Unit 12 Section 7 “Stephen Hawking”的新知学习环节-【新课程学案】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册教师用书word（北师大版）

本讲义围绕“Stephen Hawking”主题，系统构建语言知识学习支架，涵盖重点词汇（如overcome, decline）、高级词块（如in spite of, at the age of）、核心句式（形容词作状语、不定式作定语）及语法项目（Phrasal Prepositions），形成从词汇积累到语法应用的递进学习脉络。 该资料通过“用法感知-归纳点拨-应用融会”环节提升语言能力，如“overcome”结合主题佳句与语法填空深化理解；借构词规律（如-ical, -ial后缀）培养思维品质，助力词汇系统记忆。多样化练习（单句填空、完成句子）适配课中教学与课后查漏，有效提升学习效率。

Section 7　“Stephen Hawking”的新知学习环节 课时目标 1.学习并掌握重点语言知识，包括单词、短语及句式等。 2.掌握介词短语的用法，并学会在具体语境中运用。 一、阅读单词——知其义 1．relativistic cosmology　　　 相对论宇宙学 2．a grand design 宏伟的设计 3．Newton's law of gravity 牛顿万有引力定律 二、重点单词——写其形 1．overcome the challenges　　　　 克服挑战 2．decline in popularity 受欢迎度下降 3. 三、活用单词——悉其变 1. 2. 3. 四、拓展构词——明其规(依据规律串记单词) 1．theoretical：-ical形容词后缀　 ①practical　　　　　　　 实际的 ②philosophical 具有哲学意味的 ③astronomical 天文学的 ④classical 古典的 2．influential：-ial形容词后缀　 ①facial　　　　　　　　 面部的 ②partial 部分的 ③commercial 商业的 五、高级词块——通其用 1．in_spite_of　　　　　　 虽然；不顾；尽管……(仍……) 2．at_the_age_of 在……岁 3．rather_than 而不是 4．as_a_result 结果 5．a_number_of_ 若干，一些；许多 6．separate_from 分离；把……和……分开 7．instead_of 代替 8．because_of 因为；由于 9．lead_to 导致；通向 10．look_for 寻找 11．look_up 仰望；查阅；尊敬；拜访；改善 1．Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control)． 霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。 ★overcome vt.克服(困难)，控制(感情)；征服，战胜 |用|法|感|知|　 ·(“学习生活”主题佳句)Because we are confident about ourselves, we will overcome any difficulty in our studies. 因为我们对自己有信心，所以我们会克服学习中的任何困难。 ·(“心理描写”佳句)When I saw what was in the bag, I was overcome with a mixture of respect and gratefulness.当我看到包里的东西时，我心里充满了敬意和感激。 [归纳点拨] be overcome by sth.　　　 ……使某人垮掉/昏迷 be overcome with ... 因……而不能自持 |应|用|融|会| (单句语法填空/完成句子) ①The girl, sitting alone on the bench under the dim streetlight, appeared to be overcome with homesickness. ②He was then overcome by a terrible fit of coughing, forcing him to lean against the wall for support. ③He struggled to overcome_his_shyness,_taking a deep breath before walking up to the stage and forcing himself to smile at the audience. 他努力克服羞怯，深吸一口气后走上舞台，强逼着自己笑对观众。 ④The young man overcame_many_difficulties and graduated with a first-class degree. 这个年轻人克服了很多困难，以一流的学位成绩毕业。 2．Although Hawking's physical abilities declined over decades, he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black holes. 尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，对黑洞有了许多新的想法。 ★decline vi.& vt.减少，降低；下降；衰退；谢绝n.下降；衰退 |用|法|感|知| (写出下列句中decline的词性和含义) ①I invited her to my wedding, but she declined my invitation.vt.谢绝 ②The company reported a small decline in its profits.n.下降 ③As is known to us all, the industry in the country has been on the decline since the 1970s.n.衰退 归纳点拨 (1)decline to do sth.　　　拒绝做某事 decline to 下降/减少到 decline by 下降/减少了 (2)a decline in/of sth. 在某方面减少/下降 in decline 下降 on the decline 走下坡路，在衰退中 fall/go into (a) decline 开始衰落，陷入衰退 名师点津 decline后接不定式作宾语，一般不接动名词；decline表示“谢绝”时，已含有“拒绝接受”之意，所以其后一般不接to accept，以免语义重复。 |应|用|融|会| (单句语法填空/完成句子) ④There has been a sharp decline in/of sales this year. ⑤The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10 percent last month. ⑥The company, however, now declines to_comment (comment) further on the subject. ⑦She declined_to_go_shopping_with_her_friends,_saying that she didn't feel well. 她说她身体不舒服，婉拒了与朋友们一起去购物。 ⑧There's a widely-held belief that the rate of employment has_been_on_the_decline in that province in the past few years. 人们普遍认为那个省在过去几年就业率一直在下降。 3．In spite of his disease, Hawking didn't consider himself an unlucky man. 尽管霍金患有疾病，但他并不认为自己是个不幸的人。 ★in spite of 虽然；不顾；尽管……(仍……) |用|法|感|知| ·(“动作描写”佳句)Her voice was shaking in spite of all her efforts to control herself. 尽管她竭尽全力控制自己，她的声音仍然在颤抖。 ·John still helped us warmly in spite of being quite tired after working eight hours. 尽管工作八个小时后已经很疲惫了，但约翰仍然热情地帮助我们。 ·(“活动介绍”佳句)In spite of the fact that the race was occurring in the hills, I thought it would be wonderful.尽管比赛是在山上进行的，我还是认为那会很精彩。 [归纳点拨] (1)in spite of为介词短语，后接名词或v.-ing，不能接从句，相当于despite。 (2)in spite of/despite＋n.所表达的意义相当于although/though引导的让步状语从句。 (3)regardless of意为“不管，不顾”，其后可接whether、what引导的从句。 |应|用|融|会| (1)单句语法填空 ①In spite of the noise, they went on working as if nothing were happening. ②He serves the public wholeheartedly, regardless of his personal gain or loss. (2)同义句转换 ③Although we made efforts, we still lost the game. →Despite/In_spite_of_all_our_efforts,_we still lost the game. 1．This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own. 这种洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的宇宙完全分离。 该句中的“completely separate from our own”是形容词短语在句中作状语，用于说明主语的特征或状态，常表示伴随情况，有时也表示原因、条件、让步等。可位于句首、句末或句子中间，通常和句子的其他成分用逗号分开，但单个的形容词可以连在一起。 “两层级”学通用活句式 (1)通过“句式变换”弄明句式结构(用形容词作状语改写) ①I was too nervous.I couldn't think of anything at the beginning of the exam. →Too_nervous,_I couldn't think of anything at the beginning of the exam. ②I was interested in foreign literature, so I signed up for this course immediately. →Interested_in_foreign_literature，I signed up for this course immediately. (2)通过“句式仿写”做到熟练运用 ③(2025·全国Ⅱ卷写作)急于了解加拿大的体育运动，我写信来询问文章的进展如何。 Anxious_to_learn_about_Canadian_sports,_I'm writing to ask how the article is progressing. ④她只是站在那里，无法相信刚才发生的事。 She just stood there, unable_to_believe_what_had_just_happened. 2．In The Grand Design (2010, with Leonard Mlodinow), Hawking argued that we should look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe. 在《宏伟设计》(2010年出版，与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著)一书中，霍金提出我们应该用一种不同的方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密。 巩固已学语法——不定式作定语 不定式作定语常用来修饰抽象名词，如：way、 time、 reason、 chance、 opportunity、 need、 wish、 effort、 right、 ambition等。 [应用融会]　(完成句子) ①Do you know the correct way to_shut_the_machine_down? 你知道这台机器该怎么关吗？ ②There is no reason to_doubt_his_word. 没有理由怀疑他的话。 ③They have now an opportunity to_go_abroad_to_study_further. 他们现在有一个出国深造的机会。 语法项目—— Phrasal Prepositions 语境自主感知 1．(教材典句)At the age of 21, when Hawking spent his first year at the University of Cambridge, physicians discovered he had a rare, slow-progressing form of ALS. 2．(教材典句)Instead of trying to find one big new explanation, scientists should put together all the ideas that they already have. 3．(教材典句)In spite of his disease, Hawking didn't consider himself an unlucky man. 4．In addition to these arrangements, extra ambulances will be on duty until midnight. [我的发现] 观察以上例句，你能总结出黑体短语的构成特点吗？ 语法规则点拨 介词短语相当于一个介词词组，是短语性的固定介词搭配，且其搭配不可随意变更。常见结构有：介词＋名词＋介词；介词＋the＋名词＋介词；连词＋介词；连词＋-ed分词＋介词；形容词＋介词；副词＋介词等。下面列举常见结构的短语： 一、介词＋名词＋介词 in terms of　　　　 谈及；就……而言；在……方面 in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有，占有 in addition to 除……以外 in charge of 掌管，负责 in spite of 尽管 in exchange for　　　　　 作为交换 in favour of 支持，赞成 in case of 万一；如果；假如 in honour of 为向……表示敬意 in memory of 为了纪念 in support of 支持 with regard to 关于；至于 二、介词＋the＋名词＋介词 with the help of　　　　 在……的帮助下 for the purpose of 为了…… under the leadership/care/guidance of 在……的领导/关心/指导下 in the name of 以……名义 at the beginning of 在……开始时 at the back of 在……背后；支持 at the age of 在……岁 at the foot of 在……脚下 at the bottom of 在……底部 at the top of 在……顶上 at/on the edge of 在……边上 in the course of 在……的过程中 in the eyes of 从……的观点看来，在……的眼里 in the face of 面对…… in the middle of 在……中间 at the cost of 以……为代价 for the benefit of 为了……的利益 三、连词＋介词 because of 　　　　　 　 因为 as for 就……而言 as to 至于 but for 要不是 四、连词＋-ed分词＋介词 as compared with　 　 　 与……相比 as opposed to 而不是；与……相比 五、形容词＋介词 due to 　　　　　　　　 由于 owing to 由于 previous to 在……以前 according to 根据 六、副词＋介词 instead of　　　　　　　 而不是；代替 regardless of 无论，不管 ahead of 在前面 away from 远离 up to 一直到 next to 紧挨着 apart from 除……之外 together with 和……一起 along with 连同……一起 即时应用体验 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Our club is open to everyone regardless of age, sex or educational background. 2．(2025·浙江1月高考)Sometimes she prepares traditional Brazilian dishes in honor of her native home; other times she pairs dinner courses with her favorite beers. 3．With the help of the captain, the sailors landed in the end and appreciated him. 4．He is selfless and he does everything for others in exchange for nothing. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．Advertising agencies would create a basic type of advertisement, for_the_purpose_of promoting and selling goods to customers. 广告代理公司会创建一种基本类型的广告，目的是向客户推销和销售商品。 2．From the activity, I learned that at present the environment is being destroyed_because_of_people's_harmful_activities. 我从这次活动中了解到，由于人们的有害活动，目前环境正在被破坏。 3．There is no doubt that I can fulfil the task ahead_of_schedule. 毫无疑问，我会提前完成任务。 4．As_opposed_to last year, his income of this year is lower. 与去年相比，他今年的收入少了。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $