第10章 第1节 关系代词和“介词+关系代词-【高考零起点】2026年新高考英语总复习（艺考）

零起点·英语 第十章 定语从句 第一节关系代词和“介词+关系代词” 窗户朝南的房间是给我祖父母住的。 知识梳理 I still remember those years when I lived 当我们用一个形容词来修饰名词或代 in the country.(先行词是those years,关系 词的时候，我们把这个形容词称为那个名 副词是when) 词或代词的定语。然而，在实际运用中，用 我仍然记得我住在乡下的那些岁月。 一个形容词来修饰名词或代词往往不能完 Is this the reason why he refused our of- fer?（先行词是the reason,关系副词是 整地表达句意。要完整地表达句意，用一 why) 个句子来修饰那个名词或代词更佳，于是 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 便产生了定语从句。 一、关系代词 在英语中，修饰一个名词或代词的从 引导定语从句的关系代词包括hat, 句，称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词 which,who,whom,whose.,as。关系代词有 叫先行词，定语从句在先行词之后（名词/ 三个作用：1.连接主句和从句；2.指代被 代词+定语从句)。连接先行词和定语从句 修饰的先行词（这就是“关系代词”的由 的词称为关系代词或者关系副词。 来)；3.在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表 I can lend you a book which tells lots of 语或定语，且与先行词保持数的一致。如： things about Spain.(先行词是a book,关系 在从句 关系 代词 代替功能 中充当 例句 代词是which) 的成分 我能借给你一本讲了许多关于西班牙 主语 This is the boy who won first prize yesterday. 的事情的书。 who 代替人 The man who lives next to us is a police- 宾语 This is the boy who I met yesterday. man.（先行词是The man,关系代词 This is the man whom I met whom 代替人 宾语 yesterday 是who) 住在我们隔壁的人是一位警察。 The room whose window faces south is for my grandparents.（先行词是The room,关系 代词是whose) 56 第十章定语从句 续表 4. Have you seen the film Titanic, 关系 在从句 leading actor is world-famous? 代词 代替功能 中充当 例句 的成分 5.He is not such a fool he looks. 主语 The man that is playing the piano now is a music teacher 6.Look out!Don't get too close to the 代替人 宾语 Is this the man that you met house roof is under repair. yesterday? that 表语 She is no longer the girl 【答案】1.who/whom/that/不填 that she used to be. 2.which/that/不填3.which/that/不填 The work that has been fin- 主语 4.whose 5.as 6.whose ished is very important. 代替物 二、介词+关系代词(which/whom) 宾语 The train that he took was late for an hour. 当关系代词用作介词的宾语时，我们 主语 The book which is about 可以把介词移到关系代词前面，构成“介词 London costs 20 yuan. which 代替物 +which/whom”的结构来引导定语从 宾语 The book which I bought yesterday cost 20 yuan. 句。如： The girl whose name is (1)The school (that/which)he once 代替人 定语 Mary is the top student in our class. studied in is very famous. 代替物 定语 The book whose cover is The school in which he once studied is red is about London. very famous. 代替人 主语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us. (2)We'll go to hear the famous singer 代替物 宾语 This is the same pen as I whom/that/who)we have often talked about. lost yesterday. =We'll go to hear the famous singer 当先行词被such和the same修饰时， about whom we have often talked. 关系代词用as。 1.介词的选用原则 关系代词在从句中充当宾语时通常可 A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭 以省略（但whom作介词宾语时不可省 配确定 略)。如： Mr.Smith bought a new house This is the boy (whom)I met yesterday which he spent all his money. ◆用适当的关系代词填空。 (on,spend some money on sth. 1.The man you met just now This is the book which he paid is my old friend. 8 dollars. 2.This is the factory I visited (for,pay some money for sth. last year. B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定 3.Let me show you the novel I still remember the day which borrowed from the library. I joined the army. 零起点·英语 (on,强调具体某一天用on,I joined whom are very kind to him. the army on the day) (2)There are forty students in our class I still remember the days in all,most of whom are from big cities. which I lived there. (3)The boat,the name of which is Top- (during,强调某几天内用during, sail,is famous. lived there during the days) (4)I bought many books yesterday, C.根据所表达的意思确定 three of which are written by Lu Xun. The gas which we cannot live 三、关系代词that使用的特殊情况 is called oxygen. 先行词指人或物时，需用关系代词在 without,without the gas,we cannot...) 从句中充当主语、宾语、表语时，只能用 ◆用适当的介词填空。 that的情况： 1.Who is the man whom you ①不定代词+that:如果先行词是al, shook hands? much,anything,something,nothing,every- 2.He works in a factory, thing,little,none,few等不定代词或被all, which there is a river. little,none,any,only,few,much,no, 3.Give me the book,the cover some,very等词修饰时，只能用that。如： which is red. Everything that we saw was interesting. 4.This is the neighbor whom I All the people that are present burst borrowed the bicycle. into tears. 5.The chair which he is 【填空】I refuse to accept the blame for sitting is made of wood. something was someone else's fault. 6.The car which he paid 【答案】that先行词为不定代词 210,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. something,.关系代词that在定语从句中作 7.Wang Hong, whom I went to 主语。 the party yesterday,enjoyed herself very much. ②the+序数词/形容词最高级：如果先 8.Tom, whom the window was 行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或者先 broken,has been criticized by his teacher. 行词是最高级时，只能用that。如： 【答案】1.with2.near/beside3.of This is the first factory that I visited. 4.from 5.on 6.for 7.with 8.by This is the best film that I have ever seen. 2.注意事项 ③the+only/very/Iast:如果先行词被 “介词+关系代词”前可有some,any, the only,the very,the last修饰时，只能用 none,both,all,neither,most,each,few that。如： 代词、数词或名词。 He was the only person in the office that (1)He loved his parents deeply,both of was invited to the ball. 58 第十章 定语从句 ④先行词指人又指物时，只能用that。 【答案】which The boy and the dog that are in the 【解析】which引导非限制性定语从 picture are very lovely. 句，修饰前面整个句子，从句中明显缺主 He talked about the teachers and schools 语，而非限制性定语从句中不能用that。 that he had visited. 4.引导非限制性定语从句的which ⑤关系代词作表语时，关系代词只能 与aso 用thato 二者作关系代词引导定语从句时，其 He is not the man that he used to be 先行词既可是整个句子，也可是部分成分， China isn't the country that it used to be. 二者在从句中常充当主语或宾语。二者的 四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语 主要区别如下： 从句的区别 (1)s引导的从句可位于句首、句中或 1.限制性定语从句中间无逗号隔开， 句末，并有逗号和主句隔开；而which引导 非限制性定语从句中间有逗号隔开。 的从句只能置于主句之后。如： 2.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从 Have you ever visited the Great Wall, 句的翻译不同。 which attracts thousands of tourists each year? 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切， As everybody knows,Shakespeare is a 翻译时放在先行词之前，而非限制性定语 famous writer. 从句与先行词关系没那么密切，通常翻译 I am very interested in,as you know, 成一个分句，对先行词进行补充说明。如： classical music. The boy who is standing in front of the He is late for the meeting,as is often building is my brother.正站在楼前面的那个 the case. 男孩是我弟弟/哥哥。 (2)as有“正如…”“正像….”之 The boy,who is standing in front of the 意，而which没有。如： building,is my brother.那个男孩是我弟弟/ As we know/As is known to all/As we all 哥哥，他正站在楼前。 can see众所周知 The old man has a son who is in the As is often the case情况常常是这样 amy.这个老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。 As might be imagined可以想象得到 The old man has a son,who is in the ar- As might be expected正如所预料的 my.这个老人有一个儿子，他儿子在部队 那样 工作。 As has been pointed out正如所指出的 3.非限制性定语从句中不能用that 那样 引导。 As has been said before/above正如前文 例1 Students mustn't smoke in the 所述 school, is a rule of a school. As(it)often happens像往常一样 零起点·英语 例2 is known to us all,it is gain weight quickly important to get along with people around us. 14.The first place they visited in 【答案】As Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill 【解析】句意：众所周知，与我们周围 15.They lived in a house was built 的人相处是很重要的。s引导非限制性定 in1800. 语从句，位于句首。 16.That is the new machine parts are too small to be seen. 巩固练习 17.He is such a clever child every- 一、用适当的关系词或“介词+关系代词” one likes. 填空。 18.He was educated at the local high school, 1.Do you know the man is talking he went on to Beijing University. with your mother? 19. is known to all,China has the 2.The book I gave you was worth largest population in the world. $10. 20.He was late for school, was u- 3.The boy she loved died in sual for him. the war. 21.This is the last train will go 4.A plane is a machine can fly. to Suzhou. 5.A child parents are dead is 22.I like the second novel I read called an orphan. in the summer holidays. 6.I like those books topics are 23.All the presents your friends about history. gave you on your birthday should be 7.The poor man has no house he put away. can live. 二、根据句意在空白处填入相应的“介词+ 8.The beggar has no money he can 关系代词”。 buy food. 1.The clever boy made a hole in the wall, 9.Whenever I met her, was fairly he could see what was often,she greeted me with a sweet smile. happening inside the house. 10. is known to us,the earth goes 2.The age children can go to around the sun. school is six. 11.The film we saw last night is 3.The woman, I learned the news, very interesting. is a nurse. 12.Some people are successful lan- 4.The wolf the sheep was killed guage learners often fail in other fields. was shot. 13.Children diet is high in fat will 5.This is the reason he was late. 60 第十章 定语从句 6.The song, we are interested,will be 9.The two things Marx was not too broadcast tonight. sure were grammar and some idoms. 7.He is the hero we are proud. 10.The table my cat often lies while 8.The stories about Lei Feng, this we are having meals is made of wood. is one example,are well written. 第二节 关系副词 we had lunch? 知识梳理 你记得我们吃午饭的地方吗？ 引导定语从句的关系副词包括when, The reason why I came here was to be where,.why。关系副词有两个作用：1.连接 with my family. 主句和从句；2.在定语从句中充当状语 =The reason for which I came here was (时间状语、地点状语、原因状语)。 to be with my family. 在从句中 我到这里来的原因是要跟我的家人在 关系副词 先行词 例句 充当的成分 起。 She still remembers the when 时间名词 时间状语 day when she won the 关系副词与相对应的“介词+关系代词”： prize. at/in/on/during...+ 地点状语 This is the factory where where 地点名词 when 时间 his father works. 关系 which He didn't know the 副词 where 地点 why reason 原因状语 at/in/to...+which reason why he was late. why 原因 for which 注意：why引导定语从句时，先行词只 有reason。 例1 The village has developed a lot 引导定语从句时，关系副词when, we learned farming two years ago. where,why等可以与“介词+which”互 【答案】where 换。如： 【解析】where在此引导定语从句，修 The day when she arrived was Thursday. 饰先行词The village,定语从句中we The day on which she arrived was learned farming主谓宾齐全，选用关系副词 Thursday. where作状语，从句意为“我们两年前在这 她到的那天是星期四。 个村庄学习耕种”。注意，题中的定语从句 Do you remember the place where we had 与先行词The village之间被has developed a lunch? lot隔开了。 =Do you remember the place at which 注意：在选择关系副词时，要弄清关系 61第六章动词的时态 第一节一般现在时、一般过去时、 一般将来时和过去将来时 巩固练习 1.will go/are going are about to go;doesn't rain 2.had3.spend;will be if引导的条件状语从句用一般现 在时表示将来，主句用一般将来时。4.didn't realize 5.lived6.leave此句中before引导一个时间状语从句，要 用一般现在时表将来，前往非洲这件事情还没发生。 7.takes/is taking8.travels表示客观事实、自然规律时用 一般现在时。9.would send/was going to send/had sent 第二节现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时 巩固练习 1.is coming此处是现在进行时表将来，表示按计划或安排 最近要进行的动作。2.are;holding3.was watching 4.is playing5.will be writing6.are climbing while引导的 时间状语从句用现在进行时。7.forgot;are;leaving答 语不是强调进行时态，而是说话者的一种态度。8.will be flying/am flying 第三节现在完成时、过去完成时、 将来完成时和现在完成进行时 巩固练习 1.saw 2.has left 3.have changed 4.have heard 5.has saved6.had played由句意所知是先弹钢琴弹了很多年， 然后开了音乐会，故表示过去的过去，用过去完成时。 7.have taken 8.had seen 9.have been looking 10.has been teaching到目前为止一直都在教汉语，现在还在教，故 用现在完成进行时。ll.has been studying;will have gradu- ated 12.will have prepared 第七章动词的语态 巩固练习 1.tastes2.are said be said to..意为“据说.”。3.was published 4.be taken 5.are required 6.will be built 7.belongs to8.is sent9.were treated此处表示“被款待”。 10.is being taken 11.sells;reading 12.had been noticed 13.will have been cleaned 14.are being hunted 第八章 情态动词 巩固练习 1.could/was able to 2.may/might 3.must 4.mustn't 5.might句意：对于你来说这似乎不像是一个大买卖，然而 从长远来看，你会获利。根据seem“似乎”推知“可能性 小”，所以填might。6.ought to/should7.needn't/don't have to 8.will not 9.must 10.would 11.couldn't 12.could 13.shall 14.might/may 15.should 16.needn't句意：结果是路线在小册子中用红色标了出来， 我根本没必要费心把地点记住。表示做了没必要做的事请 要用needn't have done,所以填needn't。I7.cant表示强 烈的否定推测，后面给出了理由。l8.wouldn't此处表示 意愿。19.must20.mustn't21.needn't22.shouldn't 第九章虚拟语气 巩固练习 1.had 2.had told由主句would have met可知，这是对过去的虚 拟，f从句的谓语用had done。 3.had had由定语从句可知，父亲在之前的足球赛中当记 者。此处wish的宾语从句中谓语用had done,是对过去的 虚拟，表达难以实现的愿望。 4.were句意：写信的语气要亲切，好像你和捐赠者在面对 面交谈。这里asf后要用一般过去时表示虚拟语气。 5.stayed句意：我们宁愿我们的女儿和我们待在家里，但是 那是她的选择，而且她不再是一个孩子了。would rather 后的宾语从句要采用虚拟语气，从s这个动词的使用看， 是与现在事实相反，则从句用一般过去时表示与现在事实 相反。 6.(should)take 7.had 8.would have visited 9.had driven 10.focused 11.had caught 12.Were 13.hadn't been caught句意：如果几天前他没有被抓到酒驾 的话，现在他就会坐在家里舒适的沙发上看电视了。根 据语境推知“他酒驾被抓了”，由此推知从句是与过去事 实相反的假设，所以用过去完成时。 14.have missed句意：要不是交通堵塞的话，我就不会错过面 试了。but for“要不是…的话”，句子表示对过去发生情况 的假设，所以用wouldn't have done 15.did/should do 16.was 17.Had句意：如果他们得知地震的消息的话，他们会做准备 的。表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句中应用过去完成 时，此处是省略f的倒装形式。 l8.had slept句意：我真希望我今天早晨能睡得再长一些， 但是我得起床来上学。wish后面的宾语从句用虚拟语 气。表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。 19.had thought 20.(should)be sent 21.(should)be 22.had done 第十章定语从句 第一节关系代词和“介词+关系代词” 巩固练习 -1.who/that 2.which/that 3.whom/who/that 4.that/which 5.whose 6.whose 7.in which/where 8.with which 9.which 10.As 11.that/which 12.who/that 13.whose 14.that 15.that/which 16.whose 17.as 18.after which 19.As 20.which/as 21.that 22.that 23.that 二、1.through which2.at which3.from whom 4.by which 5.for which 6.in which 7.of whom 8.of which 9.about/of which 10.near/under/beside/on which 第二节关系副词 巩固练习 1.where 2.when 3.why 4.that/which 5.when 6.that/which 7.that/which 8.where句意：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界其他国家都在 同一起跑线的领域。area表一个抽象的地点概念。 9.which句意：到下午四点半，差不多要关门的时候，几乎 所有的画都已经卖光了。先行词是16：30，关系词在从句中 作主语，故要用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。 10.that 11.when 12.when 13.where 14.where 15.where 16.who/that;that 第十一章名词性从句 巩固练习 1.That2.What相当于the thing(s)that。 3.why4.that引导同位语从句。5.where 6.Who7.that引导同位语从句。8.What相当于the thing that 9.whether 10.How/Why/When 11.Whoever (相当于Anyone who)12.whoever13.That 14.whether 句意：在这家商店里，无论你用现金支付还是用信用卡支付 都无关紧要。l5.what16.whether句意：我们能否打赢 这场战斗不是问题，这只是时间问题。17.that 18.where 19.that 20.what 21.that 22.where(=the place that) 23.what 第十二章 状语从句 巩固练习 1.When2.As句意：随着时间的推移，天气变得更糟了。 as用来说明两种正在发展变化的情况。 3.Though/Although/While 4.until It is not until...that... 强调句，意为“直到…才…”。 5.when/while/as 6.as/because/for 7.since 8.Although/While/Though9.that10.as按照。 11.unless 12.before 13.When/After 14.however/no matter how 15.as long as句意：我父母不介意我做什么样 的工作，只要我开心。16.f17.where18.As l9.before句意：政府已经采取措施来解决电量短缺的问 题，但是也许要一段时间以后情况才会有所改善。 20.than21.before所填词引导状语从句，构成“It won't be +时间段+before+一般现在时从句”，意思是“过不了多久 …就…”。22.that23.since/as/because24.in order that/so that 25.when 26.even if/though 27.No matter how/However 28.unless 29.when/if 30.as if/though 3l.as long as32.when只要辨认出固定句型hardly..when ,问题即可解答。句意：我刚到办公室，我妻子就给我打 电话让我立刻回家。33.because34.in case35.where/ when若填where.,则where相当于in the place where 第十三章非谓语动词 第一节非谓语动词作主语、表语和宾语 巩固练习 1.Traveling动名词作主语。2.to learn不定式作真正的 主语。3.watering4.to give/giving5.sending6.taking 7.to be updated 8.complaining 9.to become 10.not to see/not to have seen 11.reading 12.getting 13.to meet 14.borrowing;to return 15.looking 16.smoking 17.hearing 18.to give 19.reading 20.asking 第二节非谓语动词作定语 巩固练习 L.running2.wearing3.to be published用不定式，表示动 作还未完成。其逻辑主语是所修饰的名词book,不定式与逻 辑主语是被动关系，故用不定式的被动式。4.bought5.to do名词前有最高级修饰，故用不定式作后置定语。 6.written7.being built8.to express ability作为一个抽象 名词，通常使用不定式作后置定语。9.to practice 10.to go 11.Spoken 12.dressed 13.used 14.taken 15.to be discussed 16.repairing to be repaired;to be repaired 17.borrowed18.saying19.discovered该空在句中作后 置定语修饰the money,the money与discover之间为被动关 系，动作已经完成20.living 第三节非谓语动词作补语 巩固练习 1.not to make ask sb.(not)to do sth.意为“要求某人（不） 要做某事”。2.to stay3.watering 4.heard非谓语动词与himself之间是被动关系，所以用过 去分词作宾语补足语。5.calling hear后面的宾语补足语 可以为省略to的不定式do,也可以为doing,区别在于doing 表示动作正在进行，而d0表示已经完成的整个动作。 6.finished have sth.done意为“完成某事”。7.performing 8.looking宾语many people和look之间存在主动关系，并且看 的动作正在进行，所以用现在分词作宾语补足语。9.running keep+sb./sth.+done/doing,根据句意，sth.与它后面的动词构成 主动关系。l0.to solve宾语problems和solve之间存在被动 关系，并且谓语的动作还未发生，在wh复合结构中要用主动形 式表示被动意义，所以用不定式作宾语补足语。