk-takers. E．Try your best to be kind and friendly to everybody you take a class from. F．Joining a school sports team is also a great way to meet like-minded people. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．F 4．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了如何度过高中生活，就此给出了一些实用的建议。 1．上文“It may feel impossible to survive even a day of high school, let alone three years. However, there are a lot of things you can do to make your high school experience one of the best times of your life. (甚至在高中度过一天都可能觉得不可能，更不用说三年了。然而，你可以做很多事情，让你的高中经历成为你人生中最美好的时光之一)”说明高中生活可能很艰难，但有很多方法可以让它变得美好。下文“High school actually gives you an opportunity to discover a real YOU and grow as a person, but it’s important that any change should come from within.(高中实际上给了你一个机会去发现真实的自己，成长为一个人，但重要的是，任何改变都应该来自内心)”表示应做真实的自己，A项“做真实的自己。”和上文为承接关系，引出下文关于如何在高中做自己的建议，符合语境。故选A。 2．上文“Try to break out of your comfort zone by starting a conversation with people, especially strangers. (试着走出你的舒适区，和人们，尤其是陌生人开始对话)”说明要和不同的人交流，C项“每个人都能为你的个人成长做出贡献。”进一步说明和不同的人交流的好处，承接上文，符合语境。故选C。 3．上文“Spare regular time for exercise. (定期抽出时间锻炼)”说明锻炼很重要。空处F项“加入学校运动队也是结识志同道合的人的好方法。”举例说明锻炼的具体方式，和前文为承接关系，且与下文“even if you’re not involved in a sport(即使你不参与体育运动)”呼应，符合语境。故选F。 4．上文“Don’t avoid interacting with your teachers. You don’t have to be a teacher’s pet, though. (不要避免和老师互动。不过，你不必成为老师的宠儿)”说明要和老师互动。E项“尽你最大的努力对你上的每一门课的老师都友好和善。”给出和老师互动的具体建议，要对老师友好，E项承接上文，符合语境。故选E。 Passage 2 (24-25高一下·上海育才中学·期中)Suffering from chronic fatigue (慢性疲劳)? Read on to know how to deal with it. Let your brain waves relax before sleep. If you want to feel energized in the morning, you need to change your evening and bedtime routines. 1 Besides, stay away from your phone, laptop, TV and any device that gives off the blue light. Never skip your meals. No matter how busy or depressed you are, never ever skip your meals. Have a wholesome breakfast, a light lunch, healthy snacks and a delicious dinner every single day. 2 Take a nap: If you are suffering from chronic fatigue and you have trouble surviving the afternoon, taking a short nap(15-20 minutes) is a healthy way. Ask your co-workers not to disturb you for 15 minutes. Or let your boss know that you need to take a short nap every afternoon due to health issues. Give tea a try. 3 However, since it has poor energy-boosting properties, it is time to try something new. Earl Grey tea or black tea is a better option when it comes to energy-boosting drinks. 4 Taking a cold shower in the morning is an excellent way to wake yourself up and give yourself plenty of energy. However, if you have a weak immune system, this method is not for you. Drinking a glass of cold water as soon as you wake up is a safer way to pump up your energy levels. A．Increase your body’s oxygen B．Choose ice water instead of a cold shower. C．Coffee has always been a favorite morning drink for many people. D．If your body doesn’t get enough nutrients, chronic fatigue is unavoidable. E．Do not overload your brain with unnecessary stuff and avoid negative talks. F．Taking a deep breath and muscle-tensing exercise helps you enter a state of relaxation. 【答案】1．E 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文为说明文。主要介绍了消除慢性疲劳增强活力的方法。 1．根据本段的主题句“Let your brain waves relax before sleep.(睡觉前让你的脑电波放松)”及空后的“Besides, stay away from your phone, laptop, TV and any device that gives off the blue light.(此外，远离手机、笔记本电脑、电视机和任何能发出蓝光的设备)”可知，不要让不必要的东西在睡觉前出现。故E项“不要用不必要的东西让你的大脑过度负担，避免消极的谈话”符合题意。故选E。 2．根据本段的主题句“Never skip your meals(绝对不能不吃饭)”以及空前的“Have a wholesome breakfast, a light lunch, healthy snacks and a delicious dinner every single day.(每天吃一顿健康的早餐，一份清淡的健康的午餐和一顿美味的晚餐)”可知，身体每天要得到足够的营养。故D项“如果你的身体没有得到足够的营养，慢性疲劳是不可避免的”符合题意。故选D。 3．根据该段的主题句“Give tea a try.(尝试喝茶)”及空格后的“However, since it has poor energy-boosting properties, it is time to try something new. Earl Grey tea or black tea is a better option when it comes to energy-boosting drinks.(然而，由于它的能量提升性能很差，是时候尝试一些新的东西了。说到补充能量的饮料，伯爵茶或红茶是更好的选择)”可知，However表示转折，说明本句是在列举其他受欢迎的饮品，后文指出其缺点，故C项“咖啡一直是许多人早晨最喜欢的饮料”符合题意。故选C。 4．根据后文“Taking a cold shower in the morning is an excellent way to wake yourself up and give yourself plenty of energy. However, if you have a weak immune system, this method is not for you. Drinking a glass of cold water as soon as you wake up is a safer way to pump up your energy levels.(早上洗个冷水澡是唤醒自己的好方法！给自己充足的精力。然而，如果你的免疫系统较弱，这种方法不适合你。一醒来就喝一杯凉开水是一种更安全的补充能量的方法)”可知，后文提到早晨洗个冷水澡不适应于免疫系统弱的人，推荐喝凉开水给自己充足的能量。故B项“选择凉开水而不是冷水澡”可以作为本段主旨句。故选B。 二、人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·上海大同中学·期中)AI-Generated Art Is Already Transforming Creative Work For years, the conventional wisdom among Silicon Valley futurists was that artificial intelligence and automation spelled doom for blue-collar workers whose jobs involved repetitive manual labor. Truck drivers, retail cashiers and warehouse workers would all lose their jobs to robots, they said, while workers in creative fields like art, entertainment and media would be safe. Well, an unexpected thing has happened recently: 1 In the past few months, AI-based image generators like DALL-E 2, Midjourney and Stable Diffusion have made it possible for anyone to create unique, super-realistic images just by typing a few words into a text box. 2 DALL-E2, for example, has more than 1.5 million users generating more than two million images every day, while Midjourney’s official Discord server has more than three million members. It’s still too early to tell whether this new wave of apps will end up costing artists and illustrators their jobs. 3 Collin Waldoch, 29, a Brooklyn game designer, recently started using generative AI to create custom art for his online game, Tw ofer Glo ofer, which works a bit like a rhyming version of Wordle. Every day, players are given a clue, like “a set of rhythmic movements in a half-conscious state”, and are tasked with coming up with a pair of rhyming words that matches the clue. Initially, Mr. Waldoch planned to hire human artists through the gig-work platform Upwork to illustrate each day’s rhyming word pair. But when he saw the cost — between $50 and $60 per image, plus time for rounds of feedback and edits — he decided to try using AI instead. 4 Mr. Waldoch said he didn’t feel guilty about using AI instead of hiring human artists, because human artists were too expensive to make the game worthwhile. “I typed in ‘carrot parrot’, and it spit back a perfect image of a parrot made of carrots,” he said. “That was the immediate ‘aha’ moment.” A．AI has entered the creative class. B．He plugged word pairs into Midjourney and DreamStudio, an app based on Stable Diffusion, and altered the results until they looked right. C．He acknowledged that A．I. image generators had limitations. D．These apps, though new, are already popular. E．What seems clear, though, is that these tools are already being put to use in creative industries. F．These programs use what’s known as “generative AI”, a type of AI that was popularized several years ago but has since expanded into images, audio and video. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．E 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了人工智能生成艺术对创意工作的影响，指出AI技术已经进入创意领域，并正在改变艺术、娱乐等行业的传统工作方式。 1．前文“Truck drivers, retail cashiers and warehouse workers would all lose their jobs to robots, they said, while workers in creative fields like art, entertainment and media would be safe. (他们预测，卡车司机、零售收银员和仓库工人终将被机器人取代，而艺术、娱乐和媒体等创意领域的从业者则能安枕无忧。)”提到，重复性劳动的蓝领工作人的工作会被AI取代，创意类从业者不会被取代。后文“In the past few months, AI-based image generators like DALL-E 2, Midjourney and Stable Diffusion have made it possible for anyone to create unique, super-realistic images just by typing a few words into a text box. (过去几个月，基于AI的图像生成器如DALL-E 2、Midjourney和Stable Diffusion使得任何人都能通过输入几个词来创作独特、超现实的图像。)”表明，AI技术已进入创意领域。A选项“AI已经进入创意领域。”与前后文形成转折关系，故选A。 2．后文“DALL-E2, for example, has more than 1.5 million users generating more than two million images every day, while Midjourney’s official Discord server has more than three million members. (例如，DALL-E2拥有超过150万用户，每天生成超过200万张图像，而Midjourney的官方Discord服务器有超过300万成员。)”通过数据说明这些应用程序的流行程度。D选项“这些应用程序虽然新，但已经很受欢迎。”能引起后文，后文是对它进行的举例。故选D。 3．前文“It’s still too early to tell whether this new wave of apps will end up costing artists and illustrators their jobs. (现在判断这波新应用程序是否会最终导致艺术家和插画师失业还为时过早。)”表明AI对创意工作的影响尚不明确。后文“Collin Waldoch, 29, a Brooklyn game designer, recently started using generative AI to create custom art for his online game, Tw ofer Glo ofer, which works a bit like a rhyming version of Wordle. (29岁的布鲁克林游戏设计师科林·瓦洛奇近期开始运用生成式AI为其在线游戏Tw ofer Glo ofer创作定制美术素材，这款游戏在玩法上近似押韵版的Wordle猜词游戏，玩家需根据每日线索猜出押韵词对。)”明确给出运用AI制作美术素材的例子，这说明空处应是一句表示转折，衔接前后，表明情况与之前不同的句子。E选项“但可以确定的是，这些工具已然在创意产业中投入实际应用。”能起到这样的作用。故选E。 4．前文“But when he saw the cost — between $50 and $60 per image, plus time for rounds of feedback and edits — he decided to try using AI instead. (但当他看到每张图像需要50到60美元的成本，外加多轮反馈和修改的时间后，他决定尝试使用AI。)”提到Mr. Waldoch因成本问题选择AI。B选项“他将词语对输入Midjourney 和 DreamStudio（基于Stable Diffusion的应用程序），并调整结果直到看起来合适。”具体描述了他如何使用AI工具，与前文形成逻辑衔接。故选B。 Passage 2 (24-25高一下·上海华二附中·期中)Telephobia While picking up the phone when it rings may feel like a natural reaction, for many young people, answering a call has become an anxiety-inducing experience. Instead of calling, younger generations are relying on texts, voice notes, and social media to communicate, avoiding the spontaneity of real-time conversation, causing more and more people to be scared of making a phone call. The phenomenon even has a name — telephobia. Stephanie Wijkstrom, CEO and Founder of the Counseling and Wellness Center of Pittsburgh, told Newsweek: “ 1 . Those who experience it often exhibit anxiety, avoidance behaviors, and sometimes physical symptoms such as an elevated heart rate or perspiration when anticipating a phone call.” In a 2024 Uswitch survey of 2, 000 U. K. adults, nearly 70 percent of those aged 18-34preferred texting over talking, with 23 percent admitting they never answer calls at all. The reluctance to pick up the phone is often linked to avoiding scam calls, but social factors also play a role. Wijkstrom explained: “In our digital age, texting and online messaging serve as our primary modes of communication, and we often feel less vulnerable and more comfortable than in a live conversation or phone call. 2 . As a result, phone calls, with their spontaneity, are perceived as overwhelming. 3 . Nottingham College in the U. K. has started running sessions to help students build their confidence on the phone. Its ‘Five Steps to Telephone Confidence’ session was developed after career advisors noticed students struggling with phone interviews. Liz Baxter, a careers advisor at the college, told Newsweek: “It is increasingly difficult to make calls these days. Companies use virtual assistants, AI, and often direct customers to websites. Teenagers find it easier to text or leave voice notes, meaning they have fewer experiences with real-time conversation and response formulation.” Thankfully, beating telephobia is possible. Wijkstrom said: “With patience and intentional practice, telephobia can be overcome. 4 . Individuals can also slowly increase their exposure to phone calls in a low-pressure situation to desensitize an anxious response. Deep breathing before a call is one method to practice mindfulness, which can help regulate the nerves and reduce stress.” A．Plus, social media contributes to the environment of curated interactions. B．Telephobia is an intense fear or discomfort of phone calls. C．Exploring and understanding the root of the fear is a help ful starting position. D．Texts allow them to think and overthink their responses, hence their preference for this. E．In some places, there are already steps to tackle the issue of telephobia in young people. F．However, phone calls are believed to convey emotions more accurately than other forms of communication. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．E 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了电话恐惧症这一现象，即许多年轻人害怕接打电话，分析了其产生的原因，并介绍了应对这一现象的措施。 1．上文“The phenomenon even has a name — telephobia. Stephanie Wijkstrom, CEO and Founder of the Counseling and Wellness Center of Pittsburgh, told Newsweek:(这种现象甚至有一个名字——电话恐惧症。匹兹堡咨询与健康中心的首席执行官兼创始人Stephanie Wijkstrom告诉《新闻周刊》：)”提到了电话恐惧症，且提到了首席执行官兼创始人告诉《新闻周刊》，空处需要给出Stephanie Wijkstrom讲话的内容，引出“电话恐惧症”的定义，与后文的症状描述形成逻辑衔接。B项“电话恐惧症是对电话的强烈恐惧或不适”直接定义了电话恐惧症，与上下文完美契合。且B项中的“Telephobia”和上文中的“telephobia”相呼应。故选B。 2．上文“Wijkstrom explained: ‘In our digital age, texting and online messaging serve as our primary modes of communication, and we often feel less vulnerable and more comfortable than in a live conversation or phone call.(Wijkstrom解释说：‘在我们的数字时代，短信和在线消息是我们主要的交流方式，与现场对话或电话相比，我们往往感觉不那么脆弱，也更自在’)”提到数字时代下，年轻人更喜欢发短信或在线消息，因为这种方式让他们感觉更安全、更舒适。空处应承接上文，说明短信交流更自在的原因，D项“短信让他们能思考并反复思考他们的回复，因此他们更喜欢这种方式”说明了短信的优势（可以反复思考回复内容），与上文的“less vulnerable and more comfortable”呼应，同时引出下文的“spontaneity is overwhelming”。故选D。 3．下文“Nottingham College in the U. K. has started running sessions to help students build their confidence on the phone.(英国诺丁汉学院已经开始举办课程，帮助学生建立打电话的信心)”提到英国诺丁汉学院开设课程帮助学生建立电话信心，说明本段主要介绍应对电话恐惧症的措施，空处为本段小标题，应概括本段内容。E项“在一些地方，已经有措施来解决年轻人的电话恐惧症问题”符合语境，E项中的“steps to tackle the issue of telephobia”和下文中的“running sessions to help students build their confidence on the phone”相呼应。故选E。 4．上文“With patience and intentional practice, telephobia can be overcome.(只要有耐心和有意识的练习，电话恐惧症是可以克服的)”说明电话恐惧症可以克服，空处应承接上文，说明克服电话恐惧症的方法。C项“探索和理解恐惧的根源是一个有用的起点”指出“探索恐惧根源是起点”，且C项中的“Exploring and understanding the root of the fear”和上文中的“telephobia can be overcome”相呼应，且为克服电话恐惧症的具体方法。故选C。 Passage 3 (24-25高一下·上海崇明中学·期中)Exercise for a Better Brain Most of the time, your brain is the boss of your muscles — directing how you hit a ball, play the piano, or open a cereal box. 1 When you’re active, they send chemical signals telling your brain, “Hey, it’s time to grow!” Recent research suggests physical activity has multiple brain benefits, encouraging the birth and growth of new brain cells that supply oxygen and blood sugar to brain cells. In a 2016 National Institute on Aging study, people who ran on a treadmill for 45 minutes three days a week boosted their levels of brain-derived neurotrophic (神经营养的) factor, a chemical that acts like fertilizer for new brain cells. 2 Without exercise, Suzuki says, “little baby neurons don’t get bigger and make thousands of new connections to other brain cells. With exercise, you get fully functioning adult brain cells.” Studies suggest that in younger adults, this can add to the overall number of cells in the hippocampus (海马体). 3 It’s a good deal. “There’s evidence these new brain cells are very active,” she says. “They’re excitable, like teenagers. They get involved in more memory circuits than older cells do. You get more connections.’ 4 If you’re inactive, a stroll around the block may be all it takes to encourage neuroplasticity, she says. And every bit counts. In a 2019 Boston University study of 2354 adults in their 40s through 60s, sedentary people who boosted their daily walking by 7500 steps or more had bigger brains than those who didn’t exercise equivalent to 1.4 to 2.2 fewer years of brain aging, the more light activity study participants logged, such as doing housework, shopping, gardening, or walking the dog, the greater the overall size of their brains. A．And once age-related brain changes begin, starting in our 30s, exercise helps keep brain cells alive longer and replaces old cells with new ones. B．Tips have been offered as to how to do exercise. C．After four months of workouts, their scores improved on a memory test. D．Besides, studies also suggest that dying cells and brain wastes can be cleared with enough exercise on a regular basis. E．But when it comes to growing new brain cells, more and more research shows that when you exercise, your muscles take charge. F．Again, a little goes a long way. 【答案】1．E 2．C 3．A 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了运动对大脑的益处，如促进新脑细胞的生长、提高记忆力、延缓大脑衰老等，还指出少量运动也有很大作用。 1．上文“Most of the time, your brain is the boss of your muscles — directing how you hit a ball, play the piano, or open a cereal box. (大多数时候，你的大脑是肌肉的“老板”——指挥你如何击球、弹钢琴或打开麦片盒) ”说明大脑对肌肉的支配作用。E选项“But when it comes to growing new brain cells, more and more research shows that when you exercise, your muscles take charge. (但当涉及到生长新的脑细胞时，越来越多的研究表明，当你运动时，你的肌肉起主导作用)”与上文形成转折，引出下文关于运动时肌肉对大脑细胞生长的影响，上下文语意衔接自然。故选E项。 2．上文“In a 2016 National Institute on Aging study, people who ran on a treadmill for 45 minutes three days a week boosted their levels of brain-derived neurotrophic (神经营养的) factor, a chemical that acts like fertilizer for new brain cells. (在2016年国家老龄问题研究所的一项研究中，那些每周三天在跑步机上跑45分钟的人提高了他们大脑衍生神经营养因子的水平，这种化学物质就像新脑细胞的肥料)”说明运动对大脑神经营养因子的积极影响。C选项“After four months of workouts, their scores improved on a memory test.(经过四个月的锻炼，他们在记忆力测试中的分数提高了) ”进一步说明了运动带来的好处，即提高记忆力，与上文的研究结果相呼应。故选C项。 3．上文“Studies suggest that in younger adults, this can add to the overall number of cells in the hippocampus (海马体).(研究表明，在年轻人中，这可以增加海马体中的细胞总数)”说明运动对年轻人海马体细胞数量的积极影响。A选项“And once age related brain changes begin, starting in our 30s, exercise helps keep brain cells alive longer and replaces old cells with new ones.(一旦与年龄相关的大脑变化在我们30多岁开始出现，运动有助于让脑细胞存活更长时间，并用新细胞取代旧细胞)”则说明了运动在年龄增长过程中对大脑细胞的作用，与上文关于运动对年轻人大脑细胞的影响构成递进关系。故选A项。 4．下文“If you’re inactive, a stroll around the block may be all it takes to encourage neuroplasticity, she says. And every bit counts. (她说，如果你不活跃，在街区周围散散步可能就足以促进神经可塑性。每一点运动都很重要) ”说明少量运动也有很大作用。F选项“Again, a little goes a long way.(同样，少量的运动也能产生很大的效果) ”能够概括下文的内容，引出下文关于少量运动益处的说明。故选F项。 三、人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高一下·上海第八中学·期中)For the first time in history, we have a pretty good idea of the material content of the Universe, our position within it and how the whole thing came into being. In these times of exploding knowledge there is a definite need to assemble what we know in a popular form. 1 The essays in The Scientific American Book of the Universe have been selected by David Levy, co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. 2 Nobody can put the blame on the range of articles Levy has included. There are essays on the planets, moons and various remains in the Solar System, and on our Galaxy (星系), the Milky Way (银河系). 3 So much for the book’s content. But Levy has not succeeded in providing an accurate combination of our current knowledge of the universe, which the book cover promises. Gathering together previously published articles inevitably leaves subject gaps, missing explanations and so on. 4 . But there isn’t one. In fact, surprisingly for a book so densely packed with information, there is no index. A．Tegmark fears he may hold the record for the longest time taken to read one book. B．In a more positive manner, this is a wonderful collection of essays to dip in and out of if you already have a good summary of current planetary understanding. C．Levy is an active astronomer and an accomplished writer, so you’d expect him to provide a broad and accurate picture of our current understanding of the universe. D．Scientific American has attempted to meet this need by bringing together essays that have appeared in the magazine. E．To some extent, these could have been with a glossary (词表) of terms. F．Also included are contributions on the world of subatomic particles (次原子粒子), the origin of life on Earth and the possibility of its existence elsewhere. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．F 4．E 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了《科学美国人》宇宙文集一书。 1．上文“In these times of exploding knowledge there is a definite need to assemble what we know in a popular form.(在这个知识爆炸的时代，我们确实需要将我们所知道的知识以一种流行的形式整合起来)”提到我们确实需要将我们所知道的知识以一种流行的形式整合起来，下文“The essays in The Scientific American Book of the Universe have been selected by David Levy, co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.(苏梅克-列维九号彗星的共同发现者David Levy选择了《科学美国人》宇宙文集中的文章)”介绍《科学美国人》宇宙文集的具体内容，故空处需要填入能衔接“整理知识需求”与“具体行动方案”的过渡句，D项“为了满足这一需求，《科学美国人》将杂志上发表过的文章汇集在一起”符合语境，D项中“meet this need”与上文“need”呼应，D项中“bringing together essays”与下文“essays … selected”呼应，完整呈现“需求-解决方案”的逻辑链条，故选D。 2．上文“The essays in The Scientific American Book of the Universe have been selected by David Levy, co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.(苏梅克-列维九号彗星的共同发现者David Levy选择了《科学美国人宇宙之书》中的文章)”提到本书是由David Levy选编的，接下来应是介绍David Levy是何人，C项“Levy是一位活跃的天文学家，也是一位颇有成就的作家，所以你会期望他能提供一幅我们目前对宇宙的理解的广泛而准确的图景”符合语境，故选C。 3．根据上文“Nobody can put the blame on the range of articles Levy has included. There are essays on the planets, moons and various remains in the Solar System, and on our Galaxy (星系), the Milky Way (银河系).(没有人能挑剔Levy所收录的文章范围。有关于太阳系的行星、卫星和各种遗迹的文章，也有关于我们的银河系的文章)”可知，本段是关于所收录文章的范围，F项“还包括对亚原子粒子世界的贡献，地球上生命的起源以及其他地方生命存在的可能性”符合语境，F项中“Also included”和上文形成递进关系，进一步描述文章范围，故选F。 4．上文“Gathering together previously published articles inevitably leaves subject gaps, missing explanations and so on.(把以前发表过的文章收集在一起，不可避免地会留下主题空白、缺少解释等等)”提到本书有主题空白并缺少解释，结合下文的转折“But there isn’t one.(但是一个也没有)”可知，空处应是提及该书本应该含有主题和解释，E项“从某种程度上来说，这些本可以与术语表一起出现”符合语境，故选E。 2 / 28 1 / 28 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $