内容正文:
初中英语语法
现在完成时
现在完成时
Lead in
We have studied English for seven years.
现在完成时
现在完成时的用法
① 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强
调过去的动作与现在的情况有联系,常与already、
yet、just、ever、never等副词连用。
I have already finished my homework, so I can
watch TV now.
我已经完成了我的作业,所以现在我可以看电视了。
Have you ever been to Beijing? 你曾经去过北京吗?
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现在完成时的用法
② 表示从过去某一时间开始,一直持续到现在的动作或
状态,常与“for + 时间段”“since + 时间点/从句”
等时间状语连用。
He has lived here for ten years.
他已经在这里住了十年了。
We have studied English since we came to this
school. 自从来到这所学校,我们就开始学习英语了。
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例题
Mr. Black ______ maths for more than twenty years in our school.
A. teaches B. will teach
C. has taught D. taught
【详解】
句意:布莱克先生在我们学校教数学已经二十多年了。考查时态。根据for more than twenty years可知,此处表示动作从过去持续到现在,需用现在完成时。故选C。
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My father ______ in this factory since 1980.
A. works
B. worked
C. has worked
D. is working
练习
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① already:意思是已经,用于肯定句中,通常位于助动词
have/has之后、实义动词之前。
We have already learned 1,000 English words.
我们已经学了1,000个英语单词了。
② yet:意思是尚,还,仍然时,用于否定句;意思是已经
时,用于疑问句。通常位于句末。
They haven’t finished yet. 他们还没有结束。
Have you finished your homework yet?
你完成你的作业了吗?
现在完成时的标志词
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③ just:意思是刚刚,用于肯定句中,位于助动词have/has
之后、实义动词之前。
He has just left. 他刚刚离开。
④ ever:意思是曾经,用于疑问句中,位于助动词 have/has
之后、实义动词之前。
Has she ever met a famous person?
她曾经见过名人吗?
⑤ never:意思是从未,用于否定句中,位于助动词have/has
之后、实义动词之前。
I have never been to America. 我从未去过美国。
现在完成时的标志词
2
⑥ for + 时间段:表示动作持续的时长。
They have lived in this city for 15 years.
他们已经在这个城市住了15年了。
⑦ since + 时间点/从句:表示动作开始的时间。
We have been friends since we were children.
我们还是孩子的时候就是朋友了。
⑧ so far:意思是到目前为止。
So far, we have learned 20 units.
到目前为止,我们已经学了20个单元了。
现在完成时的标志词
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⑨ in the past/last + 时间段:意思是在过去的……里。
Our school has changed a lot in the past 2 years.
过去两年里,我们学校变化很大。
⑩ recently:意思是最近,指从现在往前推的一段不
确定但较近的时间。
He has made great progress recently.
他最近取得了很大的进步。
现在完成时的标志词
2
Many international students ______ to visit our school since last year.
A. are coming B. have come
C. came D. will come
【详解】
句意:自去年以来,许多国际学生来参观我们学校。考查时态。根据 since last year可知,句子时态应是现在完成时,结构是“have/has + 动词过去分词”。故选B。
例题
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We ______ to Beijing three times in the past five years, and we plan to go again next year.
A. travel
B. traveled
C. have traveled
D. are traveling
练习
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现在完成时的句式结构
We’ve seen that film before.
我们以前看过那部电影了。
She’s bought a new bike.
她买了一辆新自行车。
【肯定句】主语 + have/has + 动词的过去分词 + 其他.
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现在完成时的句式结构
They haven’t finished their work yet.
他们还没有完成他们的工作。
Fame hasn’t really changed him.
名声并没有使他有丝毫改变。
【否定句】主语 + haven’t/hasn’t + 动词的过去分词 + 其他.
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现在完成时的句式结构
Have you peeled the potatoes?
你给土豆刮皮了吗?
Has he ever visited the Great Wall?
他曾经参观过长城吗?
【一般疑问句】Have/Has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词 + 其他?
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现在完成时的句式结构
How long have you lived in this city?
你在这个城市住了多久了?
Who has been invited? 谁受到了邀请?
【特殊疑问句】特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句语序?
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动词过去分词变化规则
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①规则变化
一般动词,直接在词尾加“-ed”。
work → worked help → helped
以不发音的“e、ue”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“-d”。
live → lived continue → continued
以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的动词,将“y”变为“i”,再加“-ed”。
study → studied carry → carried
动词过去分词变化规则
4
以“重读闭音节”结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母(w、y、x除外),且辅音字母前只有一个元音字母的动词,先双写该辅音字母,再加“-ed”。
stop → stopped drop → dropped
以c结尾的动词,要变c为ck,再加“-ed”。
picnic → picnicked
动词过去分词变化规则
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②不规则变化
go → gone see → seen do → done
have → had be → been eat → eaten
take → taken say → said get → got
give → given find → found make → made
write → written know → known
come → come break →broken
The report has ______ questions about pollution.
A. rise B. risen C. raise D. raised
【详解】
句意:这份报告已经提出了关于污染的问题。考查时态及动词辨析。rise上升,动词原形;risen上升,过去分词;raise提出,动词原形;raised提出,过去分词,根据The report has…questions about pollution可知,此处表示提出关于污染的问题,应用raise,且句子是现在完成时,动词用过去分词。故选D。
例题
1. Recently, more and more people have _______
(choose) to visit Yangzhou during holidays.
2. His blindness has greatly ________ (affect) his life. He feels it hard to do things alone.
chosen
affected
练习
【巧妙记忆:chop+ stick(棍,棒)= chopstick】
解析:chopstick通常用其复数形式。
短语:a pair(s) of chopsticks ......双筷子
例句:Chinese people are used to eating with chopsticks. 中国人习惯用筷子吃饭。
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延续性动词与非延续性动词
延续性动词表示一种可持续的行为过程或状态。在现在完成时中可以和表示一段时间的状语连用,如“for + 时间段”“since + 从句”“since + 表示时间点的名词”、how long等。
如:He has waited for two hours.
他已经等了两个小时了。
How long have you kept this book?
这本书你借了多久了?
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延续性动词与非延续性动词
非延续性动词又叫终止性动词、瞬间动词,表示动作或过程是短暂瞬间完成的。在现在完成时中不可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如:I have bought a car.
我已经买了一辆车。
She has left Shanghai.
她已经离开了上海。
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延续性动词与非延续性动词
常见的非延续性动词与延续性动词的转换
begin/start → be on go there → be there
come back → be back come here → be here
open → be open close → be closed
die → be dead marry → be married
finish → be over leave → be away
borrow → keep become → be
buy → have receive → have
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Panda Yaya ______ to Beijing Zoo for over one year. She is taken good care of there.
A. was back B. came back
C. has come back D. has been back
【详解】
句意:熊猫丫丫已经回到北京动物园一年多了。她在那里受到很好的照顾。考查时态。根据for over one year可知,应用现在完成时,排除A和B;和一段时间连用,过去分词须是延续性动词,come是短暂性动词,排除C。故选D。
例题
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Peter bought this bike 3 years ago.
(同义句转换)
Peter _________ _________ this bike for 3 years.
has
had
练习
易混辨析
类别 have been to have gone to
核心含义 去过 去了
主语位置 在说话现场
(能参与对话) 不在说话现场
(在途中/目的地)
搭配词 可接ever/never/次数 不可接ever/never/次数
适用人称 所有人称(I/you/he/she/they等) 仅第三人称
(he/she/they等)
区分have been to与have gone to
类别 现在完成时 一般过去时
核心含义 1. 过去动作的现在结果
2. 过去开始的现在持续
3. 到现在的经历累计 仅客观陈述过去的动作/状态,与现在无联系
时间标志词 for + 时间段、since、recently、so far/up to now/till now、in the past/last + 时间段… yesterday、ago、last week/month/year、just now…
区分现在完成时与一般过去时
My brother ______ to Beijing twice. He will go there again next month.
A. goes B. went
C. has gone D. has been
【详解】
句意:我弟弟去过北京两次。他下个月还要再去那里。考查动词时态及短语辨析。twice表示过去经历累计,且后句He will go there again next month暗示他曾经去过北京(现在不在北京),需用现在完成时强调经历,且应使用has been to(去过某地,现在已经回来)”。故选D。
例题
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He ______ a shower at 7 AM today.
A. has taken
B. took
C. takes
【详解】
句意:他今天早上7点洗了个澡。考查动词时态辨析。关键时间标志at 7 AM today(今天早上7点)是具体到时刻的过去时间,仅用于陈述“过去特定时间发生的一次性动作”,需用一般过去时。故选B。
例题
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— Where’s Mr. Lee?
— He ______ the United States. He will be back
next week.
A. has been to
B. has gone to
C. have gone to
练习
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— Oh, I’m nearly lost in this city.
— Yeah. The city ______ a lot since you left.
A. has changed
B. changed
C. changes
练习
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