考前押题01 阅读理解6大常考话题（期中专项训练）高一英语下学期沪外版

考前押题01 阅读理解6大常考话题 话题1 生活与学习 Passage 1 答案：1．C 2．B 3．D 4．D Passage 2 答案：1．B 2．C 3．B 4．C Passage 3 答案：1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 话题2 做人与做事 Passage 1 答案：1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C Passage 2 答案：1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A Passage 3 答案：1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 话题3 文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 答案：1．C 2．D 3．D 4．C Passage 2 答案：1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A Passage 3 答案：1．B 2．D 3．D 4．C 话题4 历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 答案：1．A 2．A 3．B 4．A Passage 2 答案：1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B Passage 3 答案：1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 话题5 科学与技术 Passage 1 答案：1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A Passage 2 答案：1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A Passage 3 答案：1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 话题6 人与自然 Passage 1 答案：1．D 2．A 3．B 4．D Passage 2 答案：1．C 2．B 3．C 4．C Passage 3 答案：1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 考前押题01 阅读理解6大常考话题 话题1 生活与学习 话题4 历史、社会与文化 话题2 做人与做事 话题5 科学与技术 话题3 文学、艺术与体育 话题6 人与自然 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 话题1 生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）Is this the most powerful word in the English language? “The.” It’s present everywhere; we can’t imagine English without it. But it’s not much to look at. Technically, it’s meaningless. And yet this word could be one of the most powerful in the English language. “The” tops the league tables of most frequently used words in English, accounting for 5% of every 100 words used. “‘The’ really is miles above everything else,” says Jonathan Culpeper, professor of linguistics at Lancaster University. But why is this? The answer is two-fold, according to the BBC Radio 4 programme Word of Mouth. George Zipf, a 20th-century U. S. linguist, gave a detailed explanation of the principle of least effort. He predicted that short and simple words would be the most frequent — and he was right. The second reason is that “the” lies at the heart of English grammar. It has a function rather than a meaning. Words are split into two categories: expressions with a semantic (语义的) meaning and functional words like “the,” “to” and “for” that have a job to do. “The” can function in multiple ways. This is typical, explains Gary Thoms, assistant professor of linguistics at New York University. “A super high-usage word will often develop a real flexibility,” says Thoms. Helping us understand what is being referred to, “the” makes sense of nouns as a subject or an object. So even someone with a basic understanding of English can tell the difference between “I ate an apple” and “I ate the apple.” But although “the” has no meaning in itself, “it seems to be able to do things in miraculous ways,” says Michael Rosen, a poet and author. Consider the difference between “he scored a goal” and “he scored the goal.” The inclusion of “the” immediately signals something important about that goal. Perhaps it was the only one of the match? Or maybe it was the clincher that won the league? Context very often determines sense. There are many exceptions regarding the use of the definite article, for example in relation to proper nouns. We wouldn’t expect someone to say “the Jonathan” but it’s not incorrect to say “you’re not the Jonathan I thought you were.” And a football commentator might deliberately say “you’ve got the Lampards in midfield” to mean players like Lampard. This could lead to the belief that “the” is nothing more than a workhorse of the English language — functional but boring. Yet Rosen rejects that view. While primary school children are taught to use “wow” words, choosing “exclaimed” rather than “said,” he doesn’t think any word has more or less “wow” factor than any other. It all depends on how it’s used. “Power in language comes from context… “the” can be a wow word,” he says. 1．Which one of the following reasons is NOT the reason why “the” is the most frequently used word in English? A．“The” is a short word and therefore will appear more frequent. B．“The” serves a grammatical function rather than provides semantic meaning. C．“The” contains only one syllable and is easy to pronounce. D．“The” is highly flexible and help us make sense of nouns. 2．What does “the clincher” mean in paragraph 5? A．The player who scored the goal. B．The decisive goal that helped the team win the game. C．The player who looks like Lampard. D．The important game that helped the team get into the next round. 3．According to the passage, which of the following word contains more “wow factor” than the other three? A．happy B．pleased C．glad D．exhilarated 4．Which one of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with? A．Although “the” is functional, it is a boring word. B．Under no circumstances can “the” be used with proper nouns. C．“The” contains the least “wow factor” among all English words. D．“The” can be a “wow word” in certain context. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）Kim accepted the vegetable with a polite bow and quickly ran back to her classmates, relieved that she had finally overcome, even if only slightly, what many South Koreans view as one of their greatest obstacles to global competitiveness: anxiety about speaking English with foreigners, particularly Westerners. Kim was among 300 junior high school students participating in a week-long program at the newly constructed “English Village.” Located in the South Korean countryside,the complex appears as though an entire European town has been transplanted there as a mini-town,complete with its own immigration office, city hall, bookstore,cafeteria,gymnasium, a main street lined with Western-style shops, police officers, and even.a resident community of 160 native English-speaking instructors. To ensure a completely immersive English environment, all signs are exclusively in English, and the use of Korean is strictly prohibited. During their six-day stay for the course, for a fee of 80,000 won (approximately $82), students must conduct daily activities — such as checking into a hotel, shopping, cooking classes, and producing music videos — entirely in English.Specially designated “language police”: patrol the village, imposing fines in the village’s currency or marking red dots on student passports as penalties for speaking Korean. In recent decades, South Korea has adopted one of the most vigorous approaches in Asia toward English education. English proficiency has evolved from being simply a necessary tool for international communication to a significant indicator of social status and professional advancement. Outside the regular school curriculum, Korean parents collectively spend an estimated 10 trillion won annually on private English lessons, overseas study programs,and personal tutoring. Despite this intensive focus, many university graduates still exhibit significant hesitation when required to engage in English conversations with native speakers. Linguists attribute this to a national education system historically oriented toward grammar drills and vocabulary memorization, often at the-expense of practical speaking skills and real-world conversational practice. At Korea University in Seoul, 30 percent of all classes are now conducted in English. In today’s South Korea,fluency in English is no longer just an academic asset — it has become a key factor in determining one’s social and professional status. Today, at Korea University in Seoul,around 30 percent of all courses are conducted in English, underscoring how fluency in the language is no longer merely academic but increasingly essential for defining one’s social standing and professional opportunities in South Korea. 1．What was Kim Hyo Jin’s problem? A．She had difficulties in understanding English grammar rules. B．She dared not talk with westerners in English. C．She was afraid of looking at the English teacher. D．She experienced discomfort from being separated from classmates. 2．Which of the following accurately describes the “English Villge”? A．It is built to resemble an actual European town. B．It houses 460 students simultaneously each week C．Students must obey the English-only rule. D．All signs are presented in both English and Korean. 3．What problem do Korean students typically face in traditional English education? A．Limited exposure to English vocabulary and grammar. B．Insufficient opportunities to practice spoken English. C．Lack of qualified native English-speaking teachers. D．Excessive emphasis on conversational fluency. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Let’s Read in English B．English as a Global Language C．South Korea’s English Village Experiment D．The Changing Role of English in South Korea Passage 3 （23-24高一下·上海·期中）Sia Godika was 13 when she noticed the barefoot children of construction workers at a building site near her house in the upscale Koramangala district of Bangalore, India. “Their feet were bare. Cracked. Hard. Dirty. Bleeding,” reflects Sia, now 17. “They were just walking around that building site like it was an everyday practice for them.” And it was at that moment that Sia realised the troubling contrast to her own privilege. Later that year, with the help of her parents and community volunteers, Sia founded Sole Warriors, a charity dedicated to providing footwear to those in need, epitomized  (体现) by its motto: “Donate a sole, save a soul.” The idea, which started as a dinner conversation with her parents, quickly grew. After she spread the word with posters and WhatsApp groups, enquiries from people who wanted to help came flooding in. For months, Sia was juggling schoolwork and her new passion project. “I was up till 2 a.m. creating Excel sheets to see which apartment buildings we could tackle for donations and contacting people.” In its first distribution drive, Sole Warriors collected and gave out 700 pairs of shoes. Today that number stands at around 28,000 across four countries, including the United States, China and Liberia, thanks to the hard work of a core team of about 80 volunteers. But the organization’s growth wasn’t without its challenges. When it came to looking for collaborators, such as a company that would do the repairs and clean up the footwear to look like new free of charge, Sia faced one obstacle after another before finding a partner in India’s Pressto Cobbler. “Being a 13-year-old, I did face a lot of bias because at my age, people were less willing to hear me out,” says Sia. In recognition of her impact, in 2021 Sia was given the Diana Award, given to people aged nine to 25 in memory of the late Princess of Wales. Awarded by a UK-based charity of the same name, it’s one of the most prestigious honours a young person can receive for social action or humanitarian work. But her work isn’t done. “Our goal has always been to touch a million feet,” she says. 1．The underlined word “upscale” most probably means ______. A．shabby B．deserted C．dynamic D．prosperous 2．One of the biggest challenges of Sole Warriors is that ______. A．local people lacked trust in and patience with teenagers like Sia. B．just about 80 volunteers came to help Sia in the organization’s infancy. C．few companies are willing to do the repairs without financial incentives. D．Sia is not good at operating the organization due to her lack of experience. 3．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．All for one, one for all. B．Walking in someone else’s shoes. C．Where there is a will, there is a way. D．Nothing ventured, nothing gained. 4．Which group of words can best describe Sia’s qualities? A．patient, self-disciplined and modest B．curious, generous and knowledgeable C．energetic, ambitious and sympathetic D．sensitive, independent and passionate 话题2 做人与做事 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）At the beginning of the World Series (美职棒总决赛) of 1947, I experienced a completely new emotion, when the National Anthem was played. This time, I thought, it is being played for me, as much as for anyone else. This is organized major league baseball, and I am standing here with all the others; and everything that takes place includes me. About a year later, I went to Atlanta, Georgia, to play in an exhibition game. On the field, for the first time in Atlanta, there were Negroes and whites. Other Negroes, besides me. And I thought: What I have always believed has come to be. And what is it that I have always believed? First, imperfections are human. But wherever human beings were given room to breathe and time to think, those imperfections would disappear, no matter how slowly. I do not believe that we have found or even approached perfection. That is not necessarily in the scheme of human events. Handicaps, stumbling blocks, prejudices — all of these are imperfect. Yet, they have to be reckoned with because they are in the scheme of human events. Whatever obstacles I found made me fight all the harder. But it would have been impossible for me to fight at all without the deep - rooted belief that my fight had a chance. It had a chance because it took place in a free society. Not once was I forced to face and fight an immovable object. Not once was the situation so rigid that I had no chance at all. Free minds and human hearts were at work all around me; and so there was the probability of improvement. I look at my children now, and know that I must still prepare them to meet obstacles and prejudices. But I can tell them that they will never face some of these prejudices because other people have gone before them. And to myself I can say that, because progress is unalterable, many of today’s dogmas (教条) will have vanished by the time they grow into adults. I can say to my children: There is a chance for you. No guarantee, but a chance. And this chance has come to be, because there is nothing static with free people. There is no Middle Ages logic so strong that it can stop the human tide from flowing forward. I do not believe that every person, in every walk of life, can succeed in spite of any handicap. That would be perfection. But I do believe that what I was able to attain came to be because we put behind us the dogmas of the past, discover the truth of today and perhaps find the greatness of tomorrow. 1．What has the author always believed? A．Imperfections are what human beings fight for. B．A free society can facilitate perfection. C．All human beings have imperfections. D．Humans can approach perfection someday. 2．Which of the following does the author most probably agree with? A．The ideas of the past serve as reminders of the future. B．The efforts behind humans count if we are to desolate the past. C．The ever-changingness of society gives humans great promise. D．The importance of children’s creativity can't be too emphasized. 3．What’s the author’s attitude towards the current society? A．Doubtful. B．Optimistic. C．Indifferent. D．Neutral. 4．The author writes the article to______. A．reveal the imperfections of human and society B．value the chance in a free society to better ourselves C．call on human to accept the imperfections and live with a free heart D．encourage people to do more for the country to achieve a brighter future Passage 2 （23-24高一下·上海普陀·期中）Attachment Parenting is not Indulgent (纵容) Parenting. Attachment parents do not “spoil” their children. Spoiling is done when a child is given everything that they want regardless of what they need and what is practical. Indulgent parents give toys for tantrums (发脾气), ice cream for breakfast. Attachment parents don’t give their children everything they want, they give their children everything that they need. Attachment parents believe that love and comfort are free and necessary. Not sweets or toys. Attachment Parenting is not “afraid of tears” parenting. Our kids cry and have tantrums sometimes, of course. But they do this because their emotions are so strong that they need to get them out. They simply expect us to listen to them. We pick up our babies when they cry, and we respond to the tears of our older children because we believe firmly that comfort is free, love is free, and that when a child is in need of comfort and love, it is our job to provide these things. Attachment Parenting is not Clingy Parenting. I do not cling (抓紧) to my children. In fact, I’m pretty free-range. As soon as they can move, they usually move away from me. Sure, I carry them and hug them and chase them and kiss them and rock them and sleep with them. But this is not me following them everywhere and pulling them back to me. This is me being a home base. Attachment Parenting is not Helicopter Parenting. I don’t hover. I supervise (监督). I follow, I teach, I demonstrate, I explain. I don’t slap (拍，打) curious hands away. I show how to do things safely. I let my child do what he wishes to do, first with help and then with supervision and finally with trust. I don’t insist that my 23-month-old hold my hand when we walk on the sidewalk because I know that I can recall him with my voice because he trusts me to allow him to explore and he trusts me to explain when something is dangerous and to help him satisfy his curiosities safely. Most of the negative things that I hear about “Attachment Parents” are completely off-base and describe something that is entirely unlike Attachment-Parenting. Attachment Parenting is child-centered and focuses on the needs of the child. Attachment Parents simply believe that children are taught, not trained. 1．According to the author, what should parents do when their kids cry? A．Reward them with toys. B．Try to stop them crying. C．Provide comfort and love to them. D．Hold them tight in their arms. 2．What does “free-range” (in Para.3) refer to according to the passage? A．The author’s providing of a home base. B．The author’s readiness to play games with their kids. C．The author’s being curious about watching the games they play. D．The author’s willingness to give their kids freedom of movement. 3．Which of the following is NOT Attachment Parenting? A．Encouraging your child’s curiosity. B．Always standing by to protect your child. C．Helping your child to do the right thing. D．Showing your child how things are done. 4．What does the passage mainly discuss? A．A certain type of parenting B．Parent-child relationships. C．How to bring out love in children. D．How to build children’s self-confidence. Passage 3 （23-24高一下·上海普陀·期中）As I reflect on my educational journey, it becomes evident that the impact of education extends far beyond the ranges of the classroom. Education has been the guiding force that has shaped not only my academic progress but also my personal development and outlook on the world around me. From my earliest days in school, education has stimulated my intellectual curiosity and developed a deep-seated passion for learning. I remember the thrill of getting on a voyage of discovery with each new lesson, as my understanding of the world expanded through the acquisition (获得) of knowledge and the development of critical thinking skills. These experiences have not only nurtured (培养) my intellectual growth but have also equipped me with the tools to navigate the complexities of the modern world. However, the impact of education goes beyond the field of academia. It has played a critical role in shaping my character and values, equipping me with a sense of sympathy, understanding, and respect for others. Through interactions with peers from diverse backgrounds and exposure to various perspectives, education has been beneficial in cultivating my social and emotional intelligence. It has taught me the value of cooperation, the importance of embracing diversity, and the power of empathy (共情) in making meaningful connections with others. Furthermore, education has opened doors to opportunities that have paved the way for my future hard work. It has provided me with the knowledge and skills necessary to pursue my passions, offering a platform for personal and professional growth. The transformative potential of education is evident in the countless stories of individuals whose lives have been improved through access to quality education, breaking the barriers of social and economic inequality. In conclusion, my journey through the fields of education has been nothing short of transformative. It has expanded my horizons, enriched my understanding of the world, and equipped me with the toots to make meaningful contributions to society. As I continue on this path of lifelong learning, I am deeply grateful for the profound impact of education on my life and remain committed to nurturing its transformative power in the lives of others. 1．According to Para. 2, how did education expand the author’s understanding of the world? A．By equipping the author with knowledge. B．By encouraging the author to accept others’ ideas. C．By informing the author of latest scientific development, D．By making the author more curious about others’perspectives. 2．What impact did education have on the author’s social and emotional intelligence? A．It made the author competitive and individualistic. B．It taught the author to value cooperation and varies. C．It made it easier for the author to solve the difficulties. D．It encourages the author to stick to his own opinion. 3．What does the passage suggest about influence of education in society in a broader sense? A．Education has unlimited potential to make individuals’ lives more colorful. B．Education is primarily focused on maintaining social development. C．Education ensures better working opportunities in the future. D．Education has the power to fight against inequality. 4．What is the topic of the passage? A．The importance of education technology. B．The role of author’s family education. C．The transformative power of education. D．The improvement of individuals’ education. 话题3 文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）To decide how to get around in Beijing requires weighing cost and convenience. A traditional bus measures up well in both criteria. Since last year I’ve given up driving and taken the bus to work every day, which has aroused quite a bit of curiosity among colleagues because bus riding is still a rarity in my office. My easy explanation about the change is that after navigating the streets in one of the most congested capitals in the world for more than a decade, I’m tired of driving, and taking the bus allows me to think before my work starts. I also like to be given a ride home after a long, rough day. But most of my colleagues, especially the younger ones who aspire to own a car, have responded with disbelief, as they picture me walking to the bus stop under smoggy skies, stuck in a packed, rumbling bus and constantly leery of jostling, bad breath, loud talking on cell phones and dirty shopping bags. I believe they would be amused if they read the findings of a study of British workers, which found that commuting by bus or train has “the beneficial effects of being physically active, as most journeys will involve walking to the station or stop but also include time to read or talk to friends while traveling”, according to recent British media reports. Perhaps everybody would be more convinced if I told them that I take the bus because it’s cheap, while driving a car is expensive and inconvenient. A bus trip costs 0.4 yuan or 6 — 7 cents with the use of a stored value card, which is almost free if you consider a Coke costs five times that or more. Beijing has a fixed subway fare with unlimited transfers of 2 yuan per single-trip ticket. I would take the more comfortable subway, if it was closer to my home and workplace. 1．Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons the author gave up driving around? A．He tried to avoid the traffic jam. B．He could have time to relax himself. C．He could contribute to environmental protection. D．He could save certain amount of money. 2．What can you learn from the passage? A．It is not an economical way to go around by public transports. B．Most of the author’s young colleagues commute by private cars. C．You can travel to wherever you want with no more than 2 yuan by bus in Beijing. D．Commuting by bus has benefits to people’s health. 3．The author quoted the findings of a study of British workers so as to ______. A．illustrate how cheap it is to commute by bus and metro B．convince the public Coke is much more expensive than a subway fare C．explain the benefits of doing exercises D．back up his decision to resort to public transport 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．To persuade the citizens in Beijing to choose public transports. B．To describe how terrible the traffic and air in Beijing are. C．To present and defend his choice in commuting. D．To compare different methods of transportations. Passage 2 （23-24高一下·上海闵行·期末）The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars, policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing (叫车) services. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 1．What does the word “materializing” in paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．consuming fewer resources B．coming into being C．drawing people’s attention D．enjoying an advantage 2．Paragraph 3 mainly talks about . A．drivers’ improper use of self-driving cars B．the worsening traffic due to self-driving cars C．the possible bad effects of self-driving cars D．the widespread application of self-driving cars 3．What of the following best illustrates the author’s attitude towards self-driving cars? A．It remains to be seen whether self-driving cars will be safe enough. B．The future of self-driving cars is not as bright as producers think. C．We should make self-driving cars a better choice of transportation. D．Policy makers should stop giving self-driving cars permits. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Preparing cities for self-driving cars B．Self-driving cars: shared or not? C．Shall we ban self-driving cars? D．Future self-driving cars Passage 3 （23-24高一下·上海嘉定·期中）In the dim light of an early autumn evening, Alexander, a hunter: known as much for his solitude as for his skill, ventured into the untamed (原始的) heart of the jungle. Each step he took was measured and careful, a respect for the ancient wilderness where every breath was a story, and man was but a fleeting shadow. For years, whispers of a tiger, not just any tiger but one whose fur caught the last rays of the sun, had reached Alexander. A creature so splendid and fearsome, it was said to be more myth than flesh. On this day, as the shadows lengthened and the jungle whispered its age-old secrets, Alexander sought not just the tiger, but a confrontation with the very essence of the wild itself. As dusk settled, painting the world in colors of gold and shadow, the boundary between predator and prey seemed to dissolve. The air was heavy with anticipation, the kind that precedes storms and stories. Then, in a clearing where the jungle seemed to hold its breath, the tiger appeared. It was as if the sun had woven itself into the fabric of its being, its fur a blend of flame and night. For a moment, the world shrank to the space between the hunter named Alexander and the legend made flesh before him. Their gazes locked, a silent understanding passing between man and beast. Here was Alexander, a man who had walked through shadows to stand in the light of a legend, and the tiger, an embodiment of the wild’s untouchable majesty. In that eternal moment, Alexander saw not a prey but a sovereign of nature, a being whose right to wander the dusk was as undeniable as the setting sun. With a respect born of countless sunsets and the silent tales they told, Alexander slowly lowered his rifle (步枪). The act was not one of defeat but of profound respect-a recognition of the bond that ties every living thing to the pulse of the earth. The tiger, its gaze still locked with Alexander’s, seemed to acknowledge this unspoken pact. Then, it turned and melted into the shadows, leaving behind a trail of twilight. Alexander left the jungle that night without a trophy (战利品), but his soul was alight with a tale of fire and twilight. He had sought a legend and found a truth far greater: in the wild’s heart, where shadows and light dance, there lies a respect so deep it transcends the hunt. This encounter, a dance with the untamed, would echo in Alexander’s heart long after the jungle’s whispers faded into the dawn. 1．What was Alexander’s primary reason for venturing into the jungle? A．To find a place to set up camp. B．To hunt a tiger rumored to have a fur like the setting sun. C．To escape from the challenges of modern life. D．To meet other hunters and share stories. 2．What decision does Alexander make when he finally encounters the tiger? A．He captures the tiger to prove its existence. B．He shoots the tiger to claim his trophy. C．He attempts to trap the tiger but fails D．He lowers his rifle, choosing not to shoot the tiger. 3．The author’s writing style reflects Hemingway’s influence through ________. A．complex language. B．long sentences. C．straightforward storytelling. D．supernatural focus. 4．What theme is most prominently reflected in Alexander’s encounter with the tiger? A．The thrill of the hunt is unparalleled. B．True courage is demonstrated through dominance over nature. C．There is a profound respect that exists between man and nature. D．Technology has distanced man from understanding the natural world. 话题4 历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）The Unselfish Gene There has long been a general assumption that human beings are essentially selfish. We’re apparently ruthless, with strong impulses to compete against each other for resources and to accumulate power and possessions. If we are kind to one another, it’s usually because we have secret motives. If we are good, it’s only because we have managed to control and transcend our innate selfishness and brutality. This bleak view of human nature is closely associated with the science writer Richard Dawkins, whose 1976 book The Selfish Gene became popular because it fitted so well with — and helped to justify — the competitive and individualistic spirit that was so prevalent in late 20th-century societies. Like many others, Dawkins justifies his views with reference to the field of evolutionary psychology. Prehistory is usually seen as a period of intense competition, when life was such a brutal battle that only those with traits such as selfishness, aggression and ruthlessness survived. This seems logical. But, in fact, the assumption on which this all rests — that prehistoric life was a desperate struggle for survival — is false. It’s important to remember that in the prehistoric era, the world was very sparsely populated. According to some estimates, around 15,000 years ago, the population of the whole world was less than half a million. Humans at that time were hunter-gatherers. With such small population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups had to compete against each other for resources or had any need to develop ruthlessness and competitiveness, or to go to war. There is significant evidence to back this notion from contemporary hunter-gatherer groups, who live in the same way as prehistoric humans did. As the anthropologist Bruce Knauft has remarked, hunter-gatherers are characterized by “extreme political and sexual egalitarianism (平等主义)”. Knauft has observed that individuals in such groups don’t accumulate property or possessions and have an ethical obligation to share everything. The Kung people of southern Africa, for example, swap arrows before going hunting and when an animal is killed, the reward does not go to the person who fired the arrow, but to the person the arrow belongs to. And if a person becomes too domineering (专横的), the other members of the group drive him/ her away from the community. Typically, in such groups, men do not dictate what women do. Women in hunter-gatherer groups worldwide often benefit from a high level of autonomy, being able to select their own marriage partners, decide what work they do and work whenever they choose to. And if a marriage breaks down, they have custody rights over their children. 1．What is the author doing in the first paragraph? A．Describing a commonly held belief about people’s behavior. B．Justifying his opinion about our tendency to be greedy. C．Setting out two opposing views about human nature. D．Explaining why he thinks that humans act in a selfish manner. 2．What point is made about Richard Dawkins’ book The Selfish Gene? A．It presented a view that was in line with the attitudes of its time. B．Its success was due to the scientific support it offered. C．Its appeal lay in the radical nature of its ideas. D．It took an innovative approach to the analysis of human psychology. 3．What does the author suggest about the prehistoric era in the fourth paragraph? A．Societies were more complex than many people believe. B．Supplies of natural resources were probably relatively plentiful. C．Most estimates about population sizes are likely to be inaccurate. D．Humans moved across continents more than was previously thought. 4．The author refers to Bruce Knauft and Kung people of south Africa in order to prove that ______. A．selfishness is a relatively recent development in human societies B．only people in isolated communities can live in an unselfish manner C．very few lifestyles have survived unchanged since prehistoric times D．hunter-gatherer cultures worldwide are declining in number Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海徐汇·期中）“I’m living my childhood dream,” Djokovic told fans on court as he received the US Open trophy from a former rival, Andy Roddick. “I had the dream to become the best player in the world and win Wimbledon.” He’s won a lot more than just one Wimbledon, and Roddick’s presence was a reminder: Djokovic who won his first major at the Australian Open in 2008-has entered into another tennis era as the player to beat, with rivals like Roger Federer now retired and injuries challenging the careers of Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray. He owes his continued success to constant self-reflection around his goals. “One of the biggest lessons I have learned probably mentally throughout my career is that even if you find a formula that works, it’s not a guarantee,” he said. “And actually most likely it’s not going to work the next year. You need to reinvent, yourself, because everyone else does. As a 36-year-old competing with 20-year-olds, I probably have to do it more than I have ever done it in order to keep my body in shape, in order to be able to recover so that I can perform on the highest level consistently.” He showed as much again in the last few weeks, bouncing back from his Wimbledon loss to Carlos Alcaraz to beat the Spaniard (who, indeed, is 20 years old) in the Cincinnati final. Alcaraz was stopped by Medvedev in the US Open semis, but Djokovic is aware of the pressure to keep up-and try and stay ahead. “I focus on what I need to do and how I get myself in the best state so that I can win the biggest trophies in our sport,” he said. “That’s what I care about.” It was two years ago that Medvedev discontinued a different history-in-the-making moment for Djokovic as Novak went for the calendar Grand Slam — sweeping all four majors in one year. But that 2021 final loss provided lessons for Djokovic that he applied this past week: Block out all the noise. “I really did my best in the last 48 hours not to allow the importance of the moment and what’s on the line get to my head, because two years ago that’s what happened, and I underperformed, and I wasn’t able to be at my best, and I was outplayed,” he recalled. And he has no plans of slowing down. “I’m going to keep going,” he said. “I feel good in my own body. I still feel I have the support of my environment, of my team, of my family. These are the moments and these are the kind of emotions that I motivate myself with every single day when I’m not playing a tournament,” he added. “Yeah, occasionally I’m asking myself, ‘Why do I need this still at this stage after all I have done?’ ‘How long do I want to keep going?’ I do have these questions in my head, of course. But knowing that I play at such a high level still and I win the biggest tournaments in this sport... I don’t want to leave this sport if I’m still at the top, if I’m still playing the way I’m playing.” Djokovic takes to the court again this week (12-17 September), suiting up for Team Serbia in the Davis Cup Finals Group Stage in Valencia, Spain. 1．Which of the following is TRUE about Djokovic? A．He is going to challenge Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray soon. B．He was beaten by Carlos Alcaraz in the Cincinnati final. C．He lost when playing for the Grand Slam in 2021. D．He is playing with so much pressure to keep on that he wants to retire. 2．What motivates Djokovic to continue playing professional tennis? A．Finding a formula that works for all tennis players. B．Proving that he’s better than young players today. C．Challenging his rivals — Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray. D．Feeling physically good and having emotional support. 3．What is Djokovic’s next scheduled competition? A．Wimbledon. B．Australian Open. C．Davis Cup Finals Group Stage. D．US Open. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．Djokovic Lives His Childhood Dream. B．Djokovic Reinvents Himself. C．Djokovic Wins Wimbledon. D．Djokovic Finds a Formula for Tennis. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）There is plenty of complaints about how social media-texting in particular — may be harming children’s social and intellectual development. But a new study suggests that constant instant messaging (IM’ing) and texting among teens may also provide benefits, particularly for those who are introverted (内向的). British researchers studied instant messages exchanged by 231 teens, aged 14 to 18. All of the participants were “regular” or “extensive” IM’ers. In the U. S., two thirds of teens use instant messaging services regularly, with a full third messaging at least once every day. The researchers analyzed 150 conversations in the study, and reported the results in the journal Computers in Human Behavior. In 100 of these chats, the study participant began IM’ing while in a negative emotional state such as sadness, distress or anger. The rest were conversations begun when the participant was feeling good or neutral. After the chat, participants reported about a 20% reduction in their distress — not enough to completely eliminate it, but enough to leave them feeling better than they had before reaching out. “Our findings suggest that IM’ing between distressed adolescents and their peers may provide emotional relief and consequently contribute to their well-being,” the authors write, noting that prior research has shown that people assigned to talk to a stranger either in real life or online improved their mood in both settings, but even more with IM. And people who talk with their real-life friends online also report feeling closer to them than those who just communicate face-to-face, implying a strengthening of their bond. Why would digital communication do better than human contact? The reasons are complex, but may have something to do with the fact that users can control expression of sadness and other emotions via IM without revealing emotional elements like tears that some may consider as embarrassing or sources of discomfort. Studies also show that the anonymity (匿名) of writing on a device blankets the users in a sense of safety that may cause people to feel more comfortable in sharing and discussing their deepest and most authentic feelings. Prior research has shown that expressive writing itself can “vent” emotions and provide a sense of relief — and doing so, knowing that your words are reaching a sympathetic friend, may provide even more comfort and potentially be therapeutic. Researchers also found that introverted participants reported more relief from IM conversations when they were distressed than extroverts did. Susan Cain, author of Quiet wrote recently for TIME: Introverts are often brimming over with thoughts and care deeply for their friends, family and colleagues. But even the most socially skilled introverts sometimes long for a free pass from socializing or talking on the phone. This is what the Internet offers: the chance to connect — but in measured doses and from behind a screen. 1．The underlined word “vent” in paragraph 5 most probably means ______. A．control B．maintain C．release D．conceal 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．Teens are more likely to send instant messages when feeling distressed. B．Instant messaging can help completely remove teens’ negative emotions. C．Chat via instant messaging services makes participants feel good or calm. D．Constant instant messaging can help teens control their negative emotions. 3．What does the digital communication enable users to do? A．Find more sympathetic friends. B．Share and discuss more information. C．Produce more expressive writings. D．Avoid embarrassment and discomfort. 4．What can be concluded from the new study by British researchers? A．Instant messaging will prevent children’s social and intellectual development. B．Introverted teens may benefit from constant instant messaging. C．Teens feeling bad often feel closer to real-life friends than to the net friends. D．American teens aged 14 to 18 are extensive instant messaging users. 话题5 科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）New molecules (分子) engineered by Weill Cornell Medicine researchers can enable rapid, direct “editing” of genes in a wide range of cell types, creating a series of research and therapeutic possibilities. The molecules, known as base editors (碱基编辑器), can attach to a target DNA sequence and chemically alter a single DNA letter. Base editing technology, just two years old, developed from the better-known CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology. CRISPR/Cas9 molecules allow scientists to cut almost any piece of DNA in a cell and in this way disable or remove a gene. By contrast, a base editor molecule, using essentially the same DNA-targeting mechanism, chemically modifies a gene rather than cutting it out. Base editing is better for making or correcting single-base “point mutations (基因突变)” in DNA — the cause of many inherited diseases and cancers — and in principle involves less risk of having impact on other normal DNA．However, first-generation base editors operate efficiently in relatively few cell types. Together, the team systematically re-engineered the principal existing set of base editors, known as BE3, BE4Gam and xBE3, to boost their production in cells — low production had been a problem in many cell types. The optimized (优化的) editors, unlike the first-generation version, work efficiently in a wide variety of cell types and model systems, including mouse and human cell lines, and even liver cells in live mice. “These new base editors allow us to model and study diseases such as cancer in new ways, but they really have applications all the way across biomedical research,” said senior study author Dr. Lukas Dow, an assistant professor of biochemistry in medicine and a member of the Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine, and a paid advisory board member for Mirimus, Inc., a company focused on genome (基因组) editing technologies to develop animal models. The Weill Cornell Medicine scientists now plan to use the new editors for several research applications, including the investigation of mutations associated with cancers to find suitable targets for therapies. “There is a huge list of cancer-linked mutations whose precise roles in cancer are unknown, and now with these optimized tools we can study them affordably and in a feasible time frame,” Dr. Dow said. The optimized editors are also being studied by researchers working on other applications, including potential therapies for genetic diseases. 1．How many types of molecules are mentioned in the first two paragraphs? A．1. B．2. C．3. D．4. 2．According to the passage, what is a key advantage of base editing over CRISPR/Cas9 for correcting point mutations? A．It is significantly cheaper to employ. B．It involves less risk to non-target DNA． C．It can edit multiple genes at the same time. D．It requires no specialized equipment. 3．According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Scientists think it’s better to remove a gene than to edit it. B．The first-generation base editors fail to work in cells. C．Base editing technology is of great value mainly in medication. D．It is unknown how some mutations cause cancer. 4．Which is the best title for this passage? A．DNA Editing Just Got Easier. B．Say Goodbye to Genetic Disease. C．The Birth of a New Technology: DNA Editing. D．Mutations in DNA． Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海徐汇·期中）Physicist Albert-László Barabási recently published a book—The Formula: The Universal Laws of Success—laying out his and his colleagues’ research into the nature of success with a simple equation. The degree of success for a given product, scientific paper, artwork, or other venture, represented by “S,” is broken down into two components: the essentially random quality of the underlying idea, symbolized by “r,” and the ability of the creator behind the project to actually bring ideas in a given field to fruition, which Barabási calls the “Q-factor.” With that framework in mind, success is the product of the random initial idea and the Q-factor of the creator: S= Qr. As an example of the importance of both components of the success formula, Barabási points out that Steve Jobs—someone with an undoubtedly high Q-factor in the field of designing consumer electronics—had a list of unsuccessful products to his name as well. Barabási wrote, “Think AppleLisa, NeXT, the G-4Cube, MobileMe. Never heard of them? They’re among Jobs’s many failures. If an idea has a small r value, no matter how high the Q, the product will be cheapened.” Of course, Barabási also noted that a strong combination of a capable, high-Q-factor creator with a really good initial idea could enhance each other and create extremely successful results: “Think of the iPhone—a fantastic idea with brilliant execution, resulting in the product that defined Jobs’s legacy.” One perhaps surprising result Barabási found was that a given individual’s Q-factor in a particular field tended to stay more or less constant over time. That is, a creator’s ability to take advantage of good ideas in their field neither improved with experience nor declined with age. That presents a double-edged sword to anyone trying to find success in their career. On the one hand, repeated struggles in a particular field could suggest an underlying lack of talent in that field. Barabási wrote, “if our Q-factor doesn’t work well with our job, we should consider if we’ve pinned our hopes on the wrong career path.” On the other hand, the relative constancy of a Q-factor in a given field means that one’s best work can happen at any point in their career. Barabási gave the example of the physicist John Fenn, who after a long and fairly low-impact scientific career developed a revolutionary technique for measuring the masses of large molecules at the age of 67. Fenn would later go on to win the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his late-career work. Barabási’s research suggests that a good way to succeed is to find what you are good at and then keep trying new things in that field. “The key to long-term success from a creator’s perspective is straightforward: let the qualities that give you your Q-factor do their job by giving them a chance to deliver success over and over,” he wrote. 1．According to the formula, which of the following is NOT a factor in achieving long-term success? A．A brilliant and talented idea. B．A proper price for the products. C．The ability to put the idea into practice. D．Perseverance in trying new things. 2．Why are AppleLisa, NeXT, the G-4 Cube and MobileMe not as successful as iPhone? A．Because Jobs lacked talent when working on these products. B．Because the ideas behind them were not of high quality. C．Because they were not developed by Jobs. D．Because they were not Jobs’s legacies. 3．Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? A．Barabási worked out the formula based on his research in cooperation with his colleagues. B．A good idea plays a significant role in the ultimate success of a product or artwork. C．If you have a low Q-factor, you may have a try at changing your career path. D．The physicist John Fenn didn’t make much scientific impact because of his old age. 4．What is the main idea Barabási wants to convey in his book? A．The key to success lies in finding what you are good at and sticking with it. B．A person’s ability remains more or less constant over his or her lifetime. C．Success in a person’s career presents a double-edged sword. D．You need to give yourself chances to deliver success over and over again. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）Thanks to great strides in fundamental research, biology is becoming ever more programmable. Two recent scientific advances show just how powerful the possibilities could be. The genetic modification of plants is allowing the mechanism of photosynthesis to be tinkered with, as research published in Science on August 18th sets out. This could lead to dramatic improvements in the productivity of plants, and eventually to a second green revolution. Tweaking the genes of people who suffer from fatal incurable diseases, meanwhile, has also had remarkable results. A series of genetic therapies has arrived, or is arriving, in clinics to treat blood cancers, spinal muscular atrophy, haemophilia and sickle-cell disease. The task now is to spread these gains far and wide. The consequences of both advances could be momentous. The genetic modification of crops promises cheaper, more nutritious and more climate-resilient food for a hungry planet. Genetic therapies offer the hope of curing devastating diseases. They also allow for one-time treatments that can be transported to the four corners of the Earth, bringing years, decades or a lifetime of benefits to the seriously and incurably ill. Imagine a cure for aids or sickle-cell disease that could be taken to the continent of Africa or across the Middle East. The accompanying benefits would be similar to the eradication of smallpox. This tantalising promise has been made possible by a prodigious investment in fundamental research over the years. Basic knowledge of genetics and the functions and structures of proteins has proved to be a motor for discovery across medicine and agriculture. The private sector, to be sure, plays an essential role in the cycle of innovation. But these advances are a reminder that investment by governments and charities is crucial in areas that offer little commercial benefit in the short term, but which in the long term promise to greatly advance well-being. Much of the success in treating rare diseases is a consequence of the efforts of charities, often thanks to fundraising by patients and their families. Research that benefits low-income countries frequently relies on philanthropic donors with deep pockets, such as the Gates Foundation. The investments made in fundamental science today yield the productivity gains of tomorrow. Unfortunately, there is no guarantee that these gains will be realized. Gene therapies are a remarkable technical accomplishment. But their current enormous cost — often well over $ l m to treat a single person — makes them hard for health-care systems to afford, even when they are reserved for fatal rare genetic diseases. The idea of using them to treat more prevalent conditions looks prohibitively pricey. 1．What does the research published in Science on August 18th focus on? A．The treatment of blood cancers. B．The genetic modification of plants. C．The improvement of genetic therapies. D．The spread of the gains in biology. 2．Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of genetic therapies? A．Offering one-time treatments. B．Curing some fatal incurable diseases. C．Reducing the cost of health care systems. D．Bringing long-term benefits to the seriously all. 3．Who plays an important role in the research benefiting low-income countries? A．The private sector. B．Patients and their families. C．Health-care systems. D．The Gates Foundation. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Present the achievements and challenges of two biological advancements. B．Emphasize the importance of fundamental research in all scientific fields. C．Compare the genetic modification of plants and genetic therapies in terms of cost. D．Analyze the cost-effectiveness of genetic therapies and plant genetic modification. 话题6人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）In June 1894, Harper’s Bazaar highlighted currants (醋栗), noting that over forty of the sixty known currant varieties were of American origin, including the black currant, white currant, and red currant. Currants were once common in 19th-century US recipes, but they have since disappeared, while they remain popular in the UK for jams and jellies. Even confectionery (糖果) flavors differ: black currant in the UK and grape in the US. This change is due to a forgotten war launched by the US government against currants. Currants come in black, red, or white and are typically sour. They grew wild in North America for centuries and were used by Native American communities for cooking and medicinal purposes. Early colonists introduced European varieties, and by the 19th century, currants were used in jams, jellies, wines, and remedies. By the early 20th century, the US was producing European currants on a large scale, especially in New York. However, New York was also home to the eastern white pine, a crucial source of wood. The import of pine seedlings from Europe introduced Cronartium Ribicola, a fungus (真菌) which infected white pine trees with a disease called white pine blister rust. Efforts to get rid of the disease included banning white pine imports, but by 1921, the disease had spread across the US, threatening the wood industry. The fungus needed two hosts: pine trees and currant plants. To fight against the disease, the US government initiated a program to remove currant plants in 1916, which led to the destruction of them across the country. The program destroyed both European and native currant species, including those used medicinally by native communities like the Menominee Tribe. The efforts were ultimately unsustainable and ceased by the late 1960s, but the damage was done. White pine blister rust persisted, and currant cultivation remained restricted in many states. This campaign changed American cooking habits greatly, making currants unfamiliar to most. By the mid-20th century, currant recipes had nearly disappeared from American cookbooks. 1．The first paragraph is intended to______. A．highlight the varieties of currants and their origins B．explain the historical significance of currants in the US C．describe the previous popularity of currants in the US and the UK D．introduce the topic of currants and their decline in American cooking 2．Which of the following is a feature of currants? A．They vary in color. B．They originated in Europe. C．They taste sweet when ripe. D．They were mainly used for medical purposes. 3．What was the primary reason for the US government’s campaign against currants? A．To promote the growth of other fruits. B．To protect the eastern white pine trees. C．To make space for other agricultural crops. D．To improve the flavor of American confectionery. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．What the history and varieties of currants in the US are. B．How currants were used by Native American communities. C．Why confectionery flavors differ between the US and the UK. D．Why currants are not as common as they used to be in the US. Passage 2 （23-24高一下·上海·期中）Trees are magicians with carbon, pulling it out of the air at remarkable rates to store it in their bodies. They are so good at removing this greenhouse gas that “planting trees” is often synonymous with doing environmental good. And lots of people are planting trees. The number of tree-planting organizations has grown by almost 300 percent in the past 30 years, according to a 2021 paper in the journal Biological Conservation. But while tree planting can capture a great amount of carbon, it is hardly a silver bullet for the climate crisis — express estimate that even if we maximized our available lands for trees, this alone would not be enough to counteract carbon emissions caused by humans. Plus, many plantations grow the same few species in monocultures, which can hurt local biodiversity. The minority of tree plantations are set up with carbon capture solely, or even primarily in mind, says Jacob Bukoski, a forestry scientist at Oregon State University. Most trees are planted with the goal of harvesting timber or wood pulp (木浆) for paper. Tree-planting organizations are more likely to create plantations for commercial reasons, the authors of the 2021 paper also note, rather than for biodiversity or carbon capture. In forestry, there’s a saying that you have to plant “the right tree in the right place, for the right reason.” But when many tree plantations are established for commercial purposes, the tree that is planted is often not the “right” tree, says Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez, an ecologist at the Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford. In a paper published recently in the journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Aguirre-Gutiérrez and colleagues argue that focusing on the goal of carbon removal by natural process causes organizations to ignore the importance of restoring balanced ecosystems. The result is a collection of trees that do not support local organisms or promote biodiversity in the way native plant species would have. These problems deserve particular notice in tropical areas where land is vast, and conditions such as stable temperatures and high humidity promote tree growth, as ignoring them while planting trees is damaging. When plantations increased the woody cover of the Brazilian savannah by 40 percent, this “resulted in an about 30 percent reduction in the diversity of plants and ants,” Aguirre-Gutiérrez and his co-authors write in the new paper. Aguirre-Gutiérrez doesn’t want to discourage people from growing more trees, he says. Rather, we need a better way to protect the natural ecosystems and species there, like encouraging the restoration of native forest tree species. Local plants will be “better adapted to the conditions” in these environments, he says, which means they, and nearby species, are more likely to thrive. “If we go in that direction, that will bring us the added value of capturing carbon, but also this sustainability.” 1．Experts are concerned about tree plantation to reduce greenhouse partly because ______. A．the number of tree-planting organizations is growing too fast. B．the speed of tree planting falls far behind that of carbon emission. C．the selection of species in tree planting can harm local biodiversity. D．the land available to plant trees is not fully explored and developed. 2．In paragraph 4, “the right reason” refers to ______. A．mass plantation of carbon-absorbing trees B．biodiversity preservation with local species C．harvest of timber or wood pulp for paper D．tree plantation for commercial purposes 3．Why does the author mention “Brazilian savannah” in paragraph 5? A．To show the benefits of planting trees in tropical areas B．To illustrate the vastness and eco-diversity of tropical areas C．To highlight the negative impact of planting trees in tropical areas D．To discourage people from randomly planting trees in tropical areas 4．Which of the following statements will Aguirre-Gutiérrez most likely approve of? A．People and organizations should plant as many trees as they can to capture carbon. B．Plants in tropical areas can thrive better due to its vast land and agreeable climate. C．Preserving biodiversity plays a more sustainable role than capturing carbon only. D．Tree plantation organizations are irresponsible and focus only on making profits. Passage 3 （23-24高一下·上海·期末）“The world’s environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss.” If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog to global climate change, from …. The list would largely be accurate, the concern reasonable. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad. After all, the world’s population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous. But they don’t. The reasons why they don’t and why the environment has not been ruined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in response to popular pressure. That is why today’s environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable. Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very intelligent. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason, prices for energy and for minerals have virtually fallen during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate (波动), in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new farming and crop technology. The long-term trend has been downwards. It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this sound trend begins to stumble (受挫), and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it. 1．According to the author, why would most students tear the test paper apart? A．Because they find it challenging to answer the examination topic. B．Because they maintain that the environment of the world is better than expected. C．Because they feel the topic is against their knowledge of today’s environmental problems. D．Because they have no idea about the current situation of global environment. 2．It can be inferred from the passage that the huge increase in world output and population ________ A．has made the world a dangerous place to live in. B．has significantly affected the environment. C．has made the environment of poor nations unsolvable. D．has played a minor role in affecting the environment. 3．According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE? A．There are few alternatives to raw materials in the world. B．The long-term trend of prices for materials and food is downwards. C．The price of energy fluctuates in response to change of food price. D．Social stability can promote technological innovation. 4．According to the author, what is the primary solution to environmental problems? A．To allow market forces to operate properly. B．To limit consumption of natural resources. C．To control the growth of the world population. D．To encourage technological innovation. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 考前押题01 阅读理解6大常考话题 话题1 生活与学习 话题4 历史、社会与文化 话题2 做人与做事 话题5 科学与技术 话题3 文学、艺术与体育 话题6 人与自然 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 话题1 生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）Is this the most powerful word in the English language? “The.” It’s present everywhere; we can’t imagine English without it. But it’s not much to look at. Technically, it’s meaningless. And yet this word could be one of the most powerful in the English language. “The” tops the league tables of most frequently used words in English, accounting for 5% of every 100 words used. “‘The’ really is miles above everything else,” says Jonathan Culpeper, professor of linguistics at Lancaster University. But why is this? The answer is two-fold, according to the BBC Radio 4 programme Word of Mouth. George Zipf, a 20th-century U. S. linguist, gave a detailed explanation of the principle of least effort. He predicted that short and simple words would be the most frequent — and he was right. The second reason is that “the” lies at the heart of English grammar. It has a function rather than a meaning. Words are split into two categories: expressions with a semantic (语义的) meaning and functional words like “the,” “to” and “for” that have a job to do. “The” can function in multiple ways. This is typical, explains Gary Thoms, assistant professor of linguistics at New York University. “A super high-usage word will often develop a real flexibility,” says Thoms. Helping us understand what is being referred to, “the” makes sense of nouns as a subject or an object. So even someone with a basic understanding of English can tell the difference between “I ate an apple” and “I ate the apple.” But although “the” has no meaning in itself, “it seems to be able to do things in miraculous ways,” says Michael Rosen, a poet and author. Consider the difference between “he scored a goal” and “he scored the goal.” The inclusion of “the” immediately signals something important about that goal. Perhaps it was the only one of the match? Or maybe it was the clincher that won the league? Context very often determines sense. There are many exceptions regarding the use of the definite article, for example in relation to proper nouns. We wouldn’t expect someone to say “the Jonathan” but it’s not incorrect to say “you’re not the Jonathan I thought you were.” And a football commentator might deliberately say “you’ve got the Lampards in midfield” to mean players like Lampard. This could lead to the belief that “the” is nothing more than a workhorse of the English language — functional but boring. Yet Rosen rejects that view. While primary school children are taught to use “wow” words, choosing “exclaimed” rather than “said,” he doesn’t think any word has more or less “wow” factor than any other. It all depends on how it’s used. “Power in language comes from context… “the” can be a wow word,” he says. 1．Which one of the following reasons is NOT the reason why “the” is the most frequently used word in English? A．“The” is a short word and therefore will appear more frequent. B．“The” serves a grammatical function rather than provides semantic meaning. C．“The” contains only one syllable and is easy to pronounce. D．“The” is highly flexible and help us make sense of nouns. 2．What does “the clincher” mean in paragraph 5? A．The player who scored the goal. B．The decisive goal that helped the team win the game. C．The player who looks like Lampard. D．The important game that helped the team get into the next round. 3．According to the passage, which of the following word contains more “wow factor” than the other three? A．happy B．pleased C．glad D．exhilarated 4．Which one of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with? A．Although “the” is functional, it is a boring word. B．Under no circumstances can “the” be used with proper nouns. C．“The” contains the least “wow factor” among all English words. D．“The” can be a “wow word” in certain context. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英语中最常用的单词“the”，分析了其高频使用的原因，阐述了其功能和作用，还提到了使用的例外情况以及它是否有魅力取决于语境。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“George Zipf, a 20th century U. S. linguist, gave a detailed explanation of the principle of least effort. He predicted that short and simple words would be the most frequent — and he was right.(20世纪美国语言学家乔治·齐普夫详细解释了省力原则。他预测简短简单的单词会出现得更频繁——他是对的)”可知A选项“‘The’是一个短单词，因此会更频繁出现”是原因之一；根据第四段中“The second reason is that ‘the’ lies at the heart of English grammar. It has a function rather than a meaning.(第二个原因是‘the’处于英语语法的核心位置。它有功能而没有语义)”可知B选项“‘The’起到语法功能而非提供语义”是原因之一；根据第四段中“‘The’ can function in multiple ways. This is typical, explains Gary Thoms, assistant professor of linguistics at New York University. ‘A super high usage word will often develop a real flexibility,’ says Thoms. Helping us understand what is being referred to, ‘the’ makes sense of nouns as a subject or an object.(‘the’可以有多种功能。纽约大学语言学助理教授加里·汤姆斯解释说，这很典型。汤姆斯说：‘一个高频使用的单词通常会有很强的灵活性。’‘the’帮助我们理解所指的内容，使名词作为主语或宾语有意义)”可知D选项“‘The’非常灵活，帮助我们理解名词”是原因之一。而文中未提及C项“‘The’包含一个音节，容易发音”是其高频使用的原因。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Perhaps it was the only one of the match? Or maybe it was the clincher that won the league? Context very often determines sense.(也许它是这场比赛的唯一进球?或者也许它是赢得联赛的……?语境常常决定语义)”中定语从句“that won the league”可推知，帮助赢得联赛的是“决定性进球”，与B项“The decisive goal that helped the team win the game.”同义。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“While primary school children are taught to use ‘wow’ words, choosing ‘exclaimed’ rather than ‘said,’(小学孩子们被教导使用‘哇塞’类的词，选择‘exclaimed’而不是‘said’)”可知“哇塞”类的词是更生动、更有表现力的词。“exhilarated”意为“兴奋的；欣喜若狂的”，相比“happy(高兴的)”“pleased(满意的)”“glad(高兴的)”，“exhilarated”更能体现出强烈的情感，更符合“哇塞”类词的特点。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Power in language comes from context… ‘the’ can be a wow word(语言的力量来自语境……‘the’可以是一个‘哇塞’词)”可知，作者认为在特定的语境中，“the”可以是一个有魅力的词。所以作者最可能赞同“‘The’ can be a ‘wow word’ in certain context.(‘The’在某些上下文中可以是一个‘哇塞’的词)”这一说法。故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）Kim accepted the vegetable with a polite bow and quickly ran back to her classmates, relieved that she had finally overcome, even if only slightly, what many South Koreans view as one of their greatest obstacles to global competitiveness: anxiety about speaking English with foreigners, particularly Westerners. Kim was among 300 junior high school students participating in a week-long program at the newly constructed “English Village.” Located in the South Korean countryside,the complex appears as though an entire European town has been transplanted there as a mini-town,complete with its own immigration office, city hall, bookstore,cafeteria,gymnasium, a main street lined with Western-style shops, police officers, and even.a resident community of 160 native English-speaking instructors. To ensure a completely immersive English environment, all signs are exclusively in English, and the use of Korean is strictly prohibited. During their six-day stay for the course, for a fee of 80,000 won (approximately $82), students must conduct daily activities — such as checking into a hotel, shopping, cooking classes, and producing music videos — entirely in English.Specially designated “language police”: patrol the village, imposing fines in the village’s currency or marking red dots on student passports as penalties for speaking Korean. In recent decades, South Korea has adopted one of the most vigorous approaches in Asia toward English education. English proficiency has evolved from being simply a necessary tool for international communication to a significant indicator of social status and professional advancement. Outside the regular school curriculum, Korean parents collectively spend an estimated 10 trillion won annually on private English lessons, overseas study programs,and personal tutoring. Despite this intensive focus, many university graduates still exhibit significant hesitation when required to engage in English conversations with native speakers. Linguists attribute this to a national education system historically oriented toward grammar drills and vocabulary memorization, often at the-expense of practical speaking skills and real-world conversational practice. At Korea University in Seoul, 30 percent of all classes are now conducted in English. In today’s South Korea,fluency in English is no longer just an academic asset — it has become a key factor in determining one’s social and professional status. Today, at Korea University in Seoul,around 30 percent of all courses are conducted in English, underscoring how fluency in the language is no longer merely academic but increasingly essential for defining one’s social standing and professional opportunities in South Korea. 1．What was Kim Hyo Jin’s problem? A．She had difficulties in understanding English grammar rules. B．She dared not talk with westerners in English. C．She was afraid of looking at the English teacher. D．She experienced discomfort from being separated from classmates. 2．Which of the following accurately describes the “English Villge”? A．It is built to resemble an actual European town. B．It houses 460 students simultaneously each week C．Students must obey the English-only rule. D．All signs are presented in both English and Korean. 3．What problem do Korean students typically face in traditional English education? A．Limited exposure to English vocabulary and grammar. B．Insufficient opportunities to practice spoken English. C．Lack of qualified native English-speaking teachers. D．Excessive emphasis on conversational fluency. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Let’s Read in English B．English as a Global Language C．South Korea’s English Village Experiment D．The Changing Role of English in South Korea 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了韩国为提升英语教育水平而建立的“英语村”项目及其成效与问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Kim accepted the vegetable with a polite bow and quickly ran back to her classmates, relieved that she had finally overcome, even if only slightly, what many South Koreans view as one of their greatest obstacles to global competitiveness: anxiety about speaking English with foreigners, particularly Westerners.(Kim礼貌地鞠了一躬，接过了蔬菜，然后迅速跑回了她的同学们身边。她感到如释重负，因为她终于克服了 —— 哪怕只是稍稍克服了 —— 许多韩国人认为是他们在全球竞争力方面最大的障碍之一：与外国人（尤其是西方人）说英语时的焦虑情绪。)”可知，Kim Hyo Jin的问题是她不敢用英语和西方人交谈。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“To ensure a completely immersive English environment,all signs are exclusively in English, and the use of Korean is strictly prohibited. (为了确保一个完全沉浸式的英语环境，所有的标志都是英文的，严格禁止使用韩语。)”可知，“英语村”中学生必须遵守只说英语的规定。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Linguists attribute this to a national education system historically oriented toward grammar drills and vocabulary memorization, often at the-expense of practical speaking skills and real-world conversational practice. (语言学家将此归因于韩国历史上以语法练习和词汇记忆为导向的教育体系，这种体系往往以牺牲实际的口语技能和现实世界的会话练习为代价。)”可知，韩国学生在传统英语教育中通常面临的问题是缺乏练习英语口语的机会。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段中“Kim was among 300 junior high school students participating in a week-long program at the newly constructed “English Village.” Located in the South Korean countryside,the complex appears as though an entire European town has been transplanted there as a mini-town,complete with its own immigration office, city hall, bookstore,cafeteria,gymnasium, a main street lined with Western-style shops, police officers, and even.a resident community of 160 native English-speaking instructors. To ensure a completely immersive English environment, all signs are exclusively in English, and the use of Korean is strictly prohibited. (金是300名参加了在新建的 “英语村” 为期一周项目的初中生之一。这个建筑群位于韩国乡村，看上去仿佛一整个欧洲小镇被迁移到了这里，成了一个迷你小镇，里面有自己的移民局、市政厅、书店、自助餐厅、体育馆，还有一条主街，两旁是西式商店，有警察，甚至还有由160名以英语为母语的教师组成的常驻社区。为了确保营造一个完全沉浸式的英语环境，所有标识都只用英语，并且严格禁止使用韩语。)”可知，文章主要讲述了韩国为提升英语教育水平而建立的“英语村”项目，包括其环境、规则、效果以及传统英语教育存在的问题等，所以C选项“South Korea’s English Village Experiment (韩国的英语村实验)”最符合文章主旨，是本文的最佳标题。故选C。 Passage 3 （23-24高一下·上海·期中）Sia Godika was 13 when she noticed the barefoot children of construction workers at a building site near her house in the upscale Koramangala district of Bangalore, India. “Their feet were bare. Cracked. Hard. Dirty. Bleeding,” reflects Sia, now 17. “They were just walking around that building site like it was an everyday practice for them.” And it was at that moment that Sia realised the troubling contrast to her own privilege. Later that year, with the help of her parents and community volunteers, Sia founded Sole Warriors, a charity dedicated to providing footwear to those in need, epitomized  (体现) by its motto: “Donate a sole, save a soul.” The idea, which started as a dinner conversation with her parents, quickly grew. After she spread the word with posters and WhatsApp groups, enquiries from people who wanted to help came flooding in. For months, Sia was juggling schoolwork and her new passion project. “I was up till 2 a.m. creating Excel sheets to see which apartment buildings we could tackle for donations and contacting people.” In its first distribution drive, Sole Warriors collected and gave out 700 pairs of shoes. Today that number stands at around 28,000 across four countries, including the United States, China and Liberia, thanks to the hard work of a core team of about 80 volunteers. But the organization’s growth wasn’t without its challenges. When it came to looking for collaborators, such as a company that would do the repairs and clean up the footwear to look like new free of charge, Sia faced one obstacle after another before finding a partner in India’s Pressto Cobbler. “Being a 13-year-old, I did face a lot of bias because at my age, people were less willing to hear me out,” says Sia. In recognition of her impact, in 2021 Sia was given the Diana Award, given to people aged nine to 25 in memory of the late Princess of Wales. Awarded by a UK-based charity of the same name, it’s one of the most prestigious honours a young person can receive for social action or humanitarian work. But her work isn’t done. “Our goal has always been to touch a million feet,” she says. 1．The underlined word “upscale” most probably means ______. A．shabby B．deserted C．dynamic D．prosperous 2．One of the biggest challenges of Sole Warriors is that ______. A．local people lacked trust in and patience with teenagers like Sia. B．just about 80 volunteers came to help Sia in the organization’s infancy. C．few companies are willing to do the repairs without financial incentives. D．Sia is not good at operating the organization due to her lack of experience. 3．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．All for one, one for all. B．Walking in someone else’s shoes. C．Where there is a will, there is a way. D．Nothing ventured, nothing gained. 4．Which group of words can best describe Sia’s qualities? A．patient, self-disciplined and modest B．curious, generous and knowledgeable C．energetic, ambitious and sympathetic D．sensitive, independent and passionate 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了主人公西娅在她家附近的一个建筑工地注意到建筑工人的孩子光着脚并且流血，于是在父母和社区志愿者的帮助下，成立了Sole Warriors，这是一家致力于为有需要的人提供鞋子的慈善机构。 1．词义猜测题。根据第二段中“And it was at that moment that Sia realised the troubling contrast to her own privilege.”（就在那一刻，西娅意识到这与她自己的特别待遇形成了令人不安的对比。）和划线单词所在句子“Sia Godika was 13 when she noticed the barefoot children of construction workers at a building site near her house in the upscaleKoramangala district of Bangalore, India”（西亚·戈迪卡 (Sia Godika) 13 岁时，在印度班加罗尔 upscale住宅区科拉曼加拉区她家附近的一个建筑工地上，她注意到了建筑工人的孩子光着脚。）可知，西娅和那些光着脚的孩子形成鲜明对比，这说明西娅家庭条件很好，即西娅家位于印度班加罗尔的科拉曼加拉高档区。故可猜测划线单词upscale为“高档的，高端的”的意思，结合选项D项prosperous“繁荣的，富足的”意思接近。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“But the organization’s growth wasn’t without its challenges. When it came to looking for collaborators, such as a company that would do the repairs and clean up the footwear to look like new free of charge, Sia faced one obstacle after another before finding a partner in India’s Pressto Cobbler.”（但该组织的发展并非没有挑战。在寻找合作伙伴时，比如找一家愿意免费修理和清理鞋子的公司，让鞋子看起来像新的，西娅遇到了一个又一个障碍，最后才找到了印度的Pressto Cobbler合作伙伴。）可知，Sole Warriors面临的最大挑战之一是，很少有公司愿意在没有经济奖励的情况下维修鞋子。故选C项。 3．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第二段“Later that year, with the help of her parents and community volunteers, Sia founded Sole Warriors, a charity dedicated to providing footwear to those in need, epitomized by its motto: “Donate a sole, save a soul.””（那年晚些时候，在父母和社区志愿者的帮助下，西娅成立了Sole Warriors，这是一家致力于为有需要的人提供鞋子的慈善机构，其座右铭是：“捐赠一个鞋底，拯救一个灵魂。”）可知，文章主要讲的是主人公西娅在她家附近的一个建筑工地注意到建筑工人的孩子光着脚并且流血，于是在父母和社区志愿者的帮助下，成立了Sole Warriors，这是一家致力于为有需要的人提供鞋子的慈善机构的故事。由此可知，文章最好的标题是“设身处地为别人着想”。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段中“For months, Sia was juggling schoolwork and her new passion project.   “I was up till 2 a.m. creating Excel sheets to see which apartment buildings we could tackle for donations and contacting people.””（几个月来，西娅一直在学业和她的新项目之间挣扎。“我直到凌晨2点才睡，制作Excel表格，看看我们可以处理哪些公寓楼的捐款，并与人们联系。”）由此可看出西娅的精力充沛和雄心勃勃。以及第二段中“Later that year, with the help of her parents and community volunteers, Sia founded Sole Warriors, a charity dedicated to providing footwear to those in need, epitomized by its motto: “Donate a sole, save a soul.””（那年晚些时候，在父母和社区志愿者的帮助下，西娅成立了Sole Warriors，这是一家致力于为有需要的人提供鞋子的慈善机构，其座右铭是：“捐赠一个鞋底，拯救一个灵魂。”）由此看出西娅富有同情心。因此可以推断出西娅是一个精力充沛、雄心勃勃且富有同情心的人。故选C项。 话题2 做人与做事 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）At the beginning of the World Series (美职棒总决赛) of 1947, I experienced a completely new emotion, when the National Anthem was played. This time, I thought, it is being played for me, as much as for anyone else. This is organized major league baseball, and I am standing here with all the others; and everything that takes place includes me. About a year later, I went to Atlanta, Georgia, to play in an exhibition game. On the field, for the first time in Atlanta, there were Negroes and whites. Other Negroes, besides me. And I thought: What I have always believed has come to be. And what is it that I have always believed? First, imperfections are human. But wherever human beings were given room to breathe and time to think, those imperfections would disappear, no matter how slowly. I do not believe that we have found or even approached perfection. That is not necessarily in the scheme of human events. Handicaps, stumbling blocks, prejudices — all of these are imperfect. Yet, they have to be reckoned with because they are in the scheme of human events. Whatever obstacles I found made me fight all the harder. But it would have been impossible for me to fight at all without the deep - rooted belief that my fight had a chance. It had a chance because it took place in a free society. Not once was I forced to face and fight an immovable object. Not once was the situation so rigid that I had no chance at all. Free minds and human hearts were at work all around me; and so there was the probability of improvement. I look at my children now, and know that I must still prepare them to meet obstacles and prejudices. But I can tell them that they will never face some of these prejudices because other people have gone before them. And to myself I can say that, because progress is unalterable, many of today’s dogmas (教条) will have vanished by the time they grow into adults. I can say to my children: There is a chance for you. No guarantee, but a chance. And this chance has come to be, because there is nothing static with free people. There is no Middle Ages logic so strong that it can stop the human tide from flowing forward. I do not believe that every person, in every walk of life, can succeed in spite of any handicap. That would be perfection. But I do believe that what I was able to attain came to be because we put behind us the dogmas of the past, discover the truth of today and perhaps find the greatness of tomorrow. 1．What has the author always believed? A．Imperfections are what human beings fight for. B．A free society can facilitate perfection. C．All human beings have imperfections. D．Humans can approach perfection someday. 2．Which of the following does the author most probably agree with? A．The ideas of the past serve as reminders of the future. B．The efforts behind humans count if we are to desolate the past. C．The ever-changingness of society gives humans great promise. D．The importance of children’s creativity can't be too emphasized. 3．What’s the author’s attitude towards the current society? A．Doubtful. B．Optimistic. C．Indifferent. D．Neutral. 4．The author writes the article to______. A．reveal the imperfections of human and society B．value the chance in a free society to better ourselves C．call on human to accept the imperfections and live with a free heart D．encourage people to do more for the country to achieve a brighter future 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者相信自由社会能促进人类进步，人们要接受不完美，以自由的心态面对生活并相信未来有希望 。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“First, imperfections are human. But wherever human beings were given room to breathe and time to think, those imperfections would disappear, no matter how slowly. I do not believe that we have found or even approached perfection. That is not necessarily in the scheme of human events.(首先，不完美是人类所共有的。但是，无论何时，只要人类有呼吸的空间和思考的时间，那些不完美之处就会逐渐消失，无论这个过程多么缓慢。我并不认为我们已经达到，甚至接近完美。这并非人类事务发展进程中必然会发生的事情)”可知，作者认为人类有不完美，但只要给予空间和时间，不完美会逐渐消失，虽然现在还没有达到或接近完美，但从长远来看，人类是有可能逐渐接近完美的，这体现了作者一直相信人类有一天能接近完美。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“And to myself I can say that, because progress is unalterable, many of today's dogmas (教条) will have vanished by the time they grow into adults.(而对我自己来说，我可以这样说：因为进步是不可逆转的，所以等我的孩子们长大成人时，当今的许多教条都将不复存在)”以及“And this chance has come to be, because there is nothing static with free people. There is no Middle Ages logic so strong that it can stop the human tide from flowing forward.(而这样的机会已然来临，这是因为自由的人们所处的环境并非一成不变。没有哪种中世纪的逻辑会强大到足以阻挡人类潮流滚滚向前)”可知，社会的进步是不可改变的，自由的思想和心灵在起作用，社会不断变化，这给人类带来了很大的希望。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“I can say to my children: There is a chance for you. No guarantee, but a chance. And this chance has come to be, because there is nothing static with free people. There is no Middle Ages logic so strong that it can stop the human tide from flowing forward. I do not believe that every person, in every walk of life, can succeed in spite of any handicap. That would be perfection. But I do believe that what I was able to attain came to be because we put behind us the dogmas of the past, discover the truth of today and perhaps find the greatness of tomorrow.(我可以对我的孩子们说：你们拥有机会。这并非板上钉钉的保证，但确实是个机会。而这样的机会之所以会出现，是因为自由的人们所处的世界并非静止不变。没有任何一种中世纪的逻辑能强大到足以遏制人类不断前进的潮流。我并不认为，无论身处何种行业、面临何种障碍，每个人都能取得成功——那将是尽善尽美的境界。但我确实相信，我之所以能够取得如今的成就，是因为我们摒弃了过去的教条，探寻了当下的真理，并或许能发现未来的伟大之处)”可推知，作者对当前社会持乐观态度。故选B。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章最后一段的“I can say to my children: There is a chance for you. No guarantee, but a chance. And this chance has come to be, because there is nothing static with free people.(我可以对我的孩子们说：你们有机会。没有保证，但有机会。而这个机会已经到来，因为自由的人没有什么是静止不变的)”可推知，作者写这篇文章是为了重视在自由社会中改善自我的机会。故选C。 Passage 2 （23-24高一下·上海普陀·期中）Attachment Parenting is not Indulgent (纵容) Parenting. Attachment parents do not “spoil” their children. Spoiling is done when a child is given everything that they want regardless of what they need and what is practical. Indulgent parents give toys for tantrums (发脾气), ice cream for breakfast. Attachment parents don’t give their children everything they want, they give their children everything that they need. Attachment parents believe that love and comfort are free and necessary. Not sweets or toys. Attachment Parenting is not “afraid of tears” parenting. Our kids cry and have tantrums sometimes, of course. But they do this because their emotions are so strong that they need to get them out. They simply expect us to listen to them. We pick up our babies when they cry, and we respond to the tears of our older children because we believe firmly that comfort is free, love is free, and that when a child is in need of comfort and love, it is our job to provide these things. Attachment Parenting is not Clingy Parenting. I do not cling (抓紧) to my children. In fact, I’m pretty free-range. As soon as they can move, they usually move away from me. Sure, I carry them and hug them and chase them and kiss them and rock them and sleep with them. But this is not me following them everywhere and pulling them back to me. This is me being a home base. Attachment Parenting is not Helicopter Parenting. I don’t hover. I supervise (监督). I follow, I teach, I demonstrate, I explain. I don’t slap (拍，打) curious hands away. I show how to do things safely. I let my child do what he wishes to do, first with help and then with supervision and finally with trust. I don’t insist that my 23-month-old hold my hand when we walk on the sidewalk because I know that I can recall him with my voice because he trusts me to allow him to explore and he trusts me to explain when something is dangerous and to help him satisfy his curiosities safely. Most of the negative things that I hear about “Attachment Parents” are completely off-base and describe something that is entirely unlike Attachment-Parenting. Attachment Parenting is child-centered and focuses on the needs of the child. Attachment Parents simply believe that children are taught, not trained. 1．According to the author, what should parents do when their kids cry? A．Reward them with toys. B．Try to stop them crying. C．Provide comfort and love to them. D．Hold them tight in their arms. 2．What does “free-range” (in Para.3) refer to according to the passage? A．The author’s providing of a home base. B．The author’s readiness to play games with their kids. C．The author’s being curious about watching the games they play. D．The author’s willingness to give their kids freedom of movement. 3．Which of the following is NOT Attachment Parenting? A．Encouraging your child’s curiosity. B．Always standing by to protect your child. C．Helping your child to do the right thing. D．Showing your child how things are done. 4．What does the passage mainly discuss? A．A certain type of parenting B．Parent-child relationships. C．How to bring out love in children. D．How to build children’s self-confidence. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，本文作者结合自身的育儿经历介绍了一种特定的育儿方法——“依恋育儿”法。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They simply expect us to listen to them. We pick up our babies when they cry, and we respond to the tears of our older children because we believe firmly that comfort is free, love is free, and that when a child is in need of comfort and love, it is our job to provide these things.(他们只是希望我们听他们的。当婴儿哭泣时，我们会抱起他们，我们会回应大孩子的眼泪，因为我们坚信，安慰是免费的，爱是免费的，当孩子需要安慰和爱时，我们的工作就是提供这些东西)”可知，根据作者的观点，当孩子们哭泣时，父母应该给他们安慰和爱。故选C。 2．词义猜测题。根据第三段free-range前文“Attachment Parenting is not Clingy Parenting. I do not cling(抓紧) to my children.(依恋育儿不是贴紧育儿。我不依附于我的孩子)”及后文“As soon as they can move, they usually move away from me. Sure, I carry them and hug them and chase them and kiss them and rock them and sleep with them. But this is not me following them everywhere and pulling them back to me. This is me being a home base.(只要他们能动，通常就会远离我。当然，我抱着他们，拥抱他们，追逐他们，亲吻他们，摇晃他们，和他们一起睡觉。但这不是我到处跟着他们然后把他们拉回来。这是我扮演一个家庭大本营的角色)”可知，作者给予孩子们想要的自由活动空间，因此，free-range表示“作者愿意给他们的孩子自由行动”。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Attachment Parenting is not Helicopter Parenting. I don’t hover.(依恋育儿不是直升机育儿。我从不徘徊)”及“ I don’t insist that my 23-month-old hold my hand when we walk on the sidewalk because I know that I can recall him with my voice because he trusts me to allow him to explore and he trusts me to explain when something is dangerous and to help him satisfy his curiosities safely.(当我们走在人行道上时，我不会坚持让我23个月大的孩子牵着我的手，因为我知道我可以用我的声音回忆起他，因为他相信我允许他去探索，他相信我在危险的时候解释，并帮助他安全地满足他的好奇心)”可知，作者认为随时准备保护孩子的行为不是依恋育儿。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Attachment Parenting is child-centered and focuses on the needs of the child. Attachment Parents simply believe that children are taught, not trained.(依恋育儿法以孩子为中心，关注孩子的需要。父母只是认为孩子是被教导的，而不是被训练的)”及文章中反复出现的“Attachment Parenting”可知，本文作者结合自身的育儿经历介绍了一种特定的育儿方法——“依恋育儿”法。故选A。 Passage 3 （23-24高一下·上海普陀·期中）As I reflect on my educational journey, it becomes evident that the impact of education extends far beyond the ranges of the classroom. Education has been the guiding force that has shaped not only my academic progress but also my personal development and outlook on the world around me. From my earliest days in school, education has stimulated my intellectual curiosity and developed a deep-seated passion for learning. I remember the thrill of getting on a voyage of discovery with each new lesson, as my understanding of the world expanded through the acquisition (获得) of knowledge and the development of critical thinking skills. These experiences have not only nurtured (培养) my intellectual growth but have also equipped me with the tools to navigate the complexities of the modern world. However, the impact of education goes beyond the field of academia. It has played a critical role in shaping my character and values, equipping me with a sense of sympathy, understanding, and respect for others. Through interactions with peers from diverse backgrounds and exposure to various perspectives, education has been beneficial in cultivating my social and emotional intelligence. It has taught me the value of cooperation, the importance of embracing diversity, and the power of empathy (共情) in making meaningful connections with others. Furthermore, education has opened doors to opportunities that have paved the way for my future hard work. It has provided me with the knowledge and skills necessary to pursue my passions, offering a platform for personal and professional growth. The transformative potential of education is evident in the countless stories of individuals whose lives have been improved through access to quality education, breaking the barriers of social and economic inequality. In conclusion, my journey through the fields of education has been nothing short of transformative. It has expanded my horizons, enriched my understanding of the world, and equipped me with the toots to make meaningful contributions to society. As I continue on this path of lifelong learning, I am deeply grateful for the profound impact of education on my life and remain committed to nurturing its transformative power in the lives of others. 1．According to Para. 2, how did education expand the author’s understanding of the world? A．By equipping the author with knowledge. B．By encouraging the author to accept others’ ideas. C．By informing the author of latest scientific development, D．By making the author more curious about others’perspectives. 2．What impact did education have on the author’s social and emotional intelligence? A．It made the author competitive and individualistic. B．It taught the author to value cooperation and varies. C．It made it easier for the author to solve the difficulties. D．It encourages the author to stick to his own opinion. 3．What does the passage suggest about influence of education in society in a broader sense? A．Education has unlimited potential to make individuals’ lives more colorful. B．Education is primarily focused on maintaining social development. C．Education ensures better working opportunities in the future. D．Education has the power to fight against inequality. 4．What is the topic of the passage? A．The importance of education technology. B．The role of author’s family education. C．The transformative power of education. D．The improvement of individuals’ education. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文为一篇夹叙夹议文，由作者自己接受教育的亲身经历，表明教育对于个人甚至社会有着变革的力量。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“From my earliest days in school, education has stimulated my intellectual curiosity and developed a deep-seated passion for learning. I remember the thrill of getting on a voyage of discovery with each new lesson, as my understanding of the world expanded through the acquisition(获得) of knowledge and the development of critical thinking skills. These experiences have not only nurtured(培养) my intellectual growth but have also equipped me with the tools to navigate the complexities of the modern world.(从我上学的最初几天起，教育就激发了我的求知欲，培养了我对学习的根深蒂固的热情。我记得每上一节新课都让我兴奋不已，因为我对世界的理解随着知识的获取和批判性思维技能的发展而扩大。这些经历不仅培养了我的智力成长，也为我提供了驾驭现代世界复杂性的工具)”可知，教育用知识武装作者，扩大作者对世界的认识。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Through interactions with peers from diverse backgrounds and exposure to various perspectives, education has been beneficial in cultivating my social and emotional intelligence. It has taught me the value of cooperation, the importance of embracing diversity, and the power of empathy(共情) in making meaningful connections with others.(通过与来自不同背景的同龄人互动，接触不同的观点，教育对我的社交和情商的培养是有益的。它教会了我合作的价值，拥抱多样性的重要性，以及与他人建立有意义的联系时同理心的力量)”可知，教育教会了作者重视合作和变化。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“The transformative potential of education is evident in the countless stories of individuals whose lives have been improved through access to quality education, breaking the barriers of social and economic inequality.(此教育的变革潜力在无数个人的故事中显而易见，他们的生活因获得优质教育而得到改善，打破了社会和经济不平等的障碍)”可推知，教育对社会而言具有对抗不平等的力量。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章倒数第二段“The transformative potential of education is evident in the countless stories of individuals whose lives have been improved through access to quality education, breaking the barriers of social and economic inequality.(此教育的变革潜力在无数个人的故事中显而易见，他们的生活因获得优质教育而得到改善，打破了社会和经济不平等的障碍)”及最后一段“In conclusion, my journey through the fields of education has been nothing short of transformative.(总而言之，我在教育领域的经历对我来说无异于一场变革)”可知，本文由作者自己接受教育的亲身经历，表明教育对于个人甚至社会有着变革的力量，C选项“教育的变革力量”为本文的主题。故选C。 话题3 文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）To decide how to get around in Beijing requires weighing cost and convenience. A traditional bus measures up well in both criteria. Since last year I’ve given up driving and taken the bus to work every day, which has aroused quite a bit of curiosity among colleagues because bus riding is still a rarity in my office. My easy explanation about the change is that after navigating the streets in one of the most congested capitals in the world for more than a decade, I’m tired of driving, and taking the bus allows me to think before my work starts. I also like to be given a ride home after a long, rough day. But most of my colleagues, especially the younger ones who aspire to own a car, have responded with disbelief, as they picture me walking to the bus stop under smoggy skies, stuck in a packed, rumbling bus and constantly leery of jostling, bad breath, loud talking on cell phones and dirty shopping bags. I believe they would be amused if they read the findings of a study of British workers, which found that commuting by bus or train has “the beneficial effects of being physically active, as most journeys will involve walking to the station or stop but also include time to read or talk to friends while traveling”, according to recent British media reports. Perhaps everybody would be more convinced if I told them that I take the bus because it’s cheap, while driving a car is expensive and inconvenient. A bus trip costs 0.4 yuan or 6 — 7 cents with the use of a stored value card, which is almost free if you consider a Coke costs five times that or more. Beijing has a fixed subway fare with unlimited transfers of 2 yuan per single-trip ticket. I would take the more comfortable subway, if it was closer to my home and workplace. 1．Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons the author gave up driving around? A．He tried to avoid the traffic jam. B．He could have time to relax himself. C．He could contribute to environmental protection. D．He could save certain amount of money. 2．What can you learn from the passage? A．It is not an economical way to go around by public transports. B．Most of the author’s young colleagues commute by private cars. C．You can travel to wherever you want with no more than 2 yuan by bus in Beijing. D．Commuting by bus has benefits to people’s health. 3．The author quoted the findings of a study of British workers so as to ______. A．illustrate how cheap it is to commute by bus and metro B．convince the public Coke is much more expensive than a subway fare C．explain the benefits of doing exercises D．back up his decision to resort to public transport 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．To persuade the citizens in Beijing to choose public transports. B．To describe how terrible the traffic and air in Beijing are. C．To present and defend his choice in commuting. D．To compare different methods of transportations. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者结合自身经历，通过对比开车和选择公共交通的优缺点，解释自己选择后者通勤的原因，并回应同事的质疑。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“My easy explanation about the change is that after navigating the streets in one of the most congested capitals in the world for more than a decade, I’m tired of driving, and taking the bus allows me to think before my work starts. I also like to be given a ride home after a long, rough day. (我对这种变化的简单解释是，在世界上最拥挤的首都之一的街道上穿行了十多年后，我厌倦了开车，乘坐公共汽车可以让我在开始工作之前思考一下。我也喜欢在漫长辛苦的一天后有人送我回家)”和第五段“Perhaps everybody would be more convinced if I told them that I take the bus because it’s cheap, while driving a car is expensive and inconvenient. (如果我告诉他们我乘公共汽车是因为它便宜，而开车又贵又不方便，也许每个人都会更相信)”可知，文中提到作者厌倦了在拥堵的城市开车，坐公交可以让他上班前思考，公交便宜，但未提及环保因素。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“commuting by bus or train has “the beneficial effects of being physically active, as most journeys will involve walking to the station or stop but also include time to read or talk to friends while traveling” (乘坐公共汽车或火车上下班“对身体活动有有益的影响，因为大多数旅程都需要步行到车站或停下来，但在旅行中也有时间阅读或与朋友交谈”)”可知，公交通勤包含步行和社交时间，对健康有利。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据“I believe they would be amused if they read the findings of a study of British workers, which found that commuting by bus or train has “the beneficial effects of being physically active, as most journeys will involve walking to the station or stop but also include time to read or talk to friends while traveling” (我相信，如果他们读到一项针对英国工人的研究结果，他们会觉得很有趣。该研究发现，乘坐公共汽车或火车上下班“对身体活动有有益的影响，因为大多数旅程都需要步行到车站或停下来，但在旅行中也有时间阅读或与朋友交谈。”)”可推知，作者引用研究是为了反驳同事对公交的负面印象，用科学依据支持自己的选择。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Since last year I’ve given up driving and taken the bus to work every day, which has aroused quite a bit of curiosity among colleagues because bus riding is still a rarity in my office. (从去年开始，我放弃了开车，每天都坐公交车上班，这引起了同事们的不小的好奇，因为在我的办公室坐公交车还是很少见的)”、第二段中“My easy explanation about the change (我对这种变化的简单解释)”、第五段中“Perhaps everybody would be more convinced (也许每个人都会更相信)”可知，全文围绕作者为何选公共交通展开，包括省钱、放松、健康益处等，其主要目的是解释并辩护其通勤选择。故选C项。 Passage 2 （23-24高一下·上海闵行·期末）The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars, policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing (叫车) services. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 1．What does the word “materializing” in paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．consuming fewer resources B．coming into being C．drawing people’s attention D．enjoying an advantage 2．Paragraph 3 mainly talks about . A．drivers’ improper use of self-driving cars B．the worsening traffic due to self-driving cars C．the possible bad effects of self-driving cars D．the widespread application of self-driving cars 3．What of the following best illustrates the author’s attitude towards self-driving cars? A．It remains to be seen whether self-driving cars will be safe enough. B．The future of self-driving cars is not as bright as producers think. C．We should make self-driving cars a better choice of transportation. D．Policy makers should stop giving self-driving cars permits. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Preparing cities for self-driving cars B．Self-driving cars: shared or not? C．Shall we ban self-driving cars? D．Future self-driving cars 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一些城市开始批准自动驾驶汽车上路，并制定一些规则。文章还列举了自动驾驶汽车的一些优点和问题。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream”以及后文“Well, the future is apparently now.(好吧，未来显然就是现在)”可知，上文提到自动驾驶机器人汽车的可能性常常看起来像是未来主义者的梦想，暗示距离自动驾驶机器人汽车开始在现实中存在还有很多年时间，然而如今已经实现了。故划线词意思是“开始存在”。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Do we want to copy—or even worsen—the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport—an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing (叫车) services.(我们是想用无人驾驶汽车复制——甚至更糟——今天的交通状况吗?想象一下，大多数成年人拥有个人自动驾驶汽车的未来。他们可以忍受在拥挤的高速公路上漫长而缓慢的上下班旅程，因为他们可以在路上工作、娱乐或睡觉，这鼓励了城市的传播。他们开着无人驾驶汽车去约会，让空车绕着大楼转，以避免支付停车费。他们不再走几个街区去接孩子或去干洗衣服，而是派出了自动驾驶的小巴。这种便利甚至导致乘坐公共交通工具的人更少——研究人员已经在叫车服务中发现了一个不受欢迎的副作用)”可知，第3段主要讨论了自动驾驶汽车可能产生的不良影响。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.(政策制定者现在应该开始考虑如何确保无人驾驶汽车的出现不会扩大我们今天汽车控制的交通系统的最坏方面。即将到来的技术进步为城市和州提供了一个发展交通系统的机会，旨在运送更多的人，更实惠。未来的汽车即将到来。我们只需要做好计划)”可知，我们应该让自动驾驶汽车成为更好的交通工具。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.(今年4月，加州机动车辆管理局开始批准公司在公共道路上测试真正的自动驾驶汽车。该州还为公司出售或出租自动驾驶汽车以及公司运营无人驾驶出租车服务扫清了道路。应该指出的是，加州在这方面并没有走在前面。公司已经在全国各地的城市测试了他们的汽车。很难预测无人驾驶汽车何时会在我们的道路上随处可见。但无论需要多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和城市，是好是坏，这取决于如何监管这种转变)”结合文章主要说明了一些城市开始批准自动驾驶汽车上路，并制定一些规则。文章还列举了自动驾驶汽车的一些优点和问题。可知，A选项“让城市为自动驾驶汽车做好准备”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 3 （23-24高一下·上海嘉定·期中）In the dim light of an early autumn evening, Alexander, a hunter: known as much for his solitude as for his skill, ventured into the untamed (原始的) heart of the jungle. Each step he took was measured and careful, a respect for the ancient wilderness where every breath was a story, and man was but a fleeting shadow. For years, whispers of a tiger, not just any tiger but one whose fur caught the last rays of the sun, had reached Alexander. A creature so splendid and fearsome, it was said to be more myth than flesh. On this day, as the shadows lengthened and the jungle whispered its age-old secrets, Alexander sought not just the tiger, but a confrontation with the very essence of the wild itself. As dusk settled, painting the world in colors of gold and shadow, the boundary between predator and prey seemed to dissolve. The air was heavy with anticipation, the kind that precedes storms and stories. Then, in a clearing where the jungle seemed to hold its breath, the tiger appeared. It was as if the sun had woven itself into the fabric of its being, its fur a blend of flame and night. For a moment, the world shrank to the space between the hunter named Alexander and the legend made flesh before him. Their gazes locked, a silent understanding passing between man and beast. Here was Alexander, a man who had walked through shadows to stand in the light of a legend, and the tiger, an embodiment of the wild’s untouchable majesty. In that eternal moment, Alexander saw not a prey but a sovereign of nature, a being whose right to wander the dusk was as undeniable as the setting sun. With a respect born of countless sunsets and the silent tales they told, Alexander slowly lowered his rifle (步枪). The act was not one of defeat but of profound respect-a recognition of the bond that ties every living thing to the pulse of the earth. The tiger, its gaze still locked with Alexander’s, seemed to acknowledge this unspoken pact. Then, it turned and melted into the shadows, leaving behind a trail of twilight. Alexander left the jungle that night without a trophy (战利品), but his soul was alight with a tale of fire and twilight. He had sought a legend and found a truth far greater: in the wild’s heart, where shadows and light dance, there lies a respect so deep it transcends the hunt. This encounter, a dance with the untamed, would echo in Alexander’s heart long after the jungle’s whispers faded into the dawn. 1．What was Alexander’s primary reason for venturing into the jungle? A．To find a place to set up camp. B．To hunt a tiger rumored to have a fur like the setting sun. C．To escape from the challenges of modern life. D．To meet other hunters and share stories. 2．What decision does Alexander make when he finally encounters the tiger? A．He captures the tiger to prove its existence. B．He shoots the tiger to claim his trophy. C．He attempts to trap the tiger but fails D．He lowers his rifle, choosing not to shoot the tiger. 3．The author’s writing style reflects Hemingway’s influence through ________. A．complex language. B．long sentences. C．straightforward storytelling. D．supernatural focus. 4．What theme is most prominently reflected in Alexander’s encounter with the tiger? A．The thrill of the hunt is unparalleled. B．True courage is demonstrated through dominance over nature. C．There is a profound respect that exists between man and nature. D．Technology has distanced man from understanding the natural world. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了猎人亚历山大进山寻找一只不同寻常的老虎，最后出于敬意自动退出山林的故事。 1．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“For years, whispers of a tiger, not just any tiger but one whose fur caught the last rays of the sun, had reached Alexander. A creature so splendid and fearsome, it was said to be more myth than flesh. On this day, as the shadows lengthened and the jungle whispered its age-old secrets, Alexander sought not just the tiger, but a confrontation with the very essence of the wild itself. (多年来，关于一只老虎的传言一直传到亚历山大的耳朵里，不是一只普通的老虎，而是一只皮毛能晒到最后一缕阳光的老虎。一种如此壮观和可怕的生物，关于它的传说更多的是神话而非肉体。这一天，随着暮色渐长，丛林低语着它古老的秘密，亚历山大寻找的不只是老虎，而是与大自然的本质对抗。)”可知，亚历山大冒险进入丛林的主要原因是猎杀一只传说中毛皮如落日的老虎。故选B。 2．细节理解题。由文章第五段中“With a respect born of countless sunsets and the silent tales they told, Alexander slowly lowered his rifle (步枪). The act was not one of defeat but of profound respect-a recognition of the bond that ties every living thing to the pulse of the earth. (亚历山大怀着无数次日落和无声的故事所产生的敬意，慢慢地放下步枪。这一举动并不是一种失败，而是一种深深的敬意——一种对将每一个生物与地球脉动联系在一起的纽带的承认。)”可知，当亚历山大最终遇到老虎时，他放下步枪，选择不射杀老虎。故选D。 3．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Alexander left the jungle that night without a trophy (战利品), but his soul was alight with a tale of fire and twilight. He had sought a legend and found a truth far greater: in the wild’s heart, where shadows and light dance, there lies a respect so deep it transcends the hunt. This encounter, a dance with the untamed, would echo in Alexander’s heart long after the jungle’s whispers faded into the dawn. (那天晚上，亚历山大离开了丛林，没有拿到战利品，但他的灵魂却被一个关于火与黄昏的故事点燃了。他寻找了一个传说，并发现了一个更伟大的真理：在荒野的心中，在阴影和光明跳舞的地方，有一种超越狩猎的敬意。这次邂逅，一场与野性的舞蹈，在丛林的低语消失在黎明之后，仍在亚历山大的心中回响。)”可知，作者的写作风格通过对超自然的关注反映了海明威的影响。故选D。 4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Alexander left the jungle that night without a trophy (战利品), but his soul was alight with a tale of fire and twilight. He had sought a legend and found a truth far greater: in the wild’s heart, where shadows and light dance, there lies a respect so deep it transcends the hunt. This encounter, a dance with the untamed, would echo in Alexander’s heart long after the jungle’s whispers faded into the dawn. (那天晚上，亚历山大离开了丛林，没有拿到战利品，但他的灵魂却被一个关于火与黄昏的故事点燃了。他寻找了一个传说，并发现了一个更伟大的真理：在荒野的心中，在阴影和光明跳舞的地方，有一种超越狩猎的敬意。这次邂逅，一场与野性的舞蹈，在丛林的低语消失在黎明之后，仍在亚历山大的心中回响。)”可知，亚历山大与老虎的相遇最突出地体现了人与自然之间存在着深刻的尊重的主题。故选C。 话题4 历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）The Unselfish Gene There has long been a general assumption that human beings are essentially selfish. We’re apparently ruthless, with strong impulses to compete against each other for resources and to accumulate power and possessions. If we are kind to one another, it’s usually because we have secret motives. If we are good, it’s only because we have managed to control and transcend our innate selfishness and brutality. This bleak view of human nature is closely associated with the science writer Richard Dawkins, whose 1976 book The Selfish Gene became popular because it fitted so well with — and helped to justify — the competitive and individualistic spirit that was so prevalent in late 20th-century societies. Like many others, Dawkins justifies his views with reference to the field of evolutionary psychology. Prehistory is usually seen as a period of intense competition, when life was such a brutal battle that only those with traits such as selfishness, aggression and ruthlessness survived. This seems logical. But, in fact, the assumption on which this all rests — that prehistoric life was a desperate struggle for survival — is false. It’s important to remember that in the prehistoric era, the world was very sparsely populated. According to some estimates, around 15,000 years ago, the population of the whole world was less than half a million. Humans at that time were hunter-gatherers. With such small population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups had to compete against each other for resources or had any need to develop ruthlessness and competitiveness, or to go to war. There is significant evidence to back this notion from contemporary hunter-gatherer groups, who live in the same way as prehistoric humans did. As the anthropologist Bruce Knauft has remarked, hunter-gatherers are characterized by “extreme political and sexual egalitarianism (平等主义)”. Knauft has observed that individuals in such groups don’t accumulate property or possessions and have an ethical obligation to share everything. The Kung people of southern Africa, for example, swap arrows before going hunting and when an animal is killed, the reward does not go to the person who fired the arrow, but to the person the arrow belongs to. And if a person becomes too domineering (专横的), the other members of the group drive him/ her away from the community. Typically, in such groups, men do not dictate what women do. Women in hunter-gatherer groups worldwide often benefit from a high level of autonomy, being able to select their own marriage partners, decide what work they do and work whenever they choose to. And if a marriage breaks down, they have custody rights over their children. 1．What is the author doing in the first paragraph? A．Describing a commonly held belief about people’s behavior. B．Justifying his opinion about our tendency to be greedy. C．Setting out two opposing views about human nature. D．Explaining why he thinks that humans act in a selfish manner. 2．What point is made about Richard Dawkins’ book The Selfish Gene? A．It presented a view that was in line with the attitudes of its time. B．Its success was due to the scientific support it offered. C．Its appeal lay in the radical nature of its ideas. D．It took an innovative approach to the analysis of human psychology. 3．What does the author suggest about the prehistoric era in the fourth paragraph? A．Societies were more complex than many people believe. B．Supplies of natural resources were probably relatively plentiful. C．Most estimates about population sizes are likely to be inaccurate. D．Humans moved across continents more than was previously thought. 4．The author refers to Bruce Knauft and Kung people of south Africa in order to prove that ______. A．selfishness is a relatively recent development in human societies B．only people in isolated communities can live in an unselfish manner C．very few lifestyles have survived unchanged since prehistoric times D．hunter-gatherer cultures worldwide are declining in number 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕人类本性是否自私展开讨论，反驳了人类本质自私的观点，以史前时代和当代狩猎采集群体为例进行论证。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“There has long been a general assumption that human beings are essentially selfish. We’re apparently ruthless, with strong impulses to compete against each other for resources and to accumulate power and possessions. If we are kind to one another, it’s usually because we have secret motives. If we are good, it’s only because we have managed to control and transcend our innate selfishness and brutality.(长期以来，人们普遍认为人类本质上是自私的。我们显然很无情，有着强烈的冲动去相互竞争资源、积累权力和财产。如果我们对彼此友善，通常是因为我们有隐秘的动机。如果我们表现善良，那只是因为我们成功地控制并超越了我们与生俱来的自私和残忍)”可知，作者在第一段描述了一种关于人类行为的普遍看法：人类本质上是自私的。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This bleak view of human nature is closely associated with the science writer Richard Dawkins, whose 1976 book The Selfish Gene became popular because it fitted so well with — and helped to justify — the competitive and individualistic spirit that was so prevalent in late 20th century societies.(这种对人性的悲观看法与科学作家理查德·道金斯密切相关，他1976年出版的《自私的基因》一书大受欢迎，因为它与20世纪后期社会中盛行的竞争和个人主义精神非常契合，并为其提供了依据)”可知，道金斯的《自私的基因》提出的观点与20世纪后期社会中盛行的竞争和个人主义精神非常契合，与当时的社会态度相符。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“It’s important to remember that in the prehistoric era, the world was very sparsely populated. According to some estimates, around 15,000 years ago, the population of the whole world was less than half a million. Humans at that time were hunter gatherers. With such small population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter gatherer groups had to compete against each other for resources or had any need to develop ruthlessness and competitiveness, or to go to war.(重要的是要记住，在史前时代，世界人口非常稀少。据一些估计，大约15000年前，全世界的人口还不到50万。当时的人类是狩猎采集者。在如此低的人口密度下，史前狩猎采集群体似乎不太可能为了资源而相互竞争，也没有必要培养残忍和竞争意识，或者发动战争)”可推知，史前时代世界人口非常稀少，自然资源供应可能相对充足。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“There is significant evidence to back this notion from contemporary hunter gatherer groups, who live in the same way as prehistoric humans did. As the anthropologist Bruce Knauft has remarked, hunter gatherers are characterized by “extreme political and sexual egalitarianism (平等主义)”. Knauft has observed that individuals in such groups don’t accumulate property or possessions and have an ethical obligation to share everything.(当代狩猎采集群体的生活方式与史前人类相同，有大量证据支持这一观点。正如人类学家布鲁斯·克瑙夫特所说，狩猎采集者的特点是“极端的政治和性别平等主义”。克瑙夫特观察到，这类群体中的个人不会积累财产，并且有道德义务分享一切)”以及第六段中“The Kung people of southern Africa, for example, swap arrows before going hunting and when an animal is killed, the reward does not go to the person who fired the arrow, but to the person the arrow belongs to. And if a person becomes too domineering (专横的), the other members of the group drive him/ her away from the community.(例如，非洲南部的孔族人在打猎前会交换箭，当一只动物被杀死时，奖励不会归射箭的人，而是归箭的主人。如果一个人变得太专横，群体中的其他成员就会把他/她赶出群体)”可知，作者提及布鲁斯·克瑙夫特和南非的昆族人是为了说明当代狩猎采集群体的生活方式与史前人类相同，这类群体中的个人不会积累财产，并且有道德义务分享一切。由此证明自私是人类社会中相对较新的发展，是后期才出现的。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海徐汇·期中）“I’m living my childhood dream,” Djokovic told fans on court as he received the US Open trophy from a former rival, Andy Roddick. “I had the dream to become the best player in the world and win Wimbledon.” He’s won a lot more than just one Wimbledon, and Roddick’s presence was a reminder: Djokovic who won his first major at the Australian Open in 2008-has entered into another tennis era as the player to beat, with rivals like Roger Federer now retired and injuries challenging the careers of Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray. He owes his continued success to constant self-reflection around his goals. “One of the biggest lessons I have learned probably mentally throughout my career is that even if you find a formula that works, it’s not a guarantee,” he said. “And actually most likely it’s not going to work the next year. You need to reinvent, yourself, because everyone else does. As a 36-year-old competing with 20-year-olds, I probably have to do it more than I have ever done it in order to keep my body in shape, in order to be able to recover so that I can perform on the highest level consistently.” He showed as much again in the last few weeks, bouncing back from his Wimbledon loss to Carlos Alcaraz to beat the Spaniard (who, indeed, is 20 years old) in the Cincinnati final. Alcaraz was stopped by Medvedev in the US Open semis, but Djokovic is aware of the pressure to keep up-and try and stay ahead. “I focus on what I need to do and how I get myself in the best state so that I can win the biggest trophies in our sport,” he said. “That’s what I care about.” It was two years ago that Medvedev discontinued a different history-in-the-making moment for Djokovic as Novak went for the calendar Grand Slam — sweeping all four majors in one year. But that 2021 final loss provided lessons for Djokovic that he applied this past week: Block out all the noise. “I really did my best in the last 48 hours not to allow the importance of the moment and what’s on the line get to my head, because two years ago that’s what happened, and I underperformed, and I wasn’t able to be at my best, and I was outplayed,” he recalled. And he has no plans of slowing down. “I’m going to keep going,” he said. “I feel good in my own body. I still feel I have the support of my environment, of my team, of my family. These are the moments and these are the kind of emotions that I motivate myself with every single day when I’m not playing a tournament,” he added. “Yeah, occasionally I’m asking myself, ‘Why do I need this still at this stage after all I have done?’ ‘How long do I want to keep going?’ I do have these questions in my head, of course. But knowing that I play at such a high level still and I win the biggest tournaments in this sport... I don’t want to leave this sport if I’m still at the top, if I’m still playing the way I’m playing.” Djokovic takes to the court again this week (12-17 September), suiting up for Team Serbia in the Davis Cup Finals Group Stage in Valencia, Spain. 1．Which of the following is TRUE about Djokovic? A．He is going to challenge Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray soon. B．He was beaten by Carlos Alcaraz in the Cincinnati final. C．He lost when playing for the Grand Slam in 2021. D．He is playing with so much pressure to keep on that he wants to retire. 2．What motivates Djokovic to continue playing professional tennis? A．Finding a formula that works for all tennis players. B．Proving that he’s better than young players today. C．Challenging his rivals — Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray. D．Feeling physically good and having emotional support. 3．What is Djokovic’s next scheduled competition? A．Wimbledon. B．Australian Open. C．Davis Cup Finals Group Stage. D．US Open. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．Djokovic Lives His Childhood Dream. B．Djokovic Reinvents Himself. C．Djokovic Wins Wimbledon. D．Djokovic Finds a Formula for Tennis. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了网球运动员德约科维奇在获得美国网球公开赛奖杯后的感受和经历，包括他对自身职业生涯的反思、面对年轻对手的挑战、对胜利的渴望以及未来的计划。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“It was two years ago that Medvedev discontinued a different history-in-the-making moment for Djokovic as Novak went for the calendar Grand Slam—sweeping all four majors in one year.(两年前，当德约科维奇冲击年度全满贯（一年内赢得四大满贯赛事）时，梅德韦杰夫终止了他创造不同历史的时刻。)”可知，2021年德约科维奇冲击年度全满贯时失利。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“And he has no plans of slowing down. “I’m going to keep going,” he said. “I feel good in my own body. I still feel I [have] the support of my environment, of my team, of my family. These are the moments and these are the kind of emotions that I motivate myself with every single day when I’m not playing a tournament,” he added.(而且他没有放慢脚步的打算。“我会继续前进，”他说。“我感觉自己的身体状态很好。我仍然觉得我得到了身边环境、团队和家人的支持。这些时刻和情感是我在不参加比赛时每天激励自己的动力，”他补充道。)”可知，身体状态良好以及得到周围环境、团队和家人的情感支持激励着他继续打职业网球。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Djokovic takes to the court again this week（12-17 September）, suiting up for Team Serbia in the Davis Cup Finals Group Stage in Valencia, Spain.(本周（9月12日至17日），德约科维奇将再次登上球场，代表塞尔维亚队参加在西班牙瓦伦西亚举行的戴维斯杯决赛小组赛。)”可知，德约科维奇接下来的比赛是戴维斯杯决赛小组赛。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“He owes his continued success to constant self-reflection around his goals.(他将自己持续的成功归功于围绕目标不断进行的自我反思。)”以及全文内容可知，文章不仅讲述了德约科维奇的成功，还强调了他如何通过不断自我反思和改进来保持高水平表现。选项B“Djokovic Reinvents Himself()”与文章中的“You need to reinvent (你需要重塑自我)”以及及德约科维奇不断适应新环境、新挑战的态度相吻合。故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）There is plenty of complaints about how social media-texting in particular — may be harming children’s social and intellectual development. But a new study suggests that constant instant messaging (IM’ing) and texting among teens may also provide benefits, particularly for those who are introverted (内向的). British researchers studied instant messages exchanged by 231 teens, aged 14 to 18. All of the participants were “regular” or “extensive” IM’ers. In the U. S., two thirds of teens use instant messaging services regularly, with a full third messaging at least once every day. The researchers analyzed 150 conversations in the study, and reported the results in the journal Computers in Human Behavior. In 100 of these chats, the study participant began IM’ing while in a negative emotional state such as sadness, distress or anger. The rest were conversations begun when the participant was feeling good or neutral. After the chat, participants reported about a 20% reduction in their distress — not enough to completely eliminate it, but enough to leave them feeling better than they had before reaching out. “Our findings suggest that IM’ing between distressed adolescents and their peers may provide emotional relief and consequently contribute to their well-being,” the authors write, noting that prior research has shown that people assigned to talk to a stranger either in real life or online improved their mood in both settings, but even more with IM. And people who talk with their real-life friends online also report feeling closer to them than those who just communicate face-to-face, implying a strengthening of their bond. Why would digital communication do better than human contact? The reasons are complex, but may have something to do with the fact that users can control expression of sadness and other emotions via IM without revealing emotional elements like tears that some may consider as embarrassing or sources of discomfort. Studies also show that the anonymity (匿名) of writing on a device blankets the users in a sense of safety that may cause people to feel more comfortable in sharing and discussing their deepest and most authentic feelings. Prior research has shown that expressive writing itself can “vent” emotions and provide a sense of relief — and doing so, knowing that your words are reaching a sympathetic friend, may provide even more comfort and potentially be therapeutic. Researchers also found that introverted participants reported more relief from IM conversations when they were distressed than extroverts did. Susan Cain, author of Quiet wrote recently for TIME: Introverts are often brimming over with thoughts and care deeply for their friends, family and colleagues. But even the most socially skilled introverts sometimes long for a free pass from socializing or talking on the phone. This is what the Internet offers: the chance to connect — but in measured doses and from behind a screen. 1．The underlined word “vent” in paragraph 5 most probably means ______. A．control B．maintain C．release D．conceal 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．Teens are more likely to send instant messages when feeling distressed. B．Instant messaging can help completely remove teens’ negative emotions. C．Chat via instant messaging services makes participants feel good or calm. D．Constant instant messaging can help teens control their negative emotions. 3．What does the digital communication enable users to do? A．Find more sympathetic friends. B．Share and discuss more information. C．Produce more expressive writings. D．Avoid embarrassment and discomfort. 4．What can be concluded from the new study by British researchers? A．Instant messaging will prevent children’s social and intellectual development. B．Introverted teens may benefit from constant instant messaging. C．Teens feeling bad often feel closer to real-life friends than to the net friends. D．American teens aged 14 to 18 are extensive instant messaging users. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，即时通讯（IM）对内向的青少年有好处，能提供情感上的慰藉，让他们感觉更好。 1．词句猜测题。根据第五段中的“Studies also show that the anonymity (匿名) of writing on a device blankets the users in a sense of safety that may cause people to feel more comfortable in sharing and discussing their deepest and most authentic feelings. Prior research has shown that expressive writing itself can “vent” emotions and provide a sense of relief—and doing so, knowing that your words are reaching a sympathetic friend, may provide even more comfort and potentially be therapeutic.(研究还表明，在设备上书写的匿名性让用户有一种安全感，这可能会让人们在分享和讨论他们最深刻、最真实的感受时感觉更舒服。先前的研究表明，富有表现力的写作本身可以“vent”情绪，并提供一种解脱感 —— 而且知道自己的话能传达给有同情心的朋友，这样做可能会提供更多的安慰，并有可能起到治疗作用。)”可知，此处说的是写作能提供解脱感，所以此处指的是写作本身能“释放”情绪，由此可知，划线单词的意思与“释放”意义相近。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In 100 of these chats, the study participant began IM’ing while in a negative emotional state such as sadness, distress or anger. The rest were conversations begun when the participant was feeling good or neutral.(在这些聊天中，有100次，研究参与者在处于悲伤、痛苦或愤怒等负面情绪状态时开始即时通讯。其余的是参与者感觉良好或中立时开始的对话。)”可知，青少年在感到痛苦时更有可能发送即时消息。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Why would digital communication do better than human contact? The reasons are complex, but may have something to do with the fact that users can control expression of sadness and other emotions via IM without revealing emotional elements like tears that some may consider as embarrassing or sources of discomfort.(为什么数字通信比人与人之间的接触效果更好呢？原因很复杂，但可能与这样一个事实有关，即用户可以通过即时通讯控制悲伤和其他情绪的表达，而不会透露一些人可能认为尴尬或不舒服的情绪因素，比如眼泪。)”可知，数字通信能让用户避免尴尬和不舒服。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“But a new study suggests that constant instant messaging (IM’ing) and texting among teens may also provide benefits, particularly for those who are introverted (内向的).(但一项新的研究表明，青少年之间持续的即时通讯（IM）和短信也可能有好处，尤其是对那些内向的青少年。)”以及最后一段中的“Researchers also found that introverted participants reported more relief from IM conversations when they were distressed than extroverts did.(研究人员还发现，内向的参与者在感到痛苦时，通过即时通讯对话获得的解脱感比外向的参与者更多。)”可推断，内向的青少年可能从持续的即时通讯中受益。故选B项。 话题5 科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）New molecules (分子) engineered by Weill Cornell Medicine researchers can enable rapid, direct “editing” of genes in a wide range of cell types, creating a series of research and therapeutic possibilities. The molecules, known as base editors (碱基编辑器), can attach to a target DNA sequence and chemically alter a single DNA letter. Base editing technology, just two years old, developed from the better-known CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology. CRISPR/Cas9 molecules allow scientists to cut almost any piece of DNA in a cell and in this way disable or remove a gene. By contrast, a base editor molecule, using essentially the same DNA-targeting mechanism, chemically modifies a gene rather than cutting it out. Base editing is better for making or correcting single-base “point mutations (基因突变)” in DNA — the cause of many inherited diseases and cancers — and in principle involves less risk of having impact on other normal DNA．However, first-generation base editors operate efficiently in relatively few cell types. Together, the team systematically re-engineered the principal existing set of base editors, known as BE3, BE4Gam and xBE3, to boost their production in cells — low production had been a problem in many cell types. The optimized (优化的) editors, unlike the first-generation version, work efficiently in a wide variety of cell types and model systems, including mouse and human cell lines, and even liver cells in live mice. “These new base editors allow us to model and study diseases such as cancer in new ways, but they really have applications all the way across biomedical research,” said senior study author Dr. Lukas Dow, an assistant professor of biochemistry in medicine and a member of the Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine, and a paid advisory board member for Mirimus, Inc., a company focused on genome (基因组) editing technologies to develop animal models. The Weill Cornell Medicine scientists now plan to use the new editors for several research applications, including the investigation of mutations associated with cancers to find suitable targets for therapies. “There is a huge list of cancer-linked mutations whose precise roles in cancer are unknown, and now with these optimized tools we can study them affordably and in a feasible time frame,” Dr. Dow said. The optimized editors are also being studied by researchers working on other applications, including potential therapies for genetic diseases. 1．How many types of molecules are mentioned in the first two paragraphs? A．1. B．2. C．3. D．4. 2．According to the passage, what is a key advantage of base editing over CRISPR/Cas9 for correcting point mutations? A．It is significantly cheaper to employ. B．It involves less risk to non-target DNA． C．It can edit multiple genes at the same time. D．It requires no specialized equipment. 3．According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Scientists think it’s better to remove a gene than to edit it. B．The first-generation base editors fail to work in cells. C．Base editing technology is of great value mainly in medication. D．It is unknown how some mutations cause cancer. 4．Which is the best title for this passage? A．DNA Editing Just Got Easier. B．Say Goodbye to Genetic Disease. C．The Birth of a New Technology: DNA Editing. D．Mutations in DNA． 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了新型碱基编辑器（base editors）的研发及其在基因编辑中的应用优势，包括更高效、更低风险的特点，并探讨了其在癌症研究和遗传疾病治疗中的潜力。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The molecules, known as base editors (碱基编辑器), can attach to a target DNA sequence and chemically alter a single DNA letter. (这些分子被称为碱基编辑器，它们能够附着在目标DNA序列上，并通过化学方式改变单个DNA碱基字母)”和“CRISPR/Cas9 molecules allow scientists to cut almost any piece of DNA in a cell and in this way disable or remove a gene. (CRISPR/Cas9分子能让科学家切割细胞中几乎任何一段DNA，从而破坏或移除某个基因)”可知，前两段提到两种分子：碱基编辑器和CRISPR/Cas9分子。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Base editing is better for making or correcting single-base “point mutations (基因突变)” in DNA — the cause of many inherited diseases and cancers — and in principle involves less risk of having impact on other normal DNA. (碱基编辑技术更适合用于制造或修正DNA中的单碱基“点突变”——许多遗传病和癌症的诱因，而且原则上对正常DNA造成影响的风险更低)”可知，与CRISPR/Cas9相比，碱基编辑在纠正点突变方面的关键优势是它对非目标DNA的风险更小。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“There is a huge list of cancer-linked mutations whose precise roles in cancer are unknown (目前存在大量与癌症相关的基因突变，但其在癌症发生中的确切作用尚不明确)”可知，目前还不清楚一些突变是如何导致癌症的。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“New molecules (分子) engineered by Weill Cornell Medicine researchers can enable rapid, direct “editing” of genes in a wide range of cell types, creating a series of research and therapeutic possibilities. (威尔康奈尔医学院的研究人员开发出新型分子工具，能够实现对多种细胞类型基因的快速直接‘编辑’，为一系列研究和治疗应用开辟了新途径)”可知，文章围绕碱基编辑技术展开，说明研究人员优化了该技术，使其能在更多细胞类型中高效运作，相比CRISPR/Cas9技术更精准，为癌症和遗传病研究提供了新工具。因此，A项“DNA编辑变得更简单”突出了碱基编辑技术的进步，最适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海徐汇·期中）Physicist Albert-László Barabási recently published a book—The Formula: The Universal Laws of Success—laying out his and his colleagues’ research into the nature of success with a simple equation. The degree of success for a given product, scientific paper, artwork, or other venture, represented by “S,” is broken down into two components: the essentially random quality of the underlying idea, symbolized by “r,” and the ability of the creator behind the project to actually bring ideas in a given field to fruition, which Barabási calls the “Q-factor.” With that framework in mind, success is the product of the random initial idea and the Q-factor of the creator: S= Qr. As an example of the importance of both components of the success formula, Barabási points out that Steve Jobs—someone with an undoubtedly high Q-factor in the field of designing consumer electronics—had a list of unsuccessful products to his name as well. Barabási wrote, “Think AppleLisa, NeXT, the G-4Cube, MobileMe. Never heard of them? They’re among Jobs’s many failures. If an idea has a small r value, no matter how high the Q, the product will be cheapened.” Of course, Barabási also noted that a strong combination of a capable, high-Q-factor creator with a really good initial idea could enhance each other and create extremely successful results: “Think of the iPhone—a fantastic idea with brilliant execution, resulting in the product that defined Jobs’s legacy.” One perhaps surprising result Barabási found was that a given individual’s Q-factor in a particular field tended to stay more or less constant over time. That is, a creator’s ability to take advantage of good ideas in their field neither improved with experience nor declined with age. That presents a double-edged sword to anyone trying to find success in their career. On the one hand, repeated struggles in a particular field could suggest an underlying lack of talent in that field. Barabási wrote, “if our Q-factor doesn’t work well with our job, we should consider if we’ve pinned our hopes on the wrong career path.” On the other hand, the relative constancy of a Q-factor in a given field means that one’s best work can happen at any point in their career. Barabási gave the example of the physicist John Fenn, who after a long and fairly low-impact scientific career developed a revolutionary technique for measuring the masses of large molecules at the age of 67. Fenn would later go on to win the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his late-career work. Barabási’s research suggests that a good way to succeed is to find what you are good at and then keep trying new things in that field. “The key to long-term success from a creator’s perspective is straightforward: let the qualities that give you your Q-factor do their job by giving them a chance to deliver success over and over,” he wrote. 1．According to the formula, which of the following is NOT a factor in achieving long-term success? A．A brilliant and talented idea. B．A proper price for the products. C．The ability to put the idea into practice. D．Perseverance in trying new things. 2．Why are AppleLisa, NeXT, the G-4 Cube and MobileMe not as successful as iPhone? A．Because Jobs lacked talent when working on these products. B．Because the ideas behind them were not of high quality. C．Because they were not developed by Jobs. D．Because they were not Jobs’s legacies. 3．Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? A．Barabási worked out the formula based on his research in cooperation with his colleagues. B．A good idea plays a significant role in the ultimate success of a product or artwork. C．If you have a low Q-factor, you may have a try at changing your career path. D．The physicist John Fenn didn’t make much scientific impact because of his old age. 4．What is the main idea Barabási wants to convey in his book? A．The key to success lies in finding what you are good at and sticking with it. B．A person’s ability remains more or less constant over his or her lifetime. C．Success in a person’s career presents a double-edged sword. D．You need to give yourself chances to deliver success over and over again. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了巴拉巴西在其书中提出的成功公式 “S=Qr”，并通过具体例子阐述了影响成功的因素，还探讨了该公式对人们追求成功的启示。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段 “Physicist Albert-László Barabási recently published a book—The Formula: The Universal Laws of Success—laying out his and his colleagues’ research into the nature of success with a simple equation. The degree of success for a given product, scientific paper, artwork, or other venture, represented by “S,” is broken down into two components: the essentially random quality of the underlying idea, symbolized by “r,” and the ability of the creator behind the project to actually bring ideas in a given field to fruition, which Barabási calls the “Q-factor.” With that framework in mind, success is the product of the random initial idea and the Q-factor of the creator: S= Qr.(物理学家Albert-László Barabási最近出版了一本书——《公式：成功的普遍法则》——用一个简单的方程式阐述了他和他的同事对成功本质的研究。一个给定的产品、科学论文、艺术品或其他投资的成功程度，用“S”来表示，可以分为两个部分：一个是潜在想法的本质随机性，用“r”来表示；另一个是项目背后的创造者将特定领域的想法付诸实践的能力，Barabási称之为“q因素”。在这个框架下，成功是随机初始想法和创造者q因素的产物：S= Qr)”可知，成功是随机的初始想法和创造者的 Q 因子的乘积：S = Qr。由此可知，成功与初始想法的质量以及将想法付诸实践的 Q 因子有关，对应选项 A “一个绝妙而有天赋的想法” 和选项 C “将想法付诸实践的能力”。再根据最后一段 “a good way to succeed is to find what you are good at and then keep trying new things in that field(成功的一个好方法是找到自己擅长的东西，然后在那个领域不断尝试新事物)”可知，选项 D “坚持尝试新事物” 也是取得长期成功的因素。而选项 B “产品的合理价格” 在文章中未提及，故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Think AppleLisa, NeXT, the G - 4 Cube, MobileMe. Never heard of them? They’ re among Jobs’s many failures. If an idea has a small r value, no matter how high the Q, the product will be cheapened.(想想AppleLisa、NeXT、G - 4 Cube、MobileMe。没听说过它们？它们是乔布斯众多失败产品中的一部分。如果一个想法的 r 值很小，无论 Q 值有多高，产品都会贬值)”可推知，这些产品不如 iPhone 成功是因为它们背后的想法质量不高，即 r 值较小，故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段“Barabási gave the example of the physicist John Fenn, who after a long and fairly low - impact scientific career developed a revolutionary technique for measuring the masses of large molecules at the age of 67. Fenn would later go on to win the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his late - career work.(Barabási举了物理学家John Fenn的例子，他在漫长且影响相当小的科学生涯后，在 67 岁时开发了一种测量大分子质量的革命性技术。Fenn后来因他职业生涯后期的工作获得了 2002 年诺贝尔化学奖)”可知，约翰・芬恩在晚年取得了重大科学成就，选项 D“物理学家John Fenn因为年龄大没有产生太大的科学影响” 错误，故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Barabási’s research suggests that a good way to succeed is to find what you are good at and then keep trying new things in that field. “The key to long-term success from a creator’s perspective is straightforward: let the qualities that give you your Q-factor do their job by giving them a chance to deliver success over and over,” he wrote.(Barabási的研究表明，成功的一个好方法是找到自己擅长的东西，然后在那个领域不断尝试新事物。“从创造者的角度来看，长期成功的关键很简单：通过给赋予你 Q 因子的特质一个反复取得成功的机会，让它们发挥作用，” 他写道)”可知，巴拉巴西在书中主要想传达的观点是成功的关键在于找到自己擅长的事情并坚持下去，故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）Thanks to great strides in fundamental research, biology is becoming ever more programmable. Two recent scientific advances show just how powerful the possibilities could be. The genetic modification of plants is allowing the mechanism of photosynthesis to be tinkered with, as research published in Science on August 18th sets out. This could lead to dramatic improvements in the productivity of plants, and eventually to a second green revolution. Tweaking the genes of people who suffer from fatal incurable diseases, meanwhile, has also had remarkable results. A series of genetic therapies has arrived, or is arriving, in clinics to treat blood cancers, spinal muscular atrophy, haemophilia and sickle-cell disease. The task now is to spread these gains far and wide. The consequences of both advances could be momentous. The genetic modification of crops promises cheaper, more nutritious and more climate-resilient food for a hungry planet. Genetic therapies offer the hope of curing devastating diseases. They also allow for one-time treatments that can be transported to the four corners of the Earth, bringing years, decades or a lifetime of benefits to the seriously and incurably ill. Imagine a cure for aids or sickle-cell disease that could be taken to the continent of Africa or across the Middle East. The accompanying benefits would be similar to the eradication of smallpox. This tantalising promise has been made possible by a prodigious investment in fundamental research over the years. Basic knowledge of genetics and the functions and structures of proteins has proved to be a motor for discovery across medicine and agriculture. The private sector, to be sure, plays an essential role in the cycle of innovation. But these advances are a reminder that investment by governments and charities is crucial in areas that offer little commercial benefit in the short term, but which in the long term promise to greatly advance well-being. Much of the success in treating rare diseases is a consequence of the efforts of charities, often thanks to fundraising by patients and their families. Research that benefits low-income countries frequently relies on philanthropic donors with deep pockets, such as the Gates Foundation. The investments made in fundamental science today yield the productivity gains of tomorrow. Unfortunately, there is no guarantee that these gains will be realized. Gene therapies are a remarkable technical accomplishment. But their current enormous cost — often well over $ l m to treat a single person — makes them hard for health-care systems to afford, even when they are reserved for fatal rare genetic diseases. The idea of using them to treat more prevalent conditions looks prohibitively pricey. 1．What does the research published in Science on August 18th focus on? A．The treatment of blood cancers. B．The genetic modification of plants. C．The improvement of genetic therapies. D．The spread of the gains in biology. 2．Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of genetic therapies? A．Offering one-time treatments. B．Curing some fatal incurable diseases. C．Reducing the cost of health care systems. D．Bringing long-term benefits to the seriously all. 3．Who plays an important role in the research benefiting low-income countries? A．The private sector. B．Patients and their families. C．Health-care systems. D．The Gates Foundation. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Present the achievements and challenges of two biological advancements. B．Emphasize the importance of fundamental research in all scientific fields. C．Compare the genetic modification of plants and genetic therapies in terms of cost. D．Analyze the cost-effectiveness of genetic therapies and plant genetic modification. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了生物学领域内的两项重要科学进展——植物基因改造和基因疗法，并详细阐述了这些进展的潜在影响、意义以及当前面临的挑战。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The genetic modification of plants is allowing the mechanism of photosynthesis to be tinkered with, as research published in Science on August 18th sets out.(正如8月18日发表在《科学》杂志上的研究所述，对植物进行基因改造使得人们能够对光合作用的机制进行调整。)”可知，8月18日发表在《科学》杂志上的研究阐述了对植物进行基因改造使得光合作用的机制能够被调整。也就是说该研究聚焦于植物的基因改造。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Genetic therapies offer the hope of curing devastating diseases. They also allow for one-time treatments that can be transported to the four corners of the Earth, bringing years, decades or a lifetime of benefits to the seriously and incurably ill.(基因疗法为治愈毁灭性疾病带来了希望。它们还提供了一次性治疗的可能性，这种治疗可以推广到世界各地，为那些身患重病且无法治愈的患者带来数年、数十年甚至一生的益处。)”可知，基因疗法可以提供一次性治疗，为治愈毁灭性疾病带来了希望，并为那些身患重病且无法治愈的患者带来数年、数十年甚至一生的益处。只有C选项“降低医疗保健系统的成本”并不是基因疗法的好处。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Research that benefits low-income countries frequently relies on philanthropic donors with deep pockets, such as the Gates Foundation.(那些惠及低收入国家的研究常常依赖于财力雄厚的慈善捐赠者，比如盖茨基金会。)”可知，那些惠及低收入国家的研究常常依赖于财力雄厚的慈善捐赠者，比如盖茨基金会。这表明盖茨基金会在有益于低收入国家的研究中扮演着重要角色。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章开篇指出生物学因基础研究取得进展变得更具可编程性，并介绍了两项科学进展，即植物基因改造和基因疗法。在阐述植物基因改造时，提到其能改进植物生产力，可能引发第二次绿色革命；在基因疗法方面，提到可治疗多种致命疾病，给患者带来希望和长期益处，这都体现了这两项生物进展的成就。同时，文章也指出了面临的挑战。对于基因疗法，提到其成本极高，使得医疗保健系统难以负担，限制了其应用推广。选项A“Present the achievements and challenges of two biological advancements.(呈现两项生物进展的成就与挑战)”准确概括了文章的主要内容，既包括植物基因改造和基因疗法的成就，也提到了基因疗法成本高这一挑战。故选A。 话题6人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海·期中）In June 1894, Harper’s Bazaar highlighted currants (醋栗), noting that over forty of the sixty known currant varieties were of American origin, including the black currant, white currant, and red currant. Currants were once common in 19th-century US recipes, but they have since disappeared, while they remain popular in the UK for jams and jellies. Even confectionery (糖果) flavors differ: black currant in the UK and grape in the US. This change is due to a forgotten war launched by the US government against currants. Currants come in black, red, or white and are typically sour. They grew wild in North America for centuries and were used by Native American communities for cooking and medicinal purposes. Early colonists introduced European varieties, and by the 19th century, currants were used in jams, jellies, wines, and remedies. By the early 20th century, the US was producing European currants on a large scale, especially in New York. However, New York was also home to the eastern white pine, a crucial source of wood. The import of pine seedlings from Europe introduced Cronartium Ribicola, a fungus (真菌) which infected white pine trees with a disease called white pine blister rust. Efforts to get rid of the disease included banning white pine imports, but by 1921, the disease had spread across the US, threatening the wood industry. The fungus needed two hosts: pine trees and currant plants. To fight against the disease, the US government initiated a program to remove currant plants in 1916, which led to the destruction of them across the country. The program destroyed both European and native currant species, including those used medicinally by native communities like the Menominee Tribe. The efforts were ultimately unsustainable and ceased by the late 1960s, but the damage was done. White pine blister rust persisted, and currant cultivation remained restricted in many states. This campaign changed American cooking habits greatly, making currants unfamiliar to most. By the mid-20th century, currant recipes had nearly disappeared from American cookbooks. 1．The first paragraph is intended to______. A．highlight the varieties of currants and their origins B．explain the historical significance of currants in the US C．describe the previous popularity of currants in the US and the UK D．introduce the topic of currants and their decline in American cooking 2．Which of the following is a feature of currants? A．They vary in color. B．They originated in Europe. C．They taste sweet when ripe. D．They were mainly used for medical purposes. 3．What was the primary reason for the US government’s campaign against currants? A．To promote the growth of other fruits. B．To protect the eastern white pine trees. C．To make space for other agricultural crops. D．To improve the flavor of American confectionery. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．What the history and varieties of currants in the US are. B．How currants were used by Native American communities. C．Why confectionery flavors differ between the US and the UK. D．Why currants are not as common as they used to be in the US. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国的醋栗曾经十分常见和品种丰富，但是为了保护松树政府开始清除醋栗，导致醋栗几乎在美国消失。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“In June 1894, Harper’s Bazaar highlighted currants (醋栗), noting that over forty of the sixty known currant varieties were of American origin, including the black currant, white currant, and red currant. Currants were once common in 19th-century US recipes, but they have since disappeared, while they remain popular in the UK for jams and jellies. Even confectionery (糖果) flavors differ: black currant in the UK and grape in the US. This change is due to a forgotten war launched by the US government against currants.(1894年6月，《时尚芭莎》对醋栗进行了重点报道，指出在已知的60种醋栗中，有40多种源自美国，包括黑醋栗、白醋栗和红醋栗。在19世纪的美国食谱中，醋栗曾经很常见，但后来就消失了，而在英国，醋栗仍然很受欢迎，被用来制作果酱和果冻。甚至糖果的口味也不一样：英国是黑醋栗，美国是葡萄。这种变化是由于美国政府发起的一场被遗忘的战争)”可知，第一段旨在介绍醋栗的话题及其在美国烹饪中的衰落。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Currants come in black, red, or white and are typically sour.(醋栗有黑色、红色或白色，通常是酸的)”可知，颜色各不相同是醋栗的特征。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“The import of pine seedlings from Europe introduced Cronartium Ribicola, a fungus (真菌) which infected white pine trees with a disease called white pine blister rust. Efforts to get rid of the disease included banning white pine imports, but by 1921, the disease had spread across the US, threatening the wood industry.(从欧洲进口的松树幼苗引入了一种真菌，它使白松感染了一种叫做白松水疱锈病的疾病。根除这种疾病的努力包括禁止进口白松，但到1921年，这种疾病已经蔓延到美国各地，威胁到木材工业)”可知，美国政府反对醋栗的主要原因是保护东部的白松。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“This campaign changed American cooking habits greatly, making currants unfamiliar to most. By the mid-20th century, currant recipes had nearly disappeared from American cookbooks.(这场运动极大地改变了美国人的烹饪习惯，使大多数人对醋栗感到陌生。到20世纪中期，加仑的食谱几乎从美国食谱中消失了)”结合文章主要介绍了美国的醋栗曾经十分常见和品种丰富，但是为了保护松树政府开始清除醋栗，导致醋栗几乎在美国消失。可知，这篇文章主要讲的是为什么醋栗在美国不像以前那么常见了。故选D。 Passage 2 （23-24高一下·上海·期中）Trees are magicians with carbon, pulling it out of the air at remarkable rates to store it in their bodies. They are so good at removing this greenhouse gas that “planting trees” is often synonymous with doing environmental good. And lots of people are planting trees. The number of tree-planting organizations has grown by almost 300 percent in the past 30 years, according to a 2021 paper in the journal Biological Conservation. But while tree planting can capture a great amount of carbon, it is hardly a silver bullet for the climate crisis — express estimate that even if we maximized our available lands for trees, this alone would not be enough to counteract carbon emissions caused by humans. Plus, many plantations grow the same few species in monocultures, which can hurt local biodiversity. The minority of tree plantations are set up with carbon capture solely, or even primarily in mind, says Jacob Bukoski, a forestry scientist at Oregon State University. Most trees are planted with the goal of harvesting timber or wood pulp (木浆) for paper. Tree-planting organizations are more likely to create plantations for commercial reasons, the authors of the 2021 paper also note, rather than for biodiversity or carbon capture. In forestry, there’s a saying that you have to plant “the right tree in the right place, for the right reason.” But when many tree plantations are established for commercial purposes, the tree that is planted is often not the “right” tree, says Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez, an ecologist at the Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford. In a paper published recently in the journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Aguirre-Gutiérrez and colleagues argue that focusing on the goal of carbon removal by natural process causes organizations to ignore the importance of restoring balanced ecosystems. The result is a collection of trees that do not support local organisms or promote biodiversity in the way native plant species would have. These problems deserve particular notice in tropical areas where land is vast, and conditions such as stable temperatures and high humidity promote tree growth, as ignoring them while planting trees is damaging. When plantations increased the woody cover of the Brazilian savannah by 40 percent, this “resulted in an about 30 percent reduction in the diversity of plants and ants,” Aguirre-Gutiérrez and his co-authors write in the new paper. Aguirre-Gutiérrez doesn’t want to discourage people from growing more trees, he says. Rather, we need a better way to protect the natural ecosystems and species there, like encouraging the restoration of native forest tree species. Local plants will be “better adapted to the conditions” in these environments, he says, which means they, and nearby species, are more likely to thrive. “If we go in that direction, that will bring us the added value of capturing carbon, but also this sustainability.” 1．Experts are concerned about tree plantation to reduce greenhouse partly because ______. A．the number of tree-planting organizations is growing too fast. B．the speed of tree planting falls far behind that of carbon emission. C．the selection of species in tree planting can harm local biodiversity. D．the land available to plant trees is not fully explored and developed. 2．In paragraph 4, “the right reason” refers to ______. A．mass plantation of carbon-absorbing trees B．biodiversity preservation with local species C．harvest of timber or wood pulp for paper D．tree plantation for commercial purposes 3．Why does the author mention “Brazilian savannah” in paragraph 5? A．To show the benefits of planting trees in tropical areas B．To illustrate the vastness and eco-diversity of tropical areas C．To highlight the negative impact of planting trees in tropical areas D．To discourage people from randomly planting trees in tropical areas 4．Which of the following statements will Aguirre-Gutiérrez most likely approve of? A．People and organizations should plant as many trees as they can to capture carbon. B．Plants in tropical areas can thrive better due to its vast land and agreeable climate. C．Preserving biodiversity plays a more sustainable role than capturing carbon only. D．Tree plantation organizations are irresponsible and focus only on making profits. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。专家们对植树造林减少温室效应表示担忧，因为即使我们最大限度地利用我们的可用土地种植树木，单凭这一点也不足以抵消人类造成的碳排放。此外，许多种植园在单一栽培中种植相同的几种物种，这可能会损害当地的生物多样性。文章对此进行了介绍。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Plus, many plantations grow the same few species in monocultures, which can hurt local biodiversity.(此外，许多种植园在单一栽培中种植相同的几种物种，这可能会损害当地的生物多样性。)”可知，专家们对植树造林减少温室效应表示担忧的部分原因是植树造林的物种选择会损害当地的生物多样性。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段最后一句“Tree-planting organizations are more likely to create plantations for commercial reasons, the authors of the 2021 paper also note, rather than for biodiversity or carbon capture.(2021年那篇论文的作者还指出，植树组织更有可能出于商业原因建立种植园，而不是为了生物多样性或碳捕获。)”可知，the right reason是指“保护本地物种的生物多样性”。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第5段“When plantations increased the woody cover of the Brazilian savannah by 40 percent, this ‘resulted in an about 30 percent reduction in the diversity of plants and ants’”（当种植园增加巴西大草原的木质覆盖40%时，这“导致植物和蚂蚁多样性减少约30%”）可推知，作者举例是为了突显在热带地区盲目植树的负面影响。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段第一句“In a paper published recently in the journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Aguirre-Gutiérrez and colleagues argue that focusing on the goal of carbon removal by natural process causes organizations to ignore the importance of restoring balanced ecosystems.(在最近发表在《生态与进化趋势》杂志上的一篇论文中，Aguirre-Gutiérrez和他的同事认为，专注于通过自然过程去除碳的目标会导致组织忽视恢复平衡生态系统的重要性。)”可知，Aguirre-Gutiérrez最有可能认同“保护生物多样性比仅仅捕获碳具有更可持续的作用”的观点。故选C。 Passage 3 （23-24高一下·上海·期末）“The world’s environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss.” If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog to global climate change, from …. The list would largely be accurate, the concern reasonable. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad. After all, the world’s population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous. But they don’t. The reasons why they don’t and why the environment has not been ruined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in response to popular pressure. That is why today’s environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable. Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very intelligent. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason, prices for energy and for minerals have virtually fallen during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate (波动), in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new farming and crop technology. The long-term trend has been downwards. It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this sound trend begins to stumble (受挫), and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it. 1．According to the author, why would most students tear the test paper apart? A．Because they find it challenging to answer the examination topic. B．Because they maintain that the environment of the world is better than expected. C．Because they feel the topic is against their knowledge of today’s environmental problems. D．Because they have no idea about the current situation of global environment. 2．It can be inferred from the passage that the huge increase in world output and population ________ A．has made the world a dangerous place to live in. B．has significantly affected the environment. C．has made the environment of poor nations unsolvable. D．has played a minor role in affecting the environment. 3．According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE? A．There are few alternatives to raw materials in the world. B．The long-term trend of prices for materials and food is downwards. C．The price of energy fluctuates in response to change of food price. D．Social stability can promote technological innovation. 4．According to the author, what is the primary solution to environmental problems? A．To allow market forces to operate properly. B．To limit consumption of natural resources. C．To control the growth of the world population. D．To encourage technological innovation. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了尽管全球人口和产出大幅增长，但世界环境仍然保持着出人意料的健康状态。这主要归功于价格机制、技术创新、社会变革以及政府针对公众压力所采取的监管措施。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段““The world’s environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss.”If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog to global climate change, from …. The list would largel$