专题03 阅读理解说明文（大题专练）（北京专用）2026年高考英语终极冲刺讲练测

专题03 阅读理解说明文 目录 命题·趋势·定位 1 一、选材特点 1 二、语篇结构特点 1 三、命题热点（高频考点） 2 四、常见设问形式 2 热点·角度·拆解 3 刷模拟 14 （2026·西城·期末） 14 （2026·海淀·期末） 17 （2026·朝阳·期末） 20 （2026·丰台·期末） 22 刷真题 25 （2024·北京·高考真题D篇） 25 （2023·北京·高考真题C篇） 27 （2022·北京·高考真题C篇） 30 （2021·北京·高考真题C篇） 32 内容导航 【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解 【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式 【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分 命题·趋势·定位 一、选材特点 文章全部选自英文权威报刊、学术期刊、科普网站，主题聚焦社会前沿、科学研究、人类行为、全球问题，均为标准说明文。 1. 话题高度集中 社会心理与认知：自我认同、个人叙事、道德起源、短期主义 全球议题与解决方案：全球崩塌风险、零饥饿、系统思维、生态环境 前沿研究与理论：心理学模型、人类学观察、系统科学应用 2. 文体统一特征 客观严谨、逻辑清晰，以介绍概念→解释原理→举例论证→给出结论为核心框架 无抒情、无故事化叙事，侧重科学解释、现象分析、观点阐述 话题贴近现实，关注人类共同面对的行为、社会、环境问题 二、语篇结构特点 北京卷说明文结构高度固定，全篇遵循总—分—总逻辑。 1. 开篇 以名言、现象、问题、研究结论引出核心概念（如自我认同、道德、短期主义、系统思维） 2. 主体 分层次展开：解释概念内涵→介绍研究/理论→举例佐证→分析影响/原因 常出现专家观点、实验结论、对比分析、因果推导 3. 结尾 总结概念意义、提出启示、呼吁行动或强调重要性 4. 高频逻辑词 but/however/yet 表转折；because/since/therefore 表因果；for instance/for example 表举例；according to 引观点 三、命题热点（高频考点） 1. 主旨大意：文章/段落中心思想、最佳标题（每年必考） 2. 推理判断：根据原文信息推断作者意图、观点、隐含意义（占比最高） 3. 词义猜测：抽象名词、学术词汇、熟词生义、短语含义（每年1题） 4. 观点态度：作者对研究、现象、问题的情感倾向（担忧、支持、赞同等） 5. 细节理解：定位原文关键信息，直接匹配或同义替换 四、常见设问形式 1. 主旨大意题 What is the passage mainly about? Which would be the best title for the passage? What is the main idea of Paragraph X? 2. 推理判断题 What can be inferred from the passage? What does the author intend to tell us? What can we learn from the passage? 3. 词义猜测题 What does the underlined word “XXX” probably mean? 4. 观点态度题 As for XXX, the author is _________. 5. 写作手法题 The author uses XXX to _________. 五、核心备考建议 1. 阅读策略 先看首尾段抓主旨，再看段首句理结构，最后定位题干关键词 遇到学术概念不用死记，重点看定义、作用、影响 2. 解题技巧 主旨题：避开细节选项，选覆盖全文、概括性强的答案 推理题：忠于原文，不主观脑补，选原文信息合理延伸的选项 词义题：结合上下文逻辑（转折、因果、举例）判断，优先同义替换 态度题：关注转折词后内容，区分客观介绍/明确倾向 3. 积累方向 重点积累心理、社会、生态、科技、全球问题领域高频词汇 熟悉说明文固定论证结构，提高定位速度与准确率 热点·角度·拆解 2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 命题形式 2025 北京卷 D 篇 约 420 个人生活故事与自我认同 自我认知、心理健康 细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意、写作手法 2024 北京卷 D 篇 约 410 人类道德规范的起源 道德、社会行为、人类本能 推理判断、细节理解、文章标题 2023 北京卷 C 篇 约 400 短期主义的危害 社会现象、长远思维、环境问题 引用作用、推理判断、作者意图 2022 北京卷 C 篇 约 430 系统思维的应用 全球问题、解决方法、思维方式 段落作用、推理判断、作者观点 2021 北京卷 C 篇 约 420 全球崩塌风险警示 生态环境、人类危机、公众意识 词义猜测、态度判断、推理判断 热点角度01 细节理解题 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题D篇） Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. 【31题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词“People with more consistent stories”“life satisfaction”； 第二步，找到答题句“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too.”； 第三步，比较各选项，原文明确说明个人故事的一致性与身份认同、生活满意度（幸福感）直接相关，最终选出正确答案为C。 研考点·通技法 细节理解题考查考生识别和理解文章具体信息的能力。不论哪类细节题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定一两个定位词（如专有名词、核心名词、特殊动词等） 第二步 找到答题句 用定位词到原文中找到含有定位词或其同义词所在的句子，认真研读该句或前后句子 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项与找到的答题句进行比较，选出与原文表述一致的正确选项 热点角度02 推理判断题 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题D篇） D The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on 1 January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 32. What can we learn from this passage? A. Talking about gains from failure is negative. B. New Year resolutions are well received. C. The West tends to overvalue optimism. D. Social roles fail to be highlighted. 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可推知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词 “Western culture”“silver lining”； 第二步，找到答题句 “She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.”； 第三步，比较各选项，A 选项 “谈论从失败中获得的收获是消极的” 与原文 “积极意义” 相悖；B 选项 “新年决心广受好评” 原文未提及 “受欢迎”，仅说更有效；C 选项 “西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义”，“pushes people to look for...” 体现出对乐观的过度强调，符合文意；D 选项 “社会角色未被强调” 原文无此表述，最终选出正确答案为 C。 33. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 【33题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词 “the author mainly do”“passage”； 第二步，找到答题句，结合首段 “Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better.”、二段介绍 “生活故事模型”、四段阐述 “研究故事主题与健康的关联” 及尾段 “turn over a new leaf” 的具体方法，可知核心是介绍改变自我认知的途径； 第三步，比较各选项，A 选项 “阐明一个目标”、B 选项 “分析一件事”、C 选项 “进行对比” 均不符合文章核心逻辑；D 选项 “阐述一种方法”，精准概括了作者介绍生活故事模型及改变故事的策略，最终选出正确答案为 D。 研考点·通技法 推理判断题考查考生在理解原文字面信息的基础上，进行逻辑判断、合理引申与推断隐含意义的能力，答案不会直接出现在原文中。不论哪类推理题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题：： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定关键名词、动词、态度词或段落范围，精准锁定原文定位区间 第二步 找到答题句 用定位词定位原文对应语句，重点分析上下文逻辑关系（转折、因果、对比等），挖掘深层隐含信息 第三步 比较各选项 排除原文原句、无中生有、过度推断、逻辑矛盾的选项，选出符合原文逻辑的合理推论 热点角度03 词义猜测题 析典例·建模型 （2021·北京·高考真题C篇） The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. 【28题详解】 词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。 【解题建模】 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词“germane”； 第二步，找到答题句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations.”，并结合后文“it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations...”的语境补充； 第三步，比较各选项，根据上下文“呼吁关注不确定性”与“当下疫情、经济危机的现实”的逻辑关联，可推知germane意为“相关的、密切相关的”，最终选出正确答案为D。 研考点·通技法 词句猜测题考查考生根据上下文语境推断生词、短语或句子含义的能力。不论哪类词句猜测题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定需要猜测的生词、短语或句子作为定位词 第二步 找到答题句 用定位词到原文中找到该词所在的句子，重点研读该句及前后逻辑关联句，分析语境、逻辑关系（转折、因果、举例等） 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项代入原文语境，排除语义不通、逻辑矛盾的选项，选出符合上下文逻辑、贴合作者表意的正确选项 热点角度04 主旨大意题 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题D篇） The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on 1 January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合文意。故选A。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词 “the passage”“main idea”； 第二步，找到答题句，结合首段核心句、Johnson 的生活故事模型、个人故事与身份认同及幸福感的关联，提炼全文主旨； 第三步，比较各选项，原文围绕个人生活故事构建自我认知、影响幸福感展开，对应 “自我认同是如何运作的”，最终选出正确答案为 A。 研考点·通技法 主旨大意题考查考生把握文章 / 段落中心思想、概括核心内容的能力。不论哪类主旨题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定定位范围（如全文、某段落）、核心话题词 第二步 找到答题句 定位到对应范围，重点研读首尾段 / 首尾句、转折词（but/however 等）后的核心论点句，提炼全文 / 段落的核心观点 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项与核心论点比对，排除仅涉及细节、以偏概全、偏离主题的选项，选出能全面概括核心内容的正确选项 破类题·提能力 （2026·东城·期末） C A chatbot might not break a sweat every time you ask it to make your shopping list or tell jokes. But over time, the planet might. Last June, Open AI CEO claimed that an "average" ChatGPT query (搜索指令) uses energy equal to "about what an oven(烤箱) would use in a little over one second". What makes large language models (LLMs) so energy-hungry? LLMs are described by the number of parameters, which are the internal controls the model adjusts during training to improve its performance. The more parameters, the more capacity the model has to learn patterns and relationships in data. GPT-4, for example, is said to have over a trillion parameters. LLMs are operated in massive data centers located across the world, where they are loaded on servers containing powerful chips handling computations. The larger a model is, generally the more chips are needed to run it-especially to get users the fastest response possible. All of this takes energy. The high energy use tied to LLMs isn't just a broad data center issue, though. During training, a model digests vast datasets and adjusts its internal parameters accordingly. This can take weeks, burning an enormous amount of energy. The second half of the model's life cycle is inference, which happens every time a user prompts the model. Over time, inference is expected to account for the majority of a model's emissions. Reasoning models, which explain their thinking step by step, consume far more energy than standard models, which directly output the answer. Machine learning research has been driven by accuracy and performance, and the exact figure of energy consumption is difficult to obtain. Major players including OpenAI have the data, for instance, their training methods-what data they used, how much compute time or what kind of energy powered it, but they're not sharing them. Researchers can only piece together limited clues from open-source LLMs. Inference, too, is difficult to quantify. The environmental impact of a single query can vary dramatically depending on which data center it's routed to, which energy network powers the data center and even the time of day. Ultimately, only the companies running these models have a complete picture-the emissions from this process are largely a black box. While experts continue to work on seeking methods to measure the energy consumption of LLMs, everyday people don't need to wait. Choosing the right model for each task makes a difference. For easy questions, skip large reasoning models. Even the way you phrase your queries matters-there's no need to be polite to the chatbot. It costs millions of extra dollars because of "thank you" and "please". The fix isn't to abandon AI, but to use it more intelligently. 28. Why does the author quote OpenAI CEO's words? A. To question a belief. B. To clarify a concept. C. To highlight a concern. D. To present a finding. 29. What can we infer from this passage? A. The shadiness of data restricts AI's better performance. B. The actual energy impact of LLMs remains largely unclear. C. Tackling environmental issues facilitates breakthroughs in AI. D. The environmental responsibility for LLMs is shifted to users. 30. As for LLMs, which would the author agree with? A. Their operation should be less energy-intensive than the training. B. Their rising dominance relies on their thinking capabilities. C. Their wide application calls for administrative regulation. D. Their reasoning function needs to be employed properly. 31. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To analyze the energy consumption of LLMs. B. To compare different types of AI models. C. To advocate for intelligent use of AI. D. To expose the environmental risks of AI. 答案 28. C 29. B 30. D 31. C 解析 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，聚焦大型语言模型（LLMs）的高能耗问题，分析了其能耗高的原因、生命周期中能耗的主要来源，指出其环境影响难以量化的现状，并呼吁人们更智能地使用人工智能。 28. C 推理判断题。根据第一段“an 'average' ChatGPT query uses energy equal to 'about what an oven would use in a little over one second'”可知，作者引用OpenAI CEO的话，是为了通过具体类比凸显LLMs能耗问题这一令人担忧的情况。A选项“质疑一种信念”、B选项“澄清一个概念”、D选项“呈现一项发现”均未体现，核心是强调对能耗问题的关注，故选C。 29. B 推理判断题。根据第四段“the exact figure of energy consumption is difficult to obtain”“Inference, too, is difficult to quantify”“the emissions from this process are largely a black box”可知，LLMs实际的能源影响在很大程度上仍不明确。A选项“数据的隐蔽性限制了AI的更好表现”文中未提及；C选项“解决环境问题促进AI突破”无依据；D选项“LLMs的环境责任转移给用户”与文意不符，用户仅需智能使用，并非承担主要责任，故选B。 30. D 细节理解题。根据最后一段“For easy questions, skip large reasoning models”可知，作者认为LLMs的推理功能应合理使用，避免在简单问题上浪费能耗。A选项“其运行能耗应低于训练能耗”文中未对比二者能耗高低；B选项“其日益增长的主导地位依赖于思考能力”无依据；C选项“其广泛应用需要行政监管”文中未提及，仅呼吁智能使用，故选D。 31. C 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章先分析LLMs高能耗问题，最后落脚于“the fix isn't to abandon AI, but to use it more intelligently”，核心目的是倡导智能使用人工智能。A选项“分析LLMs的能耗”是文章的部分内容，非核心目的；B选项“对比不同类型的AI模型”仅在第三段略有提及；D选项“揭露AI的环境风险”是为了引出后续的倡导，并非最终目的，故选C。 （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 A （2026·西城·期末） When the heat sets in, the siren (汽笛) song of the ice cream truck fills the air, and lemonade stands appear along sidewalks. These sweet treats are often synonymous (同义的) with summer, and a new study has found that sugar consumption in the U.S. rises noticeably as temperatures climb. The magnitude of such impact is particularly apparent among certain groups of people and raises concerns over the health implications as the climate continues to heat up. Much of the research on global warming and food has focused on how climate affects the nutritional content of food or how food consumption contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Pan He, an environmental scientist, hit on the idea to look at the relationship: how rising temperatures affect food consumption. Her team focused on sugar due to its links to diabetes, heart disease and cancer. The researchers paired temperature data with U.S. household grocery purchases. They found little difference in consumption below 12℃. But between that temperature and 30℃, consumption increased by 0.7g/℃. There was a slowdown above 30℃, which the authors propose could be related to extreme heat suppressing (抑制) appetite. Most of the overall increase came from sugary drinks like sodas. Frozen desserts such as ice cream made a smaller contribution. There was a slight decrease in the consumption of sugary foods such as cakes or cookies, suggesting people may be replacing other options with iced treats. The increase is concerning because the average recommended daily sugar intake for a 2,400-calorie diet is about 60g-and a single can of soda can have around 40g. Consumption patterns varied, though. Men consumed more sugary drinks than women. Also, the amount of added sugar consumed during hot weather was several times higher for low-income families than for wealthy ones. Lower-income households are less likely to have access to air conditioning, making them more reliant on sugary drinks to cool down. Outdoor workers and less-educated families also showed higher sugar consumption. There were additional differences, with White Americans having the highest added sugar effect, while Asian Americans showed no significant change. This suggests climate change may widen existing nutritional inequalities and unintentionally worsen diet-related health risks. The researchers projected that, without intervention, sugar consumption in the U.S. would keep rising with warming. Solutions could include nutritional education, clearer sugar labeling and an added sugar tax. Other measures-like ensuring accessible drinking water and breaks at outdoor workplaces-could cut sugary drink consumption and reduce heat-related illness risks. Alice Lichtenstein, a nutrition scientist not involved in the study, urges more research into how the accessibility and pricing of sugary drinks compare with those of water for disadvantaged groups. “We need to better understand the behavioral forces behind negative health decisions like increased sugary drink consumption in hot weather,” she says, “and use this to design strategies to lessen these behaviors.” 28. What does the underlined word “magnitude” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Nature. B. Origin. C. Duration. D. Extent. 29. What can we learn from Pan He’s research? A. Warming leads to higher intake of different sugary foods. B. Heat affects sugar intake differently among groups of people. C. Intervention in nutritional education has been widely employed. D. Food consumption increases consistently with the rise of temperature. 30. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. The Concerning Trend: Giving in to Our Sweet Tooth B. The Burning Truth: Heat Is Reshaping Our Diets C. Sweet Appeal: Climate’s Hidden Health Effect D. Climate’s Bite: Insufficient Sugar Intake 31. What is Alice Lichtenstein’s attitude towards the research? A. Supportive but cautious. B. Critical but hopeful. C. Approving and suggestive. D. Doubtful and curious. 答案 28. D 29. B 30. C 31. C 解析 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了环境科学家潘鹤的研究发现——气温升高会导致美国民众糖分摄入量增加，且这种影响在不同人群中存在差异，可能加剧营养不平等和健康风险，并提出了相应的干预建议。 28. D 词义猜测题。根据第一段“the magnitude of such impact is particularly apparent among certain groups of people”可知，“magnitude”指的是气温对糖分摄入影响的“程度”。A选项“本质”、B选项“起源”、C选项“持续时间”均不符合语境，后文具体阐述了不同温度、不同人群的影响差异，体现的是影响的程度，故选D。 29. B 细节理解题。根据第五段“Consumption patterns varied... Men consumed more... low-income families than for wealthy ones... Outdoor workers and less-educated families also showed higher sugar consumption”可知，潘鹤的研究发现热量对不同人群的糖分摄入影响不同。A选项“气候变暖导致各类甜食摄入量增加”与“there was a slight decrease in the consumption of sugary foods such as cakes or cookies”不符；C选项“营养教育干预已被广泛采用”文中未提及，仅为建议；D选项“食物消费随气温升高持续增加”与“there was a slowdown above 30℃”不符，故选B。 30. C 主旨大意题。文章核心围绕“气温升高导致糖分摄入增加，进而带来健康风险”展开，聚焦气候对健康的潜在影响。A选项“令人担忧的趋势：向甜食屈服”未体现气候这一核心因素；B选项“灼热的真相：热量正在重塑我们的饮食”范围过广，文章仅聚焦糖分摄入；D选项“气候的影响：糖分摄入不足”与文意相悖，故选C。 31. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Alice Lichtenstein... urges more research into... We need to better understand... and use this to design strategies”可知，Alice认可该研究的价值，同时提出了进一步研究和制定策略的建议，态度是认可且带有建议性的。A选项“支持但谨慎”、B选项“批判但抱有希望”、D选项“怀疑且好奇”均不符合，故选C。 B （2026·海淀·期末） C Rats given gut microbiome (肠道微生物) transplants from energetic young children seem keener to explore their environment. "It suggests our microbes are active participants in emotional development, not just passive passengers," says Harriet Schellekens at University College Cork in Ireland, who wasn't involved in the study. A growing body of research has linked the communities of microbes that reside in our guts to our health, emotions and moods. For example, people who lack certain types of gut bacteria seem to face a higher risk of depression or anxiety. It isn't entirely clear if the microbes cause these changes or if the microbial community alters as a result of behaviour, but there are some signs that altering the make-up of the microbiome can influence mood. For example, faecal (排泄物) transplants from people with depression to rats seem to cause depressive behaviour in the rats, and people with depression treated with faecal transplants have seen their symptoms improve in preliminary trials. To shed more light on how the gut microbiome may be linked to temperament (性情), Anna Aatsinki at the University of Turku in Finland and her colleagues transplanted faeces from toddlers to young rats. First, they evaluated the personalities of 27 2.5-year-old toddlers using a standard temperament assessment and an exercise in which children were invited to play with a bubble gun. Based on these assessments, the researchers judged 10 of the toddlers as exuberant (充满活力的), and eight as inhibited and introverted. From these groups, they selected four exuberant and four inhibited toddlers - half boys, half girls - and collected samples of their faeces. Faecal samples with added glycerol or control samples of glycerol were transferred to 53 rats aged 22 or 23 days old, which had already had their bowels cleansed. Aatsinki and her colleagues then put the rats through a series of behavioural tests in different situations. They found that rats with microbiomes from toddlers with high exuberance traits showed more exploratory behaviour than rats with a control transplant or those receiving faeces from inhibited toddlers. To explore how gut microbes might influence the brain, they also analysed brain tissue, looking for changes in gene activity. This showed that rats given transplants from inhibited toddlers had less activity in neurons that produce dopamine, a brain chemical linked to reward for risk-taking behaviour. "This study beautifully shows how the gut microbiome in early life may help shape behavioural tendencies," says Schellekens. The influence shouldn't be overstated though, says Aatsinki. "Overall, adults' temperament traits are relatively strongly correlated with genetics, but environmental factors, potentially including the microbiome, could influence the variance of some behaviours." 28. What can we know about the design of Aatsinki's research? A. Behaviors of three groups of rats were compared. B. The rats underwent a temperament assessment. C. It involved cross-species organ transplant. D. The toddlers were grouped by gender. 29. What can we learn from Aatsinki's research? A. It is the first research to have linked gut microbes with emotions. B. Introverted kids' gut microbes reduce rats' adventurousness. C. Faecal treatments ease patients' depressive symptoms. D. Our personalities are strongly linked to our diet. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Rat Study Reveals Personality Secret B. Rat Tests Uncover Behavioural Difference C. Gut Microbiomes May Influence Our Personality D. Gut Microbiome Transplant Might Cure Depression 31. What does Aatsinki want to emphasize? A. Genetics play a dominant role in temperament. B. Environmental factors affect behavior variance. C. Gut microbiomes have limited impact on temperament. D. Early life microbiomes shape behavioral tendencies. 答案 28. A 29. B 30. C 31. C 解析 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了芬兰图尔库大学Anna Aatsinki的研究，该研究通过将幼儿的肠道微生物移植到大鼠体内，发现肠道微生物可能影响行为倾向和性情，但这种影响不应被夸大。 28. A 细节理解题。根据第四段“Faecal samples with added glycerol or control samples of glycerol were transferred to 53 rats... They found that rats with microbiomes from toddlers with high exuberance traits showed more exploratory behaviour than rats with a control transplant or those receiving faeces from inhibited toddlers”可知，研究将大鼠分为三组（接受活力型幼儿粪便移植组、接受内向型幼儿粪便移植组、对照组），对比了三组的行为差异。B选项“大鼠接受了性情评估”错误，是幼儿接受评估；C选项“涉及跨物种器官移植”错误，是肠道微生物移植；D选项“幼儿按性别分组”错误，是从两组幼儿中各选一半男女，并非按性别分组，故选A。 29. B 细节理解题。根据第五段“rats with microbiomes from toddlers with high exuberance traits showed more exploratory behaviour than rats... receiving faeces from inhibited toddlers”可知，内向型孩子的肠道微生物会减少大鼠的探索行为（即冒险精神）。A选项“这是首个将肠道微生物与情绪关联的研究”与第二段“A growing body of research has linked...”不符；C选项“粪便治疗缓解患者抑郁症状”是文中提到的其他研究，并非Aatsinki的研究；D选项“性格与饮食密切相关”文中未提及，故选B。 30. C 主旨大意题。文章围绕Aatsinki的研究展开，核心是肠道微生物与性情、行为倾向的关联。A选项“大鼠研究揭示性格秘密”范围过广，未聚焦肠道微生物；B选项“大鼠测试发现行为差异”仅为研究现象，未体现核心关联；D选项“肠道微生物移植可能治愈抑郁症”文中未提及，研究未涉及治愈疾病，故选C。 31. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The influence shouldn't be overstated though, says Aatsinki. 'Overall, adults' temperament traits are relatively strongly correlated with genetics'”可知，Aatsinki强调肠道微生物对性情的影响有限，不应被夸大，遗传因素仍占主导。A选项“遗传在性情中起主导作用”是其提及的事实，但核心是为了强调微生物影响有限；B选项“环境因素影响行为差异”并非其强调重点；D选项“早期肠道微生物塑造行为倾向”是研究结论，但他认为该影响不应被夸大，故选C。 C （2026·朝阳·期末） C What’s the first thing you notice when you step into a museum? Is it the long-faded colors of ancient objects from all around the world or the whispered sounds of visitors discussing what they see? Museums allow us to indirectly “experience” the past by tapping into our primary senses, such as sight or hearing, but more often than not, smell is missing. We don’t think about smell when studying the past. One of the problems is that it is incredibly hard to study. The scents (香味) and smells had already been gone before archaeologists (考古学家) could come and study the sites. “New chemical and biomolecular (生物分子) methods in archaeology have kind of reopened the door to continue to study these things. Of course, what we have from ancient texts can also help a lot,” says Barbara Huber, an archaeochemist from Germany. “When we do find all these details, they can enrich our understanding of a lot of aspects of past ways of life, including medicine, trade and social status.” In the study of ancient materials, the study of trade and the incense road (香料之路) was always an interesting point for researchers. But the problem is that the incense road was often looked at from the perspective of classical scholars-namely texts from ancient Greece or ancient Rome. From the very beginning, the story of the incense road was told by outsiders, who were also not contemporary. “We don’t have any evidence from the earlier periods, the Iron Age and the Bronze Age in ancient Arabia,” Huber says. “So it was very interesting to track down molecular remains that can tell us a lot about ancient materials.” In one case study, Huber and her team looked at the content of incense burners and found Peganum-a medicinal and psychoactive plant. They realized that in these incense burners, specifically, people actually used it for medicinal or psychoactive purposes. This was interesting because the practice of incense burning seems to not only be sensorial but also have this medicinal component. The study revealed something where we had absolutely no idea: medicinal practices in ancient Arabia. We, all of a sudden, had an idea of how people used their local pharmacopoeia-the document of medicinal ingredients issued by the government for treating illnesses; in this case, they burned Peganum and then probably breathed the smoked-not just applied it to the skin or drank it. The practice of burning incense is still part of people’s lives today, but it goes all the way back. And if we follow it to the roots of where it began, history isn’t something that we only see. 28. Why does the author raise two questions in Paragraph 1? A. To stress a prejudice. B. To compare phenomena. C. To reveal a limitation. D. To introduce an experience. 29. What can we learn from this passage? A. Incense remains helped identify ancient medicinal practices. B. Sensorial purposes of incense burning used to be overlooked. C. The use of medicinal incense needed approval from government. D. The trade on the incense road was witnessed by classical scholars. 30. What is the passage mainly about? A. Why smells are absent when we study the past. B. How archaeologists scent out smells of the past. C. How we can bring long-lost smells into modern life. D. Why challenges arise in the study of historical smells. 31. What does Barbara Huber’s case study show? A. Ancient Arabs preferred breathing medicinal smoke. B. Incense burning had multiple functions in the past. C. Molecular remains are the only evidence of ancient trade. D. Pharmacopoeia documented all local medicinal plants. 答案 28. C 29. A 30. B 31. B 解析 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了考古学家通过化学和生物分子方法研究古代气味，尤其是通过香炉中的残留物发现古代阿拉伯的药用实践，揭示了研究古代气味的方法和意义。 28. C 推理判断题。根据第一段“Museums allow us to indirectly ‘experience’ the past by tapping into our primary senses... but more often than not, smell is missing”可知，作者通过两个问题引出博物馆体验中“气味缺失”这一局限性。A选项“强调一种偏见”、B选项“对比现象”、D选项“介绍一种体验”均未体现，核心是揭示感官体验的不足，故选C。 29. A 细节理解题。根据第四段“Huber and her team looked at the content of incense burners and found Peganum... The study revealed something where we had absolutely no idea: medicinal practices in ancient Arabia”可知，香炉中的残留物帮助考古学家发现了古代的药用实践。B选项“焚香的感官用途过去被忽视”文中未提及；C选项“药用香料的使用需要政府批准”与“pharmacopoeia-the document of medicinal ingredients issued by the government”不符，药典是记录药用成分的文件，并非使用需批准；D选项“香料之路的贸易被古典学者见证”与“the story of the incense road was told by outsiders, who were also not contemporary”不符，学者并非当代见证者，故选A。 30. B 主旨大意题。文章围绕考古学家如何通过新方法研究古代气味展开，从问题提出（气味难以研究）到方法介绍（化学和生物分子方法），再到案例分析（香炉残留物研究），核心是“考古学家如何探寻古代的气味”。A选项“为什么研究过去时气味缺失”仅为开头引出话题；C选项“如何将失传的气味带入现代生活”文中未提及；D选项“为什么历史气味研究面临挑战”仅为部分内容，故选B。 31. B 推理判断题。根据第四段“the practice of incense burning seems to not only be sensorial but also have this medicinal component”可知，Huber的案例研究表明古代焚香不仅有感官功能，还有药用功能，即具有多种作用。A选项“古代阿拉伯人偏好吸入药用烟雾”文中未提及偏好；C选项“分子残留物是古代贸易的唯一证据”过于绝对；D选项“药典记录了所有当地药用植物”与文意不符，药典是记录药用成分的文件，并非所有植物，故选B。 D （2026·丰台·期末） We are finally starting to build a picture of the many different ways of thinking, and understand how your inner mindscape affects your experience of reality. In 1973, Russell Hurlburt at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, invented a method that would give us a better handle on introspective (内省的) experiences: a beeper that attaches to the ear and sounds at random intervals. At each beep, volunteers record their current inner experience, which is later discussed in detail with researchers. This method, called descriptive experience sampling, has been used with thousands of people over the decades. “After four or five days, you have a pretty good sense of someone’s inner experience,” Hurlburt says. That’s not to say it is easy. The first surprise was that people really struggle to introspect, so much so that beeper studies tend to ignore the first day’s data as it is too unreliable. Even defining a “thought” is tricky. What Hurlburt’s method reveals is that our thoughts seem to include five common phenomena: inner speech, inner seeing, feelings, sensory awareness, and unsymbolized thinking. The second surprise was that we are poor judges of what is going on inside our own heads. Beeper studies are time-consuming, so self-report questionnaires asking people how they think are more common. Comparing these two approaches reveals shocking differences. Research suggests that we massively overestimate the amount of thinking we do in all five main phenomena, with the results of self-report questionnaires being between two and four times higher than those of descriptive experience sampling. What has become clear is that we all think using our own combination of phenomena. Each of the five main types appears in about 25% of beeps. A single thought might contain five or more separate simultaneous images along with inner speech about something else entirely. Descriptive experience sampling also challenges the simple dichotomy (二分法) between mind-wandering and focused thought. Charles Fern at the University of Durham found that about 40% of thoughts don’t fit neatly into either category, suggesting both states can be active simultaneously at different levels. “People’s experiences seem to unfold on multiple, parallel, simultaneous tracks,” he says. Even inner speech is not a single thing. “It’s a kind of language, and language is incredibly versatile,” says Fern. It can be a monologue, dialogue, emotional, or dispassionate. Similarly, inner seeing varies greatly. The idea that people are either visual or verbal thinkers is a misconception. “We consistently find positive correlations,” says Fern. People with vivid inner imagery also tend to have a vocal inner voice. Our minds often blend different thought forms in ways resembling synesthesia (通感). “Until very recently, both philosophers and scientists have assumed that everybody thinks just like them,” says Fiona Macpherson of the University of Glasgow. “We now know there’s a lot that is very different.” 27. Descriptive experience sampling can help researchers ______. A. record people’s daily activities regularly B. get specific individuals’ inner experience C. test volunteers’ response to random beeps D. predict people’s self-reflective experience 28. What can we learn from the passage? A. People can be neatly divided into verbal or visual thinkers. B. Overestimation of inner experience leads to poor introspection. C. Our inner experience is richer and more mixed than we assume. D. The difficulty in defining “thought” adds inaccurate self-reports. 29. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a concept. B. Make comparisons. C. Illustrate an approach. D. Present research findings. 30. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Do You Think the Same Way as Others? B. Can We Truly Understand Each Other? C. How Do You Define Your Thoughts? D. How Well Do You Know Yourself? 答案 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. A 解析 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了罗素·赫伯特的描述性经验取样法及其研究发现，揭示了人们思维方式的多样性，打破了传统认知中的思维二分法等误解。 27. B 细节理解题。根据第二段“After four or five days, you have a pretty good sense of someone’s inner experience”可知，描述性经验取样法能帮助研究者了解特定个体的内心体验。A选项“定期记录人们的日常活动”文中未提及；C选项“测试志愿者对随机蜂鸣声的反应”并非该方法的目的；D选项“预测人们的自我反思体验”文中未提及，该方法是记录而非预测，故选B。 28. C 推理判断题。根据第五段“A single thought might contain five or more separate simultaneous images along with inner speech about something else entirely”和第七段“Our minds often blend different thought forms in ways resembling synesthesia”可知，我们的内心体验比想象中更丰富、更复杂。A选项“人们可明确分为语言型或视觉型思考者”与“the idea that people are either visual or verbal thinkers is a misconception”不符；B选项“对内心体验的高估导致内省能力差”文中未提及因果关系；D选项“定义‘思维’的困难导致不准确的自我报告”文中未提及，故选C。 29. D 推理判断题。通读全文，文章围绕描述性经验取样法的研究发现展开，包括思维的五种现象、人们对自身思维的高估、思维方式的多样性等，核心是呈现研究成果。A选项“澄清一个概念”、B选项“进行对比”、C选项“说明一种方法”均为部分内容，并非主要目的，故选D。 30. A 主旨大意题。文章结尾“Until very recently... everybody thinks just like them. We now know there’s a lot that is very different”点明核心——人们的思维方式存在很大差异。A选项“你和别人的思考方式一样吗？”贴合主旨；B选项“我们能真正理解彼此吗？”范围过广；C选项“你如何定义自己的思维？”未体现思维差异；D选项“你有多了解自己？”文中未聚焦自我认知，故选A。 刷真题 A （2024·北京·高考真题D篇） Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. D. Written laws have great influence on virtues. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality 【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为;领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 （2023·北京·高考真题C篇） In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem 29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Climate change has been forgotten. B. Lessons of history are highly valued. C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 30. What does the author intend to tell us? A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 【答案】28. D 29. C 30. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cole）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cole的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Col的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。 （2022·北京·高考真题C篇） “What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending 29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. B. The relationships among players have been clarified. C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A. It may be used to justify power imbalance. B. It can be applied to tackle challenges. C. It helps to prove why hunger exists. D. It goes beyond human imagination. 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第一段““What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。 （2021·北京·高考真题C篇） Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 28. What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Scientific. B. Credible. C. Original. D. Relevant. 29. As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A. worried B. puzzled C. surprised D. scared 30. What can we learn from this passage? A. The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B. The author agrees with the message of the poem. C The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D. The global collapse is well underway. 【答案】28. D 29. A 30. B 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。 【28题详解】 词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. worried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim of dope; In the incurable form of hope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hope that ignores preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。 1 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解说明文 目录 命题·趋势·定位 1 一、选材特点 1 二、语篇结构特点 1 三、命题热点（高频考点） 2 四、常见设问形式 2 热点·角度·拆解 3 刷模拟 14 （2026·西城·期末） 14 （2026·海淀·期末） 16 （2026·朝阳·期末） 18 （2026·丰台·期末） 20 刷真题 22 （2024·北京·高考真题D篇） 22 （2023·北京·高考真题C篇） 23 （2022·北京·高考真题C篇） 24 （2021·北京·高考真题C篇） 25 内容导航 【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解 【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式 【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分 命题·趋势·定位 一、选材特点 文章全部选自英文权威报刊、学术期刊、科普网站，主题聚焦社会前沿、科学研究、人类行为、全球问题，均为标准说明文。 1. 话题高度集中 社会心理与认知：自我认同、个人叙事、道德起源、短期主义 全球议题与解决方案：全球崩塌风险、零饥饿、系统思维、生态环境 前沿研究与理论：心理学模型、人类学观察、系统科学应用 2. 文体统一特征 客观严谨、逻辑清晰，以介绍概念→解释原理→举例论证→给出结论为核心框架 无抒情、无故事化叙事，侧重科学解释、现象分析、观点阐述 话题贴近现实，关注人类共同面对的行为、社会、环境问题 二、语篇结构特点 北京卷说明文结构高度固定，全篇遵循总—分—总逻辑。 1. 开篇 以名言、现象、问题、研究结论引出核心概念（如自我认同、道德、短期主义、系统思维） 2. 主体 分层次展开：解释概念内涵→介绍研究/理论→举例佐证→分析影响/原因 常出现专家观点、实验结论、对比分析、因果推导 3. 结尾 总结概念意义、提出启示、呼吁行动或强调重要性 4. 高频逻辑词 but/however/yet 表转折；because/since/therefore 表因果；for instance/for example 表举例；according to 引观点 三、命题热点（高频考点） 1. 主旨大意：文章/段落中心思想、最佳标题（每年必考） 2. 推理判断：根据原文信息推断作者意图、观点、隐含意义（占比最高） 3. 词义猜测：抽象名词、学术词汇、熟词生义、短语含义（每年1题） 4. 观点态度：作者对研究、现象、问题的情感倾向（担忧、支持、赞同等） 5. 细节理解：定位原文关键信息，直接匹配或同义替换 四、常见设问形式 1. 主旨大意题 What is the passage mainly about? Which would be the best title for the passage? What is the main idea of Paragraph X? 2. 推理判断题 What can be inferred from the passage? What does the author intend to tell us? What can we learn from the passage? 3. 词义猜测题 What does the underlined word “XXX” probably mean? 4. 观点态度题 As for XXX, the author is _________. 5. 写作手法题 The author uses XXX to _________. 五、核心备考建议 1. 阅读策略 先看首尾段抓主旨，再看段首句理结构，最后定位题干关键词 遇到学术概念不用死记，重点看定义、作用、影响 2. 解题技巧 主旨题：避开细节选项，选覆盖全文、概括性强的答案 推理题：忠于原文，不主观脑补，选原文信息合理延伸的选项 词义题：结合上下文逻辑（转折、因果、举例）判断，优先同义替换 态度题：关注转折词后内容，区分客观介绍/明确倾向 3. 积累方向 重点积累心理、社会、生态、科技、全球问题领域高频词汇 熟悉说明文固定论证结构，提高定位速度与准确率 热点·角度·拆解 2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 命题形式 2025 北京卷 D 篇 约 420 个人生活故事与自我认同 自我认知、心理健康 细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意、写作手法 2024 北京卷 D 篇 约 410 人类道德规范的起源 道德、社会行为、人类本能 推理判断、细节理解、文章标题 2023 北京卷 C 篇 约 400 短期主义的危害 社会现象、长远思维、环境问题 引用作用、推理判断、作者意图 2022 北京卷 C 篇 约 430 系统思维的应用 全球问题、解决方法、思维方式 段落作用、推理判断、作者观点 2021 北京卷 C 篇 约 420 全球崩塌风险警示 生态环境、人类危机、公众意识 词义猜测、态度判断、推理判断 热点角度01 细节理解题 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题D篇） Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. 【31题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词“People with more consistent stories”“life satisfaction”； 第二步，找到答题句“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too.”； 第三步，比较各选项，原文明确说明个人故事的一致性与身份认同、生活满意度（幸福感）直接相关，最终选出正确答案为C。 研考点·通技法 细节理解题考查考生识别和理解文章具体信息的能力。不论哪类细节题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定一两个定位词（如专有名词、核心名词、特殊动词等） 第二步 找到答题句 用定位词到原文中找到含有定位词或其同义词所在的句子，认真研读该句或前后句子 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项与找到的答题句进行比较，选出与原文表述一致的正确选项 热点角度02 推理判断题 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题D篇） D The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on 1 January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 32. What can we learn from this passage? A. Talking about gains from failure is negative. B. New Year resolutions are well received. C. The West tends to overvalue optimism. D. Social roles fail to be highlighted. 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可推知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词 “Western culture”“silver lining”； 第二步，找到答题句 “She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.”； 第三步，比较各选项，A 选项 “谈论从失败中获得的收获是消极的” 与原文 “积极意义” 相悖；B 选项 “新年决心广受好评” 原文未提及 “受欢迎”，仅说更有效；C 选项 “西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义”，“pushes people to look for...” 体现出对乐观的过度强调，符合文意；D 选项 “社会角色未被强调” 原文无此表述，最终选出正确答案为 C。 33. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 【33题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词 “the author mainly do”“passage”； 第二步，找到答题句，结合首段 “Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better.”、二段介绍 “生活故事模型”、四段阐述 “研究故事主题与健康的关联” 及尾段 “turn over a new leaf” 的具体方法，可知核心是介绍改变自我认知的途径； 第三步，比较各选项，A 选项 “阐明一个目标”、B 选项 “分析一件事”、C 选项 “进行对比” 均不符合文章核心逻辑；D 选项 “阐述一种方法”，精准概括了作者介绍生活故事模型及改变故事的策略，最终选出正确答案为 D。 研考点·通技法 推理判断题考查考生在理解原文字面信息的基础上，进行逻辑判断、合理引申与推断隐含意义的能力，答案不会直接出现在原文中。不论哪类推理题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题：： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定关键名词、动词、态度词或段落范围，精准锁定原文定位区间 第二步 找到答题句 用定位词定位原文对应语句，重点分析上下文逻辑关系（转折、因果、对比等），挖掘深层隐含信息 第三步 比较各选项 排除原文原句、无中生有、过度推断、逻辑矛盾的选项，选出符合原文逻辑的合理推论 热点角度03 词义猜测题 析典例·建模型 （2021·北京·高考真题C篇） The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. 【28题详解】 词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。 【解题建模】 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词“germane”； 第二步，找到答题句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations.”，并结合后文“it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations...”的语境补充； 第三步，比较各选项，根据上下文“呼吁关注不确定性”与“当下疫情、经济危机的现实”的逻辑关联，可推知germane意为“相关的、密切相关的”，最终选出正确答案为D。 研考点·通技法 词句猜测题考查考生根据上下文语境推断生词、短语或句子含义的能力。不论哪类词句猜测题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定需要猜测的生词、短语或句子作为定位词 第二步 找到答题句 用定位词到原文中找到该词所在的句子，重点研读该句及前后逻辑关联句，分析语境、逻辑关系（转折、因果、举例等） 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项代入原文语境，排除语义不通、逻辑矛盾的选项，选出符合上下文逻辑、贴合作者表意的正确选项 热点角度04 主旨大意题 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题D篇） The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on 1 January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合文意。故选A。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词 “the passage”“main idea”； 第二步，找到答题句，结合首段核心句、Johnson 的生活故事模型、个人故事与身份认同及幸福感的关联，提炼全文主旨； 第三步，比较各选项，原文围绕个人生活故事构建自我认知、影响幸福感展开，对应 “自我认同是如何运作的”，最终选出正确答案为 A。 研考点·通技法 主旨大意题考查考生把握文章 / 段落中心思想、概括核心内容的能力。不论哪类主旨题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定定位范围（如全文、某段落）、核心话题词 第二步 找到答题句 定位到对应范围，重点研读首尾段 / 首尾句、转折词（but/however 等）后的核心论点句，提炼全文 / 段落的核心观点 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项与核心论点比对，排除仅涉及细节、以偏概全、偏离主题的选项，选出能全面概括核心内容的正确选项 破类题·提能力 （2026·东城·期末） C A chatbot might not break a sweat every time you ask it to make your shopping list or tell jokes. But over time, the planet might. Last June, Open AI CEO claimed that an "average" ChatGPT query (搜索指令) uses energy equal to "about what an oven(烤箱) would use in a little over one second". What makes large language models (LLMs) so energy-hungry? LLMs are described by the number of parameters, which are the internal controls the model adjusts during training to improve its performance. The more parameters, the more capacity the model has to learn patterns and relationships in data. GPT-4, for example, is said to have over a trillion parameters. LLMs are operated in massive data centers located across the world, where they are loaded on servers containing powerful chips handling computations. The larger a model is, generally the more chips are needed to run it-especially to get users the fastest response possible. All of this takes energy. The high energy use tied to LLMs isn't just a broad data center issue, though. During training, a model digests vast datasets and adjusts its internal parameters accordingly. This can take weeks, burning an enormous amount of energy. The second half of the model's life cycle is inference, which happens every time a user prompts the model. Over time, inference is expected to account for the majority of a model's emissions. Reasoning models, which explain their thinking step by step, consume far more energy than standard models, which directly output the answer. Machine learning research has been driven by accuracy and performance, and the exact figure of energy consumption is difficult to obtain. Major players including OpenAI have the data, for instance, their training methods-what data they used, how much compute time or what kind of energy powered it, but they're not sharing them. Researchers can only piece together limited clues from open-source LLMs. Inference, too, is difficult to quantify. The environmental impact of a single query can vary dramatically depending on which data center it's routed to, which energy network powers the data center and even the time of day. Ultimately, only the companies running these models have a complete picture-the emissions from this process are largely a black box. While experts continue to work on seeking methods to measure the energy consumption of LLMs, everyday people don't need to wait. Choosing the right model for each task makes a difference. For easy questions, skip large reasoning models. Even the way you phrase your queries matters-there's no need to be polite to the chatbot. It costs millions of extra dollars because of "thank you" and "please". The fix isn't to abandon AI, but to use it more intelligently. 28. Why does the author quote OpenAI CEO's words? A. To question a belief. B. To clarify a concept. C. To highlight a concern. D. To present a finding. 29. What can we infer from this passage? A. The shadiness of data restricts AI's better performance. B. The actual energy impact of LLMs remains largely unclear. C. Tackling environmental issues facilitates breakthroughs in AI. D. The environmental responsibility for LLMs is shifted to users. 30. As for LLMs, which would the author agree with? A. Their operation should be less energy-intensive than the training. B. Their rising dominance relies on their thinking capabilities. C. Their wide application calls for administrative regulation. D. Their reasoning function needs to be employed properly. 31. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To analyze the energy consumption of LLMs. B. To compare different types of AI models. C. To advocate for intelligent use of AI. D. To expose the environmental risks of AI. 答案 28. C 29. B 30. D 31. C 解析 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，聚焦大型语言模型（LLMs）的高能耗问题，分析了其能耗高的原因、生命周期中能耗的主要来源，指出其环境影响难以量化的现状，并呼吁人们更智能地使用人工智能。 28. C 推理判断题。根据第一段“an 'average' ChatGPT query uses energy equal to 'about what an oven would use in a little over one second'”可知，作者引用OpenAI CEO的话，是为了通过具体类比凸显LLMs能耗问题这一令人担忧的情况。A选项“质疑一种信念”、B选项“澄清一个概念”、D选项“呈现一项发现”均未体现，核心是强调对能耗问题的关注，故选C。 29. B 推理判断题。根据第四段“the exact figure of energy consumption is difficult to obtain”“Inference, too, is difficult to quantify”“the emissions from this process are largely a black box”可知，LLMs实际的能源影响在很大程度上仍不明确。A选项“数据的隐蔽性限制了AI的更好表现”文中未提及；C选项“解决环境问题促进AI突破”无依据；D选项“LLMs的环境责任转移给用户”与文意不符，用户仅需智能使用，并非承担主要责任，故选B。 30. D 细节理解题。根据最后一段“For easy questions, skip large reasoning models”可知，作者认为LLMs的推理功能应合理使用，避免在简单问题上浪费能耗。A选项“其运行能耗应低于训练能耗”文中未对比二者能耗高低；B选项“其日益增长的主导地位依赖于思考能力”无依据；C选项“其广泛应用需要行政监管”文中未提及，仅呼吁智能使用，故选D。 31. C 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章先分析LLMs高能耗问题，最后落脚于“the fix isn't to abandon AI, but to use it more intelligently”，核心目的是倡导智能使用人工智能。A选项“分析LLMs的能耗”是文章的部分内容，非核心目的；B选项“对比不同类型的AI模型”仅在第三段略有提及；D选项“揭露AI的环境风险”是为了引出后续的倡导，并非最终目的，故选C。 （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 A （2026·西城·期末） When the heat sets in, the siren (汽笛) song of the ice cream truck fills the air, and lemonade stands appear along sidewalks. These sweet treats are often synonymous (同义的) with summer, and a new study has found that sugar consumption in the U.S. rises noticeably as temperatures climb. The magnitude of such impact is particularly apparent among certain groups of people and raises concerns over the health implications as the climate continues to heat up. Much of the research on global warming and food has focused on how climate affects the nutritional content of food or how food consumption contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Pan He, an environmental scientist, hit on the idea to look at the relationship: how rising temperatures affect food consumption. Her team focused on sugar due to its links to diabetes, heart disease and cancer. The researchers paired temperature data with U.S. household grocery purchases. They found little difference in consumption below 12℃. But between that temperature and 30℃, consumption increased by 0.7g/℃. There was a slowdown above 30℃, which the authors propose could be related to extreme heat suppressing (抑制) appetite. Most of the overall increase came from sugary drinks like sodas. Frozen desserts such as ice cream made a smaller contribution. There was a slight decrease in the consumption of sugary foods such as cakes or cookies, suggesting people may be replacing other options with iced treats. The increase is concerning because the average recommended daily sugar intake for a 2,400-calorie diet is about 60g-and a single can of soda can have around 40g. Consumption patterns varied, though. Men consumed more sugary drinks than women. Also, the amount of added sugar consumed during hot weather was several times higher for low-income families than for wealthy ones. Lower-income households are less likely to have access to air conditioning, making them more reliant on sugary drinks to cool down. Outdoor workers and less-educated families also showed higher sugar consumption. There were additional differences, with White Americans having the highest added sugar effect, while Asian Americans showed no significant change. This suggests climate change may widen existing nutritional inequalities and unintentionally worsen diet-related health risks. The researchers projected that, without intervention, sugar consumption in the U.S. would keep rising with warming. Solutions could include nutritional education, clearer sugar labeling and an added sugar tax. Other measures-like ensuring accessible drinking water and breaks at outdoor workplaces-could cut sugary drink consumption and reduce heat-related illness risks. Alice Lichtenstein, a nutrition scientist not involved in the study, urges more research into how the accessibility and pricing of sugary drinks compare with those of water for disadvantaged groups. “We need to better understand the behavioral forces behind negative health decisions like increased sugary drink consumption in hot weather,” she says, “and use this to design strategies to lessen these behaviors.” 28. What does the underlined word “magnitude” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Nature. B. Origin. C. Duration. D. Extent. 29. What can we learn from Pan He’s research? A. Warming leads to higher intake of different sugary foods. B. Heat affects sugar intake differently among groups of people. C. Intervention in nutritional education has been widely employed. D. Food consumption increases consistently with the rise of temperature. 30. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. The Concerning Trend: Giving in to Our Sweet Tooth B. The Burning Truth: Heat Is Reshaping Our Diets C. Sweet Appeal: Climate’s Hidden Health Effect D. Climate’s Bite: Insufficient Sugar Intake 31. What is Alice Lichtenstein’s attitude towards the research? A. Supportive but cautious. B. Critical but hopeful. C. Approving and suggestive. D. Doubtful and curious. B （2026·海淀·期末） Rats given gut microbiome (肠道微生物) transplants from energetic young children seem keener to explore their environment. "It suggests our microbes are active participants in emotional development, not just passive passengers," says Harriet Schellekens at University College Cork in Ireland, who wasn't involved in the study. A growing body of research has linked the communities of microbes that reside in our guts to our health, emotions and moods. For example, people who lack certain types of gut bacteria seem to face a higher risk of depression or anxiety. It isn't entirely clear if the microbes cause these changes or if the microbial community alters as a result of behaviour, but there are some signs that altering the make-up of the microbiome can influence mood. For example, faecal (排泄物) transplants from people with depression to rats seem to cause depressive behaviour in the rats, and people with depression treated with faecal transplants have seen their symptoms improve in preliminary trials. To shed more light on how the gut microbiome may be linked to temperament (性情), Anna Aatsinki at the University of Turku in Finland and her colleagues transplanted faeces from toddlers to young rats. First, they evaluated the personalities of 27 2.5-year-old toddlers using a standard temperament assessment and an exercise in which children were invited to play with a bubble gun. Based on these assessments, the researchers judged 10 of the toddlers as exuberant (充满活力的), and eight as inhibited and introverted. From these groups, they selected four exuberant and four inhibited toddlers - half boys, half girls - and collected samples of their faeces. Faecal samples with added glycerol or control samples of glycerol were transferred to 53 rats aged 22 or 23 days old, which had already had their bowels cleansed. Aatsinki and her colleagues then put the rats through a series of behavioural tests in different situations. They found that rats with microbiomes from toddlers with high exuberance traits showed more exploratory behaviour than rats with a control transplant or those receiving faeces from inhibited toddlers. To explore how gut microbes might influence the brain, they also analysed brain tissue, looking for changes in gene activity. This showed that rats given transplants from inhibited toddlers had less activity in neurons that produce dopamine, a brain chemical linked to reward for risk-taking behaviour. "This study beautifully shows how the gut microbiome in early life may help shape behavioural tendencies," says Schellekens. The influence shouldn't be overstated though, says Aatsinki. "Overall, adults' temperament traits are relatively strongly correlated with genetics, but environmental factors, potentially including the microbiome, could influence the variance of some behaviours." 28. What can we know about the design of Aatsinki's research? A. Behaviors of three groups of rats were compared. B. The rats underwent a temperament assessment. C. It involved cross-species organ transplant. D. The toddlers were grouped by gender. 29. What can we learn from Aatsinki's research? A. It is the first research to have linked gut microbes with emotions. B. Introverted kids' gut microbes reduce rats' adventurousness. C. Faecal treatments ease patients' depressive symptoms. D. Our personalities are strongly linked to our diet. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Rat Study Reveals Personality Secret B. Rat Tests Uncover Behavioural Difference C. Gut Microbiomes May Influence Our Personality D. Gut Microbiome Transplant Might Cure Depression 31. What does Aatsinki want to emphasize? A. Genetics play a dominant role in temperament. B. Environmental factors affect behavior variance. C. Gut microbiomes have limited impact on temperament. D. Early life microbiomes shape behavioral tendencies. C （2026·朝阳·期末） What’s the first thing you notice when you step into a museum? Is it the long-faded colors of ancient objects from all around the world or the whispered sounds of visitors discussing what they see? Museums allow us to indirectly “experience” the past by tapping into our primary senses, such as sight or hearing, but more often than not, smell is missing. We don’t think about smell when studying the past. One of the problems is that it is incredibly hard to study. The scents (香味) and smells had already been gone before archaeologists (考古学家) could come and study the sites. “New chemical and biomolecular (生物分子) methods in archaeology have kind of reopened the door to continue to study these things. Of course, what we have from ancient texts can also help a lot,” says Barbara Huber, an archaeochemist from Germany. “When we do find all these details, they can enrich our understanding of a lot of aspects of past ways of life, including medicine, trade and social status.” In the study of ancient materials, the study of trade and the incense road (香料之路) was always an interesting point for researchers. But the problem is that the incense road was often looked at from the perspective of classical scholars-namely texts from ancient Greece or ancient Rome. From the very beginning, the story of the incense road was told by outsiders, who were also not contemporary. “We don’t have any evidence from the earlier periods, the Iron Age and the Bronze Age in ancient Arabia,” Huber says. “So it was very interesting to track down molecular remains that can tell us a lot about ancient materials.” In one case study, Huber and her team looked at the content of incense burners and found Peganum-a medicinal and psychoactive plant. They realized that in these incense burners, specifically, people actually used it for medicinal or psychoactive purposes. This was interesting because the practice of incense burning seems to not only be sensorial but also have this medicinal component. The study revealed something where we had absolutely no idea: medicinal practices in ancient Arabia. We, all of a sudden, had an idea of how people used their local pharmacopoeia-the document of medicinal ingredients issued by the government for treating illnesses; in this case, they burned Peganum and then probably breathed the smoked-not just applied it to the skin or drank it. The practice of burning incense is still part of people’s lives today, but it goes all the way back. And if we follow it to the roots of where it began, history isn’t something that we only see. 28. Why does the author raise two questions in Paragraph 1? A. To stress a prejudice. B. To compare phenomena. C. To reveal a limitation. D. To introduce an experience. 29. What can we learn from this passage? A. Incense remains helped identify ancient medicinal practices. B. Sensorial purposes of incense burning used to be overlooked. C. The use of medicinal incense needed approval from government. D. The trade on the incense road was witnessed by classical scholars. 30. What is the passage mainly about? A. Why smells are absent when we study the past. B. How archaeologists scent out smells of the past. C. How we can bring long-lost smells into modern life. D. Why challenges arise in the study of historical smells. 31. What does Barbara Huber’s case study show? A. Ancient Arabs preferred breathing medicinal smoke. B. Incense burning had multiple functions in the past. C. Molecular remains are the only evidence of ancient trade. D. Pharmacopoeia documented all local medicinal plants. D （2026·丰台·期末） We are finally starting to build a picture of the many different ways of thinking, and understand how your inner mindscape affects your experience of reality. In 1973, Russell Hurlburt at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, invented a method that would give us a better handle on introspective (内省的) experiences: a beeper that attaches to the ear and sounds at random intervals. At each beep, volunteers record their current inner experience, which is later discussed in detail with researchers. This method, called descriptive experience sampling, has been used with thousands of people over the decades. “After four or five days, you have a pretty good sense of someone’s inner experience,” Hurlburt says. That’s not to say it is easy. The first surprise was that people really struggle to introspect, so much so that beeper studies tend to ignore the first day’s data as it is too unreliable. Even defining a “thought” is tricky. What Hurlburt’s method reveals is that our thoughts seem to include five common phenomena: inner speech, inner seeing, feelings, sensory awareness, and unsymbolized thinking. The second surprise was that we are poor judges of what is going on inside our own heads. Beeper studies are time-consuming, so self-report questionnaires asking people how they think are more common. Comparing these two approaches reveals shocking differences. Research suggests that we massively overestimate the amount of thinking we do in all five main phenomena, with the results of self-report questionnaires being between two and four times higher than those of descriptive experience sampling. What has become clear is that we all think using our own combination of phenomena. Each of the five main types appears in about 25% of beeps. A single thought might contain five or more separate simultaneous images along with inner speech about something else entirely. Descriptive experience sampling also challenges the simple dichotomy (二分法) between mind-wandering and focused thought. Charles Fern at the University of Durham found that about 40% of thoughts don’t fit neatly into either category, suggesting both states can be active simultaneously at different levels. “People’s experiences seem to unfold on multiple, parallel, simultaneous tracks,” he says. Even inner speech is not a single thing. “It’s a kind of language, and language is incredibly versatile,” says Fern. It can be a monologue, dialogue, emotional, or dispassionate. Similarly, inner seeing varies greatly. The idea that people are either visual or verbal thinkers is a misconception. “We consistently find positive correlations,” says Fern. People with vivid inner imagery also tend to have a vocal inner voice. Our minds often blend different thought forms in ways resembling synesthesia (通感). “Until very recently, both philosophers and scientists have assumed that everybody thinks just like them,” says Fiona Macpherson of the University of Glasgow. “We now know there’s a lot that is very different.” 27. Descriptive experience sampling can help researchers ______. A. record people’s daily activities regularly B. get specific individuals’ inner experience C. test volunteers’ response to random beeps D. predict people’s self-reflective experience 28. What can we learn from the passage? A. People can be neatly divided into verbal or visual thinkers. B. Overestimation of inner experience leads to poor introspection. C. Our inner experience is richer and more mixed than we assume. D. The difficulty in defining “thought” adds inaccurate self-reports. 29. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a concept. B. Make comparisons. C. Illustrate an approach. D. Present research findings. 30. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Do You Think the Same Way as Others? B. Can We Truly Understand Each Other? C. How Do You Define Your Thoughts? D. How Well Do You Know Yourself? 刷真题 A （2024·北京·高考真题D篇） Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. D. Written laws have great influence on virtues. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality （2023·北京·高考真题C篇） In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem 29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Climate change has been forgotten. B. Lessons of history are highly valued. C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 30. What does the author intend to tell us? A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. （2022·北京·高考真题C篇） “What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending 29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. B. The relationships among players have been clarified. C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A. It may be used to justify power imbalance. B. It can be applied to tackle challenges. C. It helps to prove why hunger exists. D. It goes beyond human imagination. （2021·北京·高考真题C篇） Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 28. What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Scientific. B. Credible. C. Original. D. Relevant. 29. As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A. worried B. puzzled C. surprised D. scared 30. What can we learn from this passage? A. The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B. The author agrees with the message of the poem. C The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D. The global collapse is well underway. 1 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 专题03阅读理解说明文 （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 （2026·西城·期末） 28. D 29. B 30. C 31. C （2026·海淀·期末） 28. A 29. B 30. C 31. C （2026·朝阳·期末） 28. C 29. A 30. B 31. B （2026·丰台·期末） 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. A 刷真题 （2024·北京·高考真题D篇） 32. C 33. B 34. D （2023·北京·高考真题C篇） 28. D 29. C 30. A （2022·北京·高考真题C篇） 28. C 29. A 30. B （2021·北京·高考真题C篇） 28. D 29. A 30. B 1 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $