专题09 定语从句（江苏专用）-【简语法-中考核心语法精练】2026年江苏地区中考备考 一轮复习专用（译林版）

中考核心语法精练 专题09 定语从句-中考核心语法（江苏专用） 内容提要 核心语法回顾 专项能力突破 中考模拟提升 一、定语从句分类及核心特征表格 本表明确限制性与非限制性定语从句的核心差异，从标点、关系词、语义等维度区分，助力快速判断从句类型。 对比 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 典型例句 标点符号 无逗号，与主句紧密衔接 有逗号，与主句语义分离 限制性：The girl who wears red is my sister.；非限制性：The girl，who wears red，is my sister. 关系词范围 可使用 that、which、who、whom、whose、when、where、why 不可使用 that，可用 which、who、whom、whose、as、when、where（无 why） 限制性：The book that I read is good.；非限制性：The book，which I read，is good. 语义作用 限定先行词范围，明确指代对象 补充说明先行词，提供附加信息 限制性：I like the pen which is black.（限定黑色的笔）；非限制性：I like the pen，which is black.（补充笔是黑色） 省略影响 省略后主句语义模糊，无法明确指代 省略后主句语义完整，仅损失附加信息 限制性：The student who won the prize is Tom.（省略不知哪名学生）；非限制性：The student，who won the prize，is Tom.（省略仍明确是汤姆） 适用场景 修饰普通名词，需缩小范围 修饰专有名词 / 整个主句，无需限定 限制性：He likes movies that are exciting.；非限制性：Beijing，which is China’s capital，is beautiful. 使用注意事项 1. 专有名词后优先用非限制性定语从句（如人名、地名、书名），因专有名词本身具有唯一性，无需限定。 2. 非限制性定语从句的关系词不可省略，即使作宾语（如 The man，whom we met，is a doctor）。 3. 指代整个主句内容时，只能用非限制性定语从句，由 which 或 as 引导（如 He passed the exam，which made his parents happy）。 二、定语从句关系词核心用法表格 本表梳理关系代词、关系副词的适用对象、从句成分及易错点，帮助精准匹配先行词与关系词。 类别 关系词 先行词类型 从句中成分 典型例句 易错提醒 关系 代词 that 人 / 物 主语、宾语（宾语可省略） The boy that helped me is my classmate.（主语）；The book（that）I read is interesting.（宾语） 不可用于非限制性从句和介词后 who 人 主语、宾语（宾语可省略） The girl who is talking is my sister.（主语）；The man（who）we met is a doctor.（宾语） 不可指代物，口语中作宾语可替代 whom whom 人 宾语（可省略，介词后必用） The girl（whom）he talked to is his cousin.；The girl to whom he talked is his cousin. 不可作主语，口语中可用 who 替代 whose 人 / 物 定语（后接名词，表所属） This is the boy whose father is a driver.（人）；I like the house whose windows face the park.（物） 后必须接名词，不可单独使用 which 物 / 整个主句 主语、宾语（宾语可省略） The pen which lies on the desk is mine.（主语）；He passed the exam，which made us happy.（指代主句） 可用于非限制性从句和介词后 as 人 / 物 / 整个主句 主语、宾语 As we all know，the earth is round.（指代主句）；The film，as I expected，is wonderful.（指代物） 可置于句首，表 “正如”，有固定搭配 关系 副词 when 时间名词（day/year 等） 时间状语（= 介词 + which） I remember the day when we first met.（=on which） 从句完整（缺状语）用 when，缺主 / 宾用 that/which where 地点名词（place/school 等） 地点状语（= 介词 + which） This is the school where I studied.（=in which） 区分定语从句与地点状语从句（前有先行词用 where） why reason（仅修饰 reason） 原因状语（=for which） Do you know the reason why he was late?（=for which） 仅修饰 reason，其他原因名词用 for which 使用注意事项 1. 关系词判断两步法：先找先行词（人 / 物 / 时间 / 地点 / 原因），再分析从句成分（缺主 / 宾 / 定语用代词，缺状语用副词）。 2. 避免成分冗余：关系词已作从句主语 / 宾语时，不可额外加人称代词（错误：The boy who he helped me is kind）。 3. 介词后置规则：介词可置于关系词前（仅 which/whom）或句末（that/who/which 均可），如 “The book which I read about”=“The book about which I read”。 三、定语从句易混辨析及特殊用法表格 本表针对高频易混点和特殊场景，拆解核心差异，解决难点问题。 场景 核心规则 典型例句对比 that vs which 1. that 不可用于非限制性从句和介词后；2. 先行词既有人又有物时用 that；3. 先行词为不定代词（all/everything 等）时用 that ① 非限制性：The book，which I read，is good.（不可用 that）；② 人 + 物：The teachers and students that visited the museum were excited.（用 that）；③ 不定代词：Everything that he said is true.（用 that） as vs which（指代主句） 1. as 可置于句首，表 “正如”；2. which 多置于句末；3. as 有固定搭配（as we all know） ① As we all know，he is honest.（句首，表正如）；② He is honest，which/as we all know.（句末，可互换） 关系代词 vs 关系副词 1. 从句缺主 / 宾 / 定语→关系代词；2. 从句缺状语→关系副词；3. 关系副词 = 介词 + 关系代词 ① 缺宾语：I remember the day that we spent together.（that 作宾语）；② 缺状语：I remember the day when we met.（when 作状语 = on which） 定语从句与简单句转换 1. 从句改简单句：关系代词从句→介词短语 / 分词短语；2. 简单句改从句：介词短语 / 分词短语→补关系词 + 从句 ① 从句改简单句：The boy who is wearing red→The boy in red；② 简单句改从句：The girl with long hair→The girl who has long hair 使用注意事项 1. 先行词为不定代词（all/anything/nothing 等）、序数词、最高级修饰时，只能用 that，不可用 which。 2. as 的固定搭配需牢记（as is known to all/as expected/as follows），不可用 which 替代。 3. 转换时需保持语义一致，不可增减信息，介词选择需贴合先行词搭配习惯（如 write with a pen→with which I write）。 一、单项选择 1．（2025·江苏扬州·一模）The volunteers ________ risked their lives to save people during the fire are true heroes. A．that B．whom C．which D．/ 【答案】A 【详解】句意：那些在火灾中冒着生命危险救人的志愿者们是真正的英雄。 考查定语从句关系词。that关系代词，既可指人也可指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；whom关系代词，指人，在从句中作宾语；which关系代词，指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；/不填，在定语从句中，当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，关系代词可以省略。分析句子结构可知，本句为定语从句，先行词是“The volunteers（志愿者们）”，指人，且关系词在从句中作主语，所以关系词应该用that。故选A。 2．（2025·江苏南京·三模）The painting Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is an amazing artwork ________ shows the lively scenes of busy streets in Bianjing during the Northern Song Dynasty. A．which B．who C．what D．when 【答案】A 【详解】句意：《清明上河图》是一幅令人惊叹的艺术作品，它展示了北宋时期汴京繁华街道的热闹景象。 考查定语从句引导词。which指物，作主语或宾语；who指人，作主语或宾语；what不能引导定语从句；when指时间，作状语。根据“The painting Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is an amazing artwork…shows the lively scenes of busy streets in Bianjing during the Northern Song Dynasty.”可知，先行词artwork为物，且从句缺少主语，应用which引导。故选A。 3．（2025·江苏扬州·一模）—Have you heard of Black Myth (神话): Wukong? —Sure. It is a new video game ________ brings the magic of Chinese legends to life. A．who B．what C．which D．/ 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你听说过《黑神话：悟空》吗？——当然听说了。这是一款将中国神话的魅力呈现出来的新电子游戏。 考查定语从句关系词用法。who谁；what什么；which哪一个；/省略。先行词是“a new video game”，指物，引导定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，应用which；who指人，what不能引导定语从句，/（省略）也不符合从句结构。故选C。 4．（2023·江苏扬州·二模）After many years of looking, scientists have found a planet __________is similar to the Earth. A．that B．who C．what D．when 【答案】A 【详解】句意：经过多年的寻找，科学家们发现了一颗与地球相似的行星。 考查定语从句。that关系代词，在定从中可作主、宾、表语，先行词可以是人，也可以是物；who关系代词，在定从中可作主、宾、表语，先行词是人；what什么，不能引导定从；when关系副词，先行词为时间。分析句子结构可知，此句是一个定语从句，先行词是a planet，用关系代词that作从句主语，故选A。 5．（24-25九年级·浙江宁波·自主招生）With snow-covered mountains, lakes and vast grasslands, Shangri-la is a heavenly world ________ people live in harmony with nature. A．that B．in that C．where D．which 【答案】C 【详解】句意：香格里拉有雪山、湖泊和广阔的草原，是一个人与自然和谐共处的天堂般的世界。 考查定语从句关系词。that引导定语从句，作主语或宾语；in that因为；where引导定语从句，表示地点，作状语；which引导定语从句，作主语或宾语。根据“Shangri-la is a heavenly world”可知，此处表示“人们与自然和谐共处的地方”，先行词“world”表示地点，且从句中不缺主语或宾语，应用where引导定语从句。故选C。 6．（24-25九年级上·江苏扬州·期末）—Do you know everyone ______ came to your party? —No. I don’t know the one ______ you talked to just now. A．who; / B．whose; that C．that; which D．/; whom 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——你认识来参加晚会的每一个人吗？——不。我不认识刚才和你交谈的人。 考查定语从句的引导词。who谁；whose谁的；that那；which那一个；whom谁。第一空前的先行词是人，用引导词who或that，引导词在句中作主语，不能省略；第二空先行词也是人，且引导词在定语从句中作宾语，可用whom或that引导，并可省略。故选A。 7．（2025·江苏南京·模拟预测）—Ian, what are you watching with tears in your eyes? —A short video about Zhang Guimei ________ has devoted her life to girls’ education. A．who B．whom C．whose D．which 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——伊恩，你眼里含着泪在看什么？  ——一个关于张桂梅毕生致力于女子教育事业的短视频。 考查定语从句。四个选项均可引导定语从句。who修饰的先行词为人，在从句中作主语；whom修饰的先行词为人，在从句中作宾语；whose修饰的先行词为人或物，表示所属关系，在从句中作定语；which修饰的先行词为物，在从句中作主语或宾语。此处先行词“Zhang Guimei”表示人，且引导词在从句中作主语，故选A。 8．（24-25九年级上·江苏盐城·期中）—Your father’s birthday is coming soon, Liu Tao. What’s your surprise for your father? —The first thing ________ I will do is to make a card for him. A．who B．where C．whose D．that 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——刘涛，你父亲的生日快到了。你打算给父亲什么惊喜？——我要做的第一件事就是为他做一张卡片。 考查定语从句的关系词。who关系代词，代指人；where关系代词，代指地点；whose关系代词，谁的；that关系代词，代指人或物。根据“The first thing”可知，先行词被序数词修饰，在从句中作宾语，所以关系代词用that。故选D。 9．（23-24九年级上·安徽淮南·期末）Do you know the book ________ cover has a beautiful picture is Mary’s? A．which B．that C．who D．whose 【答案】D 【详解】句意：你知道那本封面有美丽图画的书是玛丽的吗？ 考查定语从句。句子是定语从句，先行词是the book，关系词在从句中作定语，修饰名词cover，用whose引导定语从句。故选D。 10．（2025·江苏扬州·二模）Have you found the details of Yangliwei ________ you can use for your report? A．whom B．what C．which D．who 【答案】C 【详解】句意：你找到你可以在报告中使用的杨利伟的详情了吗？ 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为“the details”，且关系词代替先行词，在从句中作宾语，应用which引导。故选C。 11．（2023·江苏扬州·一模）—Have you heard about the panda Huahua ________ many visitors are queuing to see these days? —Yes, it looks so cute. A．who B．whose C．that D．what 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你听说过这些天很多游客排队看的熊猫花花吗？——是的，它看起来很可爱。 考查定语从句。who谁；whose谁的；that那个；what什么。根据“Have you heard about the panda Huahua...many visitors are queuing to see these days?”可知，“...many visitors are queuing to see these days”是定语从句，先行词是the panda Huahua，并非人类，所以从句的引导词可用that/which。故选C。 12．（2024·江苏泰州·二模）—Do you know the song ________ is very popular these days? —Sure. It is about a girl ________ asked for help with her hoodie (帽衫) on TikTok. A．that; which B．which; who C．who; which D．who; that 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你知道这些天很流行的那首歌吗？——当然。是关于一个穿着帽衫在抖音上请求帮助的女孩。 考查定语从句。定语从句中先行词为人时用关系代词that或who；先行词为物时用关系代词that或which。问句中先行词为the song，所以关系代词用that或which。答语先行词为a girl，所以关系代词that或who。所以B选项中的符合定语从句对引导词的要求。故选B。 13．（2023·江苏泰州·一模）China is ________ the US’ action on TikTok. “A lot of risks ________ are pointed out are not true at all.” said Chew（周受资）, the CFO of ByteDance. A．against; that B．for; which C．against; who D．for; that 【答案】A 【详解】句意：中国反对美国对TikTok的行动。“许多被指出的风险根本不是真的。”字节跳动首席财务官周受资说。 考查介词辨析以及定语从句。against反对；for为了。根据“China is…the US’ action on TikTok”可知，中国在反对美国对TikTok的行动，所以第一空填against。第二空所在句子是定语从句，先行词risks是指物，在从句中作主语，用关系词that，故选A。 14．（2024·广东珠海·模拟预测）New York is the state ________ Donald John Trump was born in. A．when B．where C．who D．which 【答案】D 【详解】句意：纽约是唐纳德·约翰·特朗普出生的州。 考查定语从句。when关系副词，指代时间；where关系副词，指代地点；who关系代词，指代人，通常作主语；which关系代词，指代物，通常作主语或宾语。该句是为定语从句，“where”是关系副词，引导定语从句时本身包含地点含义（相当于“in which”），因此从句中无需再加“in”，从句部分先从词是“state”，且“Donald John Trump was born in”缺少介词“in”的宾语，需用关系代词which充当该宾语。故选D。 15．（22-23九年级上·湖北襄阳·期末）— She is an excellent coach ________. — Yes. She’s good at teaching. A．whom helps us get good grades B．which make our marks improve a lot C．that have great influence on the test D．who knows how to get results 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——她是一位知道如何取得成绩的优秀教练。——是的。她擅长教学。 考查定语从句。whom helps us get good grades谁帮助我们取得好成绩；which make our marks improve a lot是什么使我们的成绩提高了很多；that have great influence on the test这对考试有很大的影响；who knows how to get results谁知道如何得到结果。此处是定语从句，先行词是人，引导词在从句中作主语，排除AB；先行词是单数，C项中have应改为has。故选D。 二、完成句子 1. （2025·广东广州·二模）到达那里之后，我们尽力做我们能做的事情去帮助他们。 After arriving there, we tried our best to do the things _______ _______ _______ _______ help them. 【答案】 that we could to 【详解】本句可用定语从句表示，先行词是“things”，引导词在从句中作主语，可用that引导；we我们；could能；to help them去帮助他们，使用动词不定式表目的。故填that；we；could；to。 2. （2025·贵州贵阳·二模）正在公园里跳舞的那位女士是我姑姑。 The woman ________________________________ dancing in the park is my aunt. 【答案】who is/that is 【详解】根据中英文对照，空格处缺“正在……的那位”，这里需要用定语从句来修饰“The woman”，先行词“The woman”是人，在定语从句中作主语，所以关系代词用 “who”或“that”，又因为“正在跳舞”是现在进行时，结构为“be+现在分词”，主语是单数，be动词用“is”。故填who is/that is。 3. （2025·贵州铜仁·三模）最重要的是，你会遇到让贵州与众不同的人——农民在山上种茶，孩子们唱民歌，以及脸上洋溢着慈祥笑容的长者。 Most importantly, you’ll meet people ________ ________ Guizhou special—farmers growing tea on hills, kids singing folk songs, and elders with warm smiles on their faces. 【答案】 who make 【详解】据句意可知，此处需要一个定语从句的引导词以及相应的谓语动词来修饰“people”，并表达“使贵州与众不同”的意思。在定语从句中，引导词“who”用于指代人，即这里的“people”。而“make”作为谓语动词，与“who”一起构成定语从句，表达“使……与众不同”的含义，完整表达为“who make Guizhou special”。故填who；make。 4. （2025·贵州铜仁·三模）我们中国人常说：行动胜于空谈，是成功的关键。 As we Chinese often say: Actions, ________ ________ louder than words, are the keys to success. 【答案】 which speak 【详解】分析句子结构可知，空处句子是非限制性定语从句，先行词actions指物，作主语，引导词用which，speak“说”，作从句的谓语；时态是一般现在时，主语是复数，谓语动词用原形。故填which；speak。 5. （2025·贵州铜仁·三模）回顾参与生态保护项目的经历，我深深感激那些指导我的志愿者们。 Looking back at joining environmental protection projects, I’m really thankful for the volunteers ________ ________ guided me. 【答案】 who/that have 【详解】分析句子可知，此处需要一个定语从句来修饰先行词“the volunteers”，表示“那些指导我的志愿者们”。在定语从句中，关系词需要代替先行词在从句中充当成分，由于先行词“the volunteers”指人，且在从句中作主语，所以应使用关系代词“who/that”来引导定语从句；“指导我”的动作发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响，因此需要用现在完成时“have/has done”，“the volunteers”是复数，助动词用have。故填who/that；have。 6. （2017·辽宁盘锦·一模）她是一个容易相处的人。 She is an easy person _________________. 【答案】to get on with/to get along with/who we get on with/who we get along with 【详解】根据中英文对照可知，此处缺少“容易相处”。get on/along with“容易相处的”；“某人是一个……的人”常用句型为“主语+be+形容词+名词+to do”，其中不定式用主动表被动，即“an easy person to get on/along with”。或者，用定语从句“who we get on/along with”也可表达相同含义。故填to get on with/to get along with/who we get on with/who we get along with。 7. （2026·四川达州·模拟预测）The factory where my father worked was closed last year. (改为同义句) The factory ________ ________ my father worked was closed last year. 【答案】 in which 【详解】句意：我爸爸工作的工厂去年关闭了。原句中“where my father worked”是一个定语从句，用来修饰先行词“the factory”。“where”在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“in which”。故填in；which。 8. （2022·江苏无锡·二模）那架失控的飞机失踪多久了？ How long _______________________? 【答案】has the plane out of control been missing/has the plane which was out of control been missing/has the plane that was out of control been missing 【详解】失踪：be missing，作谓语；失控：out of control，作后置定语修饰主语；或者充当定语从句中的成分，先行词是“the plane”，关系代词用which/that；飞机：the plane，作主语；根据中文提示可知，宜用现在完成时，助动词has提到主语前构成疑问句；故填has the plane out of control been missing/has the plane which/that was out of control been missing。 9. （2022·江苏无锡·三模）有编故事天赋的人通常都是能言善辩、才思敏捷的人。 Those who _______________________________________ stories are usually talkative and quick in thought. 【答案】have a gift for making up 【详解】have a gift for“有天赋”，主语是复数，动词用原形；make up“编造”，for是介词，后用动名词作宾语。故填have a gift for making up。 10. （2022·江苏常州·二模）我们在任何时候都不应该嘲笑处于困境中的人。 __________________________________ at any time. 【答案】We shouldn’t laugh at people who are in trouble/We shouldn’t laugh at those who are in trouble 【详解】根据中英文可知，We shouldn’t“我们不应该”；laugh at“嘲笑”；people/those who are in trouble“处于困境中的人”，情态动词后跟动词原形。故填We shouldn’t laugh at people who are in trouble/We shouldn’t laugh at those who are in trouble。 11. （2022·江苏无锡·三模）这首具有浓烈地方特色的音乐值得一听再听。 The music __________________ listening to again and again. 【答案】has such strong local color that it is worth/that/which has strong local colour is worth 【详解】具有：have，句子用一般现在时，主语是The music，谓语动词用单三；强烈的地方特色：strong local color；由语境可知，此处是结构“such…that如此……以至于”引导结果状语从句，值得做某事：be worth doing；句子主语是it，be动词用is；或者用定语从句，结构为that/which has strong local colour is worth故填has such strong local color that it is worth/that/which has strong local colour is worth。 12. （2021·江苏常州·一模）1969年7月20日，阿姆斯特朗成为第一个登上月球的人。 On 20 July 1969, Armstrong ________________. 【答案】became the first man to walk on the moon/became the first man that walked on the moon 【详解】become成为；句型the first man to do sth.第一个做某事的人。根据“On 20 July 1969”可知，时态用一般过去时，所以可以填became the first man to walk on the moon.。当然the first man也可作先行词，后用定语从句，也可以填became the first man that walked on the moon.。故填became the first man to walk on the moon.##became he first man that walked on the moon.。 13. （2021·江苏无锡·一模）这个小男孩想知道哪个国家是世界第二大人口国。 The little boy wonders ________ in the world. 【答案】which country has the second largest population 【详解】根据语境并结合所给的汉语提示可知，这里考查的是“第二大”的英语表达；在英语中，习惯由“序数词+形容词最高级”来表示等级之最；此外，这是一个宾语从句，引导词表示“哪一个”，应用which。由于宾语从句表达的是客观真理和事实，所以时态用一般现在时；which country作主语，谓语用单数has。故填which country has the second largest population。 14. （2022·江苏无锡·一模）这种手工制作的花篮已经在聚会中广泛使用。 This kind of flower basket ___________ in different kinds of parties. 【答案】which is made by hand has been widely used/made by hand has been widely used 【详解】“手工制作的”made by hand，过去分词作后置定语，也可用which引导的定语从句修饰先行词“This kind of flower basket”，其后用一般现在时的被动语态“is made by hand”；“（被）广泛使用”be widely used，再由“已经”可知用现在完成时，主语“basket”是单数，其后用助动词has，be的过去分词形式为been。故填which is made by hand has been widely used/made by hand has been widely used。 15. （2022·江苏常州·一模）芦笛岩是一个有着众多奇特造型岩石的洞穴。 The Reed Flute Cave is a cave ____________________________________________________. 【答案】with many rocks in different/unusual shapes/which/that has many rocks in different shapes 【详解】“有着”可用with表示；“众多”many；岩石“rocks”；“奇特造型”in different/unusual shapes。此处也可用定语从句，先行词a cave指物，且在从句中作主语，用which或that引导定语从句；“有”have，先行词是单数，谓语动词用has。故填with many rocks in different/unusual shapes/which/that has many rocks in different shapes。 三、语法填空 Passage 1 （2025·江苏宿迁·一模）阅读短文，在文中空白处填入1个适当的单词，或用括号内所给词的正确形式填空，使短文完整。 The Kind Act of a Group of University Students On November 12,2024, Xiang Jianjun, a courier  (快递员) in Shanghai, avoided a person 1 was walking in the street. He fell off his e-bike and his left leg was 2 (bad) hurt. Some students from Fudan University sent him to the hospital. However, after 3 (learn) that 10, 000-yuan medical deposit (押金) was required , Xiang chose to return home. He 4 (be) unable to afford (付得起) the cost. Hearing that, the group of kind university students decided 5 (do) something. They organized 6 project to raise money for him. The project started 7 the evening of November 15 and rapidly got wide support, reaching its 50,000-yuan goal within just three hours. Besides, a volunteer named Chen Zheng pre-paid (预付)5,000 yuan. Xiang 8 (accept) by the hospital in time and had a 9 (success) operation. People are deeply moved by this story. It has made more people pay attention to the difficulties faced by couriers. And it helps people realize the importance of providing a safety net for honest 10 (worker). 【答案】 1. who/that 2. badly 3. learning 4. was 5. to do 6. a 7. on 8. was accepted 9. successful 10. workers 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了一群复旦大学的学生帮助受伤快递员的暖心故事。 1. 句意：2024年11月12日，上海的快递员向建军为了避让一个正在街上行走的人。根据“Xiang Jianjun, a courier in Shanghai, avoided a person...was walking in the street.”可知，“...was walking in the street”是一个定语从句，用来修饰先行词“a person”，先行词在从句中作主语，且指人，所以用关系代词who或that引导。故填who/that。 2. 句意：他从电动车上摔了下来，左腿受了重伤。根据“his left leg was...hurt”可知，这里需要用副词来修饰动词“hurt”，表示受伤的程度，结合所给单词bad，其副词形式badly表示“严重地”。故填badly。 3. 句意：然而，在得知需要1万元的医疗押金后，向建军选择了回家。根据“after…that 10, 000-yuan medical deposit was required”可知，after是介词，后面接动词时要用动名词形式，所以用learn的动名词learning。故填learning。 4. 句意：他无法承担这笔费用。根据“He...unable to afford the cost.”可知，这里描述过去的情况，主语He是第三人称单数，句子时态是一般过去时，所以be动词用was。故填was。 5. 句意：听到这个消息后，这群善良的大学生决定做点什么。根据“the group of kind university students decided...something”可知，“decide to do sth.”是固定搭配，表示“决定做某事”，所以这里用动词不定式to do。故填to do。 6. 句意：他们组织了一个项目为他筹款。根据“They organized...project to raise money for him.”可知，这里表示“一个项目”，project是可数名词，以辅音音素开头，所以用不定冠词a修饰。故填a。 7. 句意：这个项目于11月15日晚上启动。根据“The project started...the evening of November 15”可知，在具体某一天的晚上要用介词on。故填on。 8. 句意：向建军及时被医院收治，并进行了一次成功的手术。根据“Xiang…by the hospital in time”可知，Xiang和accept之间是被动关系，表示“向建军被医院收治”，句子时态是一般过去时，所以用一般过去时的被动语态，其结构为“was/were +动词的过去分词”，主语Xiang是第三人称单数，be动词用was，accept的过去分词是accepted。故填was accepted。 9. 句意：向建军及时被医院收治，并进行了一次成功的手术。根据“had a...operation”可知，这里需要用形容词来修饰名词operation，结合所给单词success，其形容词形式successful表示“成功的”。故填successful。 10. 句意：它帮助人们认识到为诚实的劳动者提供保障的重要性。根据“providing a safety net for honest...”可知，worker是可数名词，这里表示泛指劳动者这个群体，要用复数形式workers。故填workers。 Passage 2 （24-25九年级下·江苏宿迁·月考）根据短文内容，用括号内所给词的正确时态或形式填空使短文完整。 On November 24, Florence Chiaying Yeh, also known as Ye Jiaying, passed away on Sunday in Tianjin 1 the age of 100, according to Nankai University where she held a teaching post. Yeh was famous for teaching Chinese classical literature around the world. So far, her teaching 2 (influence) many people. Yeh was born in Beijing in July 1924. She began to learn poetry when she was very young. She graduated from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature at Fu Jen Catholic University in 1945. In 3 1950s and 1960s, Yeh taught at several 4 (university) in Taiwan, China and then moved to Vancouver. Canada in1969. In 1979, she started giving free speeches on the Chinese mainland during the holidays. Yeh devoted most of her time to 5 (create), researching and teaching Chinese poetry both in China and abroad. She insisted on teaching even in her 6 (ninety), and videos of her speeches spread widely on Chinese social media platforms. In 2018 and 2019, Yeh made a great 7 (decide) to donate all her savings (35. 68 million yuan) to Nankai University. Later she 8 (present) with the “Touching China” award in 2020. “I have never cared about personal wealth as I’ve faced many difficulties and losses in my lifetime. In my darkest moments, it was poetry that enabled me to gain my view, ” she said. Those 9 have listened to Yeh’s speeches said that she always guided her students step by step and made it easy 10 (learn) and enjoy poetry. 【答案】 1. at 2. has influenced 3. the 4. universities 5. creating 6. nineties 7. decision 8. was presented 9. who 10. to learn 【导语】本文主要讲述了叶嘉莹的生平事迹。 1. 句意：据叶嘉莹任职的南开大学称，11月24日，Florence Chiaying Yeh，又名叶嘉莹，于周日在天津去世，享年100岁。根据“the age of 100”可知，at the age of“在……岁时”。故填at。 2. 句意：到目前为止，她的教学影响了许多人。influence“影响”。根据“So far”可知，句子时态为现在完成时，其结构为：have/has+动词过去分词，主语her teaching为三单，故助动词用has，动词influence的过去分词是influenced。故填has influenced。 3. 句意：在20世纪50年代和60年代，叶嘉莹在中国台湾的几所大学任教，然后于1969年搬到了加拿大温哥华。根据 “In...1950s and 1960s”可知，此处为“in the+整十年代的复数形式”表示 “在……世纪……年代” ，用于明确特定的时间段。故填the。 4. 句意：在20世纪50年代和60年代，叶嘉莹在中国台湾的几所大学任教，然后于1969年搬到了加拿大温哥华。university“大学”。several后接可数名词的复数形式，所以空处应填名词university的复数形式。故填universities。 5. 句意：在国内外，叶嘉莹把大部分时间都花在创作、研究和教授中国诗歌上。create“创造”。devote one’s time to doing sth.“投入某人的时间精力做某事”，故空处应填create的动名词形式。故填creating。 6. 句意：她甚至在90多岁时仍坚持教学，她的演讲视频在中国社交媒体平台上广泛传播。ninety“九十”。“in one’s+整十的基数词的复数形式”表示 “在某人几十多岁时”，所以空处应填基数词ninety的复数形式。故填nineties。 7. 句意：在2018年和2019年，叶嘉莹做了一个伟大的决定，将自己的全部积蓄（3568万元）捐给南开大学。make a decision“做决定”。故填decision。 8. 句意：后来，她在2020年被授予“感动中国”奖。根据“in 2020”可知，句子时态为一般过去时；主语she和动词present“授予，颁发”之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，所以空处应用一般过去时的被动语态，其结构是：was/were+动词过去分词，主语she表示单数，所以应用be动词was，动词present的过去分词是presented。故填was presented。 9. 句意：那些听过叶嘉莹演讲的人说，她总是一步一步地引导她的学生，她使学习和欣赏诗歌变得容易。空格处引导定语从句，从句缺主语，先行词为Those表示“那些人”，故此处应用关系代词who引导定语从句。故填who。 10. 句意：那些听过叶嘉莹演讲的人说，她总是一步一步地引导她的学生，她使学习和欣赏诗歌变得容易。learn“学习”。“make it+形容词+ to do sth.”表示“使做某事怎么样”，所以空处应填动词不定式to learn。故填to learn。 Passage 3 （2025·江苏常州·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Appreciation (欣赏) of Ru Meng Ling by Li Qingzhao Ru Meng Ling is one of the most famous ci-poems written by Li Qingzhao, a famous female poet in Chinese history. This short yet 1 (mean) ci-poem reflects (反映) her unique writing style and deep emotions. In this ci-poem, Li Qingzhao remembers 2 (she) joyful trip in her youth. The vivid description of the scenery makes readers feel as if they were there. Words like “lotus boats (莲舟)” and “herons (鹭)” create 3 peaceful and picturesque world. What’s more, the use of rhetorical devices (修辞手法) adds 4 (much) charm to the ci-poem. For example, the repetition of “how can I” shows her confusion (困惑) and helplessness when 5 (try) to find the way back. Through these words, we can clearly understand her excitement at the 6 (begin) and her anxiety later. Li Qingzhao 7 (write) this ci-poem with simple but powerful language. It not only shows her talent in literature 8 also makes people think about the beauty of nature and the 9 (change) of life. Even centuries after it was written, Ru Meng Ling remains a beloved (深爱的) poem 10 continues to resonate (共鸣) with people around the world. 【答案】 1. meaningful 2. her 3. a 4. more 5. trying 6. beginning 7. wrote 8. but 9. changes 10. that/which 【导语】本文主要赏析了李清照的《如梦令》。 1. 句意：这首短小隽永的词反映了她独特的写作风格和深厚的情感。mean“意思是”，动词，根据“This short yet…ci-poem reflects…”可知，此处指这首“意味深长的”词，应用其对应的形容词形式作定语修饰主语“ci-poem”。故填meaningful。 2. 句意：在这首词中，李清照回忆了她年轻时的愉快旅行。she“她”，代词主格，根据“remembers…joyful trip in her youth”可知，此处指李清照记得“她的”愉快旅行，应用其对应的形容词性物主代词作定语修饰宾语trip。故填her。 3. 句意：“莲舟”和“鹭”这样的词创造了一个宁静而美丽的世界。根据“create…peaceful and picturesque world.”及语境可知，此处指创造了“一个”宁静而美丽的世界，且peaceful发音是以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a表泛指。故填a。 4. 句意：更重要的是，修辞手法的运用为词增添了更多的魅力。much“许多”，根据“What’s more, the use of rhetorical devices adds…charm to the ci-poem.”及语境可知，此处指在《如梦令》中修辞手法的运用为词增添了“更多的”魅力，应用其对应的比较级形式作定语修饰charm。故填more。 5. 句意：例如，重复的“how can I”表现了她在试图找到回去的路时的困惑和无助。try“尝试”，动词，分析题干，空处所在句为省略句，此处指李清照“试图”找到回去的路，应用“when+doing”表示“当做……事情时”，应用其对应的现在分词形式构成简洁的时间状语。故填trying。 6. 句意：通过这些话，我们可以清楚地了解她开始的兴奋和后来的焦虑。begin“开始”，动词，根据“…and her anxiety later”及语境可知，此处在对比李清照开始时和后来心境的变化，应用其对应的名词形式与之构成介词短语，“at the beginning”表示“在开始时”。故填beginning。 7. 句意：李清照用简单而有力的语言写了这首词。write“写”，动词，结合第一段“Ru Meng Ling is one of the most famous ci-poems written by Li Qingzhao, a famous female poet in Chinese history.”及常识可知，《如梦令》的创作于中国历史上的某个时期，表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态，时态为一般过去时，应用其对应的动词过去式作谓语。故填wrote。 8. 句意：这不仅展示了她的文学才华，也让人们思考自然之美和生活的变化。根据语境及“It not only…also…”可知，空处所在句用于连接两个具有递进关系的成分，强调后者内容的重要性或程度上的加深，应用but与之构成“not only…but also…”，表示“不仅……而且……”。故填but。 9. 句意：这不仅展示了她的文学才华，也让人们思考自然之美和生活的变化。change“改变”，动词或名词，根据语境及“the beauty of nature and the…of life.”可知，此处指自然之美和生活中的“变化”，应用其对应的名词复数形式表泛指。故填changes。 10. 句意：即使在创作了几个世纪之后，《如梦令》仍然是一首深受人们喜爱的诗，并继续与世界各地的人们产生共鸣。分析题干，该句为定语从句，指“继续与世界各地的人们产生共鸣”的诗，其先行词为poem，表示事物，应用关系代词that或which修饰先行词poem。故填that/which。 Passage 4 （2025·江苏常州·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 About six hundred miles off the coast of Ecuador (厄瓜多尔) are some very unusual islands. They have an unusual location. They have unusual animals living on them. Some of these animals don’t live 1 (somewhere) else in the world. This makes these islands very special. The islands are home 2 tortoises that can live up to two hundred years. 3 only penguins on the equator (赤道) live here. The islands also have birds with bright blue feet. Islands can 4 (form) in several ways. Sometimes they are created when 5 (rise)seas separate hills and mountains from the mainland. Sometimes the opposite 6 (happen). Over time, oceans and lakes grow 7 (small). The high land 8 was previously underwater comes out of water. Sometimes underwater volcanoes on the ocean floor put out lava (熔岩). This lava hardens and creates layers of land. More and more layers are added over many 9 (century), and over time the hardened lava rises to the surface of the water. The volcanoes continue to grow and islands continue to expand 10 the melted rock meets the cool ocean. This is how the Galapagos Islands were formed. 【答案】 1. anywhere 2. to 3. The 4. be formed 5. rising 6. happens 7. smaller 8. that/which 9. centuries 10. until 【导语】本文主要介绍了厄瓜多尔附近海岸有一些岛屿，并且介绍了这些岛屿的形成原因。 1. 句意：这些动物中的一些不生活在世界上任何别的地方。根据空前“don’t”可知，本句为否定句。否定句中somewhere应改为anywhere。故填anywhere。 2. 句意：这些岛屿是可以活到两百岁的乌龟们的家园。be home to“是……的家园”。故填to。 3. 句意：赤道上唯一的企鹅们就生活在这里。根据“on the equator”可知，此处特指“赤道上的企鹅”，所以用定冠词the，the only“唯一的”，句首首字母大写。故填The。 4. 句意：岛屿可以以几种方式形成。主语Islands与动词form“形成”之间是被动关系，所以此处要用被动语态；情态动词can后接动词原形。故填be formed。 5. 句意：有时，当上升的海水将山丘和山脉与大陆分开时，它们就形成了。分析句子结构和所给单词可知，应填rise的形容词形式rising“上升的”，作定语，修饰名词seas，表示上升的海水。故填rising。 6. 句意：有时相反的情况发生。根据“Sometimes”可知，用一般现在时，描述客观事实，主语 the opposite 为第三人称单数，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式happens。故填happens。 7. 句意：随着时间的推移，海洋和湖泊变得更小。根据下一句“The high land ... was previously underwater comes out of water.”和所给单词可知，此处表示海洋和湖泊变小了，以前在水下的高地露出了水面。应填形容词small的比较级形式smaller“更小的”，表示和高地露出了水面之前相比较。故填smaller。 8. 句意：以前在水下的高地从水中露出。分析句子结构可知，应填关系代词that/which，引导定语从句，修饰先行词land，指物，并在从句中做主语。故填that/which。 9. 句意：经过许多世纪，添加的熔岩层越来越多，而且随着时间的推移，硬化的熔岩上升到水面。many后接名词复数形式，century的复数形式是centuries。故填centuries。 10. 句意：火山继续生长，岛屿继续扩张，直到融化的岩石遇到凉爽的海洋。根据“The volcanoes continue to grow and islands continue to expand”和“the melted rock meets the cool ocean”可知，应填连词until“直到”，引导时间状语从句，表示直到融化的岩石遇到凉爽的海洋。故填until。 Passage 5 （24-25九年级上·湖南怀化·期末）阅读下面的短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A hairdresser Xiaohua has become famous on the Internet because she tries to understand what customers really want. Since videos of her cutting hair attracted much attention on Douyin, many tourists have come to her live streaming (直播间) 1 (learn) her skills or simply to talk. Some 2 (excite) fans are even coming to visit her shop in Huaihua, 3 city in Hunan Province, to get a haircut. Xiaohua, whose real name is Li Jing, first started to put videos on Douyin in February. At first, they didn’t get much attention. But last month, one of her videos suddenly attracted lots of attention, and netizens (网民) praised her for understanding customers’ needs. So now she 4 (invite) to open stores in their hometowns or to give lectures to hairdressers across the country. Faced with such great 5 (popular), Xiaohua said she does not consider herself a professional hairdresser. She believes there are many hairdressers 6 have better skills than her. She 7 (most) cuts hair for male customers and 30 yuan for each haircut. “I am a common hairdresser,” she said,“ I have not considered 8 (raise) the price for a haircut because the trust from people is satisfying enough.” And thanks 9 Xiaohua, Huaihua is now hotter than ever. More and more people are trying the local food and visiting beautiful places there. It’s a great example that one 10 (person) talent can make a city famous. 【答案】 1. to learn 2. excited 3. a 4. is invited 5. popularity 6. who/that 7. mostly 8. raising 9. to 10. person’s 【导语】本文主要介绍了晓华独特的理发方式，使得她自己和她所在的湖南怀化市也跟着变得热门起来。 1. 句意：由于她剪头发的视频在抖音上引起了很多关注，许多游客来到她的直播现场学习她的技能或只是聊天。根据文中“many tourists have come to her live streaming…her skills or simply to talk.”及提示词可知，此处指的是许多游客来到她的直播现场去学习她的技能。to learn“去学习”，动词不定式作目的状语。故填to learn。 2. 句意：一些激动的粉丝甚至来到她在湖南省怀化市的店里理发。根据文中“ Some…fans are even coming to visit her shop in Huaihua”及提示词可知，此处指的是一些激动的粉丝们，空处应为形容词“excited”，修饰名词“fans”。故填excited。 3. 句意：一些激动的粉丝甚至来到她在湖南省怀化市的店里理发。根据文中“Some…fans are even coming to visit her shop in Huaihua…city in Hunan Province, to get a haircut.”可知，此处泛指一个城市，“city”，以辅音音素字母开头，空处应为不定冠词“a”。故填a。 4. 句意：所以现在她被邀请在他们的家乡开店或者给全国的理发师做讲座。根据文中“So now she…to open stores in their hometowns or to give lectures to hairdressers across the country.”及提示词可知，此处指的是她被邀请在家乡开店，句子时态为一般现在时，主语“she”，谓语部分为被动语态，其结构为：is done。invite“邀请”，其过去分词为“invited”，符合语境。故填is invited。 5. 句意：面对如此高的人气，晓华说她不认为自己是一名专业理发师。根据文中“Faced with such great…Xiaohua said she does not consider herself a professional hairdresser.”及提示词可知，此处指的是面对如此高的人气，popular“受欢迎的”，空处应为其名词形式“popularity”。故填popularity。 6. 句意：她相信有很多理发师比她技术更好。根据文中“She believes there are many hairdressers…have better skills than her.”可知，此处指的是她相信有很多理发师比她技术更好。句子应为that/who引导的定语从句，先行词“hairdresser”，指人；关系代词“that”或“who”代替先行词在从句中作主语。故填who/that。 7. 句意：她多为男顾客理发，每次理发30元。根据文中“She…cuts hair for male customers and 30 yuan for each haircut.”及提示词可知，此处指的是她多为男士理发。mostly“大部分；主要地”，副词修饰动词“cuts”。故填mostly。 8. 句意：我没有考虑过提高理发的价格，因为人们的信任已经足够令人满意了。根据文中“I have not considered…the price for a haircut”及提示词可知，此处指的是考虑提高理发的价格。consider doing sth“考虑做某事”，固定短语。故填raising。 9. 句意：多亏了晓华，怀化现在比以前更火了。根据文中“And thanks…Xiaohua, Huaihua is now hotter than ever.”可知，此处指的是多亏了晓华，thanks to“多亏了”，固定短语。故填to。 10. 句意：一个人的才华可以让一个城市出名，这是一个很好的例子。根据文中“It’s a great example that one…talent can make a city famous.”及提示词可知，此处指的是一个人的才华，person“人”，空处应为其名词所有格形式“person’s”，修饰名词“talent”。故填person’s。 Passage 6 （2025·江苏常州·一模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Respected scholar (学者) of Chinese classical literature Ye Jiaying passed away on November 24th, 2024, 1 the age of 100, according to Nankai University, where Ye worked for a large part of her life. Born in a family of intellectuals (知识分子) in Beijing in 1924, Ye 2 (introduce) to classical poetry (诗歌) and the English language from a young age. In college, she studied poetry with a famous master of Chinese literature Gu Sui 3 influenced her understanding of poetry and life greatly. In the 1950s and 1960s, Ye taught at several 4 (university) in Taiwan. Then in 1969, Ye moved to Canada, and began introducing Chinese classical poetry to Western people. Her pioneering work earned her a scholarship in the Royal Society of Canada in 1991. It made her the 5 (one) and only Chinese scholar of classical literature to receive this medal. Driven by a deep love for her homeland and 6 (it) cultural heritage (遗产), Ye returned to Taiwan in 1978. From 1979 onward, she made lots of speeches on Chinese literature and poetry 7 (success). Then finally she 8 (live) at Nankai University in her later years. Ye kept on 9 (teach) well into her 90s. She not only devoted her life to teaching and promoting (宣传) of Chinese poetry 10 donated all her savings, up to 35.68 million yuan, to Nankai University in 2018 and 2019. 【答案】 1. at 2. was introduced 3. who 4. universities 5. first 6. its 7. successfully 8. lived 9. teaching 10. but 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了中国古典文学学者叶嘉莹的生平事迹，包括她的学术成就和对中国古典诗歌的推广。 1. 句意：中国古典文学著名学者叶嘉莹于2024年11月24日去世，享年100岁。at the age of“在……岁时”，固定搭配。故填at。 2. 句意：叶嘉莹于 1924 年出生于北京一个知识分子家庭，从小就接触古典诗歌和英语。主语“Ye”与动词“introduce”是被动关系，且描述过去的事情，需用被动语态“was introduced”。故填was introduced。 3. 句意：她在大学师从中国文学大师顾随，顾随极大地影响了她的诗歌和人生理解。空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代“Gu Sui”，且在从句中作主语，需用关系代词“who”。故填who。 4. 句意：20世纪50至60年代，叶嘉莹在台湾的几所大学任教。several后接可数名词复数形式“universities”。故填universities。 5. 句意：这使她成为首位且唯一获得该奖章的中国古典文学学者。根据“the...and only...”可知需用序数词“first”表示“第一位”。故填first。 6. 句意：出于对祖国及其文化遗产的热爱，叶嘉莹于1978年返回台湾。空处修饰名词“cultural heritage”，需用形容词性物主代词“its”。故填its。 7. 句意：1979年起，她成功举办了多场关于中国文学与诗歌的演讲。空处修饰动词made，需用副词“successfully”。 故填successfully。 8. 句意：之后在她晚年时，最终定居于南开大学。描述过去的事情，动词需用过去式“lived”。故填lived。 9. 句意：叶嘉莹坚持教学直至90多岁高龄。kept on doing sth“继续做某事”，后接动名词“teaching”。 故填teaching。 10. 句意：她不仅毕生致力于中国诗歌的教学与推广，还在2018年和2019年向南开大学捐赠了全部积蓄，共计3568万元。not only…but (also)…表示“不仅……而且……”。故填but。 20 / 20乐思英语 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $中考核心语法精练 专题09 定语从句-中考核心语法（江苏专用） 内容提要 核心语法回顾 专项能力突破 中考模拟提升 一、定语从句分类及核心特征表格 本表明确限制性与非限制性定语从句的核心差异，从标点、关系词、语义等维度区分，助力快速判断从句类型。 对比 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 典型例句 标点符号 无逗号，与主句紧密衔接 有逗号，与主句语义分离 限制性：The girl who wears red is my sister.；非限制性：The girl，who wears red，is my sister. 关系词范围 可使用 that、which、who、whom、whose、when、where、why 不可使用 that，可用 which、who、whom、whose、as、when、where（无 why） 限制性：The book that I read is good.；非限制性：The book，which I read，is good. 语义作用 限定先行词范围，明确指代对象 补充说明先行词，提供附加信息 限制性：I like the pen which is black.（限定黑色的笔）；非限制性：I like the pen，which is black.（补充笔是黑色） 省略影响 省略后主句语义模糊，无法明确指代 省略后主句语义完整，仅损失附加信息 限制性：The student who won the prize is Tom.（省略不知哪名学生）；非限制性：The student，who won the prize，is Tom.（省略仍明确是汤姆） 适用场景 修饰普通名词，需缩小范围 修饰专有名词 / 整个主句，无需限定 限制性：He likes movies that are exciting.；非限制性：Beijing，which is China’s capital，is beautiful. 使用注意事项 1. 专有名词后优先用非限制性定语从句（如人名、地名、书名），因专有名词本身具有唯一性，无需限定。 2. 非限制性定语从句的关系词不可省略，即使作宾语（如 The man，whom we met，is a doctor）。 3. 指代整个主句内容时，只能用非限制性定语从句，由 which 或 as 引导（如 He passed the exam，which made his parents happy）。 二、定语从句关系词核心用法表格 本表梳理关系代词、关系副词的适用对象、从句成分及易错点，帮助精准匹配先行词与关系词。 类别 关系词 先行词类型 从句中成分 典型例句 易错提醒 关系 代词 that 人 / 物 主语、宾语（宾语可省略） The boy that helped me is my classmate.（主语）；The book（that）I read is interesting.（宾语） 不可用于非限制性从句和介词后 who 人 主语、宾语（宾语可省略） The girl who is talking is my sister.（主语）；The man（who）we met is a doctor.（宾语） 不可指代物，口语中作宾语可替代 whom whom 人 宾语（可省略，介词后必用） The girl（whom）he talked to is his cousin.；The girl to whom he talked is his cousin. 不可作主语，口语中可用 who 替代 whose 人 / 物 定语（后接名词，表所属） This is the boy whose father is a driver.（人）；I like the house whose windows face the park.（物） 后必须接名词，不可单独使用 which 物 / 整个主句 主语、宾语（宾语可省略） The pen which lies on the desk is mine.（主语）；He passed the exam，which made us happy.（指代主句） 可用于非限制性从句和介词后 as 人 / 物 / 整个主句 主语、宾语 As we all know，the earth is round.（指代主句）；The film，as I expected，is wonderful.（指代物） 可置于句首，表 “正如”，有固定搭配 关系 副词 when 时间名词（day/year 等） 时间状语（= 介词 + which） I remember the day when we first met.（=on which） 从句完整（缺状语）用 when，缺主 / 宾用 that/which where 地点名词（place/school 等） 地点状语（= 介词 + which） This is the school where I studied.（=in which） 区分定语从句与地点状语从句（前有先行词用 where） why reason（仅修饰 reason） 原因状语（=for which） Do you know the reason why he was late?（=for which） 仅修饰 reason，其他原因名词用 for which 使用注意事项 1. 关系词判断两步法：先找先行词（人 / 物 / 时间 / 地点 / 原因），再分析从句成分（缺主 / 宾 / 定语用代词，缺状语用副词）。 2. 避免成分冗余：关系词已作从句主语 / 宾语时，不可额外加人称代词（错误：The boy who he helped me is kind）。 3. 介词后置规则：介词可置于关系词前（仅 which/whom）或句末（that/who/which 均可），如 “The book which I read about”=“The book about which I read”。 三、定语从句易混辨析及特殊用法表格 本表针对高频易混点和特殊场景，拆解核心差异，解决难点问题。 场景 核心规则 典型例句对比 that vs which 1. that 不可用于非限制性从句和介词后；2. 先行词既有人又有物时用 that；3. 先行词为不定代词（all/everything 等）时用 that ① 非限制性：The book，which I read，is good.（不可用 that）；② 人 + 物：The teachers and students that visited the museum were excited.（用 that）；③ 不定代词：Everything that he said is true.（用 that） as vs which（指代主句） 1. as 可置于句首，表 “正如”；2. which 多置于句末；3. as 有固定搭配（as we all know） ① As we all know，he is honest.（句首，表正如）；② He is honest，which/as we all know.（句末，可互换） 关系代词 vs 关系副词 1. 从句缺主 / 宾 / 定语→关系代词；2. 从句缺状语→关系副词；3. 关系副词 = 介词 + 关系代词 ① 缺宾语：I remember the day that we spent together.（that 作宾语）；② 缺状语：I remember the day when we met.（when 作状语 = on which） 定语从句与简单句转换 1. 从句改简单句：关系代词从句→介词短语 / 分词短语；2. 简单句改从句：介词短语 / 分词短语→补关系词 + 从句 ① 从句改简单句：The boy who is wearing red→The boy in red；② 简单句改从句：The girl with long hair→The girl who has long hair 使用注意事项 1. 先行词为不定代词（all/anything/nothing 等）、序数词、最高级修饰时，只能用 that，不可用 which。 2. as 的固定搭配需牢记（as is known to all/as expected/as follows），不可用 which 替代。 3. 转换时需保持语义一致，不可增减信息，介词选择需贴合先行词搭配习惯（如 write with a pen→with which I write）。 一、单项选择 1．（2025·江苏扬州·一模）The volunteers ________ risked their lives to save people during the fire are true heroes. A．that B．whom C．which D．/ 2．（2025·江苏南京·三模）The painting Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is an amazing artwork ________ shows the lively scenes of busy streets in Bianjing during the Northern Song Dynasty. A．which B．who C．what D．when 3．（2025·江苏扬州·一模）—Have you heard of Black Myth (神话): Wukong? —Sure. It is a new video game ________ brings the magic of Chinese legends to life. A．who B．what C．which D．/ 4．（2023·江苏扬州·二模）After many years of looking, scientists have found a planet __________is similar to the Earth. A．that B．who C．what D．when 5．（24-25九年级·浙江宁波·自主招生）With snow-covered mountains, lakes and vast grasslands, Shangri-la is a heavenly world ________ people live in harmony with nature. A．that B．in that C．where D．which 6．（24-25九年级上·江苏扬州·期末）—Do you know everyone ______ came to your party? —No. I don’t know the one ______ you talked to just now. A．who; / B．whose; that C．that; which D．/; whom 7．（2025·江苏南京·模拟预测）—Ian, what are you watching with tears in your eyes? —A short video about Zhang Guimei ________ has devoted her life to girls’ education. A．who B．whom C．whose D．which 8．（24-25九年级上·江苏盐城·期中）—Your father’s birthday is coming soon, Liu Tao. What’s your surprise for your father? —The first thing ________ I will do is to make a card for him. A．who B．where C．whose D．that 9．（23-24九年级上·安徽淮南·期末）Do you know the book ________ cover has a beautiful picture is Mary’s? A．which B．that C．who D．whose 10．（2025·江苏扬州·二模）Have you found the details of Yangliwei ________ you can use for your report? A．whom B．what C．which D．who 11．（2023·江苏扬州·一模）—Have you heard about the panda Huahua ________ many visitors are queuing to see these days? —Yes, it looks so cute. A．who B．whose C．that D．what 12．（2024·江苏泰州·二模）—Do you know the song ________ is very popular these days? —Sure. It is about a girl ________ asked for help with her hoodie (帽衫) on TikTok. A．that; which B．which; who C．who; which D．who; that 13．（2023·江苏泰州·一模）China is ________ the US’ action on TikTok. “A lot of risks ________ are pointed out are not true at all.” said Chew（周受资）, the CFO of ByteDance. A．against; that B．for; which C．against; who D．for; that 14．（2024·广东珠海·模拟预测）New York is the state ________ Donald John Trump was born in. A．when B．where C．who D．which 15．（22-23九年级上·湖北襄阳·期末）— She is an excellent coach ________. — Yes. She’s good at teaching. A．whom helps us get good grades B．which make our marks improve a lot C．that have great influence on the test D．who knows how to get results 二、完成句子 1. （2025·广东广州·二模）到达那里之后，我们尽力做我们能做的事情去帮助他们。 After arriving there, we tried our best to do the things _______ _______ _______ _______ help them. 2. （2025·贵州贵阳·二模）正在公园里跳舞的那位女士是我姑姑。 The woman ________________________________ dancing in the park is my aunt. 3. （2025·贵州铜仁·三模）最重要的是，你会遇到让贵州与众不同的人——农民在山上种茶，孩子们唱民歌，以及脸上洋溢着慈祥笑容的长者。 Most importantly, you’ll meet people ________ ________ Guizhou special—farmers growing tea on hills, kids singing folk songs, and elders with warm smiles on their faces. 4. （2025·贵州铜仁·三模）我们中国人常说：行动胜于空谈，是成功的关键。 As we Chinese often say: Actions, ________ ________ louder than words, are the keys to success. 5. （2025·贵州铜仁·三模）回顾参与生态保护项目的经历，我深深感激那些指导我的志愿者们。 Looking back at joining environmental protection projects, I’m really thankful for the volunteers ________ ________ guided me. 6. （2017·辽宁盘锦·一模）她是一个容易相处的人。 She is an easy person _________________. 7. （2026·四川达州·模拟预测）The factory where my father worked was closed last year. (改为同义句) The factory ________ ________ my father worked was closed last year. 8. （2022·江苏无锡·二模）那架失控的飞机失踪多久了？ How long _______________________? 9. （2022·江苏无锡·三模）有编故事天赋的人通常都是能言善辩、才思敏捷的人。 Those who _______________________________________ stories are usually talkative and quick in thought. 10. （2022·江苏常州·二模）我们在任何时候都不应该嘲笑处于困境中的人。 __________________________________ at any time. 11. （2022·江苏无锡·三模）这首具有浓烈地方特色的音乐值得一听再听。 The music __________________ listening to again and again. 12. （2021·江苏常州·一模）1969年7月20日，阿姆斯特朗成为第一个登上月球的人。 On 20 July 1969, Armstrong ________________. 13. （2021·江苏无锡·一模）这个小男孩想知道哪个国家是世界第二大人口国。 The little boy wonders ________ in the world. 14. （2022·江苏无锡·一模）这种手工制作的花篮已经在聚会中广泛使用。 This kind of flower basket ___________ in different kinds of parties. 15. （2022·江苏常州·一模）芦笛岩是一个有着众多奇特造型岩石的洞穴。 The Reed Flute Cave is a cave ____________________________________________________. 三、语法填空 Passage 1 （2025·江苏宿迁·一模）阅读短文，在文中空白处填入1个适当的单词，或用括号内所给词的正确形式填空，使短文完整。 The Kind Act of a Group of University Students On November 12,2024, Xiang Jianjun, a courier  (快递员) in Shanghai, avoided a person 1 was walking in the street. He fell off his e-bike and his left leg was 2 (bad) hurt. Some students from Fudan University sent him to the hospital. However, after 3 (learn) that 10, 000-yuan medical deposit (押金) was required , Xiang chose to return home. He 4 (be) unable to afford (付得起) the cost. Hearing that, the group of kind university students decided 5 (do) something. They organized 6 project to raise money for him. The project started 7 the evening of November 15 and rapidly got wide support, reaching its 50,000-yuan goal within just three hours. Besides, a volunteer named Chen Zheng pre-paid (预付)5,000 yuan. Xiang 8 (accept) by the hospital in time and had a 9 (success) operation. People are deeply moved by this story. It has made more people pay attention to the difficulties faced by couriers. And it helps people realize the importance of providing a safety net for honest 10 (worker). Passage 2 （24-25九年级下·江苏宿迁·月考）根据短文内容，用括号内所给词的正确时态或形式填空使短文完整。 On November 24, Florence Chiaying Yeh, also known as Ye Jiaying, passed away on Sunday in Tianjin 1 the age of 100, according to Nankai University where she held a teaching post. Yeh was famous for teaching Chinese classical literature around the world. So far, her teaching 2 (influence) many people. Yeh was born in Beijing in July 1924. She began to learn poetry when she was very young. She graduated from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature at Fu Jen Catholic University in 1945. In 3 1950s and 1960s, Yeh taught at several 4 (university) in Taiwan, China and then moved to Vancouver. Canada in1969. In 1979, she started giving free speeches on the Chinese mainland during the holidays. Yeh devoted most of her time to 5 (create), researching and teaching Chinese poetry both in China and abroad. She insisted on teaching even in her 6 (ninety), and videos of her speeches spread widely on Chinese social media platforms. In 2018 and 2019, Yeh made a great 7 (decide) to donate all her savings (35. 68 million yuan) to Nankai University. Later she 8 (present) with the “Touching China” award in 2020. “I have never cared about personal wealth as I’ve faced many difficulties and losses in my lifetime. In my darkest moments, it was poetry that enabled me to gain my view, ” she said. Those 9 have listened to Yeh’s speeches said that she always guided her students step by step and made it easy 10 (learn) and enjoy poetry. Passage 3 （2025·江苏常州·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Appreciation (欣赏) of Ru Meng Ling by Li Qingzhao Ru Meng Ling is one of the most famous ci-poems written by Li Qingzhao, a famous female poet in Chinese history. This short yet 1 (mean) ci-poem reflects (反映) her unique writing style and deep emotions. In this ci-poem, Li Qingzhao remembers 2 (she) joyful trip in her youth. The vivid description of the scenery makes readers feel as if they were there. Words like “lotus boats (莲舟)” and “herons (鹭)” create 3 peaceful and picturesque world. What’s more, the use of rhetorical devices (修辞手法) adds 4 (much) charm to the ci-poem. For example, the repetition of “how can I” shows her confusion (困惑) and helplessness when 5 (try) to find the way back. Through these words, we can clearly understand her excitement at the 6 (begin) and her anxiety later. Li Qingzhao 7 (write) this ci-poem with simple but powerful language. It not only shows her talent in literature 8 also makes people think about the beauty of nature and the 9 (change) of life. Even centuries after it was written, Ru Meng Ling remains a beloved (深爱的) poem 10 continues to resonate (共鸣) with people around the world. Passage 4 （2025·江苏常州·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 About six hundred miles off the coast of Ecuador (厄瓜多尔) are some very unusual islands. They have an unusual location. They have unusual animals living on them. Some of these animals don’t live 1 (somewhere) else in the world. This makes these islands very special. The islands are home 2 tortoises that can live up to two hundred years. 3 only penguins on the equator (赤道) live here. The islands also have birds with bright blue feet. Islands can 4 (form) in several ways. Sometimes they are created when 5 (rise)seas separate hills and mountains from the mainland. Sometimes the opposite 6 (happen). Over time, oceans and lakes grow 7 (small). The high land 8 was previously underwater comes out of water. Sometimes underwater volcanoes on the ocean floor put out lava (熔岩). This lava hardens and creates layers of land. More and more layers are added over many 9 (century), and over time the hardened lava rises to the surface of the water. The volcanoes continue to grow and islands continue to expand 10 the melted rock meets the cool ocean. This is how the Galapagos Islands were formed. Passage 5 （24-25九年级上·湖南怀化·期末）阅读下面的短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A hairdresser Xiaohua has become famous on the Internet because she tries to understand what customers really want. Since videos of her cutting hair attracted much attention on Douyin, many tourists have come to her live streaming (直播间) 1 (learn) her skills or simply to talk. Some 2 (excite) fans are even coming to visit her shop in Huaihua, 3 city in Hunan Province, to get a haircut. Xiaohua, whose real name is Li Jing, first started to put videos on Douyin in February. At first, they didn’t get much attention. But last month, one of her videos suddenly attracted lots of attention, and netizens (网民) praised her for understanding customers’ needs. So now she 4 (invite) to open stores in their hometowns or to give lectures to hairdressers across the country. Faced with such great 5 (popular), Xiaohua said she does not consider herself a professional hairdresser. She believes there are many hairdressers 6 have better skills than her. She 7 (most) cuts hair for male customers and 30 yuan for each haircut. “I am a common hairdresser,” she said,“ I have not considered 8 (raise) the price for a haircut because the trust from people is satisfying enough.” And thanks 9 Xiaohua, Huaihua is now hotter than ever. More and more people are trying the local food and visiting beautiful places there. It’s a great example that one 10 (person) talent can make a city famous. Passage 6 （2025·江苏常州·一模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Respected scholar (学者) of Chinese classical literature Ye Jiaying passed away on November 24th, 2024, 1 the age of 100, according to Nankai University, where Ye worked for a large part of her life. Born in a family of intellectuals (知识分子) in Beijing in 1924, Ye 2 (introduce) to classical poetry (诗歌) and the English language from a young age. In college, she studied poetry with a famous master of Chinese literature Gu Sui 3 influenced her understanding of poetry and life greatly. In the 1950s and 1960s, Ye taught at several 4 (university) in Taiwan. Then in 1969, Ye moved to Canada, and began introducing Chinese classical poetry to Western people. Her pioneering work earned her a scholarship in the Royal Society of Canada in 1991. It made her the 5 (one) and only Chinese scholar of classical literature to receive this medal. Driven by a deep love for her homeland and 6 (it) cultural heritage (遗产), Ye returned to Taiwan in 1978. From 1979 onward, she made lots of speeches on Chinese literature and poetry 7 (success). Then finally she 8 (live) at Nankai University in her later years. Ye kept on 9 (teach) well into her 90s. She not only devoted her life to teaching and promoting (宣传) of Chinese poetry 10 donated all her savings, up to 35.68 million yuan, to Nankai University in 2018 and 2019. 10 / 10乐思英语 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $