第2章 名词-【高考零起点】2026年新高考英语总复习（艺考）

第二章 名词 第二章名词 知识梳理 一 、名词的种类 专有名词 普通名词 可数名词 不可数名词 国名、地名、人名、团体机构名称 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 二、名词的数 1.可数名词 (1)可数名词变复数的规则变化 情况 方法 例词 一般情况 加s students,teachers,doctors,tables glasses,dishes,boxes,watches,但stomach的复 以s、x、ch、sh结尾 加es 数形式是直接加s,即stomachs 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i再加es families,babies,armies,bodies 以元音字母+y结尾 加s boys,toys 大都变f或fe为v,再加es thieves,wives,knives,shelves,lives 以f或fe结尾 少数加s beliefs,proofs,roofs,chiefs 通常加s radios,videos,zoos,tobaccos,pianos,photos 以。结尾 有的加es Negroes,heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,mangoes 既可以加es,也可以加s mosquitos(mosquitoes),volcanos(volcanoes) (2)可数名词变复数的不规则变化 ①自身有特殊变化的名词 child孩子→children man男人→men woman女人→women tooth牙→teeth medium传播媒介→media foot脚；英尺→feet mouse老鼠→mice phenomenon现象→phenomena ②常见单复数同形的名词 Chinese中国人sheep绵羊deer鹿series一系列means方式works工厂fish鱼 其中fish表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes。 Some deer are eating grass at the bottom of the hill.有一些鹿正在山下吃草。(deer单复 数同形) 零起点·英语 Every possible means has been tried,but none proves successful.每一种可能的方式都尝 试了，但没有一个证明是成功的。(means单复数同形) 2.不可数名词 (I)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice(建议)，furniture(家具)，fun(乐趣)，infor- mation(信息)，news(新闻)，weather(天气)，progress(进步)，wealth(财富)，value(价 值)等。 (2)抽象名词通常为不可数名词，但抽象名词常可具体化，具体化后变为与原来意义相 关的可数名词，常考的有： 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 success 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事 beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物 comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 danger 危险 危险的人或因素 delight 高兴 令人高兴的事 failure 失败 失败的人或事物 surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情 shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情 pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的人或事物 experience 经验 经历 difficulty 困难 困难的事情 honor 荣誉 带来荣誉的人或事 worry 烦恼 令人烦恼的事 youth 青春；青年时期 青年 necessity 必要性 必需品 joy 欢乐 令人高兴的事 Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献将一定会使这个 事件很成功。 Five hundred youths from all over the country will attend this meeting.来自全国的五百名 青年将参加本次会议。 They are failures as artists,but successes as teachers.作为艺术家他们是失败者，但作为 教师是成功者。 另外，有些抽象名词的复数形式用来表示数量之多，以示强调，如：congratulations,re 14 第二章 名词 gards,respects,thanks,wishes,apologies,smiles,pities,fears,hopes,kindnesses等。如： I offered my congratulations on her success..我对她的成功表示了祝贺。 He was in all smiles..他满脸笑容。 (3)“of+抽象名词”相当于形容词。能用在此结构中的抽象名词有importance,value, use,significance,.help等。如： t's of no practical use to me.这对我没什么实际用途。 The work I am doing is not of much value.我正在做的工作没有很大价值。 3.表示数量的词（组）与名词的搭配 (l)修饰可数名词的量词：many,few,afew,several,a number of,the number of,.a great/good many (2)修饰不可数名词的量词：much,too much,little,a little,a large amount of,.huge amounts of,a great deal of (3)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的量词：some,a lot of,lots of,a plenty of, a quantity of 三、名词作定语 用法 例词 名词作定语时，一般用单数 apple trees,car factories 以man、woman作定语的复合名词，两部分都变为复数形式 women doctors,men teachers 些名词本身以s结尾，作定语时不变 sports meeting,clothes shop 名词作定语，即用一个名词修饰另外一个名词，主要用来说明被修饰名词的物质构成、 用途等。 l.物质构成，如：a steel bridge,paper money 2.用途，如：a coffee cup 3.时间，如：an evening paper 4.地点，如：city life,country life,country music 5.种类，如：office work 6.内容，如：body language,the film industry 四、名词的格 1.'s所有格 (1)用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，表示各自的所属关系时，要分别在 并列名词后加's或’；表示共有的所属关系时，只在最后一个名词后加s或’。 Tom's and Jim's rooms汤姆和吉姆（各自）的房间 Tom and Jim's room汤姆和吉姆（共有）的房间 (2)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。 零起点·英语 at the barber's在理发店 at the teacher's在老师办公室 2.of所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用o所有格表示所有关系，名词短语或有定语修饰的有 生命的名词也常用of所有格。 the content of the novel小说的内容 the name of the girl over there那边那个女孩的名字 3.双重所有格 指“名词+of+名词所有格”或“名词+o+名词性物主代词”。 a play of Shakespeare's莎士比亚的一个戏剧 a friend of mine我的一个朋友 五、识记下列动词或形容词的名词形式（语法填空常用） A apologize—apology able-ability appear-appearance absent-一absence apply-application abundant-abundance appoint-appointment accept-acceptance appreciate-appreciation accomplish-accomplishment approve-approval accurate-accuracy argue-argument act一action arrange-arrangement adapt-—adaptation arrive-arrival add-addition assess-assessment adjust-adjustment assist-assistance admire-admiration associate-association admit-admission assume- -assumption advertise-advertisement astonish-astonishment advise-advice attend-attendance affect-一affection attract-一attraction agree-agreement aware-awareness agricultural-agriculture B allow-allowance beautiful-beauty amaze-amazement believe-belief amuse-amusement blind-blindness angry-anger brave-bravery announce-announcement busy-business anxious-anxiety 16 第二章 名词 difficult-一difficulty careful—carefulness discover-discovery cautious一caution discuss-discussion classify-classification divide-division combine-combination E comfortable-comfort economic-economy commit-commitment educate-一education communicate-communication efficient-efficiency compete-competition elegant-elegance competent-competence embarrass-embarrassment complete-一completion employ-employment conclude-conclusion encourage-encouragement confident-confidence energetic-energy congratulate-congratulation equal-equality considerate/consider-consideration equip-equipment construct-construction erupt-eruption contribute-contribution evident-evidence convenient-convenience excellent-excellence correct-correction excite-excitement crazy-craziness exist-existence curious-curiosity expect-expectation D explain一explanation dangerous-一danger explode—explosion dark-darkness express- expression decide-decision extend-extension decorate-—decoration F deep一depth fail-failure depart-department fair-fairness describe-description famous-fame determine-determination fluent-fluency develop-development free—freedom devote-devotion friendly-friend/friendship die/dead-death G different-difference graduate-graduation 零起点·英语 grow一growth L guide—guidance laugh-—laughter H lazy-laziness happy-happiness long-length hard-hardship lucky-luck harmful-harm M helpful-help magic-magician hesitate-hesitation manage-management high-height marry-marriage hopeful-hope merciful-mercy humorous-humor mix一nixture hungry-hunger move-movement 工 N ignorant-ignorance necessary-necessity ill-illness 0 important-importance observe-observation impress-impression occur-occurrence improve-improvement operate-operation include-inclusion organize-organization independent-independence P inform-information pack—package inspire-inspiration patient-patience intelligent-intelligence peaceful-一peace intend-intention perform-performance introduce-introduction permit-permission invent-invention polite-—politeness invite-invitation pollute-pollution involve-involvement possess-possession J possible-possibility judge-judgement practise-practice K prefer-preference kind-kindness prepare-preparation know-knowledge present-presentation produce-production 18 第二章 名词 pronounce-pronunciation survive-survival protect-protection T punish-punishment tend一tendency R tragic一tragedy real-reality transport-transportion reasonable-—reason treat-一treatment recognize-recognition true一truth recover-recovery U refer-reference ugy一ugliness refuse-refusal useful-—use relieve-relief V require-requirement valuable-value responsible-responsibility violent-violence retire-retirement W revise-revision warm-warmth rich-richness weak-weakness S wealthy-wealth sad-sadness weigh-weight safe一safety wide-width salty-—salt wise-wisdom satisfy-satisfaction Y scientific-science young-一youth secure-security 巩固练习 settle-一settlement sick-sickness 一、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 silent-silence 1.Your perform)as a student will similar-similarity be excellent if you develop a habit of re- solve-solution flecting on how you learn. special-specialist 2.(2018年全国卷Ⅲ)My name is Mireya starve-starvation Mayor.I'm a science)who state-statement studies animals such as apes and monkeys. strong-一strength 3.(2016年全国卷I)But for tourists like succeed-success me,pandas are its top (attract). suggest-一suggestion 4.(2017年全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to 19 零起点·英语 carry on with her (educate). sense of （responsible),they 5.Father went to his doctor for (ad- will give you the right to do what you want vise)about his heart trouble. to do. 6.Facing cut-throat （compete)in 17.Giving up my job to go back to full-time all subjects,students must devote as much education was a big (commit), of their time as possible. but now I know it was the best decision I 7.Recent (study)show that we are ever made. far more productive at work if we take short 二、用下列动词或形容词的适当形式填空。 breaks regularly. 1.The experiment turned out to be a complete 8.The first underground passenger railway ran (fail),which was unexpected. for just under seven kilometers and allowed 2.Whenever I made mistakes,the teacher people to avoid terrible crowd) pointed them out with patient). on the roads above. 3.People should be aware of environmental 9.She was in London and spent her issues.So,we organized an activity last (young）in China. weekend to raise people's 10.(2017年全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down (aware)of protecting the environment. several invitation)to star at 4.This change has decreased (pol- shows in order to concentrate on her studies. lute)in the country's major lakes 11.His (curious)made him wonder 5.These people have made great about clouds contribute)to China with their work. 12.The number of languages is getting smaller 6.As far as I am concerned,my all the time because of the steady suggest)is that we should always have a (grow)of bigger languages. notebook and a Chinese-English dictionary 13.Taking in too much food rich in fat and within easy reach. sugar will easily make you put on 7.This development was only possible with （weigh). the (introduce)of electric-pow- 14.Actually with my confident) ered engines and lifts built up,I now turn out to be a great 8.What makes the house admirable is their speaker. （able）to“air condition”a 15.Traditionally,there are four major ancient house without using electric equipment. (invent)that Chinese acknowl- 9.She took me from a poor,unhappy college edge:papermaking,gunpowder,printing student and brought me into her world:a and compasses. world of smiles,love and 16.If your parents see that you have a high (warm). 20 第二章 名词 10.Some things looked as if they had not been 14.-Why do you choose to work in an inter- cared for a long time,but I knew their national travel agency? beautify )was still there -Well,you know,English is my beneath their own surface. strong).So I think it is my 11.It is believed that upper-class Victorians best choice. in England invented the table tennis in 15.You'd better write down the phone number the 1880s,using whatever they could find of the restaurant for future (refer). as (equip). 16.Teachers have to constantly update their 12.Sometimes giving from our need instead of knowledge in order to maintain their pro- our abundant)is just what we fessional _(competent) need to do. 17.I haven't seen Sarah since she was a little 13.My first (impress)of him was girl,and she has changed beyond that he was a kind and thoughtful (recognize). young man. 21参考答案 14.confidence 15.inventions 16.responsibility 第一章 高中英语入门训练 17.commitment 1.failure 2.patience 3.awareness 4.pollution 第一节句子成分 5.contributions 6.suggestion 7.introduction 巩固练习 8.ability 9.warmth 10.beauty 11.equipment 一、1.The dish smells good. 12.abundance 13.impression 14.strength 主系表 15.reference 16.competence 17.recognition 2.My deskmate,Mary,needs a pen now 定 主同谓宾状 第三章冠词 3.You can use the books on the desk. 主谓 宾 定 4.They go boating in the lake on Sundays. 巩固练习 主谓状 状 1.an;the2.an3.a;an4.an抽象名词具体化，an honor 5.The teacher asked the students 意为“一件光荣的事”。5a抽象名词具体化。6.he;a 主一谓宾 to close the windows. 7./;the季节前通常不用冠词，但表特指时要用。 宾补 8.The;a9.the序数词前加定冠词he。l0.a;he 6.My mother bought me a bike. 11.the 12.a;the 定主谓间宾直宾 7.She was reading a novel 主谓 宾 第四章 代词 when the teacher came in. 状 巩固练习 1.feels 2.seems 3.sounds 4.turn 5.tastes 6.turned L.himself2.ourselves believe oneself意为“相信自我”。 7.become/get 8.got 9.keep/stay 10.remains 3.theirs4.That5.this6.itit作形式宾语，真正宾语是 第二节句子的分类和强调句型 that从句。7.业空格为“itis+强调部分+hat”的强调句型 巩固练习 的用法。8.those用those作定语从句的先行词，替代前面 -1.and 2.but 3.because 4.or 5.but 6.so 7.or 的students,避免重复。9.Either 10.neither1l.the 8.and other 12.others/the others 13.it 14.something 15.its 二、1.A2.B3.C4.C 形容词性物主代词。16.Both17.it18.mine19.them- selves20.hers21.Yours充当主语的只能是名词，所以该 第三节构词法 处填your的名词性物主代词。22.it此处it用作形式宾 巩固练习 语。23.the other24.neither25.it26.Nobody 1.unable 2.uncommon 3.unhappy 4.irregular 27.nothing28.another句意：回收是保护环境的一种方式， 5.possible 6.unfriendly 7.unhappy;uncomfortable 循环利用是另一种。29.one30.mine;Tom's名词+of+名 8.unsafe 9.unhealthy 10.uncomfortable 词所有格/名词性物主代词。31.that用that指代上文提及 11.impolite 12.careless 13.unfriendly 的population。32.herself33.Al 14.unfriendly 15.unfair 16.unlucky 17.uncomfortable 18.impossible 19.dishonest 第五章形容词和副词 20.impatient 21.endless 巩固练习 第二章 名词 1.younger;taller 2.tall 3.fatter 4.heavier 5.bad; worse;worst 6.kindest 7.more expensive 8.hardly 巩固练习 9.bigger;smaller 10.longest 11.more beautiful 12.more -1.performance 2.scientist 3.attraction 4.education difficult13.well;better;(the)best14.Fortunately副词用 5.advice 6.competition 7.studies 8.crowds 9.youth 来修饰整个句子。15.cheaper 16.earlier 17.particularly 10.invitations 11.curiosity 12.growth 13.weight 18.wider;brighter 19.(the)best 20.busier 91