专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（福建专用）2026年高考英语一模分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自然——人与环境 Passage 1 （2025·福建漳州市·一模） A recent study, which surveyed 10,000 young people from 10 countries, showed that nearly 60% of them were extremely worried about the future state of the planet. It shows clearly that climate change is not just a threat to our environment. It also poses a very real threat to our emotional well- being. This “heightened emotional and mental concern in response to dangerous changes in the climate system” is defined as eco-anxiety. Eco- anxiety is a common occurrence among youth today. It also affects the most economically disadvantaged across the globe. But at the highest risk may be researchers who work in climate and ecological science, burdened by the reality represented by their findings. In 2024, eco-anxiety will rise to become one of the leading causes of mental health problems. The reasons are obvious. On the one hand, climate issues seem to be getting out of control; on the other, our political class is not offering strong leadership. The COP28 conference in Dubai will be headed by an oil and gas company director. Fortunately, greater levels of eco-anxiety will also offer an approach to the climate crisis. Caroline Hickman, a researcher on eco- anxiety from the University of Bath, warns that eco- anxiety should not be pathologized (病态化). According to Hickman, anyone experiencing it is displaying entirely natural reactions to the climate crisis. Her suggestion? Use eco-anxiety as a tool for good—as an emotion that can make people act in protection of our planet. This is why, in 2024, we will also see more people around the world join the fight for climate justice and seek jobs that prioritize environmental sustainability. Campaigners will put increased pressure on fossil fuel industries and the governments to rapidly phase out the usage of polluting coal, oil, and gas. After all, eco-anxiety is not something we will defeat with  therapy (疗法)— we will tackle it by taking action. 1．Who are most likely to develop eco-anxiety? A．Young people. B．Climate researchers. C．Those with mental problems. D．Those struggling with poverty. 2．What is the author’s attitude to governments’ response to climate issues? A．Unclear. B．Tolerant. C．Critical. D．Supportive. 3．What does Hickman suggest people do with eco-anxiety? A．Turn it into motivation to act. B．Do more research on it. C．Accept it as a natural reaction. D．Find a good tool to fight it. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Fossil fuel industries should be ended. B．We need to seek justice in the jobs we do. C．Campaigners are urged to protect the planet. D．Joint efforts are needed to address eco-anxiety. Passage 2 （2024·福建省部分地市校·一模） Goldfish may seem like simple creatures swimming in a glass tank, but they possess a rather complicated navigation system, as discovered by researchers at the University of Oxford. Led by Dr. Adelaide Sibeaux, the study aims to shed light on our understanding of how fish, and potentially humans, estimate distances using what could be described as an internal GPS. Writing in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Sibeaux and colleagues report how they created a tank in their experiment with 2cm-wide black and white vertical stripes (垂直条纹) on the walls, connected by similar stripes across the floor. The team trained nine goldfish to swim a set distance of 70cm and then return to their starting point when waved at. The experiment aimed to investigate how the fish would estimate this distance without any gestures, under different patterns. Over multiple trials, the goldfish averaged a swim distance of 74cm, give or take 17cm, when presented with the vertical 2cm-wide stripes. However, when the stripe pattern was altered to either narrower vertical stripes, checked patterns, or horizontal stripes (水平条纹), the fish’s behavior changed significantly. Narrower vertical stripes led them to overestimating the distance by 36%, while horizontal stripes resulted in highly inconsistent estimations. According to the researchers, the goldfish appeared to be using an “optic (光学的) flow mechanism” based on the visual density of their environment. They kept track of how frequently the vertical pattern switched between black and white to estimate how far they had traveled. The study suggests that different optic flow mechanisms are used by mammals, including humans, based on angular (有角度的) motion of visual features. The study implies that the use of visually based distance information could have emerged early in the evolutionary timeline. “This study is novel because, despite knowing that fish respond to geometric information regarding direction and distance, we don’t know how they estimate distances,” Professor Colin Lever, although not involved in the study, said, “it’s exciting to explore fish spatial mapping because fish navigation evolved earlier and better than most mammals.” 1．Why did Dr. Adelaide Sibeaux conduct the study on goldfish? A．To test the accuracy of goldfish’s internal GPS. B．To create an advanced navigation system for humans. C．To uncover how an inbuilt GPS helps calculate distances. D．To explore the relationships between goldfish and humans. 2．What can we learn about the experiment? A．People gestured the goldfish throughout the experiment. B．The tank was decorated with colorful background patterns. C．Goldfish tended to underestimate distances with horizontal stripes. D．The change in the tank setting led to the goldfish’s incorrect judgment. 3．What can be concluded from paragraph 4? A．Optic flow mechanism is unique to humans. B．Mammals developed flow mechanism long before goldfish. C．Goldfish evaluated the distance with multidimensional visual information. D．Visual density of the environment strengthened the locating ability of goldfish. 4．What attitude does Professor Colin hold towards the study? A．Objective. B．Ambiguous. C．Disapproving. D．Favorable. 主题02 人与社会——社会与文化 Passage 1 （2025·福建漳州市·一模） While beauty pageants (选美比赛) have been around for about 200 years, a first of its kind pageant has recently emerged — Miss AI, the world’s first beauty pageant for artificial intelligence-generated influencers and models. Contestants will first be given points based on their beauty and tech. Beauty points are awarded like in every pageant, based on their conventional beauty and ability to answer questions maturely. However, it’s worth considering that all the models were specifically designed to meet or even exceed (超过) all modern day beauty standards so the category won’t be hard to score in. It’s the technical quality and realism of the model that are vital to win points, especially since AI is known to have little but noticeable flaws, like a sixth finger or extra teeth. The consistency of contestants’ social media interaction with fans, as well as how they are using their platforms are also what earn them points in the social clout category. For example, Kenza Layli, the AI influencer topping the shortlist, fights to promote a society of empowered Moroccan women and was praised by the judges for her ability to tie a larger international audience to her cause, through her 196,000 followers on Instagram. However, concerns have also arisen about such pageants. When asked about his viewpoint on the significance of AI pageants, Kenza’s creator Rahul Choudhry commented: “AI is here to help humans, and Kenza’s purpose is to spread awareness. She has a celebrity-like quality because we noticed people tend to follow celebrities and join their causes.” That celebrity-like quality does have other effects on audiences as well, such as envy and lower self-respect. Besides, real-life beauty pageants have been for decades criticized for their objectification and lack of body diversity, supporting poisonous beauty standards and misleading people in their perception of beauty. In the case of AI pageants, these issues only worsen because they are not real, making their appearance genuinely unattainable and damaging young women’s idea of beauty. 1．What is the key in judging an AI contestant’s beauty? A．Special designs. B．Beauty standards. C．Details in appearances. D．Performances in question-answering. 2．What does the underlined word “clout” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Atmosphere. B．Progress. C．Influence. D．Relation. 3．Real- life beauty pageants are criticized mainly because ______. A．they recognize body diversity B．they don’t accept the beauty of AI C．they adopt unchanged beauty standards D．they don’t advocate proper ideas on beauty 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Beauty Pageants B．Artificial Attraction C．Concerns over AI D．Breakthroughs in AI Passage 2 （2025·福建宁德第一中学·一模） Recently a Beijing father sent in a question at an Internet forum asking what “PK” meant. “My family has been watching the “Singer 2024” singing competition TV program. My little daughter asked me what 'PK' meant, but I had no idea,” explained the puzzled father. To a lot of Chinese young people who have been playing games online, it is impossible not to know this term. In such Internet games, “PK” is short for “Player Kill”, in which two players fight until one ends the life of the other. In the case of the “Singer 2024” singing competition, “PK” was used to refer to the stage where two singers have to compete with each other for only one chance to go up in competition ranking. For example, in the final, there is Na Ying with Tan Weiwei, only one of whom has the prize for championship. Like this father, Chinese teachers at high schools have also been finding their students' compositions using Internet jargons (行话) which are difficult to understand. A high school teacher from Tianjin asked her students to write compositions with simple language, but they came up with a lot of Internet jargons that she didn't understand. “My 'GG' came back this summer from college. He told me I've grown up to be a 'PLMM'. I loved to 'FB' with him together; he always took me to the 'KPM',” went one composition. “GG” means Ge Ge (Chinese pinyin for brother). “PLMM” refers to Piao Liang Mei Mei (beautiful girl). “FB” means Fu Bai (corruption). “KPM” is short for KFC, Pizza Hut and McDonald's.     Some specialists welcome Internet jargons as a new development in language. If you do not even know what a Kong Long (dinosaur, referring to an ugly looking female) or a Qing Wa (frog, referring to an ugly looking male) is, you will possibly be regarded as a Cai Niao! 1．By writing the article, the writer tries to ________. A．explain some Internet language B．suggest common Internet language C．laugh at the Beijing father D．draw our attention to Internet language 2．What does the writer think about the term “PK”? A．Fathers can't possibly know it. B．The daughter should understand it. C．Online game players may know it. D．“Singer 2024” shouldn't have used it. 3．The examples of the Beijing father and the Tianjin teacher are used to show that Internet jargons  ________. A．are used not only online B．can be understood very well C．are welcomed by all the people D．cause trouble to our mother tongue 4．What would be the best title for the passage? A．A puzzled father B．Do you speak Internet-ish? C．Keep away from Internet-ish D．Kong Long or Qing Wa? Passage 3 （2025·福建宁德市一级达标学校·一模） You may never know why. The email will arrive and reasons offered for your rejection might be the real ones—or not. Bosses have always spied on their employees, then judged them. Now the rise of the online self means the employer’s eye can travel still farther. Even before the pandemic, research found that 28% of large companies had turned down applicants after carrying out such checks. And it is becoming more popular: Reed Screening, a large agency, was asked to run over a third more social-media checks in December 2021 than a year earlier. This month the government gave the practice approval when the Department for Education said schools and colleges “should consider carrying out an online search as part of their due diligence (尽职调查)”. The way screening works is simple: Any “problematic” behaviours will be marked with a red flag. There are laws governing such online screening. David Erdos head of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law, says that companies are supposed to warn candidates before screening their social media and tell them that they have the right to hold back permission. Some companies follow these rules, but others may not. As for the right to refuse, it is hardly practicable. “Who on earth is going to be that person who says: ‘Hang on a minute, I’m not happy about that?’” asks Mr. Erdos. “That itself is likely to be a red flag.” All agree that the spread of online screening is alarming, as it is so unforgiving. “People may be unable ever to be free of their online past,” says Mr. Erdos. As indeed some footballers, recently punished for comments made almost a decade ago when they were but teenagers, have found to their cost. Those within the industry think laws should be tightened, with punishment for illegal act. In the meantime, being very careful is advisable. In talks to university students, Mr. Erdos warns them what companies will do to their social media when they apply for jobs. They are “universally terrified ”, he says. And rightly so. 1．What can we infer about online screening from paragraph 2? A．It is discouraged by large companies. B．It is becoming increasingly acceptable in applicants. C．It is more widely applied. D．It highlights the wisdom of employers. 2．How do applicants usually respond to online screening? A．They become indifferent to the red flags. B．They have to give in to it. C．They reject the screening. D．They ignore their online profiles. 3．What is Mr Erdos’ opinion on posting comments online? A．It is a fair way to evaluate employee. B．University students are free to do it. C．It should be under strict laws. D．Its effect is hard to remove. 4．What could be a suitable title for the text? A．Fix Your Eyes on Online Screening B．Your Employer Is Watching You Remotely C．Social-media Checks Are Around the Corner D．Checks Online Are to Blame for Unemployment 主题03 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （2025·福建福州·一模） In a digital, global world where thinking critically and generating new ideas count, a cradle-to-career approach to educating children must be mindful of how children learn to learn, not just what they learn. The Intellectual Lives of Children allows readers to look into the minds of kids as they explore and learn in everyday moments, emphasizing what constitutes real learning. Children are born with playful curiosity. They ask questions about everything — Why does a tree have leaves? Why does the Sun come up? These questions help children discover the causal relationships among things — all with the guidance of adults. Yet explorations take time. As Engel writes, “when children are allowed to dive into a topic thoroughly, they connect unrelated facts and generate new ideas.” The real mental work takes place as they play — when a child builds a platform of chairs to get cookies from an out-of-reach cookie box. Hidden in these moments are strengthened curiosity and innovation. Hurried parents often lack the ability to allow that time, fearing that their children might be late for their next scheduled activity. “It becomes clear that the educational system in U. S. does not concern itself with children’s intellectual lives,” warns Engel in the book. Instead, she hopes to reimagine schools as “idea factories” built on inspiring curiosity: “Imagine assessing students progress under some new headings: poses interesting questions, ... and spends time solving them. In one lovely example, Engel describes a teacher who challenged her students to construct a record- breaking straw chain measuring 3.8 miles. “Winning would be fun, but the cognitive (认知的) benefits would be far-reaching,” explains the teacher, whose goal was to help the children better understand the depth of the Mariana Trench. With scientific insight and vivid examples, Engel’s book offers tips for how to make the learning more apparent. She encourages parents to see children as active thinkers and suggests that by asking open-ended questions and letting them explore, children will be better prepared for a complex and ever-changing world. 1．How will children’s playful curiosity become real learning? A．By giving kids a time limit. B．By planning out extra activities. C．By remembering casual facts. D．By allowing kids to fully explore. 2．What’s Engel’s attitude toward American educational system? A．Critical. B．Unclear. C．Unconcerned. D．Tolerant. 3．What is special about Engel’s book? A．It presents a complicated world. B．It promotes scheduled activities. C．It combines science and practice. D．It features open- ended questions. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Fun Inspires Kids’ Curiosity B．Play Develops Better Thinkers C．Learning Feeds Young Minds D．Hurried Parents Teach Kids Well Passage 2 （2025·福建闽侯县第一中学·一模） Are athletes nearing the limits of what’s possible? Are they struggling to break records? The hammer throw (链球), for example, hasn’t seen a new world record since 1986. Yet, athletes frequently outdo themselves in other sports, such as the 400-metre sprint. Although professional athletes often boast impressive muscles, simply increasing muscle mass does not guarantee improved athletic performance. This is partly because muscles lose efficiency as they grow. More muscle mass produces extra force, but the benefits decrease as muscle mass continues to grow and muscles will eventually approach a hard limit on what they can achieve. An athlete’s dominant muscle fibre type also significantly impacts performance. Sprinters (短跑运动员) have a high concentration of fast-twitch fibres (快肌纤维) in contrast to marathon runners, who have a high concentration of slow-twitch fibres. Fast-twitch fibres are richer in energy stores, produce more powerful movements and tire us out more quickly than the slow-twitch variety. This difference sets a speed limit on high-endurance sports like long-distance running. Muscles set a ceiling on how hard athletes can work, but performance also depends on what athletes do with their muscles. In the 1968 Olympics, Dick Fosbury used an innovative strategy for the high jump that raised the bar. Instead of soaring forward over the pole, he turned his body mid-flight. The backward jump enabled him to leap over the pole with less effort. Five years later, Dwight Stones perfected the “Fosbury Flop” and broke the high-jump world record using this method. Technological advancements in sportswear also significantly boost performance. Shoes equipped with carbon-plated insoles (碳板鞋垫) can give runners an advantage. This type of footwear limits energy loss, meaning the runner has to put in less work to run faster. World Athletics allows athletes to compete with these shoes as long as the soft base is no higher than about 4 centimeters, so it’s possible this sportswear could lead to new running records. Ultimately, while muscle limitations exist, innovative techniques and advancements in sportswear continue to redefine athletic potential, suggesting that records, even seemingly unbeatable ones, may yet be defeated. 1．How does the writer introduce the topic? A．By raising questions on athletes’ concerns. B．By listing different sports events directly. C．By emphasizing the efficiency of muscle mass. D．By analyzing the limits of athletic performance. 2．What can be learned about the muscle fibre types according to paragraph 3? A．Fast-twitch fibres are ideal for Marathon runners. B．Sprinters possess more fast-twitch fibres than marathon runners. C．Slow-twitch fibres are more powerful and tire us more quickly. D．The muscle fibre type only has a small impact on performance. 3．Why does the author mention the “Fosbury Flop”? A．To praise Stones’ breaking the world record. B．To reveal limitations in high-jump techniques. C．To illustrate the significance of physical peak in athletes. D．To prove the role of creative techniques in athletic performance. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Only specific sports can see new records. B．Muscle mass guarantees athletic performance. C．Muscle limitations make new records impossible. D．Records may be broken with innovation and technology. Passage 3 （2025·福建泉州市·一模） I’m sure you’ve all taken some personality tests, like MBTI test or those in psychology class, that can be great for icebreaker activities but how do introversion and extroversion (内向与外向) play out in our daily lives? An introverted brain has a high automatic system reactivity which means that they are far less likely to seek out stimulation. Hence, introverts tend to be less social, avoid conflict and often process things the best when alone. Extroverts, however, draw their attention from the environment because of their brain’s low stimulation. They seek out social situations and often feel more comfortable in group settings. Our current education system emphasizes the need for “collaborative learning”, “project-based learning” and “flipped classrooms (翻转课堂)”. In this system, introversion in students can be commonly misinterpreted by teachers as boredom or problematic issues. Furthermore, introverted students are less likely to participate in group discussions, and oftentimes feel more pressure and anxiety to become extroverted. These feelings can easily flow into other aspects of life and impact an introvert’s social and academic life. However, there are still upsides to being an introvert. Introverts may not always thrive in the social aspects of a class, but their intense concentration and tendency to be organized and methodical can reflect further success in conventional forms of education like grades and exams. On average, more intelligent children are-found to be introverts than extroverts. So, what can teachers do? Firstly, one of the most important steps is recognizing; understanding the need to accommodate introverted students, while supporting extroverted students. For example, teachers can redefine participation. Participation shouldn’t just represent the times a student raises their hand or speaks in a discussion. Helping others, volunteering, revising work, etc. all reflect a student’s participation in the class. Besides, they can consider playing with space. Grouped desks might be great for extroverts but consider creating “quiet zones” for students willing to focus on a task or create submission boxes for introverted students to leave their discussion thought. 1．What is the cause of the difference between introverts and extroverts? A．Communication abilities. B．Attitude towards conflicts. C．Problem processing capability. D．Brain reactivity to stimulation. 2．What does the underlined word “thrive” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Succeed. B．Emerge. C．Withdraw. D．Struggle. 3．What does the author suggest teachers do? A．Develop students’ self-management skills B．Guide students to develop intense concentration. C．Encourage students to participate in class debates. D．Create an introvert-friendly learning environment. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Introverts & Extroverts: How Students React to Teaching B．Psychology of Personality: Challenges of Being Introverted C．Introverts & Extroverts: When Classrooms Overlook Introverts D．Psychology of Personality: Discussions on Class Participation 主题01 人与自然——人与环境 Passage 1 （2025·福建福州·一模） When my editors asked me to report on forest bathing, I packed a swimsuit. I assumed it must involve getting in the water. It turns out, my interpretation was too literal. I met certified Forest Therapy (治疗) guide Melanie Choukas-Bradley at an urban forest in Washington, D．C． Here, I began to get it. Forest bathing isn’t a bath or a hike. We did walk the forest trails, but we wandered with no particular destination in mind. The aim of forest bathing, Choukas- Bradley explained, is to slow down and throw oneself in the natural environment. She helped us be aware of the smells, tastes and sights of the forest. We took in our surroundings by using all our senses. As we passed through a stand of trees, we touched the trunks. We smelled the black walnuts, which give off a lovely fragrance (香气). We got a little shower of ripe mulberries, too. “Close your eyes and just breathe.” Choukas-Bradley told us. After I opened my eyes, the green looked a lot greener. And I began to see things I hadn’t noticed before. “A forest guide helps us be here, not there,” says Amos Clifford, the founder of the Association of Nature & Forest Therapy, the organization that certifies the guides. They support what the forests could offer us, inviting us into practices that deepen physical presence, pleasure, and partnership with nature. When we connect with nature in this way, we are connecting with ourselves. Clifford’s goal is to encourage health care proyiders to integrate forest therapy as a stress- reduction strategy. In the United States, work- related stress accounts for up to $190 billion in health care costs each year. “It’s my hope that the health care system will include forest therapy into the range of services,” Clifford says. 1．What is forest bathing? A．A hike up the mountain. B．An adventure in the woods. C．A swimming in open water. D．A guided nature healing practice. 2．How can we benefit from forest bathing? A．By improving our awareness. B．By doing intense training. C．By experiencing nature mindfully. D．By carrying out eyesight tests. 3．What can a guide help forest bathers do? A．Locate and pick ripe fruits. B．Put exercise plans into action. C．Identify different trees and birds. D．Concentrate on the surrounding nature. 4．What can we learn from Clifford’s words in the last paragraph? A．Health care system needs updating. B．Nature- based therapy costs too much. C．Stress- related diseases are commonly seen. D．Forest therapy could be an alternative treatment. Passage 2 （2025·福建宁德市一级达标学校·一模） US and Canadian researchers recently calculated the total amount of the worlds groundwater and estimated that it is equal to a lake 180 metres deep covering the entire Earth. This makes groundwater the largest active freshwater resource on the planet. The team also investigated its age. How did they do this? Humans introduced a convenient time signature on the Earth when we started testing atomic (原子的) weapons. This leaves a time stamp which can be found in water, rocks and living organisms. By seeing if radioactivity (放射性) from atomic bomb testing was present in the groundwater, the researchers could estimate that about 6% of this groundwater is younger than 50 years old. If this water was spread evenly over the continents, then there is just three metres depth of modern groundwater spread equally over the continents. It could be argued that if we use only this modern groundwater, then this is sustainable, as we know that it has been replaced or recharged (被补充) by natural processes over the last 50 years. But how quickly groundwater recharges changes over time. Water has to reach the inside of rocks, either now or in the past. This means that the amount of rainfall has to be more than the amount of water evaporating (蒸发) from the land surface, and more than the amount of water used by all the plants. When this occurs, fresh water can recharge the groundwater from either water “leaking” from the beds of rivers or from rainwater that passes through the soil. In many parts of the world we know that groundwater recharge varies due to natural climate variability such as El Nino. Groundwater recharge will also change with global warming. 1．How did the researchers estimate the age of the groundwater? A．By analyzing its chemical composition. B．By testing atomic bomb. C．By examining its freshness. D．By finding its time stamp. 2．What do people think of the supply of “modern” groundwater? A．It’s limited. B．It’s fresh. C．It’s vital. D．It’s abundant. 3．What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Water evaporating. B．Water leaking from river beds. C．Water getting into rocks. D．Water being used by all the plants. 4．What are the last three paragraphs mainly talking about? A．Groundwater sustainability. B．Climate variability. C．Groundwater exploration. D．Global warming. Passage 3 （2025·福建永春第一中学·一模） Wild chimpanzees are known to consume a broad range of plant matter, making it hard for researchers to figure out whether chimpanzees intentionally seek out medicinal plants to heal(治愈) themselves, or “passively” consume plants that happen to be medicinal. At the Budongo Central Forest Reserve in Uganda, researchers from the University of Oxford observed the behaviors and health of 51 wild chimpanzees, belonging to two habituated communities. The researchers observed a male chimpanzee with an injured hand seek out and eat the leaves of a fern, which may have helped to reduce pain and swelling. They also recorded another sick chimpanzee consuming a cat-thorn tree. The team also tested the plant species in the reserve, which they suspected were being consumed by the chimpanzees to self-medicate, for anti-inflammatory (抗炎) and antibacterial (抗菌) characteristics. The species included plants not part of the chimpanzees’ normal diet, but being consumed for their healing characteristics. The authors found 88% of the plant species had antibacterial characteristics, arresting the growth of bacteria, while 33% of them had anti-inflammatory characteristics. Deadwood from a tree in the Dogbane family showed the strongest antibacterial activity and also had anti-inflammatory characteristics, suggesting it could be used to treat wounds, they said. Roots from the East African mahogany tree and leaves from fern were found to exhibit potential anti-inflammatory effects. The results suggested that chimpanzees looked for and ate specific plants for their medicinal effects, and the study was one of the first to document evidence of this kind, the authors said. Team member Fabien Schultz hopes that the findings might lead to promising candidates for human medicines. “What if human lives can be saved by following the ways of our animal relatives?” he says. 1．Why is it challenging to determine if chimpanzees intentionally seek out medicinal plants? A．Medicinal plants are rare in the forest. B．Chimpanzees consume a wide variety of plant matter. C．Chimpanzees hide themselves when they are sick or injured. D．Researchers can hardly observe chimpanzees in the thick forest. 2．Which of the following might have the most powerful antibacterial effects? A．Dogbane trees. B．Leaves of ferns. C．Cat-thorn trees. D．East African mahogany tree roots. 3．What potential benefit does Fabien Schultz hope to achieve from the findings? A．Identifying new human medicines. B．Developing new animal care techniques. C．Improving chimpanzee health in the wild. D．Discovering new food sources for humans. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．The Diet of Wild Chimpanzees B．The Medicinal Characteristics of Plants C．The Dietary Habits of Wild Chimpanzees D．Chimpanzees Using Plants for Self- Medication 主题02 人与社会——社会与文化 Passage 1 （2024·福建省部分地市校·一模） When driving, Clara-Marina Martinez takes down any unusual behaviour she sees on the road. She then feeds these into machine-learning algorithms (算法), a form of AI, which are intended to produce a system reliable enough for a car to drive itself without any disturbance from the driver, and cope with all situations on the road. But this proving hard to achieve, carmakers choose to scale back many attempts to do so. Last year, for instance, Uber, a ride-hailing service, sold off its unit developing self-driving cars at a low price. Autonomous vehicles are boasted as being not just convenient but potentially safer. However, just as people take time to learn how to drive safely, machines are no exception. The RAND Corporation, an American think-tank, calculates that to develop a system 20% safer than a human driver, a fleet of 100 self-driving cars would have to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and cover 14 billion kilometres. At average road speeds, that would take about 400 years. Carmakers such as Porsche therefore accelerate the development process using simulators (模拟器). These teach software about danger only rarely encountered in reality. Dr Martinez and her colleagues employ “game engines”, the programs that generate photo realistic images in computer games, to do this. These are used to create virtual worlds through which the software can drive. How quickly, if ever, all this will translate into reality remains to be seen. Both regulators and customers will need to overcome doubt that a software driver really can be safer than human. From Porsche’s point of view, though, there is one other relevant question. Given that much of the reason for owning a sports car is for owners to show off what they regard as their driving skills, just how big a market will there be for a version where software takes those boasting rights away? 1．What do the underlined words “scale back” mean in Paragraph 1? A．Make B．Overlook. C．Encourage. D．Reduce. 2．The learning process of autonomous vehicles’ safe driving can be described as___________. A．time-consuming B．fast-paced C．thought-provoking D．well-designed 3．What challenge do autonomous vehicles bring to Porsche? A．Ensuring the pleasure of driving B．Making their sports cars affordable. C．Removing public doubts about safety. D．Integrating game engines into their vehicles. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Porsche: Sports Cars at Risk B．Self-driving Cars: Still Some Way to Go C．Simulators: The Core of Autonomous Vehicles D．Machine Learning Algorithms: The Arrival of Al Passage 2 （2024·福建延安中学·一模） Social welfare programs, including quality early education, earned-income tax credit and health care, can change children’s lives. More importantly, recent studies show the benefits from these programs strongly influence the next generation, lifting them out of poverty. The long-term impact of prekindergarten is well established and widely known. 50 years ago, 123 three-and four-year-old African Americans from low-income families in Ypsilanti, Michigan took part in an experiment. About half attended a pioneering early education program called Perry Preschool, while the control group did not. Researchers have been able to track the lives of most of these children ever since. The kids who went to Perry Preschool did better in school, made more money, and were healthier than the control group. The benefits of Perry Preschool didn’t just stop with those children. A study published last summer by Nobel Prize-winning economist James Heckman and his colleagues takes the implications of Perry a giant step further. This research shows that the children of the Perry preschoolers are also better off because of their parents’ experience. As the Perry preschoolers grew up, they became better educated and developed greater socio - emotional skills than the control group. They became better parents. Their children grew up in harmonious two-parent families that made, on average, about $ 10,000 more a year. It was enough to lift many of them out of poverty. This healthy upbringing has had a long-lasting effect on the children of the Perry preschoolers. Compared to the children of the control group, they were much less likely to have dropped out, and more likely to have graduated from high school. Here’s another example. A Norwegian study demonstrated the decades-long impact on babies who, during their first year, benefited from their mothers’ having had the opportunity to sign up for free mother and child health care centers. In the following years, these youngsters grew taller and stayed in school longer than those whose mothers did not receive the same support. At 40, they are in better health. 1．What do we know about Perry Preschool? A．It provided early quality education. B．It divided the kids into two groups. C．It received kids from all backgrounds. D．It continued to track half of the kids’lives. 2．What does the underlined word“implications”in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Truths. B．Assumptions. C．Effects. D．Suggestions. 3．What did the Perry Preschool experiment find? A．Perry preschoolers received less education. B．It had no impact on the participants’ children. C．Early education could bring economic benefits. D．The children of the control group became healthier. 4．What does the author want to convey through the text? A．Early quality education matters most. B．Social welfare can break the cycle of poverty. C．Wealth can be passed down through generations. D．Parents are important in shaping future generation. 主题03 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （2026·福建福州·一模） Can you tell fact from fiction online? In a digital world, few questions are more challenging than fighting misinformation. As an education researcher and former high school history teacher, I know that history class can stimulate critical thinking — but only if teachers and schools understand what it really means. Some might consider critical thinking an ability that teachers can encourage. Or they might be referring to specific skills — for instance, that students should learn a set of steps to take to assess information online. Cognitive (认知的) scientists see critical thinking as a specific kind of reasoning that involves problem-solving and making sound judgments. It can be learned, but it relies on specific content knowledge. Since context is key to critical thinking, learning to analyze information about current events likely requires knowledge about politics and history, as well as practice at tracing sources. Fortunately, that is what social studies classes are for. Social studies researchers often describe this kind of critical thinking as “historical thinking”: a way to evaluate evidence about the past and assess its reliability. In social studies classrooms students can make relatively quick progress on some of the surface features of historical thinking, such as learning to check a text’s date and author. Social studies classrooms can also build what researchers call “civic online reasoning.” Fact-checking is complex. It is not enough to tell young people that they should be careful online, or to trust sites that end in “.org” instead of “.com.” Rather than learning general principles about online media, civic online reasoning teaches students specific skills for evaluating information about politics and social issues. Therefore, the solution lies not in teaching critical thinking as a separate skill, but in preserving and strengthening traditional social studies education that combines background knowledge with analytical capabilities. Only then can we effectively prepare students to distinguish truth from fiction in our digital world. 1．How does the writer view critical thinking? A．It naturally develops over time. B．It is a kind of step-by-step learning. C．It is a form of content-based reasoning. D．It improves with teachers’ encouragement. 2．Why can social studies encourage critical thinking? A．They focus on past evidence. B．They question general principles. C．They develop fact-checking skills. D．They provide trustworthy websites. 3．Which can be considered “civic online reasoning” according to the text? A．Trusting online news without tracing sources. B．Assessing public matters via fact-checking. C．Dismissing social media as unreliable. D．Employing AI to spread news stories. 4．What solution does the author suggest? A．Applying traditional social skills. B．Highlighting historical knowledge. C．Emphasizing social studies learning. D．Teaching communication techniques. Passage 2 （2026·福建福州·一模） Imagine you’re writing a poem, rhymes must be paired up before you start a new line. It turns out that AI does something similar when Claude, a large language model (LLM), is given the first line “he saw a carrot and had to grab it”, it begins thinking about words like “rabbit” almost immediately, writing the next sentence to end at the appropriate rhyme. Such forethought is unexpected. Scientists at Anthropic, the lab that developed Claude, built a tool and they discovered some unexpected complexity. The tool, a “digital microscope”, lets scientists look at which parts of the AI’s neural (神经的) network light up when it’s working on different tasks. If a particular area of the LLM lights up whenever it produces words like rabbit, then that gets marked as being related to rabbits. This has let the team solve some open questions in AI research, for example, whether a multilingual (多语言的) chatbot has awareness of concepts beyond language. When Claude is asked for the opposite of “big” in English, or the same concept in Chinese, the same feature lights up in every case, before more language-specific circuits kick in to “translate” the concept of smallness into a particular word. This suggests that AI might have a deeper understanding of the world than we thought. Other insights, though, are less encouraging. When Claude itself is asked to reason, printing out its chain of thought to answer maths questions, the microscope suggests that the way the model says it reached a conclusion, and what it actually thought, might not always be the same. Worse still, ask a leading question — suggesting that the answer “might be 4”, and it will specifically add numbers that ultimately lead it to agree with the question, even if the suggestion is wrong. But being able to gain insight into the mind of an LLM provides clues as to how to stop it doing the same in the future. The goal, after all, is not to have to do brain surgery, but to know what it’s thinking. 1．What does the writer intend to show through the example in paragraph 1? A．AI can write texts as programmed. B．AI can plan sentences in advance. C．AI can deal with complex tasks. D．AI can simplify rhyming lines. 2．How does “digital microscope” function in the research? A．By tracking AI’s thinking activities. B．By working on different jobs. C．By activating AI’s “brain” potential. D．By matching language patterns. 3．What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about Claude? A．It may make stuff up. B．It may skip chains of thought. C．It may leave clues out. D．It may give logical reasoning. 4．Which of the following titles best suits this text? A．Why AI Still gets It Wrong B．Chatbots’ Language Magic C．Looking Inside AI’s Mind D．The Rise of AI Chatbots Passage 3 （2025·福建永春第一中学·一模） If you want to disturb the car industry, you’d better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems, small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys. As the co-founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition (美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself. I have a front-row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry. For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour — a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand-suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out, small farmers couldn’t touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a litter price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business. The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won’t happen without fundamental changes to the industry. One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one’s own land unattainable for many new farmers. From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions. Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with two-thirds of the nation’s farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation’s food. There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fairer farm economy, but farmers can’t clumsily put them together before us. We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers. 1．The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce . A．a trend of development in agriculture B．the importance of investing in car industry C．the progress made in car industry D．a special feature of agriculture 2．What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2? A．Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones. B．Competition between small and big farms is herce. C．Technology is vital for agricultural development. D．Loans to small local farmers are necessary. 3．What is the difficulty for those new farmers? A．To gain more financial aid. B．To have farms of their own. C．To hire good farm managers. D．To win old farmers’ support. 4．What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fairer farm economy? A．Become members of NYFC． B．Seek support beyond NYFC． C．Expand farmland conservation. D．Invest more to improve technology. Passage 4 （2025·福建闽侯县第一中学·一模） A technology with roots going back to the Bronze Age may offer a fast and inexpensive approach to helping achieve the United Nations climate goal of net zero emissions by 2050, according to recent Stanford-led research. The technology involves fitting heat-absorbing bricks in an insulated (隔热的) container, where they can store heat generated by solar or wind power for later use in industrial processes. The heat can then be released when needed by passing air through channels in the piles of “firebricks”, thus allowing cement, steel, glass, and paper factories to run on renewable energy even when wind and sunshine are unavailable. These systems are a form of thermal energy (热能) storage. The bricks are made from the same materials as the bricks that lined primitive kilns (窑) thousands of years ago. Batteries can store electricity and provide it to generate heat on demand. “The differences between firebrick storage and battery storage are that the firebricks store heat rather than electricity and that their cost is one-tenth the cost of batteries,” said lead study author Mark Z. Jacobson, a professor at Stanford University. “The materials are basically just the components of dirt. ” The researchers adopted computer models to compare costs, land needs, health impacts, and emissions involved in two scenarios for an imagined future where 149 countries in 2050 are using renewable sources for all energy purposes. In one scenario, firebricks provide 90% of industrial process heat. In the other, there’s zero adoption of firebricks or other forms of thermal energy storage. The researchers found the scenario with firebricks could cut costs by $1.27 trillion across the 149 countries, while reducing the demand for electrical energy and energy storage capacity from batteries. Jacobson’s focus on firebricks is relatively new, inspired by a desire to identify effective solutions that could be adopted quickly. “Here I can see a substantial benefits at low cost from multiple angles, from helping reduce air pollution deaths to making it easier to turn the world to clean energy,” he said. 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．How firebrick storage technology works. B．How firebricks are produced sustainably. C．What thermal energy means scientifically. D．What thermal energy storage is used to do. 2．What advantages do firebrick have over battery? A．Firebrick can store heat and cost less. B．Firebrick can generate more electricity. C．Firebrick can provide heat more quickly. D．Firebrick is made of more advanced materials. 3．Why are the computer models adopted? A．To test the durability of firebricks. B．To cut the costs of firebricks. C．To explore the effectiveness of firebricks. D．To test energy storage capacity of firebricks. 4．What might be a suitable title for the text? A．The usage of firebricks can replace batteries. B．Embracing renewable electricity becomes possible. C．Innovative systems turn heat into electricity cheaply. D．An old technology can aid the switch to clean energy. 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自然——人与环境 Passage 1 （2025·福建漳州市·一模） A recent study, which surveyed 10,000 young people from 10 countries, showed that nearly 60% of them were extremely worried about the future state of the planet. It shows clearly that climate change is not just a threat to our environment. It also poses a very real threat to our emotional well- being. This “heightened emotional and mental concern in response to dangerous changes in the climate system” is defined as eco-anxiety. Eco- anxiety is a common occurrence among youth today. It also affects the most economically disadvantaged across the globe. But at the highest risk may be researchers who work in climate and ecological science, burdened by the reality represented by their findings. In 2024, eco-anxiety will rise to become one of the leading causes of mental health problems. The reasons are obvious. On the one hand, climate issues seem to be getting out of control; on the other, our political class is not offering strong leadership. The COP28 conference in Dubai will be headed by an oil and gas company director. Fortunately, greater levels of eco-anxiety will also offer an approach to the climate crisis. Caroline Hickman, a researcher on eco- anxiety from the University of Bath, warns that eco- anxiety should not be pathologized (病态化). According to Hickman, anyone experiencing it is displaying entirely natural reactions to the climate crisis. Her suggestion? Use eco-anxiety as a tool for good—as an emotion that can make people act in protection of our planet. This is why, in 2024, we will also see more people around the world join the fight for climate justice and seek jobs that prioritize environmental sustainability. Campaigners will put increased pressure on fossil fuel industries and the governments to rapidly phase out the usage of polluting coal, oil, and gas. After all, eco-anxiety is not something we will defeat with  therapy (疗法)— we will tackle it by taking action. 1．Who are most likely to develop eco-anxiety? A．Young people. B．Climate researchers. C．Those with mental problems. D．Those struggling with poverty. 2．What is the author’s attitude to governments’ response to climate issues? A．Unclear. B．Tolerant. C．Critical. D．Supportive. 3．What does Hickman suggest people do with eco-anxiety? A．Turn it into motivation to act. B．Do more research on it. C．Accept it as a natural reaction. D．Find a good tool to fight it. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Fossil fuel industries should be ended. B．We need to seek justice in the jobs we do. C．Campaigners are urged to protect the planet. D．Joint efforts are needed to address eco-anxiety. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了“生态焦虑”的原因和措施。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“But at the highest risk may be researchers who work in climate and ecological science, burdened by the reality represented by their findings.(但风险最高的可能是从事气候和生态科学工作的研究人员，他们的发现所代表的现实给他们带来了负担。)”可知，气候和生态科学研究人员最有可能发展出生态焦虑。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“On the one hand, climate issues seem to be getting out of control; on the other, our political class is not offering strong leadership.(一方面，气候问题似乎正在失控;另一方面，我们的政治阶层没有提供强有力的领导)”可知，作者对政府应对气候问题的态度是批评的。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Her suggestion? Use eco-anxiety as a tool for good—as an emotion that can make people act in protection of our planet.(她的建议吗？把生态焦虑作为一种好的工具——一种可以让人们采取行动保护我们的星球的情绪。)”可知，Hickman建议人们将生态焦虑转化为行动的动力。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“After all, eco-anxiety is not something we will defeat with  therapy (疗法)— we will tackle it by taking action.(毕竟，生态焦虑不是我们可以通过治疗来战胜的——我们可以通过行动来解决它。)”可知，解决生态焦虑需要共同努力。故选D。 Passage 2 （2024·福建省部分地市校·一模） Goldfish may seem like simple creatures swimming in a glass tank, but they possess a rather complicated navigation system, as discovered by researchers at the University of Oxford. Led by Dr. Adelaide Sibeaux, the study aims to shed light on our understanding of how fish, and potentially humans, estimate distances using what could be described as an internal GPS. Writing in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Sibeaux and colleagues report how they created a tank in their experiment with 2cm-wide black and white vertical stripes (垂直条纹) on the walls, connected by similar stripes across the floor. The team trained nine goldfish to swim a set distance of 70cm and then return to their starting point when waved at. The experiment aimed to investigate how the fish would estimate this distance without any gestures, under different patterns. Over multiple trials, the goldfish averaged a swim distance of 74cm, give or take 17cm, when presented with the vertical 2cm-wide stripes. However, when the stripe pattern was altered to either narrower vertical stripes, checked patterns, or horizontal stripes (水平条纹), the fish’s behavior changed significantly. Narrower vertical stripes led them to overestimating the distance by 36%, while horizontal stripes resulted in highly inconsistent estimations. According to the researchers, the goldfish appeared to be using an “optic (光学的) flow mechanism” based on the visual density of their environment. They kept track of how frequently the vertical pattern switched between black and white to estimate how far they had traveled. The study suggests that different optic flow mechanisms are used by mammals, including humans, based on angular (有角度的) motion of visual features. The study implies that the use of visually based distance information could have emerged early in the evolutionary timeline. “This study is novel because, despite knowing that fish respond to geometric information regarding direction and distance, we don’t know how they estimate distances,” Professor Colin Lever, although not involved in the study, said, “it’s exciting to explore fish spatial mapping because fish navigation evolved earlier and better than most mammals.” 1．Why did Dr. Adelaide Sibeaux conduct the study on goldfish? A．To test the accuracy of goldfish’s internal GPS. B．To create an advanced navigation system for humans. C．To uncover how an inbuilt GPS helps calculate distances. D．To explore the relationships between goldfish and humans. 2．What can we learn about the experiment? A．People gestured the goldfish throughout the experiment. B．The tank was decorated with colorful background patterns. C．Goldfish tended to underestimate distances with horizontal stripes. D．The change in the tank setting led to the goldfish’s incorrect judgment. 3．What can be concluded from paragraph 4? A．Optic flow mechanism is unique to humans. B．Mammals developed flow mechanism long before goldfish. C．Goldfish evaluated the distance with multidimensional visual information. D．Visual density of the environment strengthened the locating ability of goldfish. 4．What attitude does Professor Colin hold towards the study? A．Objective. B．Ambiguous. C．Disapproving. D．Favorable. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，科学研究旨在阐明我们对鱼类如何使用内部GPS估计距离的理解。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“the study aims to shed light on our understanding of how fish, and potentially humans, estimate distances using what could be described as an internal GPS.(这项研究旨在阐明我们对鱼类以及潜在的人类如何利用一种可以被称为内部GPS的东西来估计距离的理解)”可知，这项研究旨在揭示内置GPS如何帮助计算距离。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“However, when the stripe pattern was altered to either narrower vertical stripes, checked patterns, or horizontal stripes (水平条纹), the fish’s behavior changed significantly. Narrower vertical stripes led them to overestimating the distance by 36%, while horizontal stripes resulted in highly inconsistent estimations.(然而，当条纹图案被改变为更窄的垂直条纹、格子图案或水平条纹时，鱼的行为发生了显著变化。较窄的垂直条纹导致他们高估了36%的距离，而水平条纹导致高度不一致的估计)”可知，鱼缸条纹改变后，鱼对距离的估算不准确了。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“According to the researchers, the goldfish appeared to be using an ‘optic (光学的) flow mechanism’ based on the visual density of their environment. They kept track of how frequently the vertical pattern switched between black and white to estimate how far they had traveled. The study suggests that different optic flow mechanisms are used by mammals, including humans, based on angular (有角度的) motion of visual features.(根据研究人员的说法，金鱼似乎使用了一种基于环境视觉密度的‘光学流动机制’。他们记录了垂直图案在黑色和白色之间切换的频率，以估计它们走了多远。这项研究表明，包括人类在内的哺乳动物使用不同的光流机制，这是基于视觉特征的角度运动)”可知，此处进一步阐明金鱼估计距离的原理，金鱼利用多维视觉信息来评估距离。故选C。 4．推理判断题。推理判断题。根据最后一段“This study is novel because, despite knowing that fish respond to geometric information regarding direction and distance, we don’t know how they estimate distances,” Professor Colin Lever, although not involved in the study, said, “it’s exciting to explore fish spatial mapping because fish navigation evolved earlier and better than most mammals.”(“这项研究是新颖的，因为尽管我们知道鱼类对方向和距离的几何信息有反应，但我们不知道它们是如何估计距离的，”科林·利弗教授说，尽管他没有参与这项研究，“探索鱼类的空间映射是令人兴奋的，因为鱼类的导航进化得比大多数哺乳动物更早，也更好。”)”可知，科林教授认为这项研究是令人兴奋的，所以是赞许的”可知，Colin教授对该研究的态度是积极地，赞成的。故选D。 主题02 人与社会——社会与文化 Passage 1 （2025·福建漳州市·一模） While beauty pageants (选美比赛) have been around for about 200 years, a first of its kind pageant has recently emerged — Miss AI, the world’s first beauty pageant for artificial intelligence-generated influencers and models. Contestants will first be given points based on their beauty and tech. Beauty points are awarded like in every pageant, based on their conventional beauty and ability to answer questions maturely. However, it’s worth considering that all the models were specifically designed to meet or even exceed (超过) all modern day beauty standards so the category won’t be hard to score in. It’s the technical quality and realism of the model that are vital to win points, especially since AI is known to have little but noticeable flaws, like a sixth finger or extra teeth. The consistency of contestants’ social media interaction with fans, as well as how they are using their platforms are also what earn them points in the social clout category. For example, Kenza Layli, the AI influencer topping the shortlist, fights to promote a society of empowered Moroccan women and was praised by the judges for her ability to tie a larger international audience to her cause, through her 196,000 followers on Instagram. However, concerns have also arisen about such pageants. When asked about his viewpoint on the significance of AI pageants, Kenza’s creator Rahul Choudhry commented: “AI is here to help humans, and Kenza’s purpose is to spread awareness. She has a celebrity-like quality because we noticed people tend to follow celebrities and join their causes.” That celebrity-like quality does have other effects on audiences as well, such as envy and lower self-respect. Besides, real-life beauty pageants have been for decades criticized for their objectification and lack of body diversity, supporting poisonous beauty standards and misleading people in their perception of beauty. In the case of AI pageants, these issues only worsen because they are not real, making their appearance genuinely unattainable and damaging young women’s idea of beauty. 1．What is the key in judging an AI contestant’s beauty? A．Special designs. B．Beauty standards. C．Details in appearances. D．Performances in question-answering. 2．What does the underlined word “clout” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Atmosphere. B．Progress. C．Influence. D．Relation. 3．Real- life beauty pageants are criticized mainly because ______. A．they recognize body diversity B．they don’t accept the beauty of AI C．they adopt unchanged beauty standards D．they don’t advocate proper ideas on beauty 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Beauty Pageants B．Artificial Attraction C．Concerns over AI D．Breakthroughs in AI 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕世界上首个人工智能选美比赛“Miss AI”展开，详细介绍了该比赛的评分标准，如基于美貌和科技、模特的技术质量和真实感、社交媒体与粉丝的互动等方面进行评分，同时也说明了人们对这类比赛的看法，包括积极的意义以及引发的担忧。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, it’s worth considering that all the models were specifically designed to meet or even exceed (超过) all modern day beauty standards so the category won’t be hard to score in. It’s the technical quality and realism of the model that are vital to win points, especially since AI is known to have little but noticeable flaws, like a sixth finger or extra teeth. (但是，值得考虑的是，所有型号都是专门为满足甚至超过所有现代美容标准而设计的，因此该类别不难得分。模型的技术质量和真实感对于赢得积分至关重要，尤其是因为众所周知AI几乎没有但明显的缺陷，例如第六根手指或额外的牙齿。)”可知，评判AI选手美丽的关键在于外观细节。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“The consistency of contestants’ social media interaction with fans, as well as how they are using their platforms are also what earn them points in the social clout category. (参赛者与粉丝的社交媒体互动的一致性，以及他们如何使用自己的平台，也是他们在社会……类别中获得积分的原因。)”可知，参赛者在社会影响力类别中获得积分，clout在此处指的是影响力。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段段中“Besides, real-life beauty pageants have been for decades criticized for their objectification and lack of body diversity, supporting poisonous beauty standards and misleading people in their perception of beauty. In the case of AI pageants, these issues only worsen because they are not real, making their appearance genuinely unattainable and damaging young women’s idea of beauty. (此外，几十年来，现实生活中的选美比赛一直因其物化和缺乏身体多样性而受到批评，支持有毒的审美标准并误导人们对美的看法。就人工智能选美比赛而言，这些问题只会变得更糟，因为它们不是真实的，使它们的外表真正无法实现，并损害了年轻女性的美观念。)”可知，现实生活中的选美比赛主要被批评是因为它们不倡导正确的美的观念。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Miss AI, the world’s first beauty pageant for artificial intelligence-generated influencers and models.”（Miss AI，世界上第一个针对人工智能生成的影响者和模型的选美比赛。）文章主要介绍了世界上首个针对人工智能生成的网红和模特的选美比赛“Miss AI”，包括比赛的评分标准以及人们对这类比赛的看法，其中既有对这些人工智能模型之美的展示（如在美容和科技方面的评分标准等），也有对其可能带来的不良影响的讨论，“Artificial Attraction(人造之美)”能够准确概括文章关于人工智能之美这个主题，B选项是最符合的。故选B项。 Passage 2 （2025·福建宁德第一中学·一模） Recently a Beijing father sent in a question at an Internet forum asking what “PK” meant. “My family has been watching the “Singer 2024” singing competition TV program. My little daughter asked me what 'PK' meant, but I had no idea,” explained the puzzled father. To a lot of Chinese young people who have been playing games online, it is impossible not to know this term. In such Internet games, “PK” is short for “Player Kill”, in which two players fight until one ends the life of the other. In the case of the “Singer 2024” singing competition, “PK” was used to refer to the stage where two singers have to compete with each other for only one chance to go up in competition ranking. For example, in the final, there is Na Ying with Tan Weiwei, only one of whom has the prize for championship. Like this father, Chinese teachers at high schools have also been finding their students' compositions using Internet jargons (行话) which are difficult to understand. A high school teacher from Tianjin asked her students to write compositions with simple language, but they came up with a lot of Internet jargons that she didn't understand. “My 'GG' came back this summer from college. He told me I've grown up to be a 'PLMM'. I loved to 'FB' with him together; he always took me to the 'KPM',” went one composition. “GG” means Ge Ge (Chinese pinyin for brother). “PLMM” refers to Piao Liang Mei Mei (beautiful girl). “FB” means Fu Bai (corruption). “KPM” is short for KFC, Pizza Hut and McDonald's.     Some specialists welcome Internet jargons as a new development in language. If you do not even know what a Kong Long (dinosaur, referring to an ugly looking female) or a Qing Wa (frog, referring to an ugly looking male) is, you will possibly be regarded as a Cai Niao! 1．By writing the article, the writer tries to ________. A．explain some Internet language B．suggest common Internet language C．laugh at the Beijing father D．draw our attention to Internet language 2．What does the writer think about the term “PK”? A．Fathers can't possibly know it. B．The daughter should understand it. C．Online game players may know it. D．“Singer 2024” shouldn't have used it. 3．The examples of the Beijing father and the Tianjin teacher are used to show that Internet jargons  ________. A．are used not only online B．can be understood very well C．are welcomed by all the people D．cause trouble to our mother tongue 4．What would be the best title for the passage? A．A puzzled father B．Do you speak Internet-ish? C．Keep away from Internet-ish D．Kong Long or Qing Wa? 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是说明文。网络语言已经逐渐渗透到我们日常的生活中来了，例如常见的“PK”、“GG”等 。然而网络术语的普遍应用又不能让所有人都完全适应，人们对此看法不一。不管怎样，这也代表了一种新的潮流。 1．推理判断题。通过阅读全文，网络语言已经逐渐渗透到我们日常的生活中来了，例如常见的“PK”、“GG”等 。然而网络术语的普遍应用又不能让所有人都完全适应，人们对此看法不一。不管怎样，这也代表了一种新的潮流。因此作者写文章的目的是把人们的注意力引到网络语言上来。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“To a lot of Chinese young people who have been playing games online, it is impossible not to know this term.( 对于很多一直在玩网络游戏的中国年轻人来说，不可能不知道这个词。)”可知，对于很多玩网上游戏的中国青年，不可能不认识这个术语。因此作者认为网游玩家应该懂得PK的意思。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Like this father, Chinese teachers at high schools have also been finding their students' compositions using Internet jargons (行话) which are difficult to understand.( 和这位父亲一样，中国的高中老师也发现学生的作文中使用了难以理解的网络术语。)”可知，北京爸爸和天津老师都是不太能理解网络语言的例子。在学生作文中有很多网络行话，会对中文的表达有影响。因此他们的例子是为了说明网络语言已经不仅仅局限于在网络使用了。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段“If you do not even know what a Kong Long (dinosaur, referring to an ugly looking female) or a Qing Wa (frog, referring to an ugly looking male) is, you will possibly be regarded as a Cai Niao!( 如果你甚至不知道什么是金刚龙（恐龙，指的是长相丑陋的雌性）或青蛙（蛙，指的是长相丑陋的雄性），你可能会被认为是菜鸟！)”可知，文章围绕“网络语言在生活中的出现”来展开并列举了多个例子，通过询问读者，你运用网络用语吗？来展示对全文的描述。因此文章最佳标题是“你讲网络语言吗？”切题。故选B。 Passage 3 （2025·福建宁德市一级达标学校·一模） You may never know why. The email will arrive and reasons offered for your rejection might be the real ones—or not. Bosses have always spied on their employees, then judged them. Now the rise of the online self means the employer’s eye can travel still farther. Even before the pandemic, research found that 28% of large companies had turned down applicants after carrying out such checks. And it is becoming more popular: Reed Screening, a large agency, was asked to run over a third more social-media checks in December 2021 than a year earlier. This month the government gave the practice approval when the Department for Education said schools and colleges “should consider carrying out an online search as part of their due diligence (尽职调查)”. The way screening works is simple: Any “problematic” behaviours will be marked with a red flag. There are laws governing such online screening. David Erdos head of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law, says that companies are supposed to warn candidates before screening their social media and tell them that they have the right to hold back permission. Some companies follow these rules, but others may not. As for the right to refuse, it is hardly practicable. “Who on earth is going to be that person who says: ‘Hang on a minute, I’m not happy about that?’” asks Mr. Erdos. “That itself is likely to be a red flag.” All agree that the spread of online screening is alarming, as it is so unforgiving. “People may be unable ever to be free of their online past,” says Mr. Erdos. As indeed some footballers, recently punished for comments made almost a decade ago when they were but teenagers, have found to their cost. Those within the industry think laws should be tightened, with punishment for illegal act. In the meantime, being very careful is advisable. In talks to university students, Mr. Erdos warns them what companies will do to their social media when they apply for jobs. They are “universally terrified ”, he says. And rightly so. 1．What can we infer about online screening from paragraph 2? A．It is discouraged by large companies. B．It is becoming increasingly acceptable in applicants. C．It is more widely applied. D．It highlights the wisdom of employers. 2．How do applicants usually respond to online screening? A．They become indifferent to the red flags. B．They have to give in to it. C．They reject the screening. D．They ignore their online profiles. 3．What is Mr Erdos’ opinion on posting comments online? A．It is a fair way to evaluate employee. B．University students are free to do it. C．It should be under strict laws. D．Its effect is hard to remove. 4．What could be a suitable title for the text? A．Fix Your Eyes on Online Screening B．Your Employer Is Watching You Remotely C．Social-media Checks Are Around the Corner D．Checks Online Are to Blame for Unemployment 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是在网络的帮助下，雇主可以更为广泛地监控和评价申请者。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“And it is becoming more popular: Reed Screening, a large agency, was asked to run over a third more social-media checks in December 2021 than a year earlier. This month the government gave the practice approval when the Department for Education said schools and colleges “should consider carrying out an online search as part of their due diligence (尽职调查)”.”. (而且它正变得越来越受欢迎：2021年12月，大型机构Reed Screening被要求比一年前多检查三分之一以上的社交媒体。本月，英国政府批准了这一做法，教育部表示，学校和大学“应该考虑开展在线搜索，作为其尽职调查的一部分”。)”可推断，网上筛选已经越来越被接受。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“As for the right to refuse, it is hardly practicable. “Who on earth is going to be that person who says: ‘Hang on a minute, I’m not happy about that?’” asks Mr Erdos. “That itself is likely to be a red flag.” (至于拒绝的权利，这几乎是不切实际的。“到底是谁会说：‘等一下，我对此不高兴？’”Mr. Erdos问道。“这本身可能就是一个危险信号。””)”可知，申请者面对在线筛查最后只有服从。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段““People may be unable ever to be free of their online past,” says Mr Erdos. As indeed some footballers, recently punished for comments made almost a decade ago when they were but teenagers, have found to their cost. (Mr. Erdos表示：“人们可能永远无法摆脱他们在网上的过去。”事实上，一些足球运动员最近因为十年前十几岁时发表的言论而受到惩罚，他们发现自己付出了代价。)”可推断，网上的言论带来的影响力很难消除。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“You may never know why. The email will arrive and reasons offered for your rejection might be the real ones—or not. Bosses have always spied on their employees, then judged them. Now the rise of the online self means the employer’s eye can travel still farther. (你可能永远不知道为什么。邮件总会收到，你拒绝的理由可能是真的，也可能不是。老板们总是暗中监视他们的员工，然后评判他们。现在，网络自我的兴起意味着雇主的目光可以走得更远。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍的是在网络的帮助下，雇主可以更为广泛地监控和评价申请者。所以B选项“Your Employer Is Watching You Remotely (你的雇主正在远程监视你)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。 主题03 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （2025·福建福州·一模） In a digital, global world where thinking critically and generating new ideas count, a cradle-to-career approach to educating children must be mindful of how children learn to learn, not just what they learn. The Intellectual Lives of Children allows readers to look into the minds of kids as they explore and learn in everyday moments, emphasizing what constitutes real learning. Children are born with playful curiosity. They ask questions about everything — Why does a tree have leaves? Why does the Sun come up? These questions help children discover the causal relationships among things — all with the guidance of adults. Yet explorations take time. As Engel writes, “when children are allowed to dive into a topic thoroughly, they connect unrelated facts and generate new ideas.” The real mental work takes place as they play — when a child builds a platform of chairs to get cookies from an out-of-reach cookie box. Hidden in these moments are strengthened curiosity and innovation. Hurried parents often lack the ability to allow that time, fearing that their children might be late for their next scheduled activity. “It becomes clear that the educational system in U. S. does not concern itself with children’s intellectual lives,” warns Engel in the book. Instead, she hopes to reimagine schools as “idea factories” built on inspiring curiosity: “Imagine assessing students progress under some new headings: poses interesting questions, ... and spends time solving them. In one lovely example, Engel describes a teacher who challenged her students to construct a record- breaking straw chain measuring 3.8 miles. “Winning would be fun, but the cognitive (认知的) benefits would be far-reaching,” explains the teacher, whose goal was to help the children better understand the depth of the Mariana Trench. With scientific insight and vivid examples, Engel’s book offers tips for how to make the learning more apparent. She encourages parents to see children as active thinkers and suggests that by asking open-ended questions and letting them explore, children will be better prepared for a complex and ever-changing world. 1．How will children’s playful curiosity become real learning? A．By giving kids a time limit. B．By planning out extra activities. C．By remembering casual facts. D．By allowing kids to fully explore. 2．What’s Engel’s attitude toward American educational system? A．Critical. B．Unclear. C．Unconcerned. D．Tolerant. 3．What is special about Engel’s book? A．It presents a complicated world. B．It promotes scheduled activities. C．It combines science and practice. D．It features open- ended questions. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Fun Inspires Kids’ Curiosity B．Play Develops Better Thinkers C．Learning Feeds Young Minds D．Hurried Parents Teach Kids Well 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了《儿童的智力生活》这本书的观点，强调让孩子充分探索对于真正学习的重要性，同时对美国教育体系提出批评，并阐述了这本书的特色和价值。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Children are born with playful curiosity. They ask questions about everything — Why does a tree have leaves? Why does the Sun come up? These questions help children discover the causal relationships among things(孩子们生来就有顽皮的好奇心。他们问一切问题——为什么一棵树有叶子？太阳为什么会升起？这些问题帮助孩子们发现事物之间的因果关系)”和第三段中“Yet explorations take time. As Engel writes, “when children are allowed to dive into a topic thoroughly, they connect unrelated facts and generate new ideas.” The real mental work takes place as they play(然而，探索需要时间。正如恩格尔所写，“当孩子们被允许深入研究一个主题时，他们会将不相关的事实联系起来，并产生新的想法。”真正的脑力劳动是在他们玩耍时发生的)”可知，当孩子们被允许深入探索一个话题时，他们会将不相关的事实联系起来，并产生新的想法。这表明通过允许他们充分探索，可以将孩子们玩乐的好奇心转化为真正的学习。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中Engel的话“It becomes clear that the educational system in U.S. does not concern itself with children’s intellectual lives (显然，美国的教育体系并不关注儿童的智力生活)”可知，Engel明确指出美国的教育体系并不关心孩子们的智力生活，这表明她对美国的教育体系持批评态度。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“With scientific insight and vivid examples, Engel’s book offers tips for how to make the learning more apparent. (凭借科学的洞察力和生动的例子，恩格尔的这本书为如何使学习更明显提供了建议)”可知，Engel的书结合了科学见解和生动的例子，这表明她的书将科学和实践相结合。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其结合第一段中“The Intellectual Lives of Children allows readers to look into the minds of kids as they explore and learn in everyday moments, emphasizing what constitutes real learning.(《儿童的智力生活》让读者在孩子们每天探索和学习的时候观察他们的思想，强调什么是真正的学习。)”、第二段中“Children are born with playful curiosity. They ask questions about everything — Why does a tree have leaves? Why does the Sun come up? These questions help children discover the causal relationships among things (孩子们生来就有顽皮的好奇心。他们问一切问题——为什么一棵树有叶子？太阳为什么会升起？这些问题帮助孩子们发现事物之间的因果关系)”和第三段中“The real mental work takes place as they play — when a child builds a platform of chairs to get cookies from an out-of-reach cookie box. Hidden in these moments are strengthened curiosity and innovation.(真正的脑力劳动发生在他们玩耍的时候——当一个孩子搭建一个椅子平台，从一个够不着的饼干盒里拿饼干时。隐藏在这些时刻的是增强的好奇心和创新。)”可知，文章主要讨论了在儿童教育中应重视培养其探索能力和好奇心的重要性。故B项“Play Develops Better Thinkers(玩耍培养出更好的思考者)”准确地概括了文章的主旨，即玩耍和探索对于儿童智力发展的重要性。故选B。 Passage 2 （2025·福建闽侯县第一中学·一模） Are athletes nearing the limits of what’s possible? Are they struggling to break records? The hammer throw (链球), for example, hasn’t seen a new world record since 1986. Yet, athletes frequently outdo themselves in other sports, such as the 400-metre sprint. Although professional athletes often boast impressive muscles, simply increasing muscle mass does not guarantee improved athletic performance. This is partly because muscles lose efficiency as they grow. More muscle mass produces extra force, but the benefits decrease as muscle mass continues to grow and muscles will eventually approach a hard limit on what they can achieve. An athlete’s dominant muscle fibre type also significantly impacts performance. Sprinters (短跑运动员) have a high concentration of fast-twitch fibres (快肌纤维) in contrast to marathon runners, who have a high concentration of slow-twitch fibres. Fast-twitch fibres are richer in energy stores, produce more powerful movements and tire us out more quickly than the slow-twitch variety. This difference sets a speed limit on high-endurance sports like long-distance running. Muscles set a ceiling on how hard athletes can work, but performance also depends on what athletes do with their muscles. In the 1968 Olympics, Dick Fosbury used an innovative strategy for the high jump that raised the bar. Instead of soaring forward over the pole, he turned his body mid-flight. The backward jump enabled him to leap over the pole with less effort. Five years later, Dwight Stones perfected the “Fosbury Flop” and broke the high-jump world record using this method. Technological advancements in sportswear also significantly boost performance. Shoes equipped with carbon-plated insoles (碳板鞋垫) can give runners an advantage. This type of footwear limits energy loss, meaning the runner has to put in less work to run faster. World Athletics allows athletes to compete with these shoes as long as the soft base is no higher than about 4 centimeters, so it’s possible this sportswear could lead to new running records. Ultimately, while muscle limitations exist, innovative techniques and advancements in sportswear continue to redefine athletic potential, suggesting that records, even seemingly unbeatable ones, may yet be defeated. 1．How does the writer introduce the topic? A．By raising questions on athletes’ concerns. B．By listing different sports events directly. C．By emphasizing the efficiency of muscle mass. D．By analyzing the limits of athletic performance. 2．What can be learned about the muscle fibre types according to paragraph 3? A．Fast-twitch fibres are ideal for Marathon runners. B．Sprinters possess more fast-twitch fibres than marathon runners. C．Slow-twitch fibres are more powerful and tire us more quickly. D．The muscle fibre type only has a small impact on performance. 3．Why does the author mention the “Fosbury Flop”? A．To praise Stones’ breaking the world record. B．To reveal limitations in high-jump techniques. C．To illustrate the significance of physical peak in athletes. D．To prove the role of creative techniques in athletic performance. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Only specific sports can see new records. B．Muscle mass guarantees athletic performance. C．Muscle limitations make new records impossible. D．Records may be broken with innovation and technology. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了运动员在接近体能极限时，如何通过创新技术和运动装备的进步来继续打破世界纪录的可能性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Are athletes nearing the limits of what’s possible? Are they struggling to break records? The hammer throw (链球), for example, hasn’t seen a new world record since 1986. Yet, athletes frequently outdo themselves in other sports, such as the 400-metre sprint.(运动员是否正在接近可能的极限？他们是否在努力打破纪录？例如，链球项目自1986年以来就没有出现过新的世界纪录。然而，在其他体育项目中，如400米短跑，运动员们却经常能够超越自我)”可知，作者通过提出通过提出运动员所关心的两个问题来引入话题。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Sprinters (短跑运动员) have a high concentration of fast-twitch fibres (快肌纤维) in contrast to marathon runners, who have a high concentration of slow-twitch fibres.(短跑运动员拥有高浓度的快肌纤维，而马拉松运动员则拥有高浓度的慢肌纤维)”可知，短跑运动员比马拉松运动员拥有更多的快肌纤维。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“In the 1968 Olympics, Dick Fosbury used an innovative strategy for the high jump that raised the bar. Instead of soaring forward over the pole, he turned his body mid-flight. The backward jump enabled him to leap over the pole with less effort. Five years later, Dwight Stones perfected the “Fosbury Flop” and broke the high-jump world record using this method.(在1968年的奥运会上，Dick Fosbury采用了一种创新的跳高策略，这一策略提高了跳高的标杆。他不是像传统那样面向前方飞跃过杆，而是在空中转身。这种向后跳跃的方式使他能够以较小的努力跃过横杆。五年后，Dwight Stones完善了“Fosbury Flop”，并使用这种方法打破了跳高世界纪录)”可知，Dick Fosbury创新了跳高运动的姿势。五年后Dwight Stones利用“Fosbury Flop”打破了世界纪录。由此可推知，作者提到“Fosbury Flop”是为了证明创新性的技巧在帮助运动员的表现上起作用。故选D项。 4．主旨大意。根据全文内容及最后一段“Ultimately, while muscle limitations exist, innovative techniques and advancements in sportswear continue to redefine athletic potential, suggesting that records, even seemingly unbeatable ones, may yet be defeated.(最终，尽管肌肉存在局限性，但创新的技术和运动装备的进步不断重新定义运动员的潜力，这表明即使是看似无法打破的记录也有可能被刷新)”可知，文章的整体观点是，尽管存在肌肉的生理限制，但通过技巧创新和运动装备的科技进步，仍旧有可能打破现有的运动纪录。由此可推知，创新和科技的应用将有助于打破纪录。故选D项。 Passage 3 （2025·福建泉州市·一模） I’m sure you’ve all taken some personality tests, like MBTI test or those in psychology class, that can be great for icebreaker activities but how do introversion and extroversion (内向与外向) play out in our daily lives? An introverted brain has a high automatic system reactivity which means that they are far less likely to seek out stimulation. Hence, introverts tend to be less social, avoid conflict and often process things the best when alone. Extroverts, however, draw their attention from the environment because of their brain’s low stimulation. They seek out social situations and often feel more comfortable in group settings. Our current education system emphasizes the need for “collaborative learning”, “project-based learning” and “flipped classrooms (翻转课堂)”. In this system, introversion in students can be commonly misinterpreted by teachers as boredom or problematic issues. Furthermore, introverted students are less likely to participate in group discussions, and oftentimes feel more pressure and anxiety to become extroverted. These feelings can easily flow into other aspects of life and impact an introvert’s social and academic life. However, there are still upsides to being an introvert. Introverts may not always thrive in the social aspects of a class, but their intense concentration and tendency to be organized and methodical can reflect further success in conventional forms of education like grades and exams. On average, more intelligent children are-found to be introverts than extroverts. So, what can teachers do? Firstly, one of the most important steps is recognizing; understanding the need to accommodate introverted students, while supporting extroverted students. For example, teachers can redefine participation. Participation shouldn’t just represent the times a student raises their hand or speaks in a discussion. Helping others, volunteering, revising work, etc. all reflect a student’s participation in the class. Besides, they can consider playing with space. Grouped desks might be great for extroverts but consider creating “quiet zones” for students willing to focus on a task or create submission boxes for introverted students to leave their discussion thought. 1．What is the cause of the difference between introverts and extroverts? A．Communication abilities. B．Attitude towards conflicts. C．Problem processing capability. D．Brain reactivity to stimulation. 2．What does the underlined word “thrive” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Succeed. B．Emerge. C．Withdraw. D．Struggle. 3．What does the author suggest teachers do? A．Develop students’ self-management skills B．Guide students to develop intense concentration. C．Encourage students to participate in class debates. D．Create an introvert-friendly learning environment. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Introverts & Extroverts: How Students React to Teaching B．Psychology of Personality: Challenges of Being Introverted C．Introverts & Extroverts: When Classrooms Overlook Introverts D．Psychology of Personality: Discussions on Class Participation 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了内向学生在课堂上容易受到忽视，作者建议老师给学生创设适合内向学生学习的课堂环境。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“An introverted brain has a high automatic system reactivity which means that they are far less likely to seek out stimulation. Hence, introverts tend to be less social, avoid conflict and often process things the best when alone. Extroverts, however, draw their attention from the environment because of their brain’s low stimulation.(内向的大脑具有很高的自动系统反应性，这意味着他们不太可能寻求刺激。因此，内向的人往往不太善于社交，避免冲突，并且经常在独处时处理事情最好。然而，外向的人会因为他们的大脑刺激性低而将从周围的环境中吸引注意力。)”可知，造成内向和外向差异的原因就是大脑对刺激的反应，内向对刺激的反应高，而外向的人大脑对刺激的反应低。故选D。 2．词义猜测题。根据第四段“......but their intense concentration and tendency to be organized and methodical can reflect further success in conventional forms of education like grades and exams(但是，他们的高度专注和有组织有条理的倾向，可以反映出他们在成绩和考试等传统教育形式中取得的进一步成功。) ”可知，内向的人也可以取得成功。根据此句中的“but”可知，前句应表示内向的人不总是取得成功，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Firstly, one of the most important steps is recognizing; understanding the need to accommodate introverted students, while supporting extroverted students.(首先，最重要的步骤之一是认识;理解需要容纳内向的学生，同时支持外向的学生。)”和“Grouped desks might be great for extroverts but consider creating “quiet zones” for students willing to focus on a task or create submission boxes for introverted students to leave their discussion thought.(分组办公桌可能对外向的人很好，但考虑为愿意专注于任务的学生创建“安静区域”，或者为内向的学生创建提交箱，让他们留下讨论的想法。)”可知，作者建议老师适合内向学生的学习环境。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“So, what can teachers do? Firstly, one of the most important steps is recognizing; understanding the need to accommodate introverted students, while supporting extroverted students. (那么，老师们能做些什么呢？首先，最重要的步骤之一是认识到；理解需要容纳内向的学生，同时支持外向的学生。)”和本文的主要内容可知此文主要讲述了内向学生在课堂上容易受到忽视，作者建议老师给学生创设适合内向学生学习的课堂环境，故选C。 主题01 人与自然——人与环境 Passage 1 （2025·福建福州·一模） When my editors asked me to report on forest bathing, I packed a swimsuit. I assumed it must involve getting in the water. It turns out, my interpretation was too literal. I met certified Forest Therapy (治疗) guide Melanie Choukas-Bradley at an urban forest in Washington, D．C． Here, I began to get it. Forest bathing isn’t a bath or a hike. We did walk the forest trails, but we wandered with no particular destination in mind. The aim of forest bathing, Choukas- Bradley explained, is to slow down and throw oneself in the natural environment. She helped us be aware of the smells, tastes and sights of the forest. We took in our surroundings by using all our senses. As we passed through a stand of trees, we touched the trunks. We smelled the black walnuts, which give off a lovely fragrance (香气). We got a little shower of ripe mulberries, too. “Close your eyes and just breathe.” Choukas-Bradley told us. After I opened my eyes, the green looked a lot greener. And I began to see things I hadn’t noticed before. “A forest guide helps us be here, not there,” says Amos Clifford, the founder of the Association of Nature & Forest Therapy, the organization that certifies the guides. They support what the forests could offer us, inviting us into practices that deepen physical presence, pleasure, and partnership with nature. When we connect with nature in this way, we are connecting with ourselves. Clifford’s goal is to encourage health care proyiders to integrate forest therapy as a stress- reduction strategy. In the United States, work- related stress accounts for up to $190 billion in health care costs each year. “It’s my hope that the health care system will include forest therapy into the range of services,” Clifford says. 1．What is forest bathing? A．A hike up the mountain. B．An adventure in the woods. C．A swimming in open water. D．A guided nature healing practice. 2．How can we benefit from forest bathing? A．By improving our awareness. B．By doing intense training. C．By experiencing nature mindfully. D．By carrying out eyesight tests. 3．What can a guide help forest bathers do? A．Locate and pick ripe fruits. B．Put exercise plans into action. C．Identify different trees and birds. D．Concentrate on the surrounding nature. 4．What can we learn from Clifford’s words in the last paragraph? A．Health care system needs updating. B．Nature- based therapy costs too much. C．Stress- related diseases are commonly seen. D．Forest therapy could be an alternative treatment. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“森林浴”这一自然治愈实践的概念、过程和益处，以及将其纳入医疗保健体系的潜力。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“I met certified Forest Therapy (治疗) guide Melanie Choukas-Bradley at an urban forest in Washington, D. C. Here, I began to get it. Forest bathing isn’t a bath or a hike. We did walk the forest trails, but we wandered with no particular destination in mind.”（在华盛顿特区的一座城市森林里，我遇到了森林疗法认证向导梅兰妮·乔卡斯-布拉德利。在这里，我开始明白了。森林浴既不是洗澡也不是徒步旅行。我们确实曾漫步于森林小径，但我们是漫无目的地游荡。）和第三段中“The aim of forest bathing, Choukas-Bradley explained, is to slow down and throw oneself in the natural environment.”（乔卡斯-布拉德利解释说，森林浴的目的是放慢脚步，投身于自然环境。）可推知，森林浴是一种在自然环境中，由向导引导的自然治愈实践，而不是爬山、林间冒险或开放水域游泳。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“She helped us be aware of the smells, tastes and sights of the forest. We took in our surroundings by using all our senses. As we passed through a stand of trees, we touched the trunks. We smelled the black walnuts, which give off a lovely fragrance (香气). We got a little shower of ripe mulberries, too.”（她帮助我们意识到森林的气味、味道和景色。我们用所有的感官来感受周围的环境。当我们穿过一片树林时，我们触摸树干。我们闻到了黑胡桃的香气。我们还被成熟的桑葚洒了一身。）和第四段中“They support what the forests could offer us, inviting us into practices that deepen physical presence, pleasure, and partnership with nature. When we connect with nature in this way, we are connecting with ourselves.”（他们支持森林能给我们提供的东西，邀请我们进行实践，以加深身体的存在感、愉悦感以及与自然的伙伴关系。当我们以这种方式与自然联系时，我们就是在与自己联系。）可知，我们通过全身心地体验自然，从森林浴中获益。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“She helped us be aware of the smells, tastes and sights of the forest. We took in our surroundings by using all our senses. As we passed through a stand of trees, we touched the trunks. We smelled the black walnuts, which give off a lovely fragrance (香气).”（她帮助我们意识到森林的气味、味道和景色。我们用所有的感官来感受周围的环境。当我们穿过一片树林时，我们触摸树干。我们闻到了黑胡桃的香气。）和第四段中““A forest guide helps us be here, not there,” says Amos Clifford, the founder of the Association of Nature & Forest Therapy, the organization that certifies the guides.”（森林向导帮助我们专注于这里，而不是其它地方，”自然与森林疗法协会的创始人Amos Clifford说，该组织负责认证向导。）可知，一个向导可以帮助森林浴者专注于周围的自然环境，而不是其他地方。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Clifford’s goal is to encourage health care providers to integrate forest therapy as a stress-reduction strategy. In the United States, work-related stress accounts for up to $190 billion in health care costs each year. ‘It’s my hope that the health care system will include forest therapy into the range of services,’ Clifford says.”（Clifford的目标是鼓励医疗保健提供者将森林疗法作为一种减压策略。在美国，与工作相关的压力每年占医疗保健费用的高达1900亿美元。“我希望医疗保健系统能将森林疗法纳入服务范围，”Clifford说。）可知，Clifford建议医疗保健系统能将森林疗法纳入服务范围，说明他认为森林疗法可以作为一种替代治疗方法。故选D项。 Passage 2 （2025·福建宁德市一级达标学校·一模） US and Canadian researchers recently calculated the total amount of the worlds groundwater and estimated that it is equal to a lake 180 metres deep covering the entire Earth. This makes groundwater the largest active freshwater resource on the planet. The team also investigated its age. How did they do this? Humans introduced a convenient time signature on the Earth when we started testing atomic (原子的) weapons. This leaves a time stamp which can be found in water, rocks and living organisms. By seeing if radioactivity (放射性) from atomic bomb testing was present in the groundwater, the researchers could estimate that about 6% of this groundwater is younger than 50 years old. If this water was spread evenly over the continents, then there is just three metres depth of modern groundwater spread equally over the continents. It could be argued that if we use only this modern groundwater, then this is sustainable, as we know that it has been replaced or recharged (被补充) by natural processes over the last 50 years. But how quickly groundwater recharges changes over time. Water has to reach the inside of rocks, either now or in the past. This means that the amount of rainfall has to be more than the amount of water evaporating (蒸发) from the land surface, and more than the amount of water used by all the plants. When this occurs, fresh water can recharge the groundwater from either water “leaking” from the beds of rivers or from rainwater that passes through the soil. In many parts of the world we know that groundwater recharge varies due to natural climate variability such as El Nino. Groundwater recharge will also change with global warming. 1．How did the researchers estimate the age of the groundwater? A．By analyzing its chemical composition. B．By testing atomic bomb. C．By examining its freshness. D．By finding its time stamp. 2．What do people think of the supply of “modern” groundwater? A．It’s limited. B．It’s fresh. C．It’s vital. D．It’s abundant. 3．What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Water evaporating. B．Water leaking from river beds. C．Water getting into rocks. D．Water being used by all the plants. 4．What are the last three paragraphs mainly talking about? A．Groundwater sustainability. B．Climate variability. C．Groundwater exploration. D．Global warming. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地下水成为地球上最大的活跃淡水资源的现象以及地下水的可持续性。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Humans introduced a convenient time signature on the Earth when we started testing atomic (原子的) weapons. This leaves a time stamp which can be found in water, rocks and living organisms. By seeing if radioactivity (放射性) from atomic bomb testing was present in the groundwater, the researchers could estimate that about 6% of this groundwater is younger than 50 years old. (人类在开始测试原子武器时，在地球上引入了一个方便的时间标记。这一时间戳可以在水、岩石和生物体中找到。通过检测地下水中是否存在来自核试验的放射性物质，研究人员可以估计大约6%的地下水年龄小于50岁)”可知，研究人员通过找出核弹测试所留下的时间戳来估算地下水的年龄。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“If this water was spread evenly over the continents, then there is just three metres depth of "modern" groundwater spread equally over the continents. (如果这些水平均分布在各大洲，那么只有3米深的“现代”地下水平均分布在各大洲)”可知，人们认为这种“现代”地下水是有限的。故选A项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Water has to reach the inside of rocks, either now or in the past. This means that the amount of rainfall has to be more than the amount of water evaporating (蒸发) from the land surface, and more than the amount of water used by all the plants. When this occurs, fresh water can recharge the groundwater from either water “leaking” from the beds of rivers or from rainwater that passes through the soil. (无论是现在还是过去，水都必须进入岩石内部。这意味着降雨量必须大于从陆地表面蒸发的水量，并且大于所有植物使用的水量。当这种情况发生时，淡水可以从河床“泄漏”的水或通过土壤的雨水中补充地下水)”可知，this指代上文提到的水进入岩石。A. Water evaporating水蒸发；B. Water leaking from river beds河床漏水；C. Water getting into rocks水渗入岩石；D. Water being used by all the plants水被所有植物使用。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读最后三段，尤其是根据倒数第三段中“It could be argued that if we use only this modern groundwater, then this is sustainable, as we know that it has been replaced or recharged (被补充) by natural processes over the last 50 years. (有人可能会说，如果我们只使用这种现代地下水，那么这是可持续的，因为我们知道，在过去的50年里，它已经被自然过程所取代或补充)”和倒数第二段中“When this occurs, fresh water can recharge the groundwater from either water “leaking” from the beds of rivers or from rainwater that passes through the soil. (当这种情况发生时，淡水可以从河床“泄漏”的水或通过土壤的雨水中补充地下水)”以及最后一段中“Groundwater recharge will also change with global warming. (地下水补给也将随着全球变暖而改变)”可知，最后三段主要讲地下水的可持续性。故选A项。 Passage 3 （2025·福建永春第一中学·一模） Wild chimpanzees are known to consume a broad range of plant matter, making it hard for researchers to figure out whether chimpanzees intentionally seek out medicinal plants to heal(治愈) themselves, or “passively” consume plants that happen to be medicinal. At the Budongo Central Forest Reserve in Uganda, researchers from the University of Oxford observed the behaviors and health of 51 wild chimpanzees, belonging to two habituated communities. The researchers observed a male chimpanzee with an injured hand seek out and eat the leaves of a fern, which may have helped to reduce pain and swelling. They also recorded another sick chimpanzee consuming a cat-thorn tree. The team also tested the plant species in the reserve, which they suspected were being consumed by the chimpanzees to self-medicate, for anti-inflammatory (抗炎) and antibacterial (抗菌) characteristics. The species included plants not part of the chimpanzees’ normal diet, but being consumed for their healing characteristics. The authors found 88% of the plant species had antibacterial characteristics, arresting the growth of bacteria, while 33% of them had anti-inflammatory characteristics. Deadwood from a tree in the Dogbane family showed the strongest antibacterial activity and also had anti-inflammatory characteristics, suggesting it could be used to treat wounds, they said. Roots from the East African mahogany tree and leaves from fern were found to exhibit potential anti-inflammatory effects. The results suggested that chimpanzees looked for and ate specific plants for their medicinal effects, and the study was one of the first to document evidence of this kind, the authors said. Team member Fabien Schultz hopes that the findings might lead to promising candidates for human medicines. “What if human lives can be saved by following the ways of our animal relatives?” he says. 1．Why is it challenging to determine if chimpanzees intentionally seek out medicinal plants? A．Medicinal plants are rare in the forest. B．Chimpanzees consume a wide variety of plant matter. C．Chimpanzees hide themselves when they are sick or injured. D．Researchers can hardly observe chimpanzees in the thick forest. 2．Which of the following might have the most powerful antibacterial effects? A．Dogbane trees. B．Leaves of ferns. C．Cat-thorn trees. D．East African mahogany tree roots. 3．What potential benefit does Fabien Schultz hope to achieve from the findings? A．Identifying new human medicines. B．Developing new animal care techniques. C．Improving chimpanzee health in the wild. D．Discovering new food sources for humans. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．The Diet of Wild Chimpanzees B．The Medicinal Characteristics of Plants C．The Dietary Habits of Wild Chimpanzees D．Chimpanzees Using Plants for Self- Medication 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了研究人员发现，野生黑猩猩可以利用药用植物来给自己治疗。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Wild chimpanzees are known to consume a broad range of plant matter, making it hard for researchers to figure out whether chimpanzees intentionally seek out medicinal plants to heal(治愈) themselves, or “passively” consume plants that happen to be medicinal.(众所周知，野生黑猩猩会吃各种各样的植物物质，这使得研究人员很难弄清楚黑猩猩是故意寻找药用植物来治愈自己，还是“被动”食用恰好具有药用价值的植物。)”可知，研究人员很难确定黑猩猩是否存在有意寻找要用植物，是因为黑猩猩吃的植物种类广泛。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Deadwood from a tree in the Dogbane family showed the strongest antibacterial activity and also had anti-inflammatory characteristics, suggesting it could be used to treat wounds, they said.(他们说，夹竹桃科的一棵树的枯木显示出最强的抗菌活性，也具有抗炎特性，这表明它可以用来治疗伤口。)”可知，夹竹桃科枯木具有最强的抗菌特性。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Team member Fabien Schultz hopes that the findings might lead to promising candidates for human medicines.(团队成员Fabien Schultz希望这些发现可以为人类药物带来有前景的候选者。)”可知，Fabien Schultz希望这些发现可以带来新的人类药物候选者，即帮助识别新的人类药物。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第四段中的“The results suggested that chimpanzees looked for and ate specific plants for their medicinal effects, and the study was one of the first to document evidence of this kind, the authors said.(作者说，研究结果表明，黑猩猩寻找并食用特定的植物以获得药用效果，这项研究是首批记录此类证据的研究之一。)”可知，本文主要讲述了研究发现野生黑猩猩可以利用药用植物来给自己治疗，由此可知，D项“黑猩猩利用植物进行自我药疗”最适合作本文标题。故选D。 主题02 人与社会——社会与文化 Passage 1 （2024·福建省部分地市校·一模） When driving, Clara-Marina Martinez takes down any unusual behaviour she sees on the road. She then feeds these into machine-learning algorithms (算法), a form of AI, which are intended to produce a system reliable enough for a car to drive itself without any disturbance from the driver, and cope with all situations on the road. But this proving hard to achieve, carmakers choose to scale back many attempts to do so. Last year, for instance, Uber, a ride-hailing service, sold off its unit developing self-driving cars at a low price. Autonomous vehicles are boasted as being not just convenient but potentially safer. However, just as people take time to learn how to drive safely, machines are no exception. The RAND Corporation, an American think-tank, calculates that to develop a system 20% safer than a human driver, a fleet of 100 self-driving cars would have to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and cover 14 billion kilometres. At average road speeds, that would take about 400 years. Carmakers such as Porsche therefore accelerate the development process using simulators (模拟器). These teach software about danger only rarely encountered in reality. Dr Martinez and her colleagues employ “game engines”, the programs that generate photo realistic images in computer games, to do this. These are used to create virtual worlds through which the software can drive. How quickly, if ever, all this will translate into reality remains to be seen. Both regulators and customers will need to overcome doubt that a software driver really can be safer than human. From Porsche’s point of view, though, there is one other relevant question. Given that much of the reason for owning a sports car is for owners to show off what they regard as their driving skills, just how big a market will there be for a version where software takes those boasting rights away? 1．What do the underlined words “scale back” mean in Paragraph 1? A．Make B．Overlook. C．Encourage. D．Reduce. 2．The learning process of autonomous vehicles’ safe driving can be described as___________. A．time-consuming B．fast-paced C．thought-provoking D．well-designed 3．What challenge do autonomous vehicles bring to Porsche? A．Ensuring the pleasure of driving B．Making their sports cars affordable. C．Removing public doubts about safety. D．Integrating game engines into their vehicles. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Porsche: Sports Cars at Risk B．Self-driving Cars: Still Some Way to Go C．Simulators: The Core of Autonomous Vehicles D．Machine Learning Algorithms: The Arrival of Al 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述开发自动驾驶汽车的问题以及对跑车市场的影响。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Last year, for instance, Uber, a ride-hailing service, sold off its unit developing self-driving cars at a low price.(例如，去年，叫车服务公司优步（Uber）低价出售了开发自动驾驶汽车的部门)”可知，后文低价出售自动驾驶汽车的部门的例子说明汽车制造商选择减少许多这样做的尝试。故划线词意思是“减少”。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The RAND Corporation, an American think-tank, calculates that to develop a system 20% safer than a human driver, a fleet of 100 self-driving cars would have to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and cover 14 billion kilometres. At average road speeds, that would take about 400 years.(据美国智库兰德公司(RAND Corporation)计算，要开发一个比人类驾驶员安全20%的系统，100辆自动驾驶汽车的车队必须一年365天，每天24小时运行，行驶140亿公里。按照平均道路速度，这需要大约400年的时间)”可知，自动驾驶汽车安全驾驶的学习过程是非常耗时的。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“From Porsche’s point of view, though, there is one other relevant question. Given that much of the reason for owning a sports car is for owners to show off what they regard as their driving skills, just how big a market will there be for a version where software takes those boasting rights away?(不过，从保时捷的角度来看，还有一个相关的问题。考虑到拥有跑车的主要原因是为了炫耀他们认为自己的驾驶技术，那么一个软件夺走了这些炫耀权利的版本会有多大的市场？)”可知，自动驾驶汽车在确保驾驶的乐趣方面会给保时捷带来挑战。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Autonomous vehicles are boasted as being not just convenient but potentially safer. However, just as people take time to learn how to drive safely, machines are no exception. The RAND Corporation, an American think-tank, calculates that to develop a system 20% safer than a human driver, a fleet of 100 self-driving cars would have to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and cover 14 billion kilometres. At average road speeds, that would take about 400 years.(自动驾驶汽车被吹嘘为不仅方便，而且可能更安全。然而，就像人们花时间学习如何安全驾驶一样，机器也不例外。据美国智库兰德公司(RAND Corporation)计算，要开发一个比人类驾驶员安全20%的系统，100辆自动驾驶汽车的车队必须一年365天，每天24小时运行，行驶140亿公里。按照平均道路速度，这需要大约400年的时间)”结合文章主要讲述开发自动驾驶汽车的问题以及对跑车市场的影响。可知，B选项“自动驾驶汽车：仍有一段路要走”最符合文章标题。故选B。 Passage 2 （2024·福建延安中学·一模） Social welfare programs, including quality early education, earned-income tax credit and health care, can change children’s lives. More importantly, recent studies show the benefits from these programs strongly influence the next generation, lifting them out of poverty. The long-term impact of prekindergarten is well established and widely known. 50 years ago, 123 three-and four-year-old African Americans from low-income families in Ypsilanti, Michigan took part in an experiment. About half attended a pioneering early education program called Perry Preschool, while the control group did not. Researchers have been able to track the lives of most of these children ever since. The kids who went to Perry Preschool did better in school, made more money, and were healthier than the control group. The benefits of Perry Preschool didn’t just stop with those children. A study published last summer by Nobel Prize-winning economist James Heckman and his colleagues takes the implications of Perry a giant step further. This research shows that the children of the Perry preschoolers are also better off because of their parents’ experience. As the Perry preschoolers grew up, they became better educated and developed greater socio - emotional skills than the control group. They became better parents. Their children grew up in harmonious two-parent families that made, on average, about $ 10,000 more a year. It was enough to lift many of them out of poverty. This healthy upbringing has had a long-lasting effect on the children of the Perry preschoolers. Compared to the children of the control group, they were much less likely to have dropped out, and more likely to have graduated from high school. Here’s another example. A Norwegian study demonstrated the decades-long impact on babies who, during their first year, benefited from their mothers’ having had the opportunity to sign up for free mother and child health care centers. In the following years, these youngsters grew taller and stayed in school longer than those whose mothers did not receive the same support. At 40, they are in better health. 1．What do we know about Perry Preschool? A．It provided early quality education. B．It divided the kids into two groups. C．It received kids from all backgrounds. D．It continued to track half of the kids’lives. 2．What does the underlined word“implications”in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Truths. B．Assumptions. C．Effects. D．Suggestions. 3．What did the Perry Preschool experiment find? A．Perry preschoolers received less education. B．It had no impact on the participants’ children. C．Early education could bring economic benefits. D．The children of the control group became healthier. 4．What does the author want to convey through the text? A．Early quality education matters most. B．Social welfare can break the cycle of poverty. C．Wealth can be passed down through generations. D．Parents are important in shaping future generation. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了健全完善的社会保障制度，不仅可以改变一代人的人生轨迹，还会对下一代人产生深远的影响，打破贫困的代际循环。 1．推理判断题。文章第二段讲到“About half attended a pioneering early education program called Perry Preschool, while the control group did not. Researchers have been able to track the lives of most of these children ever since. The kids who went to Perry Preschool did better in school, made more money, and were healthier than the control group. (大约一半的人参加了一个名为佩里幼儿园的开创性早期教育项目，而对照组没有参加。从那时起，研究人员已经能够跟踪这些孩子的生活。与对照组相比，上佩里幼儿园的孩子在学校表现更好，赚更多的钱，也更健康。)”可知，佩里幼儿园提供早期优质教育。故选A。 2．词义猜测题。文章划线单词下文讲到“This research shows that the children of the Perry preschoolers are also better off because of their parents’ experience. (新的研究表明，因为小时候接受过佩里学前教育，所以他们的孩子比起对照组的后代往往生活得更好)”可知，詹姆斯·赫克曼和他的同事对佩里项目的……有了更深层次的发现。结合第二段“About half attended a pioneering early education program called Perry Preschool, while the control group did not. Researchers have been able to track the lives of most of these children ever since. The kids who went to Perry Preschool did better in school, made more money, and were healthier than the control group. (大约一半的人参加了一个名为佩里幼儿园的开创性早期教育项目，而对照组没有参加。从那时起，研究人员已经能够跟踪这些孩子的生活。与对照组相比，上佩里幼儿园的孩子在学校表现更好，赚更多的钱，也更健康。)”可推知，詹姆斯·赫克曼和他的同事对佩里项目的教育效果进行了更深层次的发现。因此，第三段中下划线单词的意思是“效果”。故选C。 3．推理判断题。文章第四段讲到“They became better parents. Their children grew up in harmonious two-parent families that made, on average, about $ 10,000 more a year. (他们成为了更好的父母。他们的孩子在和谐的双亲家庭中长大，平均每年多挣一万美元)”可知，佩里早期教育可以带来经济利益。故选C。 4．推理判断题。文章第一段“More importantly, recent studies show the benefits from these programs strongly influence the next generation, lifting them out of poverty. (更重要的是，最近的研究表明，这些项目的好处会对下一代产生巨大影响，帮助他们摆脱贫困。)”以及第四段讲到“It was enough to lift many of them out of poverty. This healthy upbringing has had a long-lasting effect on the children of the Perry preschoolers. (这足以让他们中的许多人摆脱贫困。这种健康的教养方式对佩里家学龄前儿童产生了持久的影响。)”可知，作者想通过本文传达的是社会福利可以打破贫困的循环。故选B。 主题03 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （2026·福建福州·一模） Can you tell fact from fiction online? In a digital world, few questions are more challenging than fighting misinformation. As an education researcher and former high school history teacher, I know that history class can stimulate critical thinking — but only if teachers and schools understand what it really means. Some might consider critical thinking an ability that teachers can encourage. Or they might be referring to specific skills — for instance, that students should learn a set of steps to take to assess information online. Cognitive (认知的) scientists see critical thinking as a specific kind of reasoning that involves problem-solving and making sound judgments. It can be learned, but it relies on specific content knowledge. Since context is key to critical thinking, learning to analyze information about current events likely requires knowledge about politics and history, as well as practice at tracing sources. Fortunately, that is what social studies classes are for. Social studies researchers often describe this kind of critical thinking as “historical thinking”: a way to evaluate evidence about the past and assess its reliability. In social studies classrooms students can make relatively quick progress on some of the surface features of historical thinking, such as learning to check a text’s date and author. Social studies classrooms can also build what researchers call “civic online reasoning.” Fact-checking is complex. It is not enough to tell young people that they should be careful online, or to trust sites that end in “.org” instead of “.com.” Rather than learning general principles about online media, civic online reasoning teaches students specific skills for evaluating information about politics and social issues. Therefore, the solution lies not in teaching critical thinking as a separate skill, but in preserving and strengthening traditional social studies education that combines background knowledge with analytical capabilities. Only then can we effectively prepare students to distinguish truth from fiction in our digital world. 1．How does the writer view critical thinking? A．It naturally develops over time. B．It is a kind of step-by-step learning. C．It is a form of content-based reasoning. D．It improves with teachers’ encouragement. 2．Why can social studies encourage critical thinking? A．They focus on past evidence. B．They question general principles. C．They develop fact-checking skills. D．They provide trustworthy websites. 3．Which can be considered “civic online reasoning” according to the text? A．Trusting online news without tracing sources. B．Assessing public matters via fact-checking. C．Dismissing social media as unreliable. D．Employing AI to spread news stories. 4．What solution does the author suggest? A．Applying traditional social skills. B．Highlighting historical knowledge. C．Emphasizing social studies learning. D．Teaching communication techniques. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文主要探讨了在网络数字时代辨别信息真伪的挑战，指出批判性思维对于应对这一挑战的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Cognitive (认知的) scientists see critical thinking as a specific kind of reasoning that involves problem-solving and making sound judgments. It can be learned, but it relies on specific content knowledge. (认知科学家将批判性思维视为一种特定的推理方式，涉及解决问题和做出合理判断。它可以被学习，但依赖于特定的内容知识。)”可知，作者认同认知科学家的观点，认为批判性思维是依赖特定内容知识的推理形式。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“Social studies classrooms can also build what researchers call “civic online reasoning.” Fact-checking is complex. It is not enough to tell young people that they should be careful online, or to trust sites that end in “.org” instead of “.com.” Rather than learning general principles about online media, civic online reasoning teaches students specific skills for evaluating information about politics and social issues. (社会科课堂还能培养研究人员所说的“公民网络思辨能力”。事实核查并非易事：仅仅告诉年轻人在网络上要谨慎，或是让他们相信以“.org” 结尾的网站而非“.com”结尾的网站，这些做法远远不够。与学习网络媒体相关的通用原则不同，公民网络思辨能力教授给学生的，是评估政治和社会议题相关信息的具体技能。)”可知，社会研究课程能培养学生的事实核查技能，进而促进批判性思维。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Rather than learning general principles about online media, civic online reasoning teaches students specific skills for evaluating information about politics and social issues. (公民在线推理能力不是让学生学习网络媒体的一般原则，而是教给他们评估政治和社会问题相关信息的特定技能。)”可知，公民在线推理能力是评估政治、社会等公共事务相关信息的技能，且需结合事实核查。故选B项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Therefore, the solution lies not in teaching critical thinking as a separate skill, but in preserving and strengthening traditional social studies education that combines background knowledge with analytical capabilities. (因此，解决办法不在于将批判性思维作为一项独立技能来教授，而在于维护和加强传统的社会研究教育，这种教育将背景知识与分析能力相结合。)”可知，作者建议强调社会研究课程的学习。故选C项。 Passage 2 （2026·福建福州·一模） Imagine you’re writing a poem, rhymes must be paired up before you start a new line. It turns out that AI does something similar when Claude, a large language model (LLM), is given the first line “he saw a carrot and had to grab it”, it begins thinking about words like “rabbit” almost immediately, writing the next sentence to end at the appropriate rhyme. Such forethought is unexpected. Scientists at Anthropic, the lab that developed Claude, built a tool and they discovered some unexpected complexity. The tool, a “digital microscope”, lets scientists look at which parts of the AI’s neural (神经的) network light up when it’s working on different tasks. If a particular area of the LLM lights up whenever it produces words like rabbit, then that gets marked as being related to rabbits. This has let the team solve some open questions in AI research, for example, whether a multilingual (多语言的) chatbot has awareness of concepts beyond language. When Claude is asked for the opposite of “big” in English, or the same concept in Chinese, the same feature lights up in every case, before more language-specific circuits kick in to “translate” the concept of smallness into a particular word. This suggests that AI might have a deeper understanding of the world than we thought. Other insights, though, are less encouraging. When Claude itself is asked to reason, printing out its chain of thought to answer maths questions, the microscope suggests that the way the model says it reached a conclusion, and what it actually thought, might not always be the same. Worse still, ask a leading question — suggesting that the answer “might be 4”, and it will specifically add numbers that ultimately lead it to agree with the question, even if the suggestion is wrong. But being able to gain insight into the mind of an LLM provides clues as to how to stop it doing the same in the future. The goal, after all, is not to have to do brain surgery, but to know what it’s thinking. 1．What does the writer intend to show through the example in paragraph 1? A．AI can write texts as programmed. B．AI can plan sentences in advance. C．AI can deal with complex tasks. D．AI can simplify rhyming lines. 2．How does “digital microscope” function in the research? A．By tracking AI’s thinking activities. B．By working on different jobs. C．By activating AI’s “brain” potential. D．By matching language patterns. 3．What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about Claude? A．It may make stuff up. B．It may skip chains of thought. C．It may leave clues out. D．It may give logical reasoning. 4．Which of the following titles best suits this text? A．Why AI Still gets It Wrong B．Chatbots’ Language Magic C．Looking Inside AI’s Mind D．The Rise of AI Chatbots 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章借Claude的例子，介绍用“数字显微镜”探究AI思维，发现其有前瞻性等特点，也存在思维与表述不符等问题，旨在了解AI想法。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Imagine you’re writing a poem, rhymes must be paired up before you start a new line. It turns out that AI does something similar When Claude, a large language model (LLM), is given the first line “he saw a carrot and had to grab it”, it begins thinking about words like “rabbit” almost immediately, writing the next sentence to end at the appropriate rhyme.(想象你正在写一首诗，在开始下一行之前必须把韵脚配对。事实证明，人工智能也会做类似的事情。当大语言模型Claude得到第一行“he saw a carrot and had to grab it”时，它几乎会立即想到像“rabbit”这样的词，并写出下一句，使其以合适的韵脚结尾)”可知，作者通过这个例子表明AI可以提前规划句子，以实现押韵。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“The tool, a “digital microscope”, lets scientists look at which parts of the AI’s neural (神经的) network light up when it’s working on different tasks.(这个工具，一个“数字显微镜”，能让科学家观察当人工智能在处理不同任务时，其神经网络的哪些部分会被激活)”可知，“数字显微镜”通过追踪AI的思维活动来发挥作用。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Worse still, ask a leading question— suggesting that the answer “might be 4”, and it will specifically add numbers that ultimately lead it to agree with the question, even if the suggestion is wrong.(更糟糕的是，提出一个诱导性问题 —— 暗示答案“可能是4”，它会特意添加数字，最终使它认同这个问题，即使这个暗示是错误的)”可知，这表明Claude可能会编造内容来符合错误的引导。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Such forethought is unexpected. Scientists at Anthropic, the lab that developed Claude, built a tool and they discovered some unexpected complexity.(这种前瞻性是出乎意料的。开发Claude的实验室 Anthropic 的科学家们构建了一个工具，他们发现了一些意想不到的复杂性。)”、第三段“The tool, a “digital microscope”, lets scientists look at which parts of the AI’s neural network light up when it’s working on different tasks.(这个工具，一个“数字显微镜”，让科学家们可以观察到当AI在处理不同任务时，其神经网络的哪些部分会被激活)”以及最后一段“But being able to gain insight into the mind of an LLM provides clues as to how to stop it doing the same in the future. The goal, after all, is not to have to do brain surgery, but to know what it’s thinking.(但是能够洞察一个大语言模型的思维，为我们提供了关于如何在未来阻止它做同样事情的线索。毕竟，目标不是要进行脑部手术，而是要知道它在想什么)”可知，文章主要讲述了通过“数字显微镜”对大型语言模型Claude 进行研究，发现AI在某些方面有更深的理解，但在推理时存在说一套做一套的情况，而能够洞察 LLM 的思维为未来如何阻止它出现这种情况提供了线索，整体围绕着对AI思维的探究展开。所以C项“Looking Inside AI’s Mind(洞察人工智能的思维)”最适合作为标题。故选C。 Passage 3 （2025·福建永春第一中学·一模） If you want to disturb the car industry, you’d better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems, small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys. As the co-founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition (美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself. I have a front-row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry. For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour — a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand-suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out, small farmers couldn’t touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a litter price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business. The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won’t happen without fundamental changes to the industry. One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one’s own land unattainable for many new farmers. From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions. Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with two-thirds of the nation’s farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation’s food. There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fairer farm economy, but farmers can’t clumsily put them together before us. We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers. 1．The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce . A．a trend of development in agriculture B．the importance of investing in car industry C．the progress made in car industry D．a special feature of agriculture 2．What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2? A．Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones. B．Competition between small and big farms is herce. C．Technology is vital for agricultural development. D．Loans to small local farmers are necessary. 3．What is the difficulty for those new farmers? A．To gain more financial aid. B．To have farms of their own. C．To hire good farm managers. D．To win old farmers’ support. 4．What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fairer farm economy? A．Become members of NYFC． B．Seek support beyond NYFC． C．Expand farmland conservation. D．Invest more to improve technology. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了小型农户在面对大型农业企业竞争时，如何通过创新和直接与客户联系等方式保持领先，以及小型农户面临的挑战和解决方案。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“If you want to disturb the car industry, you’d better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems, small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys.(如果你想扰乱汽车行业，你最好有几十亿美元：小家庭汽车制造商不太可能击败最大的汽车公司。但是在农业领域，小农民可以从主要参与者中获得优势。通过与客户直接联系，通过对市场和生态系统的变化做出快速反应，小农民可以领先大公司一步。) ”可知，在文章开头，作者阐述了汽车领域与农业领域的不同之处，在汽车工业领域小的汽车制造商不太可能击败最大的汽车公司，而在农业领域，通过直接与客户联系、以及对市场和生态系统的变化做出快速反应，小农可以比大农户领先一步。由此可知，作者在文章开头用汽车行业与农业领域作对比，是为了引出对农业的一个特点的介绍。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour — a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand-suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out, small farmers couldn’t touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a litter price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business.(例如，以“快速切割绿叶蔬菜收割机”为例，这是几年前田纳西州的一位年轻农民乔纳森·迪辛格在当地“慢钱”组织的一笔小额贷款帮助下开发的工具。它使小规模农民每小时能够收获175磅绿叶蔬菜——与仅用手收获几十磅相比有了巨大的进步，这突然使得小农户能够与加利福尼亚的大型农场竞争。在这个工具出现之前，小农户无法达到加利福尼亚农场提供的每磅价格。但现在，由于价格较低且产品通常更新鲜，他们可以继续经营。)”可推知，新农具使小农场收获绿色蔬菜的效率提高，降低了收获成本，现在小农场价格与大农场价格接近和小农场产品更新鲜的特点，使得小农场相对于大农场有了一些相对的优势。由此可知，第二段中作者用“快速切割绿叶蔬菜收割机”的例子来说明小农场相对于大农场可以获得一些优势。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one’s own land unattainable for many new farmers.(一个关键因素是获得土地的安全。来自投资者、开发商和老牌大农场主的竞争使得许多新农民无法拥有自己的土地。)”可知，于那些新农民来说，不能拥有自己的农场是他们面临的困难。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers.(我们纽约农民联盟(NYFC)需要广泛的支持，因为我们敦促国会增加农田保护，推动移民改革，并寻求能确保来自各种背景的多样化且雄心勃勃的下一代农场取得成功的政策。随着一项新的农业法案将在国会进行辩论，消费者必须与年轻农民站在一起。)”可知，NYFC需要广泛的支持，包括要求国会增加农田保护，推动移民改革，寻求确保不同背景的新农民的成功的政策等，而且消费者必须与年轻农民站在一起。所以，为了保证更可持续和更公平的农业经济，农民需要寻求NYFC以外的更多方面的支持。故选B。 Passage 4 （2025·福建闽侯县第一中学·一模） A technology with roots going back to the Bronze Age may offer a fast and inexpensive approach to helping achieve the United Nations climate goal of net zero emissions by 2050, according to recent Stanford-led research. The technology involves fitting heat-absorbing bricks in an insulated (隔热的) container, where they can store heat generated by solar or wind power for later use in industrial processes. The heat can then be released when needed by passing air through channels in the piles of “firebricks”, thus allowing cement, steel, glass, and paper factories to run on renewable energy even when wind and sunshine are unavailable. These systems are a form of thermal energy (热能) storage. The bricks are made from the same materials as the bricks that lined primitive kilns (窑) thousands of years ago. Batteries can store electricity and provide it to generate heat on demand. “The differences between firebrick storage and battery storage are that the firebricks store heat rather than electricity and that their cost is one-tenth the cost of batteries,” said lead study author Mark Z. Jacobson, a professor at Stanford University. “The materials are basically just the components of dirt. ” The researchers adopted computer models to compare costs, land needs, health impacts, and emissions involved in two scenarios for an imagined future where 149 countries in 2050 are using renewable sources for all energy purposes. In one scenario, firebricks provide 90% of industrial process heat. In the other, there’s zero adoption of firebricks or other forms of thermal energy storage. The researchers found the scenario with firebricks could cut costs by $1.27 trillion across the 149 countries, while reducing the demand for electrical energy and energy storage capacity from batteries. Jacobson’s focus on firebricks is relatively new, inspired by a desire to identify effective solutions that could be adopted quickly. “Here I can see a substantial benefits at low cost from multiple angles, from helping reduce air pollution deaths to making it easier to turn the world to clean energy,” he said. 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．How firebrick storage technology works. B．How firebricks are produced sustainably. C．What thermal energy means scientifically. D．What thermal energy storage is used to do. 2．What advantages do firebrick have over battery? A．Firebrick can store heat and cost less. B．Firebrick can generate more electricity. C．Firebrick can provide heat more quickly. D．Firebrick is made of more advanced materials. 3．Why are the computer models adopted? A．To test the durability of firebricks. B．To cut the costs of firebricks. C．To explore the effectiveness of firebricks. D．To test energy storage capacity of firebricks. 4．What might be a suitable title for the text? A．The usage of firebricks can replace batteries. B．Embracing renewable electricity becomes possible. C．Innovative systems turn heat into electricity cheaply. D．An old technology can aid the switch to clean energy. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了古老火砖技术如何通过储存热能，帮助实现工业过程的可再生能源使用，从而助力全球净零排放目标的实现。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The technology involves fitting heat-absorbing bricks in an insulated (隔热的) container, where they can store heat generated by solar or wind power for later use in industrial processes. The heat can then be released when needed by passing air through channels in the piles of “firebricks”, thus allowing cement, steel, glass, and paper factories to run on renewable energy even when wind and sunshine are unavailable. These systems are a form of thermal energy (热能) storage.(这项技术涉及在隔热容器中安装吸热砖，这些砖可以储存由太阳能或风能产生的热量，以便在工业过程中后续使用。当需要时，可以通过在“耐火砖”堆中的通道通过空气来释放热量，从而使水泥、钢铁、玻璃和造纸厂能够在没有风和阳光的情况下依然依靠可再生能源运行。这些系统是热能存储的一种形式)”可知，本段详细说明了耐火砖储能技术是将吸热砖组装在隔热容器中，用来储存太阳能或风能产生的热量以便之后使用等内容，即这项技术的工作原理。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““The differences between firebrick storage and battery storage are that the firebricks store heat rather than electricity and that their cost is one-tenth the cost of batteries,” said lead study author Mark Z. Jacobson, a professor at Stanford University.(“耐火砖存储与电池存储的区别在于，耐火砖储存的是热量而不是电力，并且其成本仅为电池的十分之一，”该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学的教授马克·雅各布森说道)”可知，耐火砖储能与电池储能的差异在于耐火砖储存热量而非电力，且成本是电池的十分之一。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The researchers found the scenario with firebricks could cut costs by $1.27 trillion across the 149 countries, while reducing the demand for electrical energy and energy storage capacity from batteries.(研究人员发现，使用耐火砖的场景可以在这149个国家中削减1.27万亿美元的成本，同时减少对电能的需求以及来自电池的储能容量需求)”可知，研究者用模型对比两种未来可再生能源场景，涉及耐火砖在其中的作用及优势，故推知，采用计算机模型是为了探索耐火砖的有效性。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容及第一段“A technology with roots going back to the Bronze Age may offer a fast and inexpensive approach to helping achieve the United Nations climate goal of net zero emissions by 2050, according to recent Stanford-led research.(根据最近由斯坦福大学主导的研究，一种可以追溯到青铜时代的科技可能提供了一种快速且成本低廉的方法来帮助实现联合国2050年净零排放的气候目标)”可知，文章主要介绍了一种可追溯到青铜时代的耐火砖储能技术，该技术有助于实现联合国净零排放目标，即能够助力向清洁能源的转变。因此，选项D“一项古老的技术可以帮助转向清洁能源”作为标题最为合适。故选D项。 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $