专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，黑吉辽蒙专用）高二英语下学期

专题02 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·内蒙古·期中） The Lantern Festival is a traditional Chinese festival that falls on the 15th day of the first lunar month. It marks the end of the Chinese New Year celebrations. On this day, people go out to enjoy the beautiful lanterns. Lanterns of various shapes and colors are hung in the streets and parks. Some are made in the shape of animals, while others depict famous scenes from history or legends. There is also a tradition of guessing lantern riddles. People write riddles on the lanterns, and others try to guess the answers. It is a very interesting activity that can test people’s wisdom. Another important activity is eating tangyuan. Tangyuan is a kind of glutinous rice ball with sweet fillings.It symbolizes reunion and happiness. Families usually sit together and eat tangyuan, enjoying the festive atmosphere. In some places, there are also lion and dragon dances. The dancers perform vividly, bringing a lively and joyous atmosphere to the festival. The Lantern Festival is a festival full of joy and cultural connotations. It makes people feel the charm of traditional Chinese culture. 1．What do people do to enjoy the Lantern Festival? A．They watch fireworks. B．They go out to see the lanterns. C．They hold a concert. D．They go skiing. 2．What is the tradition of guessing on the lanterns? A．Guessing lantern riddles. B．Guessing the price of the lanterns. C．Guessing the maker of the lanterns. D．Guessing the material of the lanterns. 3．What does tangyuan symbolize? A．Wealth and good fortune. B．Reunion and happiness. C．Longevity and health. D．Success and progress. 4．What can be seen in some places during the Lantern Festival? A．Fireworks shows. B．Parades. C．Lion and dragon dances. D．Balloon flights. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·内蒙古·期中） The Chinese Calligraphy Conference (《中国书法大会》) is a cultural program. The program was first broadcast (播出) on CCTV-1at 20:00 on June 2. 2023, and ended on July 7. After appearing, the program quickly became very popular. The program aimed to search Chinese calligraphy culture and to show the history of Chinese characters and calligraphy. Through using modern technologies, the program expected to bring new life to this ancient art form. The program invited many famous calligraphers and artists to teach us the history and writing skills of Chinese calligraphy. What they also show us is how Chinese calligraphy has developed and changed today. We could see how beautiful calligraphy is and how profound Chinese culture is. For example, the program showed Preface to the Orchid Pavilion (《兰亭集序》) through performance, and then experts explained this calligraphy work from background to brushwork (笔法). It left a deep influence on viewers. There is no doubt that the show is a great success. The Chinese Calligraphy Conference is not only a fun program, but a way to learn about the culture of Chinese calligraphy. It makes more people understand and love the art of Chinese calligraphy. It also brings new life to Chinese calligraphy and makes it shine brightly. Chinese calligraphy is our most valuable treasure. For young people, we should take an active part in learning these excellent traditional cultures such as calligraphy, and then spread them to let more people know about China. Let’s take action right now! 1．When was this cultural program first broadcast? A．On June 2nd. B．On June 7th. C．On July 2nd. D．On July 7th. 2．The underlined word “profound” probably means “________” in the passage. A．bright B．deep C．modern D．special 3．We mainly get to know the ________ of the Chinese Calligraphy Conference from the Paragraph 4. A．popularity B．new form C．influence D．preparation 4．The passage is written to call on people to ________. A．practice calligraphy B．create new programs C．watch more CCTV programs D．spread traditional Chinese cultures Passage 3 （24-25高二下·辽宁·期中） Thethiwe Mahlangu woke early on a cold morning and walked through her busy South African township, where minibuses picked up passengers. Her eyes had been troubling her. But instead of going to her nearby health clinic, Mahlangu was headed to the train station for an unusual form of care. A passenger train known as Phelophepa — or “good, clean, health” in the Sesotho language — has been transformed into a mobile health facility. It travels throughout South Africa for much of the year, providing medical attention to the sick, young and old who often struggle to receive the care they need at crowded local clinics. For the past 30 years, the train has carried doctors and nurses on an annual journey that touches even the most rural villages, delivering primary health care to about 375,000 people a year. The free care the “health train” delivers is in contrast to South Africa’s overstretched public health care system on which about 84% of people rely. Just 16% of South Africans are covered by health insurance plans that are beyond the financial reach of many in a nation with unemployment of over 32%. Earlier this year, the government began to address that gap. President Cyril Ramaphosa in May signed into law — the National Health Insurance Act, which aims to provide funding so that millions of South Africans without health insurance can receive care from the private hospitals. For Mahlangu and others who look to the train for a rare source of free treatment, the situation at local health clinics is one of despair. Long lines, shortages of medicines and rude nurses are some of the challenges at the clinics that serve thousands of patients a day in Tembisa, east of Johannesburg. The “health train” has grown from a single three-carriage operation over the years to two, 16-carriage trains. Now both trains address the rising population of South Africa’s capital of Pretoria and nearby Johannesburg, the country’s economic center. 1．What does the author want to show by mentioning 375,000 people? A．Contributions Phelophepa has made. B．Efforts from doctors in big hospitals. C．The annual birth rate in South Africa. D．The number of visitors to South Africa. 2．What can we learn about South Africa from paragraph 3? A．Its education quality needs improving. B．Its public health care can’t benefit most people. C．Its medical staff are nice and friendly. D．Its public transportation is well-developed. 3．How did Mahlangu find local health clinics? A．Far. B．Well-staffed. C．Unsatisfactory. D．Big. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．The Research on Train Communication Network B．The Process of Political Change in South Africa C．South Africa’s “Health Train” Travels to Patients in Need D．Medical Technology Has Advanced Considerably Passage 4 （24-25高二下·黑龙江鸡西·期中） The world has many beautiful sounds. We can hear the songs of birds and the laugh of people. We can listen to cool music and news reports. And it’s all because of our ears! They bring us a world of sounds. But some people can’t hear any sound at all. Some are born deaf. Others can hear well in their childhood, but too many loud sounds hurt their ears later on. Many people in China can’t hear ordinary sounds clearly. A large number of them are children. Most of them are born with good hearing. But 6 children every 1,000 have hearing problems when they are born. And if a child has hearing problems, he or she usually will also have learning problems at school. A lot of things can cause hearing problems. For example, too much earwax is not good for our hearing. And noise louder than 85 decibels (分贝) can hurt our ears and make us lose our hearing for a short time or even forever. Hearing is important for all of us. So we should do our best to give our ears special care. Don’t forget to do the followings. 1. Try to stay away from places with too much noise. If you have to go, wear earplugs. A pair of good earplugs can cut the noise by 30 decibels. 2. When swimming, remember to put earplugs into your ears to stop water from getting in. 3. Never put anything sharp into your ears. If you think you have too much earwax, ask your mum or dad to help you clean it out. Keep these things in mind! Then you won’t be saying “WHAT? WHAT?” when you are older. 1．What does the underlined word “earwax” mean in the passage? A．耳膜 B．耳鸣 C．耳垢 D．耳疾 2．In the first paragraph, the writer wants to _______. A．tell us many beautiful sounds. B．describe the uses of ears. C．explain the kinds. D．show the importance of ears. 3．Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the writer? A．Hearing problems caused diseases. B．People with hearing problems. C．Ways to protect our ears. D．Danger of loud noise. 4．The underlined sentence means _______. A．when you get older, you know it’s not polite to ask “what”. B．when you get older you still have good hearing. C．when you get older, you won’t ask questions. D．the older you are, the fewer questions you’ll have. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·黑龙江大庆·期中） Dementia (痴呆症) is proving very difficult to treat with drugs, but perhaps there are brain-healthy things hiding in our diets. A study of more than 50,000 participants in the UK Biobank has found that people who eat a handful of nuts every day may lower their risk of all-cause dementia. Compared with people over the age of 60 who didn’t eat nuts, those who reported having up to 30g of nuts a day had a 16% lower risk of developing dementia in the years to come, but the result was only found in those who were not considered overweight, who get a normal amount of sleep, and who did not smoke or drink daily. Health researcher Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni and his colleagues at Castilla-La Mancha drew on a group of people from the UK Biobank, enrolled (登记) between 2007 and 2012. Participants were tracked for an average of 7 years. Over the course of the study, the rate of all-cause dementia was 2.8%. Those who said they ate 30g of nuts a day were less likely to fall into that risk category. New evidence suggests that as many as 40% of dementia cases can be prevented or even delayed by changing certain lifestyle risk factors, like smoking, drinking, or exercising. Diet seems to be a key player. Several systematic reviews have found healthy diets, like the Mediterranean diet, are linked to a reduced risk of dementia. A recent study on 60,000 Britons found that following a Mediterranean diet decreases the risk of dementia by as much as 23%. However, the numbers need to be studied further, especially since only a quarter of the UK Biobank participants reported regularly eating nuts. 1．From whom are these results concluded? A．The participants younger than 60. B．The participants avoiding salted nuts. C．The participants developing dementia. D．The participants having healthy living habits. 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the study? A．Its process. B．Its cause. C．Its risk. D．Its significance. 3．What do we know from the last paragraph? A．Following a Mediterranean diet is good for people of all ages. B．There is evidence to show diet is the key play to avoid dementia. C．The study was carried out among 60,000 people eating nuts every day. D．It is necessary to do further research because of the limitation of the study. 4．Where is the text probably found? A．On a food poster. B．On a sports blog. C．In a medicine magazine. D．In a cooking brochure. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·吉林长春·期中） Last fall, I happened to overhear a student telling the others he had decided not to sign up for an introductory philosophy course. The demands of his major, he said seriously, meant he needed to take “practical” courses, and “enlightenment (启蒙)” would simply have to wait. For now, employability was the most important. The students’ conversation fits into a larger alarming narrative about the role of the humanities in higher education. In a time of technological achievement and of scientific innovation, sceptics (怀疑者) of the humanities may question the usefulness of studying Aristotle, the Italian Renaissance or Chinese fiction. Actually I regret not interrupting that student to argue for taking that introductory philosophy course. I would have started by reminding him that, for much of America’s history, college graduates were not considered truly educated unless they had mastered philosophy, literature, political theory and history. The key role of higher education was to invite students into the conversations about matters like what it means to be alive and the definition of justice. Fostering (鼓励) engagement with these subjects is still an essential part of the university’s function in society. I would have also mentioned to the student that he was misinformed about the job market. It is true that many employers are looking for graduates with specialized technical skills, but they also look for other capabilities. As the world is transformed by artificial intelligence, machine learning and automation, the unique human qualities of creativity, imagination and moral reasoning will be the ultimate coin of the realm. All these skills are developed in humanities courses. Further, I would have argued that while a degree in the sciences is an important precondition for many jobs, it is not the only route. Recent studies show that those with humanities degrees are successful in the workplace, experiencing low rates of unemployment and reporting high levels of job satisfaction. The case for the humanities can also be understood as a foundational preparation for a life well lived. A humanities education plays a vital role in encouraging citizens to lead an examined life. It fosters critical thinking, self-reflection, empathy and tolerance, the usefulness of which only becomes more apparent as one navigates (导航) life’s challenges. By all means, students should take courses they think practical and follow their interests, but if they also make a point of studying the literature of the Renaissance, or researching into modern poetry, or even taking introductory philosophy, we will all benefit. 1．What do the students’ conversation show? A．Students feel employment difficult. B．Students think philosophy less important. C．Students find scientific innovation amazing. D．Students consider university courses satisfying. 2．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Equally applied. B．Highly valued. C．Strictly assessed. D．Greatly improved. 3．The author may agree that humanities ______. A．provide great insights into life B．prepare students for graduation C．discover students’ artistic ability D．raise awareness of social celebrity 4．What can be learned from the passage? A．College education should focus on practical courses. B．Humanities are essential to both individuals and society. C．Technical skills can guarantee successful careers. D．Higher education carries people through difficult times. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·黑龙江鸡西·期中） In psychology, culture is often discussed as a fairly unique human capacity, rooted in our ability to learn from others, come up with new innovations, and pass down our knowledge across historical time. But as biologist Frans de Waal notes, the more we study other species, the less unique we appear to be. “After the apes (类人猿) break down the wall between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom, the floodgates often open to include species after species.” Planning for the future and recognizing oneself in a mirror, all of these were once thought to be cognitive (认知的) capacities that were exclusive to humans. Yet time and again, species ranging from bonobos to crows have been shown to possess these abilities as well. Some of the earliest evidence of animal culture comes from observations of songbirds. It turns out that different songs are observed in different regions. Just as humans in different regions speak different languages or dialects, so too do birds. Scientists have also observed evidence that animals may possess dietary cultures as well. One classic example comes from the observation in the 1950s of monkeys living on a Japanese island. One monkey began to wash her sweet potatoes in a nearby stream. Over time other members of the group began to copy this behavior and started washing them in the ocean, potentially to add a salty flavor. This novel way of preparing food spread through the group, learned by one generation after the next, and continued for years. And it’s not just mammals (哺乳动物) that have been shown to have the ability to puss down cultural practices. In a recent study, researchers trained a bee to pull on a string to release nectar (花蜜) from an artificial flower. The researchers then had other bees observe this behavior from a distance and found that they readily learned it as well. The authors concluded that this work was a powerful demonstration of how cultural practices are passed down among insects. 1．What does the author stress in the first paragraph? A．Culture is a unique human capacity. B．Apes differ significantly from other animals. C．Knowledge is passed down across generations D．Humans and animals share some cognitive abilities 2．Why did the monkeys wash the sweet potatoes? A．To clean them. B．To improve the taste. C．To copy the behavior of other species. D．To gain attention from other group members. 3．What did the string-pulling task show? A．Bees could train each other. B．Animals could learn from observation. C．Mammals were no smarter than insects. D．Innovation spread faster among certain animals. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Do animals have culture? B．How do animals live? C．How do animals communicate? D．Do animals create rules? Passage 2 （24-25高二下·黑龙江大庆·期中） California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s according to a study published Tuesday. The number of trees larger than two feet across has decreased by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decrease was nearly 75 percent. So serious is this issue that many environmentalists show their concern and try to figure out the main reasons behind it. Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters preferred big trees. Housing development encroached on the woods. Heavy wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources. But a study of California forests also documented a widespread death of big trees that was clear even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development. The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress by calculating how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into consideration such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness (潮湿) of soil and the timing of snowmelt (融雪). “Since the 1930s”, McIntyre said, “the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season. Although the government and organizations have been taking measures to deal with these problems, we may see even fewer big trees surviving in the next few decades, if these trends continue.” 1．What’s the purpose of the figures listed in Paragraph 1? A．To prove the seriousness of big-tree loss in California. B．To present the distribution of big trees in California forests. C．To compare the differences of big trees in the north and south. D．To show the different decrease of big trees in different regions. 2．What does the underlined phrase “encroached on” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Do good to. B．Take advantage of. C．Kept away from. D．Gave way to. 3．What is McIntyre’s attitude towards the current situation of big trees from the last paragraph? A．Confident. B．Doubtful. C．Concerned. D．Praising. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．California’s Forests: Why Are Big Trees Important? B．California’s Big Trees: Will Cutting Be Prohibited Soon? C．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? D．California’s Big Trees: Should More Be Grown in California? Passage 3 （24-25高二下·辽宁·期中） On the way to his forest farm in Weda Bay on the Indonesian island of Halmahera, Librek Loha let out a cry of fear. “Aduuuuh,” he said. “Landslides! Again! They happen all the time now.” The mudslide below Loha’s plantings of cacao, nutmeg and pineapple has exposed more orange, rocky soil, adding to miles of bulldozed (被推土机推平的) forest and river that are leaving the farm an island of green amid red-brown. Where trees once grew, there are dusty warehouses, mountains of black coal, and water that runs brown. This region of Weda Bay is now one of the world’s largest nickel (镍) production facilities. Multiple coal-fired power plants burn nonstop to refine nickel ore into material for batteries and steel. Indonesia aims to dominate the world’s nickel supply, and it’s succeeding. The country has gone from having two nickel-processing plants to 27 over the last 10 years, with 22 more planned. Last year, the country was responsible for more than half the supply of nickel globally. The metal was once known mainly for making stainless steel; now demand has skyrocketed as automakers like Tesla need it for electric vehicle batteries and companies that make larger batteries need it for clean electricity projects. But where developers built out these vast nickel-processing plants, the surrounding forest disappeared twice as fast, according to a new analysis by the Indonesian nonprofit Auriga. Indonesia is the world’s third most rainforest-covered country, home to giant forest flowers and endangered orangutans and elephants. Since 1950, more than 740,000 square kilometers of Indonesian rainforest have been logged, burned or degraded, according to Global Forest Watch. Max Sigoro, 54, is a traditional hunter and farmer. Bright lights and noise from construction drive away the deer he used to hunt at night. He says he’s lost nearly all his previous income since the industrial park’s expansion. Abdullah Ambar, 61, who is a fisherman; says the sea near the projects has become polluted and he can’t fish anymore; the fish are gone. 1．What phenomenon is described in the first two paragraphs? A．Librek Loha enjoys digging coal. B．Weda Bay is a major tourist attraction. C．It is easy for Librek Loha to make a living by farming. D．The environment in Weda Bay has been damaged. 2．What can we infer from paragraph 4? A．Nickel-processing plants would be closed soon. B．The population of Indonesia has grown rapidly. C．Air pollution control will be more expensive. D．Deforestation may increase hugely in Indonesia. 3．What do Sigoro and Ambar have in common? A．They are interested in fishing. B．They have lost their main economic sources. C．They are experienced hunters and farmers. D．They support the industrial park’s expansion. 4．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A．Environment. B．Sports. C．Education. D．Science. 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·黑龙江·期中） Bison, a crucial species, once nearly extinct, were reintroduced to Europe. A new study by researchers from Yale University and Memorial University of Newfoundland has found that a herd of 170 bison being reintroduced to the Tarcu mountains of Romania could help store carbon dioxide emissions equal to removing at least 43,000 gas-powered cars from the United States’ roads for one year. “Most previous studies of carbon models do not consider animal-mediated (动物调节的) effects, focusing instead on carbon exchanges among plants, microbes, and the atmosphere. Yet, a growing body of evidence from diverse ecosystems points to universal animal effects on ecosystem carbon cycling and shows that ignoring them could lead to misunderstanding of an ecosystem’s carbon cycle,” the study said. “Bison influence grassland and forest ecosystems by feeding on growing grass equally, recycling nutrition to fertilize the soil, spreading seeds to enrich the ecosystem, and compacting (压实) the soil to prevent stored carbon from being released,” said Professor Oswald Schmitz, lead author of the study and a professor of population and community ecology at Yale University.” These creatures evolved for millions of years, and their removal, especially where grasslands have been ploughed (犁) up, has led to the release of vast amounts of carbon. Restoring these ecosystems can bring back balance, and rewilded bison are some of the climate heroes that can help achieve this,” Schmitz added. The bison’s return helps to maintain the ecosystem and inspire Eco-business and tourism centered around rewilding. Furthermore, it opens up a whole new series of options for climate policymakers around the world. Until now, nature protection and restoration has largely been treated as a challenge that we need to face alongside the climate emergency. This research shows we can address both challenges: we can bring back nature through rewilding and this will draw down vast amounts of carbon, helping to stabilize the global climate. 1．What can be inferred from paragraph 1 and 2? A．Previous studies concentrated on animal effects on carbon cycling. B．Only plants, microbes, and the atmosphere participate in carbon exchanges. C．The purpose of reintroducing bison is to remove gas-powered cars from roads. D．The reintroduction of bison contributes to cutting down carbon dioxide emissions. 2．What does Professor Oswald Schmitz probably agree with? A．The primary role of bison is a tourist attraction. B．Bison promote biodiversity by eating growing grass evenly. C．Bison pack down the soil to keep stored carbon from escaping. D．Bison maintain ecosystem balance by managing invasive plant species. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards rewilded bison? A．Unclear. B．Doubtful. C．Indifferent. D．Supportive. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Bison Return: Boosts Carbon Storage B．Grassland Recovery: The Role of Wildlife C．A New Study: Ecosystem Diversity Boost D．European Grasslands: A New Bison Habitat Passage 2 （24-25高二下·吉林松原·期中） Water droplets (水滴) falling through a tube have generated enough electricity to power 12 LED lights. Such an approach could one day be used in roof-based systems to harvest lots of clean power from rain. “Rain falls on Earth every day. However, all the energy is dissipated due to the lack of a system to harvest rain energy, “ says Siowling Soh at the National University of Singapore. Normally, when we generate electricity from water, we use the movement of lots of it to drive a turbine (涡轮机) in a river, the sea or even in drinking water pipes. But water flowing over an electric surface can generate its own electrical charge through a process called charge separation. The phenomenon is usually an inefficient way of generating electricity because the electric charge is created only on the surface the water touches, and if you use micro or nanoscale (纳米级) channels to increase the surface area, you end up requiring more energy to pump the water into them than you get back out. Now, Soh and his colleagues have created a simple set-up that relies on gravity to move water down a vertical (竖的) tube that is 32 centimeters tall. Water flows out of the bottom of a container via a flat needle, then falls towards the tube below. As the rain-like water droplets crashed at the top of the tube, they catch pockets of air. Wires at the top and bottom of the tube the n harvest the generated electricity. The amount of electricity generated might not seem particularly impressive, but Soh says the set-up changed more than 10 per cent of the energy of the water falling through the tubes into electricity, which is five orders of magnitude (数量级) more electricity than obtained from water flowing through the tube s in a continuous stream. “If it could be developed in a way that could be useful on a house-by-house basis, that could be a really useful thing,” says Shannon at the Hydropower Institute. 1．What does the underlined word “dissipated” in paragraph I mean? A．Collected. B．Wasted. C．Generated. D．Improved. 2．What is a feature of charge separation in normal electric generation? A．It forces water out without losing energy. B．It enables a turbine to generate more power. C．It ensures a larger surface to create electricity. D．It produces electrical· charge in a limited way. 3．What is, the third paragraph mainly about? A．Why Soh’s method proves efficient. B．What helps the set-up function smoothly. C．How Soh’s team generates electricity. D．Whether electrical device needs improving. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Smart Rain Pipes: Power Your Home for Free. B．Electric Rain Tubes: Double the Power Instantly. C．Solar-Powered Rain Drops: Turn Turbines’ Power On. D．Rain Power Breakthrough: Tiny Droplets Light up LEDs. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·辽宁大连·期中） The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice-based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but at may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a traditional static (静态的) article. To investigate this issue, Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats. The first involved text appearing letter by letter in the style of a large model (大模型), similar to ChatGPT; the second provided information through a voice-based device; and the third was a traditional static text document. Participants could not interact with these systems as they would with real chatbots to ensure a consistent experience throughout the study. In some cases, participants were given accurate information, while in others, they saw errors. Some of these errors were plain wrong, such as naming Sofia as the capital of France, but others involved certain statements that were contradicted elsewhere in the same response. Participants were asked to rate the accuracy of the information on a seven-point scale, where 7 is entirely accurate. In the responses where errors were introduced, the information presented in a static format was rated as 4.24 on average. The ChatGPT-like system managed 4.76, while the voice assistant scored 5.29. For responses where no errors were introduced, participants rated all of the systems higher, but the differences were smaller for the voice assistant and chatbot. “People find voice-based devices more convincing because humans seem to give trust naturally to things that seem lifelike,” says Mike Katell from UK. “The way the chatbots and voice devices are programmed to use a friendly and helpful conversational tone also confuses people. Chatbot makers are trying to put users at ease, which is achieved through believable content.” People are aware that these interaction models generate false information sometimes. “But people don’t realize that they make us tend to believe whatever is presented there.” Utz says. “That should be included in media literacy (素养) training.” 1．What was the main focus of Sonja Utz’s study? A．Features of AI chatbots or voice-based assistants. B．People’s preference for information sources. C．Why static articles differ from conversational content. D．How text formats influence information judgement. 2．In paragraph 3, text errors in the study can be summarized as ______. A．unavoidable and contradictory B．minor and common C．obvious and inconsistent D．repetitive and careless 3．According to Mike Katell, which of the following is a reason why people s find voice-based devices more convincing? A．People’s inborn trust in lifelike things. B．The delivery of personalized content. C．The chatbot’s use of a tone of authority. D．The makers’ intention to train users. 4．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．Utz suggests people apply critical thinking to AI responses. B．Voice-based devices provide a source of accurate information. C．People’s preference for lifelike things may be overstated. D．The research results are uncertain due to the lack of interaction. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·辽宁大连·期中） Throughout history, the natural world has served as an extraordinary source of inspiration for human creativity and technological advancement. Scientists and engineers are increasingly turning to biological systems for solutions to modern challenges and complex problems. This field, known as biomimicry, highlights how observing and imitating nature’s time-tested patterns can lead to groundbreaking innovations. Recent studies witness some marvelous breakthroughs in technology, medicine and sustainable development thanks to mother nature. One remarkable example comes from the Shinkansen Bullet Train in Japan. Engineers faced the challenge of reducing noise when the train exited tunnels, and they found their solution in the kingfisher birds. By mimicking the bird’s streamlined beak (喙), they redesigned the train’s nose, making it faster, quieter, and more energy-efficient. Similarly, the microscopic (细微的) structure of butterfly wings, which creates changeable colors without pigments (色素), has inspired new anti--counterfeiting (反伪造) technologies for banknotes, Even the humble lotus leaf, from which water drops with the dirt on it, has inspired self-cleaning coatings for buildings and fabrics (织物) in need of minimal maintenance. Medical researchers have also benefited from nature’s wisdom. The gecko’s (壁虎) ability to climb walls led to the development of advanced medical glues that can bind tissues without harmful chemicals. The unique properties of shark skin, which resists bacterial growth, are now being used to create bacteria-resistant surface for hospitals. Meanwhile, the extraordinary strength of spider silk, even stronger than steel, is guiding the creation of new synthetic (合成的) materials for protective clothing and surgical sutures (缝线). Nature’s wisdom is a testament to the power of observation and a reminder that the best ideas may already exist in the world around us. However, scientists warn that this invaluable source of inspiration is under threat. As biodiversity declines at an alarming rate, we risk losing potential solutions before they can be discovered. “Every species that disappears takes with it millions of years of evolutionary knowledge,” notes Dr. Rachel Wong, a leading biomimicry researcher. “Protecting nature isn’t just about conservation — it’s about preserving the very blueprint for our future innovations.” So it’s time for us to protect ecosystems, ensuring that nature continues to fuel human creativity for generations to come. 1．What is the main focus of the passage? A．The economic values of natural resources. B．The conservation of endangered species. C．The natural inspiration for technological advances. D．The potential of human technological advances. 2．What special feature about lotus leaf contributes to humans’ creativity? A．Its humble appearance. B．Its capacity to clean itself. C．Its low maintenance cost. D．Its economic values. 3．What concern do scientists express in the passage? A．Potential loss of biological inspiration due to extinction. B．Limited applications of biomimicry in other fields. C．Difficulty in observing nature’s phenomena. D．Lack. of support and funding from government. 4．How will you describe Dr. Wong’s attitude to nature’s value in human creativity? A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Indifferent. D．Pessimistic. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·辽宁大连·期中） The world’s largest ever digital camera has become operational in the Andes in Chile — a less populated nation with high altitude and dry climates chosen by scientists from the U. S. National Science Foundation. The LSST-Large Synoptic Survey Telescope camera-was funded by U. S. government agencies. The enormous device was installed (安装) in the Vera C． Rubin Observatory in the South American nation. The camera is the size of a small car and weighs 2,721 kg. It has a massive 3-billion-pixel (像素) sensor. In comparison, today’s iPhone 6s cameras have 200 million pixels. The Department of Energy’s Office of Science commented on how momentous the completion of the telescope was. It called the camera “a great success of science and engineering”. It added, “We look forward to seeing the unprecedented (前所未有的) images this camera will produce.” Astronomers will now start a period of testing and will repeatedly scan the sky to take time-lapse (微速摄影的) images of space. The project is to conduct a 10-year survey of the southern hemisphere (半球) skies that will deliver a 200-petabyte (拍字节) set of images and data products. Basically, what the camera will do is record the entire visible nighttime sky twice a week, taking over 800 panoramic (全景的) images during each of those nights. An animated 3D map of the Universe will be made from these captures. The details the 3D map provides will allow scientists a new way to analyze the solar system and to study mysterious dark matter-the invisible substance that makes up a significant portion (部分) of the universe. Lead researcher Aaron Roodman said, “We like to say that we’re going to make, for the first time, a color “movie” of the entire Southern Hemisphere sky, enabling unique and powerful studies of objects that move or change in brightness” In particular, he added, “The camera will be bound to capture images that throw light on how galaxies (星系) formed. In addition, it will map out Milky Way galaxy in greater detail than ever before.” The LSST data will be open to the public and scientists around the world-anyone with a Web browser will be able to access the images and other data produced by the LSST. 1．Which of the following was not the reason why the camera was installed in Chile? A．Small population. B．High altitude. C．Little rain. D．Hilly land. 2．What can we learn from the figures in Paragraph 3? A．The possible achievements the LSST may make. B．The potential difficulties the LSST will have. C．The differences from traditional cameras. D．The odd-looking appearance of the camera. 3．What does the underlined word “momentous” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Significant. B．Demanding. C．Unexpected. D．Challenging. 4．What does Aaron Roodman’s words mean? A．The LSST will be applied to the production of color movies. B．The LSST will enable scientists to see clearly the objects’ movements. C．The LSST will hopefully help galaxies to form quickly. D．The LSST will map out Milky Way galaxy for the first time. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·内蒙古包头·期中） Researchers at the University of Leeds said reintroducing wolves to the Cairngorms, as well as the south-west, north-west and central Highlands could help control the problem of red deer eating trees, which stops natural woodland regeneration. The scientists estimated that if wolves were reintroduced, a population of about 167 of the animals would thrive, which would be enough to reduce the red deer population to a level that would allow trees to regenerate naturally. This alone could contribute to about 5% of the carbon removal target for UK woodlands, roughly equal to 1 million tonnes. Each wolf would lead to an annual carbon intake capability of 6, 080 tonnes of CO₂. The study’s lead author, Prof Dominick Spracklen, said, “The positive effect of biodiversity on the climate cannot be overlooked. We need to look at the potential role of natural processes such as the reintroduction of species to recover our degraded (退化的) ecosystems and these in turn can deliver co-benefits for climate and nature recovery. ” It is widely accepted that wolves were eradicated (根除) from Scotland about 250 years ago, leaving red deer with no natural enemies. Over the last 100 years, while efforts have been made to control the population, it has increased to an estimated 400, 000 today in Scotland alone. The researchers said only 4% of Scotland was covered by native woodland today, making it one of the least natively forested places in Europe. The researchers have expected some strong reactions against their research, particularly from deer chasers and farmers concerned about their cows or sheep. The policy of reintroducing wolves in Scotland has been intensely opposed by some farmers and rural communities. Lee Schofield, a co-author of the study, said, “We recognize that actual and wide-ranging stakeholder (利益相关者) and public engagement would clearly be essential before wolf reintroduction. Most importantly, conflicts between human beings and wildlife must be addressed through public policies that account for people’s attitudes for a reintroduction to be successful. ” 1．What could be the result of reintroducing wolves in the Cairngorms and Highlands? A．Leading to the growth of native woodland. B．Providing the red deer with enough food. C．Reducing the amount of carbon dioxide release. D．Keeping the endangered species from extinction. 2．What should be taken into consideration based on Dominick Spracklen’s words? A．The management of new species. B．The good impact of biodiversity on climate. C．The risks of degraded ecosystems. D．The complexity of global climate. 3．How is paragraph 4 developed? A．By giving examples. B．By providing statistics. C．By describing courses. D．By making assumption. 4．What does Lee Schofield emphasize? A．The change in public attitudes to wildlife. B．The benefits of the wolf reintroduction. C．The worries from farmers and communities. D．The solution to human-wildlife disagreements. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·吉林松原·期中） Beer and eggs are commonly seen in the kitchen. However, scientists recently found that they were used in historic paintings, too. To preserve Danish paintings, a group of researchers studied what ancient paint was made of. They did experiments on small pieces of paintings that had already been cut off from the original artwork. According to their paper published in Science Advances, grains and yeast (酵母) were found on the base of the paintings. Beer was the most common drink in the 19th century in Denmark, and its by-products were spent grains and yeast. The study showed that they were used to provide a stable painting surface. Researchers also pointed out that beer by-product was used as a “glue” because it had a lot of sugar. With beer added, the paint can also dry faster. Apart from beer, egg has long been found in oil-based paints used by artists in the 15th century, such as Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci. A recent study published in Nature Communications may have “cracked” the secret of how eggs can help preserve artworks. The researchers re-created the ancient paint by adding egg yolks (蛋黄) to oil paint. They then looked into how it changed over time. The findings showed that the proteins in the yolk helped to slow down the oxidation (氧化) of the paint and reduce wrinkling (皱褶) as the egg makes the paint more smooth. However, the oil paint with added egg usually takes longer to dry. It seemed fine for artists. They were willing to accept that their work would be preserved for a longer period. The more we understand how artists choose and use their materials, the more we can “appreciate what they’re doing”, Ken Sutherland, an expert at the Art Institute of Chicago, US, told Science News. Sutherland added that research like this could help people have a deeper understanding of the artworks. 1．What’s the purpose of the research? A．To find the basis of artwork.- B．To do experiments with eggs. C．To conserve ancient paintings. D．To publish a scientific essay. 2．Why were beer by-products used in Danish paintings? A．To make the paint taste better. B．To work as an anti-fake measure. C．To highlight the paintings’ color. D．To promote the paintings stability. 3．What is the advantage of adding egg yolks to oil paints? A．It prevents the paints going bad over time. B．It stops the colors from fading away. C．It slows down the chemical change process. D．It advances the progress of drawing. 4．What can be inferred from the research mentioned in the article? A．Artists in the 19th century preferred beer to eggs. B．Understanding materials helps appreciate artworks better. C．Egg-based paint was more popular than beer-based paint. D．Modern artists should use beer and eggs in their paintings. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·内蒙古·期中） The Lantern Festival is a traditional Chinese festival that falls on the 15th day of the first lunar month. It marks the end of the Chinese New Year celebrations. On this day, people go out to enjoy the beautiful lanterns. Lanterns of various shapes and colors are hung in the streets and parks. Some are made in the shape of animals, while others depict famous scenes from history or legends. There is also a tradition of guessing lantern riddles. People write riddles on the lanterns, and others try to guess the answers. It is a very interesting activity that can test people’s wisdom. Another important activity is eating tangyuan. Tangyuan is a kind of glutinous rice ball with sweet fillings.It symbolizes reunion and happiness. Families usually sit together and eat tangyuan, enjoying the festive atmosphere. In some places, there are also lion and dragon dances. The dancers perform vividly, bringing a lively and joyous atmosphere to the festival. The Lantern Festival is a festival full of joy and cultural connotations. It makes people feel the charm of traditional Chinese culture. 1．What do people do to enjoy the Lantern Festival? A．They watch fireworks. B．They go out to see the lanterns. C．They hold a concert. D．They go skiing. 2．What is the tradition of guessing on the lanterns? A．Guessing lantern riddles. B．Guessing the price of the lanterns. C．Guessing the maker of the lanterns. D．Guessing the material of the lanterns. 3．What does tangyuan symbolize? A．Wealth and good fortune. B．Reunion and happiness. C．Longevity and health. D．Success and progress. 4．What can be seen in some places during the Lantern Festival? A．Fireworks shows. B．Parades. C．Lion and dragon dances. D．Balloon flights. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国传统节日——元宵节的相关信息，包括节日时间、庆祝活动（赏灯、猜灯谜、吃汤圆、舞龙舞狮等）以及其文化内涵。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“On this day, people go out to enjoy the beautiful lanterns. (在这一天，人们会出去欣赏美丽的灯笼)”可知，人们会出去看灯笼来庆祝元宵节。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“There is also a tradition of guessing lantern riddles. (还有猜灯谜的传统)”可知，在元宵节有猜灯谜的传统。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Tangyuan is a kind of glutinous rice ball with sweet fillings. It symbolizes reunion and happiness. (汤圆是一种带有甜馅的糯米球。它象征着团圆和幸福)”可知，汤圆象征着团圆和幸福。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段“In some places, there are also lion and dragon dances. (在一些地方，还有舞狮和舞龙表演)”可知，在一些地方，元宵节还有舞狮和舞龙表演。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·内蒙古·期中） The Chinese Calligraphy Conference (《中国书法大会》) is a cultural program. The program was first broadcast (播出) on CCTV-1at 20:00 on June 2. 2023, and ended on July 7. After appearing, the program quickly became very popular. The program aimed to search Chinese calligraphy culture and to show the history of Chinese characters and calligraphy. Through using modern technologies, the program expected to bring new life to this ancient art form. The program invited many famous calligraphers and artists to teach us the history and writing skills of Chinese calligraphy. What they also show us is how Chinese calligraphy has developed and changed today. We could see how beautiful calligraphy is and how profound Chinese culture is. For example, the program showed Preface to the Orchid Pavilion (《兰亭集序》) through performance, and then experts explained this calligraphy work from background to brushwork (笔法). It left a deep influence on viewers. There is no doubt that the show is a great success. The Chinese Calligraphy Conference is not only a fun program, but a way to learn about the culture of Chinese calligraphy. It makes more people understand and love the art of Chinese calligraphy. It also brings new life to Chinese calligraphy and makes it shine brightly. Chinese calligraphy is our most valuable treasure. For young people, we should take an active part in learning these excellent traditional cultures such as calligraphy, and then spread them to let more people know about China. Let’s take action right now! 1．When was this cultural program first broadcast? A．On June 2nd. B．On June 7th. C．On July 2nd. D．On July 7th. 2．The underlined word “profound” probably means “________” in the passage. A．bright B．deep C．modern D．special 3．We mainly get to know the ________ of the Chinese Calligraphy Conference from the Paragraph 4. A．popularity B．new form C．influence D．preparation 4．The passage is written to call on people to ________. A．practice calligraphy B．create new programs C．watch more CCTV programs D．spread traditional Chinese cultures 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了央视文化节目《中国书法大会》的播出时间、内容、目的及其对传播中国传统书法文化的影响和意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The program was first broadcast (播出) on CCTV-1at 20:00 on June 2. 2023, and ended on July 7. (该节目于2023年6月2日20:00在央视一套首播，7月7日结束)可知，节目首播时间为6月2日。故选A项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“We could see how beautiful calligraphy is and how profound Chinese culture is. (我们可以看到书法多么美丽，中国文化多么______)”并结合上下文可知，节目展示了书法的美和中国文化的深厚底蕴，故“profound”与“deep”意思相近，意为“深厚的”。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The Chinese Calligraphy Conference is not only a fun program, but a way to learn about the culture of Chinese calligraphy. It makes more people understand and love the art of Chinese calligraphy. It also brings new life to Chinese calligraphy and makes it shine brightly. Chinese calligraphy is our most valuable treasure. (《中国书法大会》不仅是一档有趣的节目，还是了解中国书法文化的一种方式。它让更多人了解并热爱中国书法艺术。它也为中国书法注入新活力，使其熠熠生辉。中国书法是我们最为珍贵的宝藏)，可知，第四段主要阐述了节目的影响。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“For young people, we should take an active part in learning these excellent traditional cultures such as calligraphy, and then spread them to let more people know about China. Let’s take action right now! (作为年轻人，我们应该积极参与学习书法等优秀传统文化，并传播它们，让更多人了解中国。让我们立即行动吧！)可知，文章旨在呼吁人们传播中国传统文化。故选D项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·辽宁·期中） Thethiwe Mahlangu woke early on a cold morning and walked through her busy South African township, where minibuses picked up passengers. Her eyes had been troubling her. But instead of going to her nearby health clinic, Mahlangu was headed to the train station for an unusual form of care. A passenger train known as Phelophepa — or “good, clean, health” in the Sesotho language — has been transformed into a mobile health facility. It travels throughout South Africa for much of the year, providing medical attention to the sick, young and old who often struggle to receive the care they need at crowded local clinics. For the past 30 years, the train has carried doctors and nurses on an annual journey that touches even the most rural villages, delivering primary health care to about 375,000 people a year. The free care the “health train” delivers is in contrast to South Africa’s overstretched public health care system on which about 84% of people rely. Just 16% of South Africans are covered by health insurance plans that are beyond the financial reach of many in a nation with unemployment of over 32%. Earlier this year, the government began to address that gap. President Cyril Ramaphosa in May signed into law — the National Health Insurance Act, which aims to provide funding so that millions of South Africans without health insurance can receive care from the private hospitals. For Mahlangu and others who look to the train for a rare source of free treatment, the situation at local health clinics is one of despair. Long lines, shortages of medicines and rude nurses are some of the challenges at the clinics that serve thousands of patients a day in Tembisa, east of Johannesburg. The “health train” has grown from a single three-carriage operation over the years to two, 16-carriage trains. Now both trains address the rising population of South Africa’s capital of Pretoria and nearby Johannesburg, the country’s economic center. 1．What does the author want to show by mentioning 375,000 people? A．Contributions Phelophepa has made. B．Efforts from doctors in big hospitals. C．The annual birth rate in South Africa. D．The number of visitors to South Africa. 2．What can we learn about South Africa from paragraph 3? A．Its education quality needs improving. B．Its public health care can’t benefit most people. C．Its medical staff are nice and friendly. D．Its public transportation is well-developed. 3．How did Mahlangu find local health clinics? A．Far. B．Well-staffed. C．Unsatisfactory. D．Big. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．The Research on Train Communication Network B．The Process of Political Change in South Africa C．South Africa’s “Health Train” Travels to Patients in Need D．Medical Technology Has Advanced Considerably 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，讲述了“健康列车”成为南非免费医疗的重要来源。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“For the past 30 years, the train has carried doctors and nurses on an annual journey that touches even the most rural villages, delivering primary health care to about 375,000 people a year.(在过去的30年里，这列火车载着医生和护士，每年向大约37.5万人提供初级医疗服务，甚至触及最偏远的村庄)”可知，作者在第二段提及375000人是为了展示列车Phelophepa所做的贡献。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“The free care the ‘health train’ delivers is in contrast to South Africa's overstretched public health care system on which about 84% of people rely. Just 16% of South Africans are covered by health insurance plans that are beyond the financial reach of many in a nation with unemployment of over 32%.(‘健康列车’提供的免费医疗与南非不堪重负的公共医疗体系形成鲜明对比，约84%的南非人依赖公共医疗体系。只有16%的南非人享有医疗保险计划，在一个失业率超过32%的国家，这超出了许多人的经济能力)”可推知，南非的公共卫生保健不能使大多数人受益，故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“For Mahlangu and others who look to the train for a rare source of free treatment, the situation at local health clinics is one of despair. Long lines, shortages of medicines and rude nurses are some of the challenges at the clinics that serve thousands of patients a day in Tembisa, east of Johannesburg.(对于Mahlangu和其他希望通过火车获得罕见的免费治疗的人来说，当地卫生室的情况令人绝望。在约翰内斯堡以东的坦比萨，每天接待数千名病人的诊所面临着排长队、药品短缺和粗鲁的护士等挑战)”可知， Mahlangu对当地的卫生室不满意，故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“A passenger train known as Phelophepa — or ‘good, clean, health’ in the Sesotho language — has been transformed into a mobile health facility. It travels throughout South Africa for much of the year, providing medical attention to the sick, young and old who often struggle to receive the care they need at crowded local clinics. For the past 30 years, the train has carried doctors and nurses on an annual journey that touches even the most rural villages, delivering primary health care to about 375,000 people a year.(一列被称为Phelophepa（塞索托语中意为‘好、干净、健康’）的客运列车已被改造成流动医疗设施。它在一年中的大部分时间里都在南非各地旅行，为病人提供医疗服务，无论老少，他们往往很难在拥挤的当地诊所得到所需的治疗。在过去的30年里，这列火车载着医生和护士，每年向大约37.5万人提供初级医疗服务，甚至触及最偏远的村庄)”可知，本文主要介绍了“健康列车”成为南非免费医疗的重要来源。C项“南非的“健康列车”驶向有需要的患者”适合用作标题，故选C。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·黑龙江鸡西·期中） The world has many beautiful sounds. We can hear the songs of birds and the laugh of people. We can listen to cool music and news reports. And it’s all because of our ears! They bring us a world of sounds. But some people can’t hear any sound at all. Some are born deaf. Others can hear well in their childhood, but too many loud sounds hurt their ears later on. Many people in China can’t hear ordinary sounds clearly. A large number of them are children. Most of them are born with good hearing. But 6 children every 1,000 have hearing problems when they are born. And if a child has hearing problems, he or she usually will also have learning problems at school. A lot of things can cause hearing problems. For example, too much earwax is not good for our hearing. And noise louder than 85 decibels (分贝) can hurt our ears and make us lose our hearing for a short time or even forever. Hearing is important for all of us. So we should do our best to give our ears special care. Don’t forget to do the followings. 1. Try to stay away from places with too much noise. If you have to go, wear earplugs. A pair of good earplugs can cut the noise by 30 decibels. 2. When swimming, remember to put earplugs into your ears to stop water from getting in. 3. Never put anything sharp into your ears. If you think you have too much earwax, ask your mum or dad to help you clean it out. Keep these things in mind! Then you won’t be saying “WHAT? WHAT?” when you are older. 1．What does the underlined word “earwax” mean in the passage? A．耳膜 B．耳鸣 C．耳垢 D．耳疾 2．In the first paragraph, the writer wants to _______. A．tell us many beautiful sounds. B．describe the uses of ears. C．explain the kinds. D．show the importance of ears. 3．Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the writer? A．Hearing problems caused diseases. B．People with hearing problems. C．Ways to protect our ears. D．Danger of loud noise. 4．The underlined sentence means _______. A．when you get older, you know it’s not polite to ask “what”. B．when you get older you still have good hearing. C．when you get older, you won’t ask questions. D．the older you are, the fewer questions you’ll have. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过分析听力损伤的原因，提出三项护耳建议，强调听力保护的终身重要性。 1．词句猜测题。根据画线词的下文“is not good for our hearing (对我们的听力不好)”以及倒数第二段中“ask your mum or dad to help you clean it out (请让你的爸爸妈妈帮你清理它)”可知，“耳垢”对听力不好，且需要清理，画线词意思是“耳垢”。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第一段“The world has many beautiful sounds. We can hear the songs of birds and the laugh of people. We can listen to cool music and news reports. And it’s all because of our ears! They bring us a world of sounds. But some people can’t hear any sound at all. Some are born deaf. Others can hear well in their childhood, but too many loud sounds hurt their ears later on. (这个世界充满美妙的声音。我们能听见鸟儿的歌唱和人们的欢笑，可以聆听酷炫的音乐和新闻报道。这一切都归功于我们的耳朵！它们为我们带来了声音的世界。但有些人完全听不见声音——有人天生失聪，也有人童年时听力正常，却因长期暴露在巨大噪音中导致听力受损)”可知，作者先描述声音之美，转而指出听力丧失的后果，在可听声音的人群和失聪人群的对比中，凸显耳朵的功能和价值，其目的是展示耳朵的重要性。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Many people in China can’t hear ordinary sounds clearly. A large number of them are children. (在中国，许多人无法听清日常生活中的声音，其中儿童占很大比例)”、第三段中“And noise louder than 85 decibels (分贝) can hurt our ears and make us lose our hearing for a short time or even forever. (超过85分贝的噪音会损伤我们的耳朵，可能导致暂时性甚至永久性听力丧失)”和第四段中“So we should do our best to give our ears special care. Don’t forget to do the followings. (因此，我们必须尽力给予耳朵特别的呵护。请务必做到以下几点)”可知，文中提到了有听力问题的人、噪音大的危险以及保护耳朵的方法，并未提及听力问题导致的疾病。故选A项。 4．词句猜测题。画线句的上文“Keep these things in mind! (请谨记这些要点)”呼吁做好保护耳朵的措施，画线句是这一条件带来的结果：延缓听力衰退，因此画线句意思是“年老时仍能保持良好听力”。故选B项。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·黑龙江大庆·期中） Dementia (痴呆症) is proving very difficult to treat with drugs, but perhaps there are brain-healthy things hiding in our diets. A study of more than 50,000 participants in the UK Biobank has found that people who eat a handful of nuts every day may lower their risk of all-cause dementia. Compared with people over the age of 60 who didn’t eat nuts, those who reported having up to 30g of nuts a day had a 16% lower risk of developing dementia in the years to come, but the result was only found in those who were not considered overweight, who get a normal amount of sleep, and who did not smoke or drink daily. Health researcher Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni and his colleagues at Castilla-La Mancha drew on a group of people from the UK Biobank, enrolled (登记) between 2007 and 2012. Participants were tracked for an average of 7 years. Over the course of the study, the rate of all-cause dementia was 2.8%. Those who said they ate 30g of nuts a day were less likely to fall into that risk category. New evidence suggests that as many as 40% of dementia cases can be prevented or even delayed by changing certain lifestyle risk factors, like smoking, drinking, or exercising. Diet seems to be a key player. Several systematic reviews have found healthy diets, like the Mediterranean diet, are linked to a reduced risk of dementia. A recent study on 60,000 Britons found that following a Mediterranean diet decreases the risk of dementia by as much as 23%. However, the numbers need to be studied further, especially since only a quarter of the UK Biobank participants reported regularly eating nuts. 1．From whom are these results concluded? A．The participants younger than 60. B．The participants avoiding salted nuts. C．The participants developing dementia. D．The participants having healthy living habits. 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the study? A．Its process. B．Its cause. C．Its risk. D．Its significance. 3．What do we know from the last paragraph? A．Following a Mediterranean diet is good for people of all ages. B．There is evidence to show diet is the key play to avoid dementia. C．The study was carried out among 60,000 people eating nuts every day. D．It is necessary to do further research because of the limitation of the study. 4．Where is the text probably found? A．On a food poster. B．On a sports blog. C．In a medicine magazine. D．In a cooking brochure. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究表明每天吃一把坚果可能降低患痴呆症的风险，同时指出研究结果的适用人群，还提及饮食等生活方式对预防痴呆症的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“These results were only found in those who were not considered overweight, who get a normal amount of sleep, and who did not smoke or drink daily. (这些结果仅在体重正常、睡眠充足且无每日吸烟饮酒习惯的人群中出现)”可知，这些结果是从有健康生活习惯的参与者中得出的。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Health researcher Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni and his colleagues at Castilla-La Mancha drew on a group of people from the UK Biobank, enrolled (登记) between 2007 and 2012. Participants were tracked for an average of 7 years. Over the course of the study, the rate of all-cause dementia was 2.8%. Those who said they ate 30g of nuts a day were less likely to fall into that risk category.(健康研究员布鲁诺·比索泽罗·佩罗尼及其卡斯蒂利亚-拉曼查大学的同事选取了英国生物银行2007至2012年间登记的人群进行追踪研究。在平均7年的随访期内，参与者全因痴呆发病率为2.8%。每日摄入30克坚果的人群显示出更低的患病风险)”可知，该段主要讲述了研究的过程。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“However, the numbers need to be studied further, especially since only a quarter of the UK Biobank participants reported regularly eating nuts.(然而，这些数据还需要进一步研究，尤其是因为只有四分之一的英国生物样本库参与者表示会定期食用坚果)”可知，研究存在局限性，有必要深入研究，故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Dementia (痴呆症) is proving very difficult to treat with drugs, but perhaps there are brain-healthy things hiding in our diets.(事实证明，用药物治疗痴呆症非常困难，但也许我们的饮食中隐藏着对大脑有益的东西)”以及后文围绕饮食与痴呆症的关系展开研究内容可知，文章主要围绕痴呆症的预防以及饮食与痴呆症的关系展开，属于医学健康领域的内容，所以很可能出自医学杂志。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·吉林长春·期中） Last fall, I happened to overhear a student telling the others he had decided not to sign up for an introductory philosophy course. The demands of his major, he said seriously, meant he needed to take “practical” courses, and “enlightenment (启蒙)” would simply have to wait. For now, employability was the most important. The students’ conversation fits into a larger alarming narrative about the role of the humanities in higher education. In a time of technological achievement and of scientific innovation, sceptics (怀疑者) of the humanities may question the usefulness of studying Aristotle, the Italian Renaissance or Chinese fiction. Actually I regret not interrupting that student to argue for taking that introductory philosophy course. I would have started by reminding him that, for much of America’s history, college graduates were not considered truly educated unless they had mastered philosophy, literature, political theory and history. The key role of higher education was to invite students into the conversations about matters like what it means to be alive and the definition of justice. Fostering (鼓励) engagement with these subjects is still an essential part of the university’s function in society. I would have also mentioned to the student that he was misinformed about the job market. It is true that many employers are looking for graduates with specialized technical skills, but they also look for other capabilities. As the world is transformed by artificial intelligence, machine learning and automation, the unique human qualities of creativity, imagination and moral reasoning will be the ultimate coin of the realm. All these skills are developed in humanities courses. Further, I would have argued that while a degree in the sciences is an important precondition for many jobs, it is not the only route. Recent studies show that those with humanities degrees are successful in the workplace, experiencing low rates of unemployment and reporting high levels of job satisfaction. The case for the humanities can also be understood as a foundational preparation for a life well lived. A humanities education plays a vital role in encouraging citizens to lead an examined life. It fosters critical thinking, self-reflection, empathy and tolerance, the usefulness of which only becomes more apparent as one navigates (导航) life’s challenges. By all means, students should take courses they think practical and follow their interests, but if they also make a point of studying the literature of the Renaissance, or researching into modern poetry, or even taking introductory philosophy, we will all benefit. 1．What do the students’ conversation show? A．Students feel employment difficult. B．Students think philosophy less important. C．Students find scientific innovation amazing. D．Students consider university courses satisfying. 2．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Equally applied. B．Highly valued. C．Strictly assessed. D．Greatly improved. 3．The author may agree that humanities ______. A．provide great insights into life B．prepare students for graduation C．discover students’ artistic ability D．raise awareness of social celebrity 4．What can be learned from the passage? A．College education should focus on practical courses. B．Humanities are essential to both individuals and society. C．Technical skills can guarantee successful careers. D．Higher education carries people through difficult times. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文通过学生因“实用主义”放弃哲学课程的事例，探讨人文学科在高等教育中的重要性，强调其对个人成长与社会发展的双重价值，呼吁重视人文学习。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Last fall, I happened to overhear a student telling the others he had decided not to sign up for an introductory philosophy course. The demands of his major, he said seriously, meant he needed to take “practical” courses, and “enlightenment (启蒙)” would simply have to wait. For now, employability was the most important.(去年秋天，我偶然听到一个学生对其他人说，他决定不报名参加哲学入门课程。他严肃地说，自己的专业要求意味着他需要学习“实用”课程，而“启蒙”只能暂且搁置。目前来说，就业能力才是最重要的。)”可知，学生们的对话显示出学生认为哲学不那么重要。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线短语句中“As the world is transformed by artificial intelligence, machine learning and automation, the unique human qualities of creativity, imagination and moral reasoning will be…(随着世界被人工智能、机器学习和自动化所改变，人类独特的创造力、想象力和道德推理能力将成为……。)”以及下一句“All these skills are developed in humanities courses.(所有这些技能都是在人文课程中培养出来的。)”可知，人类独特的创造力、想象力和道德推理能力都是在人文学科课程中培养出来的，这些才是真正有价值的。划线部分“the ultimate coin of the realm”与B选项“Highly valued(很有价值的)相符。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“It fosters critical thinking, self-reflection, empathy and tolerance, the usefulness of which only becomes more apparent as one navigates (导航) life’s challenges.(它培养了批判性思维、自我反省、同理心和宽容，只有当一个人面对生活的挑战时，这些东西的用处才会变得更加明显。)”可推知，作者可能会同意人文科学提供对生活的深刻见解这一观点。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据全文内容以及倒数第二段“The case for the humanities can also be understood as a foundational preparation for a life well lived. A humanities education plays a vital role in encouraging citizens to lead an examined life. It fosters critical thinking, self-reflection, empathy and tolerance, the usefulness of which only becomes more apparent as one navigates(导航)life’s challenges.(人文学科的案例也可以被理解为一个良好生活的基础准备。人文教育在鼓励公民过严谨的生活方面起着至关重要的作用。它培养了批判性思维、自我反省、同理心和宽容，只有当一个人面对生活的挑战时，这些东西的用处才会变得更加明显。)”可知，文章通过多个角度论证了人文学科的重要性，包括其对个人发展（如思维方式、道德判断）和社会价值（如促进理解与包容）的贡献，由此推断，从文章中我们可以了解到人文学科对个人和社会都是必不可少的。故选B项。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·黑龙江鸡西·期中） In psychology, culture is often discussed as a fairly unique human capacity, rooted in our ability to learn from others, come up with new innovations, and pass down our knowledge across historical time. But as biologist Frans de Waal notes, the more we study other species, the less unique we appear to be. “After the apes (类人猿) break down the wall between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom, the floodgates often open to include species after species.” Planning for the future and recognizing oneself in a mirror, all of these were once thought to be cognitive (认知的) capacities that were exclusive to humans. Yet time and again, species ranging from bonobos to crows have been shown to possess these abilities as well. Some of the earliest evidence of animal culture comes from observations of songbirds. It turns out that different songs are observed in different regions. Just as humans in different regions speak different languages or dialects, so too do birds. Scientists have also observed evidence that animals may possess dietary cultures as well. One classic example comes from the observation in the 1950s of monkeys living on a Japanese island. One monkey began to wash her sweet potatoes in a nearby stream. Over time other members of the group began to copy this behavior and started washing them in the ocean, potentially to add a salty flavor. This novel way of preparing food spread through the group, learned by one generation after the next, and continued for years. And it’s not just mammals (哺乳动物) that have been shown to have the ability to puss down cultural practices. In a recent study, researchers trained a bee to pull on a string to release nectar (花蜜) from an artificial flower. The researchers then had other bees observe this behavior from a distance and found that they readily learned it as well. The authors concluded that this work was a powerful demonstration of how cultural practices are passed down among insects. 1．What does the author stress in the first paragraph? A．Culture is a unique human capacity. B．Apes differ significantly from other animals. C．Knowledge is passed down across generations D．Humans and animals share some cognitive abilities 2．Why did the monkeys wash the sweet potatoes? A．To clean them. B．To improve the taste. C．To copy the behavior of other species. D．To gain attention from other group members. 3．What did the string-pulling task show? A．Bees could train each other. B．Animals could learn from observation. C．Mammals were no smarter than insects. D．Innovation spread faster among certain animals. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Do animals have culture? B．How do animals live? C．How do animals communicate? D．Do animals create rules? 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要关于动物是否有文化列举了一系列研究。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“In psychology, culture is often discussed as a fairly unique human capacity, rooted in our ability to learn from others, come up with new innovations, and pass down our knowledge across historical time. But as biologist Frans de Waal notes, the more we study other species, the less unique we appear to be. “After the apes (类人猿) break down the wall between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom, the floodgates often open to include species after species.” Planning for the future and recognizing oneself in a mirror， all of these were once thought to be cognitive (认知的) capacities that were exclusive to humans. Yet time and again, species ranging from bonobos to crows have been shown to possess these abilities as well.(在心理学领域，人们通常将文化视为一种相当独特的人类能力，这种能力源于我们从他人身上学习、提出新创意以及在历史长河中传承知识的能力。但正如生物学家弗兰斯·德瓦尔所指出的那样，当我们对其他物种进行更深入的研究时，我们似乎就越不显得独特了。“当类人猿打破人类与动物界其他成员之间的界限后，各种物种往往会相继被纳入进来。”规划未来以及通过镜子认识自己，这些曾经都被认为是人类独有的认知能力。然而，从倭黑猩猩到乌鸦等众多物种都一次次地被证明也具备这些能力)”可知，作者在第一段中强调了人类和动物具有某些相同的认知能力。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段One monkey began to wash her sweet potatoes in a nearby stream. Over time other members of the group began to copy this behavior and started washing them in the ocean, potentially to add a salty flavor.(一只猴子开始在附近的溪流中清洗她的红薯。随着时间的推移，群体中的其他成员也开始模仿这种行为，开始在海洋里清洗红薯，可能是为了增添一种咸味)”可知，猴子洗红薯是为了增加咸味，改善味道，故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“In a recent study, researchers trained a bee to pull on a string to release nectar (花蜜) from an artificial flower. The researchers then had other bees observe this behavior from a distance and found that they readily learned it as well. The authors concluded that this work was a powerful demonstration of how cultural practices are passed down among insects.(在最近的一项研究中，研究人员训练一只蜜蜂通过拉动一根绳子来从一个人造花朵中获取花蜜。随后，研究人员让其他蜜蜂从远处观察这一行为，并发现它们也很快学会了这一动作。作者得出结论，这项研究有力地证明了昆虫之间是如何传承文化行为的)”可知，动物可以通过观察学习，故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Some of the earliest evidence of animal culture comes from observations of songbirds.(动物文化的最早证据之一来自对鸣禽的观察)”以及文章开篇指出文化常被认为是人类独特的，但实际动物也有类似文化的表现，接着从鸟类不同地区叫声不同、猴子洗红薯、蜜蜂学习拉绳子等方面举例说明动物存在文化相关行为，核心围绕“动物是否有文化”展开，A选项最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·黑龙江大庆·期中） California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s according to a study published Tuesday. The number of trees larger than two feet across has decreased by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decrease was nearly 75 percent. So serious is this issue that many environmentalists show their concern and try to figure out the main reasons behind it. Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters preferred big trees. Housing development encroached on the woods. Heavy wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources. But a study of California forests also documented a widespread death of big trees that was clear even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development. The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress by calculating how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into consideration such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness (潮湿) of soil and the timing of snowmelt (融雪). “Since the 1930s”, McIntyre said, “the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season. Although the government and organizations have been taking measures to deal with these problems, we may see even fewer big trees surviving in the next few decades, if these trends continue.” 1．What’s the purpose of the figures listed in Paragraph 1? A．To prove the seriousness of big-tree loss in California. B．To present the distribution of big trees in California forests. C．To compare the differences of big trees in the north and south. D．To show the different decrease of big trees in different regions. 2．What does the underlined phrase “encroached on” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Do good to. B．Take advantage of. C．Kept away from. D．Gave way to. 3．What is McIntyre’s attitude towards the current situation of big trees from the last paragraph? A．Confident. B．Doubtful. C．Concerned. D．Praising. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．California’s Forests: Why Are Big Trees Important? B．California’s Big Trees: Will Cutting Be Prohibited Soon? C．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? D．California’s Big Trees: Should More Be Grown in California? 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了加利福尼亚州自20世纪30年代以来大型树木数量急剧减少的现象，分析了导致这一现象的多种因素，并表达了生态学家对未来树木生存状况的担忧。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s according to a study published Tuesday. The number of trees larger than two feet across has decreased by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. (根据周二发表的一项研究，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树。这项新研究发现，在加州超过46000平方英里的森林中，直径超过两英尺的树木数量减少了50%)”和“In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decrease was nearly 75 percent.(在塞拉高原地区，大树的数量减少了55%以上；在南加州部分地区，这一数字下降了近75%)”可知，作者在第一段中列举这些数字是为了证明加利福尼亚州大树损失的严重性。故选A项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s according to a study published Tuesday. The number of trees larger than two feet across has decreased by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds(根据周二公布的一项研究，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树。这项新研究发现，在超过4.6万平方英里的加州森林中，直径超过两英尺的树木数量减少了50%)”以及根据第二段中划线短语上文“Many factors contributed to the decline(许多因素导致了（大树的）减少)”可知，划线短语所在句“Housing development encroached on the woods. (住房开发encroached on森林)”阐述了大树减少的原因之一，指房屋开发会占用森林的空间，使得森林面积减少，所以encroached on意为“侵占；占便宜”，与B项“Take advantage of”意思相近。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Although the government and organizations have been taking measures to deal with these problems, we may see even fewer big trees surviving in the next few decades, if these trends continue. (尽管政府和组织一直在采取措施应对这些问题，但如果这些趋势持续下去，未来几十年我们可能会看到存活的大树更少)”可知，McIntyre认为未来几十年存活的大树会更少，说明他对于当前大树的生存状况表示担忧。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s according to a study published Tuesday. (根据周二发表的一项研究，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树)”可知，本文主要介绍了加利福尼亚州自20世纪30年代以来大型树木数量急剧减少的现象，并分析了原因。故C项“California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? (加州的森林：所有的大树都去哪儿了？)”概括了文章的主要内容，适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·辽宁·期中） On the way to his forest farm in Weda Bay on the Indonesian island of Halmahera, Librek Loha let out a cry of fear. “Aduuuuh,” he said. “Landslides! Again! They happen all the time now.” The mudslide below Loha’s plantings of cacao, nutmeg and pineapple has exposed more orange, rocky soil, adding to miles of bulldozed (被推土机推平的) forest and river that are leaving the farm an island of green amid red-brown. Where trees once grew, there are dusty warehouses, mountains of black coal, and water that runs brown. This region of Weda Bay is now one of the world’s largest nickel (镍) production facilities. Multiple coal-fired power plants burn nonstop to refine nickel ore into material for batteries and steel. Indonesia aims to dominate the world’s nickel supply, and it’s succeeding. The country has gone from having two nickel-processing plants to 27 over the last 10 years, with 22 more planned. Last year, the country was responsible for more than half the supply of nickel globally. The metal was once known mainly for making stainless steel; now demand has skyrocketed as automakers like Tesla need it for electric vehicle batteries and companies that make larger batteries need it for clean electricity projects. But where developers built out these vast nickel-processing plants, the surrounding forest disappeared twice as fast, according to a new analysis by the Indonesian nonprofit Auriga. Indonesia is the world’s third most rainforest-covered country, home to giant forest flowers and endangered orangutans and elephants. Since 1950, more than 740,000 square kilometers of Indonesian rainforest have been logged, burned or degraded, according to Global Forest Watch. Max Sigoro, 54, is a traditional hunter and farmer. Bright lights and noise from construction drive away the deer he used to hunt at night. He says he’s lost nearly all his previous income since the industrial park’s expansion. Abdullah Ambar, 61, who is a fisherman; says the sea near the projects has become polluted and he can’t fish anymore; the fish are gone. 1．What phenomenon is described in the first two paragraphs? A．Librek Loha enjoys digging coal. B．Weda Bay is a major tourist attraction. C．It is easy for Librek Loha to make a living by farming. D．The environment in Weda Bay has been damaged. 2．What can we infer from paragraph 4? A．Nickel-processing plants would be closed soon. B．The population of Indonesia has grown rapidly. C．Air pollution control will be more expensive. D．Deforestation may increase hugely in Indonesia. 3．What do Sigoro and Ambar have in common? A．They are interested in fishing. B．They have lost their main economic sources. C．They are experienced hunters and farmers. D．They support the industrial park’s expansion. 4．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A．Environment. B．Sports. C．Education. D．Science. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。印度尼西亚正在为挖掘镍矿而大肆砍伐森林。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段以及第二段“The mudslide below Loha’s plantings of cacao, nutmeg and pineapple has exposed more orange, rocky soil, adding to miles of bulldozed (被推土机推平的) forest and river that are leaving the farm an island of green amid red-brown. Where trees once grew, there are dusty warehouses, mountains of black coal, and water that runs brown.(在Loha种植的可可、肉豆蔻和菠萝下面，泥石流暴露了更多橙色的岩石土壤，使数英里的森林和河流被推平，使农场变成了一个红棕色中的绿色岛屿。曾经有树木生长的地方，现在是尘土飞扬的仓库，黑煤堆积成山，水变成棕色)”可知，韦达湾的环境遭到了破坏。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“The country has gone from having two nickel-processing plants to 27 over the last 10 years, with 22 more planned. Last year, the country was responsible for more than half the supply of nickel globally. The metal was once known mainly for making stainless steel; now demand has skyrocketed as automakers like Tesla need it for electric vehicle batteries and companies that make larger batteries need it for clean electricity projects. But where developers built out these vast nickel-processing plants, the surrounding forest disappeared twice as fast, according to a new analysis by the Indonesian nonprofit Auriga.(过去10年间，该国的镍加工厂从两家增加到27家，计划再建22家。去年，该国的镍供应量占全球的一半以上。这种金属曾经主要以制造不锈钢而闻名；现在，由于特斯拉等汽车制造商需要将其用于电动汽车电池，而生产大型电池的公司需要将其用于清洁电力项目，其需求直线上升。但根据印尼非营利组织Auriga的一项新分析，在开发商建造这些大型镍加工厂的地方，周围的森林消失的速度是原来的两倍)”可知，建造大型镍加工厂会加速森林消失速度，而现在对镍的需求直线上升，由此推知印度尼西亚的森林砍伐可能会大幅增加。故选D。 3．细节理解题。通读最后两段“Max Sigoro, 54, is a traditional hunter and farmer. Bright lights and noise from construction drive away the deer he used to hunt at night. He says he’s lost nearly all his previous income since the industrial park’s expansion.(54岁的Max Sigoro是一名传统的猎人和农民。明亮的灯光和建筑工地的噪音赶走了他过去常常在晚上捕猎的鹿。他说，自从工业园区扩建以来，他几乎失去了之前所有的收入)”和“Abdullah Ambar, 61, who is a fisherman; says the sea near the projects has become polluted and he can’t fish anymore; the fish are gone.(61岁的渔民Abdullah Ambar；他说项目附近的海域被污染了，他不能再捕鱼了；鱼没了)”可知，Sigoro和Ambar的共同点是他们都失去了主要的经济来源。故选B。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，结合倒数第三段“Indonesia is the world’s third most rainforest-covered country, home to giant forest flowers and endangered orangutans and elephants. Since 1950, more than 740,000 square kilometers of Indonesian rainforest have been logged, burned or degraded, according to Global Forest Watch.(印度尼西亚是世界上第三大热带雨林覆盖的国家，是巨大的森林花卉和濒临灭绝的猩猩和大象的家园。根据全球森林观察的数据，自1950年以来，印尼有超过74万平方公里的雨林被砍伐、焚烧或退化)”可推断，本文可能来自报纸的“环境”版块。故选A。 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·黑龙江·期中） Bison, a crucial species, once nearly extinct, were reintroduced to Europe. A new study by researchers from Yale University and Memorial University of Newfoundland has found that a herd of 170 bison being reintroduced to the Tarcu mountains of Romania could help store carbon dioxide emissions equal to removing at least 43,000 gas-powered cars from the United States’ roads for one year. “Most previous studies of carbon models do not consider animal-mediated (动物调节的) effects, focusing instead on carbon exchanges among plants, microbes, and the atmosphere. Yet, a growing body of evidence from diverse ecosystems points to universal animal effects on ecosystem carbon cycling and shows that ignoring them could lead to misunderstanding of an ecosystem’s carbon cycle,” the study said. “Bison influence grassland and forest ecosystems by feeding on growing grass equally, recycling nutrition to fertilize the soil, spreading seeds to enrich the ecosystem, and compacting (压实) the soil to prevent stored carbon from being released,” said Professor Oswald Schmitz, lead author of the study and a professor of population and community ecology at Yale University.” These creatures evolved for millions of years, and their removal, especially where grasslands have been ploughed (犁) up, has led to the release of vast amounts of carbon. Restoring these ecosystems can bring back balance, and rewilded bison are some of the climate heroes that can help achieve this,” Schmitz added. The bison’s return helps to maintain the ecosystem and inspire Eco-business and tourism centered around rewilding. Furthermore, it opens up a whole new series of options for climate policymakers around the world. Until now, nature protection and restoration has largely been treated as a challenge that we need to face alongside the climate emergency. This research shows we can address both challenges: we can bring back nature through rewilding and this will draw down vast amounts of carbon, helping to stabilize the global climate. 1．What can be inferred from paragraph 1 and 2? A．Previous studies concentrated on animal effects on carbon cycling. B．Only plants, microbes, and the atmosphere participate in carbon exchanges. C．The purpose of reintroducing bison is to remove gas-powered cars from roads. D．The reintroduction of bison contributes to cutting down carbon dioxide emissions. 2．What does Professor Oswald Schmitz probably agree with? A．The primary role of bison is a tourist attraction. B．Bison promote biodiversity by eating growing grass evenly. C．Bison pack down the soil to keep stored carbon from escaping. D．Bison maintain ecosystem balance by managing invasive plant species. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards rewilded bison? A．Unclear. B．Doubtful. C．Indifferent. D．Supportive. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Bison Return: Boosts Carbon Storage B．Grassland Recovery: The Role of Wildlife C．A New Study: Ecosystem Diversity Boost D．European Grasslands: A New Bison Habitat 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。耶鲁大学研究发现，重新引入罗马尼亚的野牛群有助于储存二氧化碳，调节生态碳循环，为气候治理提供新路径。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“A new study by researchers from Yale University and Memorial University of Newfoundland has found that a herd of 170 bison being reintroduced to the Tarcu mountains of Romania could help store carbon dioxide emissions equal to removing at least 43,000 gas-powered cars from the United States’ roads for one year.(耶鲁大学和纽芬兰纪念大学的研究人员进行的一项新研究发现，将170头野牛重新引入罗马尼亚塔尔库山脉可以帮助储存二氧化碳排放量，相当于在一年内从美国道路上减少至少43000辆燃气汽车。)”及第二段“Yet, a growing body of evidence from diverse ecosystems points to universal animal effects on ecosystem carbon cycling and shows that ignoring them could lead to misunderstanding of an ecosystem’s carbon cycle,(然而，来自不同生态系统的越来越多的证据表明，动物对生态系统碳循环的普遍影响，并表明忽视这些影响可能会导致对生态系统的碳循环的误解，)”可推断，重新引入野牛有助于减少碳排放。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Bison influence grassland and forest ecosystems by feeding on growing grass equally, recycling nutrition to fertilize the soil, spreading seeds to enrich the ecosystem, and compacting (压实) the soil to prevent stored carbon from being released,(野牛通过平等地以生长中的草为食、回收营养以施肥、传播种子以丰富生态系统、压实土壤以防止储存的碳释放来影响草原和森林生态系统，)”可知，Schmitz教授认为野牛通过压实土壤阻止碳逃逸。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章强调野牛对碳储存、生态平衡的积极作用，如第三段“rewilded bison are some of the climate heroes(重新野化的野牛是气候英雄)”及第四段“opens up new options for climate policymakers(为气候政策制定者开辟新选择)”，均体现作者对野牛重新引入持支持态度。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，全文围绕“野牛重新引入”展开，核心论点是其通过调节生态系统增强碳储存能力。所以A项Bison Return: Boosts Carbon Storage(野牛回归：增加碳储存)精准概括主题，适合用作标题。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·吉林松原·期中） Water droplets (水滴) falling through a tube have generated enough electricity to power 12 LED lights. Such an approach could one day be used in roof-based systems to harvest lots of clean power from rain. “Rain falls on Earth every day. However, all the energy is dissipated due to the lack of a system to harvest rain energy, “ says Siowling Soh at the National University of Singapore. Normally, when we generate electricity from water, we use the movement of lots of it to drive a turbine (涡轮机) in a river, the sea or even in drinking water pipes. But water flowing over an electric surface can generate its own electrical charge through a process called charge separation. The phenomenon is usually an inefficient way of generating electricity because the electric charge is created only on the surface the water touches, and if you use micro or nanoscale (纳米级) channels to increase the surface area, you end up requiring more energy to pump the water into them than you get back out. Now, Soh and his colleagues have created a simple set-up that relies on gravity to move water down a vertical (竖的) tube that is 32 centimeters tall. Water flows out of the bottom of a container via a flat needle, then falls towards the tube below. As the rain-like water droplets crashed at the top of the tube, they catch pockets of air. Wires at the top and bottom of the tube the n harvest the generated electricity. The amount of electricity generated might not seem particularly impressive, but Soh says the set-up changed more than 10 per cent of the energy of the water falling through the tubes into electricity, which is five orders of magnitude (数量级) more electricity than obtained from water flowing through the tube s in a continuous stream. “If it could be developed in a way that could be useful on a house-by-house basis, that could be a really useful thing,” says Shannon at the Hydropower Institute. 1．What does the underlined word “dissipated” in paragraph I mean? A．Collected. B．Wasted. C．Generated. D．Improved. 2．What is a feature of charge separation in normal electric generation? A．It forces water out without losing energy. B．It enables a turbine to generate more power. C．It ensures a larger surface to create electricity. D．It produces electrical· charge in a limited way. 3．What is, the third paragraph mainly about? A．Why Soh’s method proves efficient. B．What helps the set-up function smoothly. C．How Soh’s team generates electricity. D．Whether electrical device needs improving. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Smart Rain Pipes: Power Your Home for Free. B．Electric Rain Tubes: Double the Power Instantly. C．Solar-Powered Rain Drops: Turn Turbines’ Power On. D．Rain Power Breakthrough: Tiny Droplets Light up LEDs. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了新加坡国立大学的研究团队通过水滴穿过管道发电的新方法，包括其原理、优势及应用前景。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“However, all the energy is dissipated due to the lack of a system to harvest rain energy. (然而，由于缺乏收集雨水能量的系统，所有能量都dissipated)”可知，由于缺乏收集系统，导致雨水能量无法被利用，dissipated与wasted具有相同词意，意为“浪费”。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“But water flowing over an electric surface can generate its own electrical charge through a process called charge separation. The phenomenon is usually an inefficient way of generating electricity because the electric charge is created only on the surface the water touches, and if you use micro or nanoscale (纳米级) channels to increase the surface area, you end up requiring more energy to pump the water into them than you get back out. (但水流过带电表面时，会通过一种称为电荷分离的过程产生自身的电荷。这种现象通常是一种低效的发电方式，因为电荷仅在水接触的表面产生，而且如果你使用微米或纳米级的通道来增加表面积，最终会发现将水抽入这些通道所需的能量比输出的能量还要多)”可知，传统的电荷分离现象发电效率低，电荷产生的方式有限。故选D项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Now, Soh and his colleagues have created a simple set-up that relies on gravity to move water down a vertical (竖的) tube that is 32 centimeters tall. Water flows out of the bottom of a container via a flat needle, then falls towards the tube below. As the rain-like water droplets crashed at the top of the tube, they catch pockets of air. Wires at the top and bottom of the tube the n harvest the generated electricity. (现在，Soh和他的同事们设计了一个简单的装置，该装置依靠重力让水沿一根32厘米高的竖管向下流动。水通过一根扁平的针头从容器底部流出，然后朝着下方的管子落下。当类似雨滴的水滴撞击管子顶部时，会困住气穴。随后，管子顶部和底部的导线会收集产生的电力)”可知，第三段详细描述了Soh及其团队如何通过重力让水从垂直管中落下，水滴撞击管顶并捕获空气泡，再通过上下两端的电线收集电能的过程。这是在解释Soh团队如何发电。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中“Water droplets falling through a tube have generated enough electricity to power 12 LED lights. (水滴通过管道下落产生的电能足以点亮12盏LED灯)”及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍新加坡团队通过水滴落管发电，成功为 12 个LED灯供电，突破了传统雨水发电效率低的问题，D项“雨水发电突破：小水滴点亮LED灯”既体现创新性，又紧扣实验成果，最适合作为标题。故选D项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·吉林长春·期中） Top Cookbooks of 2024The Wok: Recipes and Techniques by J. Kenji López-Alt The Wok’s appeal is not innovation; you can find many dishes like Kung Pao Shrimp and Cumin Lamb on many Chinese restaurant menus. But you don’t have to leave your home. As far as I’m concerned, it’s worth the sticker price to learn the techniques. Turkey and the Wolf: Flavour Trippin’ in New Orleans by Mason Hereford Chef Mason Hereford has put to paper some of the magic that draws locals and tourists alike to his popular New Orleans sandwich shop, Turkey and the Wolf. The cookbook is full of recipes accessible to home cooks. The meatloaf is my favourite. Mi Cocina: Recipes and Rapture from My Kitchen in Mexico by Rick Martinez With seven sections focused on different regions across the country, Rick Martinez guides you through some of the essential recipes for each. The recipes are lovely, but what I love most are the stories alongside each of them. Food is deeply personal and with Mi Cocina, Martinez is sharing his life in food and inviting you to come along. I Am from Here: Stories and Recipes from a Southern Chef by Vishwesh Bhatt Western India and the Southern US share more culinary (烹饪的) similarities than you’d think, from rice varieties to fresh tomatoes. Here, these ingredients explode in a delicious combination of seasonings and essential cooking techniques. 1．Whose book provides guidance on Chinese cooking? A．Vishwesh Bhatt’s. B．Rick Martinez’s. C．J. Kenji López-Alt’s. D．Mason Hereford’s. 2．Which book is titled after its author’s sandwich shop? A．Turkey and the Wolf. B．The Wok. C．I Am from Here. D．Mi Cocina. 3．What is the similarity between Mi Cocina and I Am from Here? A．They feature Indian and American food. B．They share some stories. C．They emphasize the importance of fresh ingredients. D．They stress food’s role in connecting cultures. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文探讨了AI 聊天机器人或语音助手的对话式交互风格对人们信息判断的影响，通过实验揭示了动态交互形式可能导致人们更易轻信不准确信息的现象。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice-based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but at may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a traditional static (静态的) article.(人工智能聊天机器人或基于语音的助手的对话语调是学习新概念的好方法，但与传统静态文章中呈现的信息相比，它实际上可能使我们更愿意相信不准确的信息。)”以及第二段关于Sonja Utz的研究设计“To investigate this issue, Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats. The first involved text appearing letter by letter in the style of a large model(大模型), similar to ChatGPT; the second provided information through a voice-based device; and the third was a traditional static text document.(为了调查这一问题，德国的Sonja Utz让1200名参与者接触三种形式中的一种。第一种是类似ChatGPT的大模型风格，文本逐字母显示；第二种通过语音设备提供信息；第三种则是传统的静态文本文档。)”可知，文章开头指出AI聊天机器人或语音助手的对话语气与传统静态文章在让人接受信息方面有差异，接着介绍Sonja Utz的研究，让参与者接触三种不同格式的信息，然后研究参与者对信息准确性的评价。由此推断，研究重点是文本格式如何影响对信息的判断。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Some of these errors were plain wrong, such as naming Sofia as the capital of France, but others involved certain statements that were contradicted elsewhere in the same response.(其中一些错误是完全错误的，例如将索菲亚命名为法国首都，但其他错误则涉及在同一答复中其他地方相互矛盾的某些陈述。)”可知，一些错误是明显错误（如说索菲亚是法国首都），还有些是在同一回答中存在矛盾的陈述，所以这些错误可概括为明显的（obvious）和不一致的（inconsistent ）。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中Mike Katell 所说“People find voice-based devices more convincing because humans seem to give trust naturally to things that seem lifelike(人们觉得基于语音的设备更有说服力，因为人们似乎很自然地信任那些看起来栩栩如生的东西。)”可推知，人们觉得语音设备更有说服力是因为人类天生会信任看起来栩栩如生的东西。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Utz 说“But people don’t realize that they make us tend to believe whatever is presented there.( 但人们没有意识到，它们让我们倾向于相信那里呈现的东西。)”以及“That should be included in media literacy (素养) training.(这应该包括在媒体素养培训中。)”说明人们没意识到这些交互模型会让我们轻信信息，应该将其纳入媒体素养训练，也就是建议人们对AI的回应运用批判性思维。故选A项。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·辽宁大连·期中） Throughout history, the natural world has served as an extraordinary source of inspiration for human creativity and technological advancement. Scientists and engineers are increasingly turning to biological systems for solutions to modern challenges and complex problems. This field, known as biomimicry, highlights how observing and imitating nature’s time-tested patterns can lead to groundbreaking innovations. Recent studies witness some marvelous breakthroughs in technology, medicine and sustainable development thanks to mother nature. One remarkable example comes from the Shinkansen Bullet Train in Japan. Engineers faced the challenge of reducing noise when the train exited tunnels, and they found their solution in the kingfisher birds. By mimicking the bird’s streamlined beak (喙), they redesigned the train’s nose, making it faster, quieter, and more energy-efficient. Similarly, the microscopic (细微的) structure of butterfly wings, which creates changeable colors without pigments (色素), has inspired new anti--counterfeiting (反伪造) technologies for banknotes, Even the humble lotus leaf, from which water drops with the dirt on it, has inspired self-cleaning coatings for buildings and fabrics (织物) in need of minimal maintenance. Medical researchers have also benefited from nature’s wisdom. The gecko’s (壁虎) ability to climb walls led to the development of advanced medical glues that can bind tissues without harmful chemicals. The unique properties of shark skin, which resists bacterial growth, are now being used to create bacteria-resistant surface for hospitals. Meanwhile, the extraordinary strength of spider silk, even stronger than steel, is guiding the creation of new synthetic (合成的) materials for protective clothing and surgical sutures (缝线). Nature’s wisdom is a testament to the power of observation and a reminder that the best ideas may already exist in the world around us. However, scientists warn that this invaluable source of inspiration is under threat. As biodiversity declines at an alarming rate, we risk losing potential solutions before they can be discovered. “Every species that disappears takes with it millions of years of evolutionary knowledge,” notes Dr. Rachel Wong, a leading biomimicry researcher. “Protecting nature isn’t just about conservation — it’s about preserving the very blueprint for our future innovations.” So it’s time for us to protect ecosystems, ensuring that nature continues to fuel human creativity for generations to come. 1．What is the main focus of the passage? A．The economic values of natural resources. B．The conservation of endangered species. C．The natural inspiration for technological advances. D．The potential of human technological advances. 2．What special feature about lotus leaf contributes to humans’ creativity? A．Its humble appearance. B．Its capacity to clean itself. C．Its low maintenance cost. D．Its economic values. 3．What concern do scientists express in the passage? A．Potential loss of biological inspiration due to extinction. B．Limited applications of biomimicry in other fields. C．Difficulty in observing nature’s phenomena. D．Lack. of support and funding from government. 4．How will you describe Dr. Wong’s attitude to nature’s value in human creativity? A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Indifferent. D．Pessimistic. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍仿生学领域中自然对技术创新的启发及相关案例，同时警示生物多样性丧失的风险。 1．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“Scientists and engineers are increasingly turning to biological systems for solutions to modern challenges and complex problems. This field, known as biomimicry, highlights how observing and imitating nature’s time-tested patterns can lead to groundbreaking innovations.(科学家和工程师正越来越多地向生物系统寻求现代挑战和复杂问题的解决方案。这一领域被称为仿生学，它强调观察和模仿大自然经过时间考验的模式如何带来突破性创新。)”可知，此处引出本文讲述的话题——仿生学，结合下文通过多个具体例子说明人类如何从自然中获取灵感，用于解决现代技术、医学和可持续发展中的问题可知，文章的主旨在于阐述自然对科技进步的启发作用。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Even the humble lotus leaf, from which water drops with the dirt on it, has inspired self-cleaning coatings for buildings and fabrics (织物) in need of minimal maintenance.(就连不起眼的荷叶——水珠会带着泥土从荷叶上滴落——也启发人们为需要最少维护的建筑和织物开发了自清洁涂层。)”可知，荷叶的“自清洁能力”激发了人类的创造力。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据尾段中的“As biodiversity declines at an alarming rate, we risk losing potential solutions before they can be discovered. “Every species that disappears takes with it millions of years of evolutionary knowledge,” notes Dr. Rachel Wong, a leading biomimicry researcher. “Protecting nature isn’t just about conservation — it’s about preserving the very blueprint for our future innovations.” So it’s time for us to protect ecosystems, ensuring that nature continues to fuel human creativity for generations to come. (随着生物多样性以惊人的速度下降，我们有可能在这些潜在解决方案被发现之前就失去了它们。“每一个消失的物种都带走了数百万年的进化智慧，”著名仿生学研究者瑞秋·王博士指出，“保护自然不仅仅是出于生态保护的目的——更是为了保留我们未来创新的蓝图。”因此，现在是时候行动起来保护生态系统，确保大自然能够继续为人类的创造力提供灵感，延续至子孙后代。)”可知，科学家担忧物种灭绝会导致生物灵感的潜在损失。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据尾段中的““Every species that disappears takes with it millions of years of evolutionary knowledge,” notes Dr. Rachel Wong, a leading biomimicry researcher. “Protecting nature isn’t just about conservation — it’s about preserving the very blueprint for our future innovations.”(“每一个消失的物种都带走了数百万年的进化智慧，”著名仿生学研究者瑞秋·王博士指出，“保护自然不仅仅是出于生态保护的目的——更是为了保留我们未来创新的蓝图。”)”可知，她强调保护自然不仅是为了生态本身，更是为了保留未来创新的蓝图，这表明她对自然在人类创造力中的价值持高度肯定态度。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·辽宁大连·期中） The world’s largest ever digital camera has become operational in the Andes in Chile — a less populated nation with high altitude and dry climates chosen by scientists from the U. S. National Science Foundation. The LSST-Large Synoptic Survey Telescope camera-was funded by U. S. government agencies. The enormous device was installed (安装) in the Vera C． Rubin Observatory in the South American nation. The camera is the size of a small car and weighs 2,721 kg. It has a massive 3-billion-pixel (像素) sensor. In comparison, today’s iPhone 6s cameras have 200 million pixels. The Department of Energy’s Office of Science commented on how momentous the completion of the telescope was. It called the camera “a great success of science and engineering”. It added, “We look forward to seeing the unprecedented (前所未有的) images this camera will produce.” Astronomers will now start a period of testing and will repeatedly scan the sky to take time-lapse (微速摄影的) images of space. The project is to conduct a 10-year survey of the southern hemisphere (半球) skies that will deliver a 200-petabyte (拍字节) set of images and data products. Basically, what the camera will do is record the entire visible nighttime sky twice a week, taking over 800 panoramic (全景的) images during each of those nights. An animated 3D map of the Universe will be made from these captures. The details the 3D map provides will allow scientists a new way to analyze the solar system and to study mysterious dark matter-the invisible substance that makes up a significant portion (部分) of the universe. Lead researcher Aaron Roodman said, “We like to say that we’re going to make, for the first time, a color “movie” of the entire Southern Hemisphere sky, enabling unique and powerful studies of objects that move or change in brightness” In particular, he added, “The camera will be bound to capture images that throw light on how galaxies (星系) formed. In addition, it will map out Milky Way galaxy in greater detail than ever before.” The LSST data will be open to the public and scientists around the world-anyone with a Web browser will be able to access the images and other data produced by the LSST. 1．Which of the following was not the reason why the camera was installed in Chile? A．Small population. B．High altitude. C．Little rain. D．Hilly land. 2．What can we learn from the figures in Paragraph 3? A．The possible achievements the LSST may make. B．The potential difficulties the LSST will have. C．The differences from traditional cameras. D．The odd-looking appearance of the camera. 3．What does the underlined word “momentous” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Significant. B．Demanding. C．Unexpected. D．Challenging. 4．What does Aaron Roodman’s words mean? A．The LSST will be applied to the production of color movies. B．The LSST will enable scientists to see clearly the objects’ movements. C．The LSST will hopefully help galaxies to form quickly. D．The LSST will map out Milky Way galaxy for the first time. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了世界上最大的数码相机在智利安第斯山脉投入使用，该相机由美国国家科学基金会的科学家选择，因其人口稀少、海拔高和气候干燥。这台相机将被用于一项为期10年的南半球天空调查，将产生前所未有的图像和数据产品。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The world’s largest ever digital camera has become operational in the Andes in Chile — a less populated nation with high altitude and dry climates chosen by scientists from the U. S. National Science Foundation.(世界上最大的数码相机已经在智利的安第斯山脉投入使用，这是由美国国家科学基金会的科学家选择的一个人口稀少、海拔高、气候干燥的国家。)”可知，人口稀少、海拔高和气候干燥是相机安装在智利的原因，而丘陵地带不是相机安装在智利的原因。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Astronomers will now start a period of testing and will repeatedly scan the sky to take time-lapse (微速摄影的) images of space. The project is to conduct a 10-year survey of the southern hemisphere (半球) skies that will deliver a 200-petabyte (拍字节) set of images and data products. Basically, what the camera will do is record the entire visible nighttime sky twice a week, taking over 800 panoramic (全景的) images during each of those nights. An animated 3D map of the Universe will be made from these captures. The details the 3D map provides will allow scientists a new way to analyze the solar system and to study mysterious dark matter-the invisible substance that makes up a significant portion (部分) of the universe.(天文学家现在将开始一段测试期，并反复扫描天空，拍摄太空的延时图像。该项目将对南半球天空进行为期10年的调查，将提供一套200拍字节的图像和数据产品。基本上，这台相机将每周两次记录整个可见的夜空，每晚拍摄800多张全景图像。根据这些拍摄内容，将制作一个宇宙的动画3D地图。3D地图提供的细节将使科学家能够以一种新的方式分析太阳系，并研究神秘的暗物质——这种不可见的物质构成了宇宙的很大一部分。)”可知，第三段中的数字介绍了LSST可能取得的成就。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据下文“It called the camera “a great success of science and engineering”. It added, “We look forward to seeing the unprecedented (前所未有的) images this camera will produce.”(它称这台相机是“科学与工程领域的一项伟大成功”。该部门补充道：“我们期待看到这台相机将拍摄出前所未有的图像。”)”可知，美国能源部称该相机为科学与工程的重大成功，并期待其前所未有的图像。由此可推断“momentous”意为“重大的、重要的”，与A（Significant）同义。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“Lead researcher Aaron Roodman said, “We like to say that we’re going to make, for the first time, a color “movie” of the entire Southern Hemisphere sky, enabling unique and powerful studies of objects that move or change in brightness.”(首席研究员Aaron Roodman说：“我们喜欢说，我们将首次制作整个南半球天空的彩色“电影”，从而能够对运动或亮度变化的物体进行独特而有力的研究。”)”可知，Aaron Roodman的话的意思是LSST将使科学家能够清楚地看到物体的运动。故选B。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·内蒙古包头·期中） Researchers at the University of Leeds said reintroducing wolves to the Cairngorms, as well as the south-west, north-west and central Highlands could help control the problem of red deer eating trees, which stops natural woodland regeneration. The scientists estimated that if wolves were reintroduced, a population of about 167 of the animals would thrive, which would be enough to reduce the red deer population to a level that would allow trees to regenerate naturally. This alone could contribute to about 5% of the carbon removal target for UK woodlands, roughly equal to 1 million tonnes. Each wolf would lead to an annual carbon intake capability of 6, 080 tonnes of CO₂. The study’s lead author, Prof Dominick Spracklen, said, “The positive effect of biodiversity on the climate cannot be overlooked. We need to look at the potential role of natural processes such as the reintroduction of species to recover our degraded (退化的) ecosystems and these in turn can deliver co-benefits for climate and nature recovery. ” It is widely accepted that wolves were eradicated (根除) from Scotland about 250 years ago, leaving red deer with no natural enemies. Over the last 100 years, while efforts have been made to control the population, it has increased to an estimated 400, 000 today in Scotland alone. The researchers said only 4% of Scotland was covered by native woodland today, making it one of the least natively forested places in Europe. The researchers have expected some strong reactions against their research, particularly from deer chasers and farmers concerned about their cows or sheep. The policy of reintroducing wolves in Scotland has been intensely opposed by some farmers and rural communities. Lee Schofield, a co-author of the study, said, “We recognize that actual and wide-ranging stakeholder (利益相关者) and public engagement would clearly be essential before wolf reintroduction. Most importantly, conflicts between human beings and wildlife must be addressed through public policies that account for people’s attitudes for a reintroduction to be successful. ” 1．What could be the result of reintroducing wolves in the Cairngorms and Highlands? A．Leading to the growth of native woodland. B．Providing the red deer with enough food. C．Reducing the amount of carbon dioxide release. D．Keeping the endangered species from extinction. 2．What should be taken into consideration based on Dominick Spracklen’s words? A．The management of new species. B．The good impact of biodiversity on climate. C．The risks of degraded ecosystems. D．The complexity of global climate. 3．How is paragraph 4 developed? A．By giving examples. B．By providing statistics. C．By describing courses. D．By making assumption. 4．What does Lee Schofield emphasize? A．The change in public attitudes to wildlife. B．The benefits of the wolf reintroduction. C．The worries from farmers and communities. D．The solution to human-wildlife disagreements. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了利兹大学的研究人员关于在苏格兰重新引入狼以控制红鹿数量、促进天然林地再生的研究。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“reintroducing wolves to the Cairngorms, as well as the south-west, north-west and central Highlands could help control the problem of red deer eating trees, which stops natural woodland regeneration.(将狼重新引入凯恩戈姆以及西南、西北和中部高地，可能有助于控制红鹿吃树的问题，从而阻止天然林地的再生。)”可知，重新引入狼可以控制红鹿吃树的问题，从而促进天然林地的再生。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“TThe positive effect of biodiversity on the climate cannot be overlooked. We need to look at the potential role of natural processes such as the reintroduction of species to recover our degraded (退化的) ecosystems and these in turn can deliver co-benefits for climate and nature recovery.(生物多样性对气候的积极影响不容忽视。我们需要考虑自然过程（如重新引入物种）在恢复退化生态系统方面的潜在作用，而这些生态系统反过来又能为气候和自然恢复带来共同利益。)”可知，Dominick Spracklen认为生物多样性对气候的积极影响不容忽视，我们需要考虑重新引入物种等自然过程在恢复退化生态系统方面的潜在作用，也就是说，应该考虑生物多样性对气候的良好影响。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“It is widely accepted that wolves were eradicated (根除) from Scotland about 250 years ago, leaving red deer with no natural enemies. Over the last 100 years, while efforts have been made to control the population, it has increased to an estimated 400, 000 today in Scotland alone. The researchers said only 4% of Scotland was covered by native woodland today, making it one of the least natively forested places in Europe.(人们普遍认为，大约250年前狼在苏格兰被根除，这使得红鹿没有了天敌。在过去的100年里，尽管人们一直在努力控制红鹿的数量，但仅在苏格兰，其数量就已增加到今天的约40万只。研究人员表示，目前苏格兰只有4%的土地被原生林地覆盖，这使其成为欧洲原生林地最少的地区之一。)”可知，第四段通过提供数据来展开。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“We recognize that actual and wide-ranging stakeholder (利益相关者) and public engagement would clearly be essential before wolf reintroduction. Most importantly, conflicts between human beings and wildlife must be addressed through public policies that account for people’s attitudes for a reintroduction to be successful.(我们认识到，在重新引入狼之前，必须明确让利益相关者和公众实际参与并广泛参与。最重要的是，必须通过考虑公众态度的公共政策来解决人类与野生动物之间的冲突，才能使重新引入狼的行动成功。)”可知，Lee Schofield强调了解决人与野生动物冲突的重要性，这是重新引入狼成功的关键。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·吉林松原·期中） Beer and eggs are commonly seen in the kitchen. However, scientists recently found that they were used in historic paintings, too. To preserve Danish paintings, a group of researchers studied what ancient paint was made of. They did experiments on small pieces of paintings that had already been cut off from the original artwork. According to their paper published in Science Advances, grains and yeast (酵母) were found on the base of the paintings. Beer was the most common drink in the 19th century in Denmark, and its by-products were spent grains and yeast. The study showed that they were used to provide a stable painting surface. Researchers also pointed out that beer by-product was used as a “glue” because it had a lot of sugar. With beer added, the paint can also dry faster. Apart from beer, egg has long been found in oil-based paints used by artists in the 15th century, such as Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci. A recent study published in Nature Communications may have “cracked” the secret of how eggs can help preserve artworks. The researchers re-created the ancient paint by adding egg yolks (蛋黄) to oil paint. They then looked into how it changed over time. The findings showed that the proteins in the yolk helped to slow down the oxidation (氧化) of the paint and reduce wrinkling (皱褶) as the egg makes the paint more smooth. However, the oil paint with added egg usually takes longer to dry. It seemed fine for artists. They were willing to accept that their work would be preserved for a longer period. The more we understand how artists choose and use their materials, the more we can “appreciate what they’re doing”, Ken Sutherland, an expert at the Art Institute of Chicago, US, told Science News. Sutherland added that research like this could help people have a deeper understanding of the artworks. 1．What’s the purpose of the research? A．To find the basis of artwork.- B．To do experiments with eggs. C．To conserve ancient paintings. D．To publish a scientific essay. 2．Why were beer by-products used in Danish paintings? A．To make the paint taste better. B．To work as an anti-fake measure. C．To highlight the paintings’ color. D．To promote the paintings stability. 3．What is the advantage of adding egg yolks to oil paints? A．It prevents the paints going bad over time. B．It stops the colors from fading away. C．It slows down the chemical change process. D．It advances the progress of drawing. 4．What can be inferred from the research mentioned in the article? A．Artists in the 19th century preferred beer to eggs. B．Understanding materials helps appreciate artworks better. C．Egg-based paint was more popular than beer-based paint. D．Modern artists should use beer and eggs in their paintings. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家发现啤酒和鸡蛋在历史绘画中的用途。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“To preserve Danish paintings, a group of researchers studied what ancient paint was made of.(为了保护丹麦绘画，一组研究人员研究了古代颜料是由什么制成的)”可知，研究的目的是为了保护古画。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Beer was the most common drink in the 19th century in Denmark, and its by-products were spent grains and yeast.(啤酒在19世纪的丹麦是最常见的饮品，其副产品是麦糟和酵母)”及第四段中“The study showed that they were used to provide a stable painting surface.( 研究表明，它们被用于提供稳定的绘画表面)”可知，啤酒副产品在丹麦绘画中被使用是为了提高绘画的稳定性。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段中“The findings showed that the proteins in the yolk helped to slow down the oxidation of the paint and reduce wrinkling as the egg makes the paint more smooth.(研究结果表明，蛋黄中的蛋白质有助于减缓颜料的氧化，减少皱纹，因为鸡蛋使颜料更光滑)”可知，氧化属于化学变化，因此添加蛋黄的优势是延缓化学变化过程。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The more we understand how artists choose and use their materials, the more we can “appreciate what they’re doing”, Ken Sutherland, an expert at the Art Institute of Chicago, US, told Science News. Sutherland added that research like this could help people have a deeper understanding of the artworks.(美国芝加哥艺术学院的专家肯·萨瑟兰（Ken Sutherland）在接受《科学新闻》采访时表示，我们对艺术家如何选择和使用材料了解得越多，就越能“欣赏他们所做的事情”。萨瑟兰还补充说，这样的研究有助于人们更深入地理解艺术品)”可推知，了解材料有助于更好地欣赏艺术品。故选B。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $