专题05 阅读理解（说明文+议论文）（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高二英语下学期

专题05 阅读理解（说明文+议论文）（期中真题汇编，上海专用） 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海松江·期中）The Sami People: Guardians of the Northern Wilderness The Sami people, aboriginal to northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the far-north of Russia, have a history and culture deeply connected with nature. In Norway, a significant number of Sami live in the northern regions, especially in Finnmark county. For centuries, the Sami have made a living through reindeer herding (驯鹿放牧), fishing, and hunting. Reindeer are central to their culture. They not only provide meat but also hides for clothing and horns for crafting tools and artworks. The Sami’s semi-nomadic (半游牧的) lifestyle follows the seasonal movement of the reindeer. In summer, they lead the reindeer to rich grassland, and in winter, they seek areas with reindeer lichen, a crucial winter food source. However, the Sami have faced challenges. In the past, strict assimilation policies in Norway forced them to abandon their own language and traditional ways. They were not allowed to speak Sami languages in schools, and many Sami children were taken from their families to be educated in Norwegian-only institutions. These policies led to a decline in the use of Sami languages. There are ten different Sami languages globally, six of which can be found in Norway. But now, only northern Sami, lule Sami, and southern Sami are actively in use, with others struggling to survive. Thankfully, in recent decades, there has been a coming back of Sami culture. The Sami have reclaimed their heritage. They now have their own parliament (议会) in Norway, which gives them a chance to express their opinions when making decisions that affect their communities. Sami art, crafts, and clothing are also flourishing. Sami art often shows their close connection with nature and their long-standing traditions, attracting international attention. Sami festivals are important occasions to celebrate their culture. The Riddu Riddu festival inKăfjord, Troms, is an international aboriginal festival held every July, drawing people from all over the world. During these festivals, you can experience traditional Sami music, joiking (a unique form of Sami vocal music), dance, and handicrafts. 1．What are the main ways the Sami people have made a living for centuries? A．By farming crops like wheat. B．Through reindeer herding, fishing, and hunting. C．By trading with neighboring countries. D．By working in modern industries. 2．The underlined word “assimilation” in the third paragraph probably means _______. A．the process of becoming part of a different culture B．the protection of one's own culture C．the development of a new culture D．the combination of different cultures 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the current situation of Sami culture? A．Pessimistic. B．Optimistic. C．Indifferent. D．Doubtful. 4．What can we infer from the passage about the future of Sami culture? A．It will disappear completely due to modernization. B．It will continue to grow with the Sami’s efforts and support. C．It will only be preserved in museums. D．It will be replaced by Norwegian culture. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海·期中）Handing Over Our Confirmation Biases to Search Engines In the internet age, we’ve handed over part of our critical thinking to algorithms (算法). People often search not to explore, but to confirm what they already believe. It’s not always truth we’re after — sometimes, it’s just comfort. Search engines, in theory, should be our assistants in combating this intellectual echo chamber (回音室). They’re designed to bring us a variety of perspectives, ideally steering us toward credible, high-quality sources. In an ideal world, these algorithms would push us to reconsider outdated opinions and update our beliefs with factual, balanced information. But things didn’t turn out as we’d hoped. In fact, we’ve learned to game the system, altering search terms to steer us back into the familiar arms of confirmation bias. Rather than opening our minds, search engines now often strengthen our narrow views — flooding us with half-truths or even clear misinformation. A recent study by Eugina Leung uncovers an uncomfortable truth: the problem isn’t just with the technology. It’s also with us. It is we, the users, that are accountable for strengthening our biases. When people search for information, they often do so with terms that are narrow enough to ensure the results reflect their pre-existing opinions. Consider the question: Is caffeine good or bad for you? A straightforward search like “what are the health effects of caffeine?” might yield balanced results. But searching “is caffeine bad for you?” floods the page with negative articles, supporting a one-sided view. Leung’s research found that over a quarter of caffeine-related searches were so specific that they blocked out opposing perspectives. The researchers’ findings are part of a broader pattern. While people might claim to seek balanced perspectives, data shows that people’s search habits often mirror their personal preferences or beliefs. Take, for example, consumers looking for health and wellness advice. Those who are already advocates of a plant-based diet are more likely to search for phrases like “benefits of veganism” rather than “dangers of veganism,” strengthening the idea that search engines often become self-fulfilling predictions generators Through a series of experiments, Leung found that when participants searched for more specific terms, their views were less likely to change. Whether they were researching caffeine or gas prices, participants consistently crafted search inputs that fit neatly into their own beliefs. The implication is clear: we don’t just let search engines shape our worldview; we actively shape our searches to support it. But there’s hope. The research also suggests that a simple shift in approach — using broader, less biased search terms — can help us break out of our ideological bubbles. It’s a small but potentially significant step toward rediscovering a more balanced way of seeking information in an age of widespread online division. 1．What role do search engines ideally play in our information seeking? A．They are meant to justify the user s pre-existing beliefs. B．They serve as tools for entertainment and personal comfort. C．They aim to enrich users’ perspectives and challenge views. D．They screen out low-quality sources based on user preferences. 2．According to Leung’s research, what is the main issue with how people use search engines? A．The internet is full of half-truths and misinformation. B．Search engines provide results supporting existing ideas. C．Users strengthen their biases with narrow search terms. D．Search engines always exclude challenging viewpoints. 3．What does “a broader pattern” mentioned in the passage refer to? A．Information is often sought to change existing opinions. B．Search habits tend to reflect pre-existing preferences. C．Health advice is searched to support dietary choices. D．Balanced perspectives are sought to reveal neutral stance. 4．To avoid confirmation bias, which of the following search inputs would best help a student writing about online learning? A．Shared strengths of online and classroom learning. B．Benefits of online learning for college students. C．Problems with traditional classroom education. D．Effects of online learning on student performance. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海·期中）India’s Last Letter Writers When I was a child in Calcutta, I remember my mother writing letters for our domestic helper, Kailash, who had never been to school. The letters always began with “Dear son…” and included news about his family and instructions on how to use the money he sent. Many people from rural India, much like Kailash, once relied on professional letter writers to maintain contact with loved ones after moving to the cities in search of work. However, this once-vital profession is slowly disappearing Jagdish Sharma, one of the last remaining professional letter writers in Delhi, has not written a letter in over a decade. For 31 years, he worked just outside the Kashmere Gate post office, assisting a wide range of people in writing heartfelt letters. Sharma’s strengths lay not in complex tools, but in the basics: a solid grasp of language, neat handwriting, and a talent for translating people’s emotions into words. “People would tell me their stories,” he recalls, “and I would express them in my own words.” Sharma worked with other letter writers for years, assisting customers with forms, parcels, and, most importantly, communication with distant family. “I helped 70 to 80 people a day,” he says with quiet pride. Letter writing has played a significant role in Indian history for centuries. During the Mughal era, professional writers supported aristocrats (贵族) in managing their correspondence. Later, when the British introduced a formal postal system in 1854, services were established to assist those who were unable to read or write. In more recent years, however, changes in society quietly reshaped the need for traditional letter-writing services. As more people learned to read and write, and affordable mobile phones found their way into everyday life, the once-frequent visits to letter writers began to fade. By 2008, the Indian government officially recognized this shift, stating that the service was no longer considered essential. Sharma acknowledged that the decline had begun well before the government’s decision. As business declined, many of his colleagues either retired or sought employment elsewhere. Despite the changes, Sharma still visits the post office daily, except Sundays. “I have nowhere else to go,” he says. One afternoon, I found him preparing a parcel for a client, sewing it with skill, writing the address, and sealing it with a candle. His long-time client, Rekha Kumari — who had been coming to him for ten years — smiled as she showed me her mobile phone. “No,” she said, “I’ll call them myself now.” 1．Many rural Indians relied on professional letter writers because ________. A．they valued the personal and emotional touch of handwritten letters B．they lacked formal education and needed help to communicate C．they preferred letter writers’ solid grasp of language and expression D．mobile phones were not affordable for most people at that time 2．What led to the decline of professional letter writers? A．The government banned their services in 2008 B．People preferred face-to-face communication. C．Higher literacy and mobile phones reduced demand. D．Many-letter writers switched to other promising jobs. 3．What does the interaction between Sharma and Rekha in the final paragraph suggest? A．Phone calls prove cheaper and more convenient than writing letters. B．Kekha is forced to continue using Sharma’s services from loyalty. C．Sharma is actively updating his business with modern technologies    . D．Technological advances have made letter-writing services outdated. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Sympathy for the grassroot working class in India. B．The emergence of mobile phones in Indian literature. C．An appeal to the government to protect traditional craft. D．The rise and fall of professional letter writers in India. 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海闵行·期中）Judging by the historic record, we’ve been fascinated by our reflections for a long time. Some of the earliest human-made mirrors date to 6200 B．C． in Turkey. But even back then, mirrors were largely used to assess how beautiful we were. Egyptians paintings and carvings show the upper classes combing their hair and applying thick red, green, yellow and black cosmetics in front of mirrors. Mirrors were associated from early on with vanity (虚荣). Through the middle ages, the technology for mirrors was simple: Fashioned from blown glass, they were usually small and often convex (凸面的). In the Renaissance, Italians began developing techniques for making flatter glass, and in 1507 hit upon a way of covering the back of the glass with mercury and tin to produce clear mirrors. This new technology was wonderful, but so expensive that nobles sometimes sold property just to afford one. In the 16th and 17th centuries, mirror making was so costly that it required the investment of half of France’s GDP. By the time the Renaissance was in full flower, wealthy noblemen could get large mirrors in which they could see their entire body at a glance. It was a transformative sight. The historian Ian Mortimer believes that mirror were central in developing the modern sense of the individual. “Mankind,” says Mortimer, became “a valid topic of study in his own right.” As the playwright and novelist Louis-Sebastien Mercler noted in the1780s, wealthy young men would look “ at four mirrors at once to see themselves”. In 1715, the essayist Richard Steele observed groups of people visiting a London mirror shop, where “ they will certainly be well pleased, for they will have unavoidable opportunities of seeing what they most like.... I mean their own dear selves.” Many others thought nothing of all this self-regard. In the early years of America, “ mirrors were considered, within American society, a kind of luxury that was somewhat shameful. “says Josiah McElheny, a Brooklyn-based artist who works with mirrors. Some countries leveled taxes on large mirrors. America’s mirror taxes were so high that if a furniture maker wished to create a full-body-sized reflection without going bankrupt (破产), he had to assemble it from several smaller mirrors. It wasn’t until the last decades of the 19th century that the industrial world could finally make big mirrors cheaply. Production exploded and mirrors quickly passed from luxurious products for the rich to everyday devices that were affordable among an emerging middle class. In 1897, Sears Roebuck advertised ten-inch-square mirrors for only 50 cents apiece and said: “No house is complete without a number of small mirrors which are handy in so many rooms.” 1．Which of the following statements is true of the mirrors in the Renaissance? A．They were rather small in size. B．They were unaffordable to most people. C．They were mostly manufactured in Italy. D．They were no longer associated with vanity. 2．According to Ian Mortimer, what change did mirrors bring about? A．Humans started to think of themselves as an individual. B．More and more mirrors shops sprang up all over Europe. C．Novelists began to write about people’s love for mirrors. D．People cared about their appearance for the first time. 3．In the early years of America, mirrors ________________. A．brought their makers much profit B．were regarded as something meaningless C．were mostly assembled from small pieces D．caused many furniture makers to go bankrupt 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The transformative sight of mirrors. B．The varying enthusiasm for mirrors. C．The historic development of mirrors. D．The change in people’s attitudes to mirrors. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期中）Below are some emerging technologies that may change the world.   Low-carbon cement can help combat climate change.   Concrete is the most widely used human-made material. However, the manufacture of one of its key components, cement, creates a substantial yet underappreciated amount of human-produced carbon dioxide: up to 8 percent of the global total, according to London-based think tank Chatham House.   To address this issue, researchers and companies are now pursuing various lower-carbon solutions. For instance, a start-up in New Jersey is employing a chemical process that has cut 30 percent of the carbon dioxide usually released in making cement. The recipe uses more clay, less limestone and less heat than typical processes. Quantum sensors could let autonomous cars “see” around corners.   Quantum computers get all the hype (大肆宣传), but quantum sensors, which reach extreme levels of precision by exploiting the quantum nature of matter, could be equally transformative, enabling autonomous vehicles that can “see” around corners, underwater navigation systems, early-warning systems for volcanic activity and earthquakes, and portable scanners that monitor a person’s brain activity during daily life. Green hydrogen could fill big gaps in renewable energy.   When hydrogen burns, the only by-product is water — which is why hydrogen has been an alluring zero-carbon energy source for decades. Yet the traditional process for producing hydrogen, in which fossil fuels are exposed to steam, is not even remotely zero-carbon.   Green hydrogen is different. It is produced through electrolysis, in which machines split water into hydrogen and oxygen, with no other by-products. Historically, electrolysis required so much electricity that it made little sense to produce hydrogen that way. The situation is changing since the electrolyzers are getting more efficient. Whole-Genome synthesis will transform cell engineering.   Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists in China uploaded the virus’s genetic sequence to genetic databases. A Swiss group then synthesized the entire genome and produced the virus from it. Such speed is one example of how whole-genome printing is advancing medicine and other work.   Whole-genome synthesis is an extension of the booming field of synthetic biology. Researchers reprogram microbes to do desired work such as making a new medicine. So far genomes mainly get light edits. But improvements are making it possible to print ever larger number of genetic material and to alter genomes more extensively. 1．Which new technology can be used to help with medical researches? A．Low-carbon cement. B．Quantum sensors. C．Green hydrogen. D．Whole-Genome synthesis. 2．Which of the following is supported by the passage? A．Cement-related emissions are less serious than most people realize. B．Quantum sensors are currently used to improve brain functions. C．Green hydrogen offers a zero-emission alternative to fossil fuels. D．Genome synthesis has already transformed how we edit genes. 3．What is a shared feature of all the emerging technologies mentioned? A．They are reshaping or expected to reshape certain industries. B．They mainly aim to address health and medical challenges. C．They all directly reduce human-made carbon emissions. D．They are all still at the stage of theoretical reasoning. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海·期中）The Painting Fool is one of a growing number of computer programs which, as their makers claim, possess creative talents. Classical music by an artificial composer has had audiences enraptured, and even tricked them into believing a human was behind the score. Artworks painted by a robot have sold for thousands of dollars and been hung in prestigious galleries. And software has been built which creates art that could not have been imagined by the programmer. Human beings are the only species to perform sophisticated creative acts regularly. If we can break this process down into computer code, where does that leave human creativity? ‘This is a question at the very core of humanity,’ says Geraint Wiggins, a computational creativity researcher at Goldsmiths, University of London. ‘It scares a lot of people. They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means to be human.’ To some extent, we are all familiar with computerized art. The question is: where does the work of the artist stop and the creativity of the computer begin? Consider one of the oldest machine artists, Aaron, a robot that has had paintings exhibited in London’s Tate Modern and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Aaron can pick up a paintbrush and paint on canvas on its own. Impressive perhaps, but it is still little more than a tool to realize the programmer’s own creative ideas. Simon Colton, the designer of the Painting Fool, is keen to make sure his creation doesn’t attract the same criticism. Unlike earlier ‘artists’ such as Aaron, the Painting Fool only needs minimal direction and can come up with its own concepts by going online for material. The software runs its own web searches and trawls through social media sites. It is now beginning to display a kind of imagination too, creating pictures from scratch. One of its original works is a series of fuzzy landscapes, depicting trees and sky. While some might say they have a mechanical look, Colton argues that such reactions arise from people’s double standards towards software-produced and human-produced art. After all, he says, consider that the Painting Fool painted the landscapes without referring to a photo. ‘If a child painted a new scene from its head, you’d say it has a certain level of imagination,’ he points out. ‘The same should be true of a machine.’ Software bugs can also lead to unexpected results. Some of the Painting Fool’s paintings of a chair came out in black and white, thanks to a technical glitch. This gives the work an eerie, ghostlike quality. Human artists like the renowned Ellsworth Kelly are lauded for limiting their color palette-so why should computers be any different? 1．What is the writer suggesting about computer-produced works in the first paragraph? A．People’s acceptance of them can vary considerably. B．A great deal of progress has already been attained in this field. C．They have had more success in some artistic genres than in others. D．The advances are not as significant as the public believes them to be. 2．According to Geraint Wiggins, why are many people worried by computer art? A．It is aesthetically inferior to human art. B．It may ultimately supersede human art. C．It undermines a fundamental human quality. D．It will lead to a deterioration in human ability. 3．What is a key difference between Aaron and the Painting Fool? A．Its programmer’s background. B．Public response to its work. C．The source of its subject matter. D．The technical standard of its output. 4．What point does Simon Colton make in the fourth paragraph? A．Software-produced art is often dismissed as childish and simplistic. B．The same concepts of creativity should not be applied to all forms of art. C．It is unreasonable to expect a machine to be as imaginative as a human being. D．People tend to judge computer art and human art according to different criteria. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）Once a dominant presence on the Great Plains, the American bison (美洲野牛) was nearly driven to extinction by the end of the 19th century. Tens of millions once moved freely across North America, but uncontrolled hunting, habitat loss, and westward expansion reduced their numbers to just a few hundred by the late 1800s. A turning point came in the early 20th century, thanks to efforts by conservationists and institutions like the Bronx Zoo. In 1907, the zoo played a crucial role in one of the first major bison reintroduction programs. It shipped 15 bison to the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in Oklahoma. This initiative continued in 1913, when 14 more bison were sent to Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota. These early transfers laid the foundation for today’s population of free-ranging bison. Currently, approximately 20,000 bison live in managed conservation areas, many of them are related to those original Bronx Zoo animals. These bison are carefully monitored to ensure genetic diversity and protect the species from the threats that nearly wiped them out more than a century ago. In recognition of the bison’s cultural and ecological importance, the U. S. officially declared November 1 as National Bison Day. The bison was also declared the national mammal (哺乳动物) of the United States, symbolizing strength, toughness and the success of wildlife conservation efforts. Despite their size — adult bison can weigh over a ton and reach speeds of up to 35 miles per hour — these animals are still vulnerable. Conservationists continue to work on restoring larger, free-ranging bison in more areas, with a long-term goal of creating self-sustaining populations that play a natural role in grassland ecosystems. The story of the American bison is one of near loss and remarkable recovery — a reminder that, with joint effort and respect for nature, it is possible to reverse even the most dramatic declines. 1．What happened in the early 20th century that was seen as a turning point? A．The bison population reached its lowest point. B．The U. S. government banned all hunting of bison. C．Bison were hunted more heavily across North America. D．The Bronx Zoo began sending bison to protected areas. 2．The word “vulnerable” (paragraph 5) can be best replaced by “______”. A．in power B．at risk C．under control D．by surprise 3．Why did the U. S. officially declare November 1 as National Bison Day? A．To mark the founding of the Bronx Zoo. B．To honor the bison’s role in culture and nature. C．To raise awareness about the bison’s past declines. D．To promote the conversation of other large mammals. 4．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．The Return of the Bison B．The Life of Bison in the Wild C．How the Bronx Zoo Became Famous D．The Rise and Fall of the Great Plains Passage 2 （23-24高二下·上海·期中）Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be angry. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation(义愤填膺), it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 1．In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________. A．posing a question B．justifying an assumption C．making a comparison D．explaining a phenomenon 2．The statement “it is all too monkey” (Paragraph 1) implies that ________. A．monkeys are also angered by slack rivals B．hating unfairness is also monkeys’ nature C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions 3．Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________. A．more inclined to weigh what they get B．attentive to researchers’ instructions C．nice in both appearance and temperament D．more generous than their male companions 4．When can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. B．Human anger evolved from an uncertain source. C．Animals usually show their feelings openly as human do. D．Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期中）“Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science.   To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods.   But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow.   What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares.   One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too.   Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right.   Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis: that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together. 1．According to Paragraph 3, “some fretting and friction” refers to the fact that methodological reformers ______. A．feel reluctant to reflect on themselves B．are unable to provide valuable work C．don’t offer constructive criticisms D．meet with harsh personal attacks 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the “assume you are wrong” strategy? A．It will make scientific conclusions less reliable. B．It can enhance the public’s understanding of science. C．It may lead to an increase in the motivation of scientists. D．It can promote a positive interpretation of criticisms. 3．According to the passage, what is the author most likely to agree on? A．Nosek’s strategy has been proven to improve scientific outcomes and decision-making. B．The scientific community should reject untested hypotheses to avoid misleading the public. C．Nosek’s emphasis on cognitive modesty holds potential for collective progress in science. D．Scientists are advised to adopt the same perspectives to achieve the “sense of community”. 4．______ best fits the “assume you are wrong” strategy. A．Encouraging business leaders to always trust their instincts in making decisions B．Promoting a culture where teachers actively seek feedback to improve teaching C．Training politicians to be more defensive about their policies to avoid admitting faults D．Advising journalists to stick to their narratives despite opposing views Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）A scientist’s guide to Spring Cleaning ①________ It depends on how much you care about the effects that cleaning can have. We’ve done research into this. In one study, people completed tasks in tidy or untidy rooms, then had the option to donate to charity. We found that those in tidy room were more likely to donate. Cleaning seems to make you more likely to act in a way that is more upstanding and consistent with social norms. Can I still get psychological benefits of cleaning if I pay someone else to do it? Absolutely. You don’t have to be the person that does all the tidying in order for your behaviour to change. A neat house can have an effect on everyone in the household. My teenage daughter argues that she can’t help being messy. Should I let her off tidying her room? Some people are habitually messy, but that’s not always a bad thing. In another study, we had our subjects sit in clean or messy rooms while dreaming up new uses for ping pong balls. We found that people from the messy rooms were more creative and innovative with their ideas. Now I have an excuse for the state of my house. But when should I worry that things are too messy? Speaking from a personal perspective, you should start to worry if the mess is preventing you from getting things done in an efficient manner. There’s a concept called ‘household chaos’. Suppose your two shoes are never in the same place. If you have to run around and find the missing shoe, it could cause problems in your everyday life. That’s when things start to get too messy. ②________ If you find you’ve thrown things away that you later realise you need, or if being too tidy gets in the way of enjoying social interactions. I remember going to a colleague’s house that was spotless, with white carpets and a white couch, and I found that I just couldn’t relax. ③________ Try ‘cleaning purgatory’. Before I throw out anything that I think I may regret, I put in a holding bin. It sits there for a month. If I don’t get back to it then it has to go. 1．Some headings are missing in the passage. Match the following headings with the proper paragraphs. Note there is one more than you need. a. How do I know what to get rid of? b. Should I bother with the spring cleaning? c. How do I know I’m too tidy? d. what do you think of being too tidy? A．①a ②c ③b B．①b ②d ③c C．①b ②c ③a D．①a ②d ③b 2．What effect does cleaning have on people? A．It inspires people’s creativity. B．It makes people more generous. C．It costs people too much time. D．It gets people to work less efficiently. 3．What suggestion is given in the passage? A．Don’t let the mess take over. B．Associate cleanliness and order with morality. C．Help young children develop a habit of tidiness. D．Better not ask anyone else to do the cleaning for you. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）We the people have always been helplessly drawn to the concept of magic. We’ve spent billions of dollars for the opportunity to see what real magic might look like, in the form of Harry Potter movies, superhero films and TV shows, from Bewitched on down. It should follow, then, that any time you can offer real magical powers for sale, the public will buy it. That’s exactly what’s been going on in consumer technology. Remember Arthur C． Clarke’s most famous line? “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” Anything invisible and wireless, anything that we control with our hands or our voices, anything we can operate over impossible distances —  those are the hits because they most resemble magic. You can now change the temperature in your bedroom from thousands of miles away or call up a show on your TV screen by speaking its name or type on your phone by speaking to it. Magic. For decades the wisdom in product design has been to “make it simpler to operate” and “make it easier for the consumer”. And those are admirable goals, for sure. Some of the biggest technical advancements in the past 30 years- miniaturization, wireless, touch screens, artificial intelligence, robotics — have been committed to “simpler” and “easier”. But that’s not enough to feel magical. Real tech magic is simplicity plus awe. The most exciting technology-GPS apps telling you when to turn, your Amazon Echo answering questions for you, your phone letting you pay for something by waving it at that product-feel kind of awesome every single time. The awe component is important. It’s the difference between magic and mere convenience. You could say to your butler, “Jeeves, lock all the doors” and yes, that’d be convenient. But saying, “Alexa, lock all the doors,” and then hearing the deadbolts (锁芯) all over the house click by themselves? Same convenience, but this time it’s magical. 1．The first paragraph is intended to ________. A．highlight the concept of magic B．show human beings’ craze about magic C．reveal what magic looks like in our life D．introduce some magical films and TV shows 2．The pronoun “that” (paragraph 5) refers to ________. A．products being simpler and easier B．technical advancement in history C．changing wisdom in product design D．popular technology development 3．What contributes to real tech magic? A．The real sense of simplicity. B．The feeling of amazement. C．The emphasis on convenience. D．The widespread use of voice. 4．What does the author use in the last paragraph to illustrate his opinion? A．Reasoning. B．Comparison. C．Quotation. D．Statistics. 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）Astronomy is unique among the sciences as it relies on distant observations. Unlike geologists or biologists, astronomers cannot physically study their subjects. Instead, they use telescopes and computer simulations (模拟) to explore the cosmos. One such effort is the EAGLE  (Evolution and Assembly of Galaxies and their Environments) project, created by researchers at Durham and Leiden Universities. This advanced simulation models a universe over 300 million light-years wide, containing thousands of galaxies (星系) , including ones similar to the Milky Way. To build EAGLE, scientists traced the history of the Universe back before the formation of galaxies and stars. Three key forces influenced the Universe’s evolution: dark matter, normal matter, and dark energy. Dark matter provided an invisible framework for galaxies to form, while dark energy counteracted this by driving the Universe’s expansion. Previous simulations struggled to accurately reproduce galaxy formation, often generating overly massive galaxies. By improving their models and using updated data, the EAGLE team created a more realistic representation of the evolution of the Universe. Developing the simulation took years. Researchers translated complex processes into a complicated computer program, which ran on the DiRAC-II supercomputer for over six weeks. The results were remarkable — EAGLE-generated galaxies was very similar to real ones. According to Professor Richard Bower, an astronomer involved in the project, many people cannot distinguish between actual astronomical images and those produced by EAGLE. A major advantage of EAGLE is its ability to track galaxies over time. By rewinding the simulation, scientists have solved mysteries like the disappearance of small red galaxies observed in the early Universe. EAGLE revealed that many of these galaxies mixed with larger ones, explaining their absence in later observations. The simulation also casts light on why larger galaxies form fewer stars: their black holes grow quickly, consuming surrounding gas and preventing star formation. The team now aims to simulate the future of the Universe. This is challenging due to dark energy’s increasing influence, which speeds up the expansion of the universe. However, advancements in computing may allow researchers to expand EAGLE’s scale, providing deeper insights into galactic evolution. 1．What does the word “counteract” (paragraph 2) most likely mean? A．Measured. B．Enhanced. C．Balanced. D．Opposed. 2．What can be inferred about the advantages of EAGLE from the passage? A．It offers insights into the past galactic events. B．It doesn’t take much effort from astronomers. C．It doesn’t need to rely on advancements in computing. D．It helps explain why dark energy expands the universe. 3．Why is Professor Richard Bower cited in the passage? A．To introduce the universities involved in the EAGLE project. B．To emphasize the scientific accuracy of the EAGLE simulation. C．To highlight the challenges of running supercomputer programs. D．To explain the role of dark matter and dark energy in galaxy formation. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The EAGLE project proves observational astronomy is accurate. B．The EAGLE project highlights the difficulties astronomers face. C．The EAGLE project models galaxy formation and evolution. D．The EAGLE project successfully represents the Milky Way. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海闵行·期中）When you pick up your phone in the morning, you begin generating the data that make up Silicon Valley’s most important resource. That, at least, is how we ought to think about the role of data-creation in the economy, according to a new economics paper. Artificial intelligence (AI) is getting better all the time, and is expected to transform a host of industries, say the authors. But, in order to learn to drive a car or recognize a face, the algorithms must usually be trained on massive amounts of data. Internet firms gather these data from users every time they click on a search result, say, or issue a command to a virtual assistant, like Siri or Alex. People “pay” for useful free services by providing firms with the data they desire. These data become part of the firms’ capital, and as such, a fearsome source of competitive advantage. Would-be startups that might challenge internet giants cannot train their AIs without access to the data only those giants possess. Their best hope is often to be acquired by those very same giants, adding to the problem of uncompetitive markets. That, for now, AI’s contributions to productivity growth are small, the authors say, is partly because of the free-data model, which limits the quality of data gathered. Firms trying to develop useful applications for AI must hope that the data they have are sufficient, or come up with ways to cheating users into providing them with better information at no cost. Even so, as Al improves, the amount of work made likely to be displaced by technology grows, and ever more of the value generated in the economy belongs to profitable firms rather than workers. As the authors point out, the share of GDP paid out to workers in wages and salaries — once thought to be relatively stable — has already been decline over the past few decades. To tackle these problems, they have an innovative proposal. Rather than being regarded as capital, data should be treated as labour — and, more specifically, regarded as the property of those who generate such information, unless they agree to provide it to firms in exchange for payment. In such a world, user data might be sold multiple times to multiple firms, reducing the extent to which data sets serve as barriers to entry. Payments to users for their data would help spread the wealth generated by AI. Firms could also potentially generate better data by paying. Rather than guess what a person is up to as they wander around a shopping centre, for example, firms could ask individuals to share information on which shops were visited and which items were viewed, in exchange for payment. Perhaps most ambitiously, the authors think that data labour could come to be seen as useful work, with the same sort of dignity as paid employment, a desirable side-effect in a possible future of mass automation. 1．According to the new paper, what do people pay when they get a satisfactory search result? A．The data. B．The time. C．The service. D．The command. 2．Which of the following is one of “these problems” (in paragraph 6)? A．Start-ups are struggling not to be acquired by giants. B．There is a decline in how much AI engineers earn. C．The quality of data is far from satisfactory. D．The competition for data is much too fierce. 3．Which of the following is true according to the proposal in the new paper? A．The internet industry should move faster to mass automation. B．AI firms should break the barriers to enter the industry. C．People should earn money by sharing their data. D．Data should be labelled with more properties. 4．What, in essence, does the new paper put forward? A．An attempt that can be made to gather better information at the lowest cost. B．A method by which Al firms make a profit by using data more economically. C．A perspective on the relationship between internet companies and their users. D．An approach to thinking about the role data plays in technology development. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期中）Picture perfect: Is there such a thing as a classic? The “Mona Lisa” is probably the most recognizable female face in the world. Every day around 20.000 people visit and view I. conardo da Vinci’s painting in the Louvre. Yet it became famous not because of an engaging semi-smile, but a thief. Until a worker stole the masterpiece in 1911, it was still mostly unknown; viewers flooded in to see what a French newspaper called “an enormous, horrific, huge void”. Classics of art, literature and music are supposed to carry some mysterious appeal that endures across the ages. But as Rochelle Gurstein, a historian, writes in a new book Written in Water, the “timeless classic” is anything but “What I believed was written in stone was actually written in water,” she argues. Classics come and go. The rise and fall of classics is not just a matter of changing tastes; art itself has changed. Artists used to strive to express ideal forms of beauty. Genius was the “child of imitation”, explained Joshua Reynolds, a British portraitist in the 18th century. Artists learned by studying and imitating classical masterpieces, often Roman copies of Greek sculptures. The writing of art history has also changed tastes. In the 16th century Giorgio Vasari, an Italian painter, advanced an influential expression of artistic progress that was achieved in the realism of Raphael and Michelangelo. But in the 19th century John Ruskin, a critic, called attention to the pre-Raphaelite movement when he argued that the real “Old Masters” were actually medieval Christian painters. Seeing today’s desirable contemporary “masterpieces” sold at auction (拍卖) for millions, you are bound to wonder how critics 100 years from now will feel about them. Much as in art, the “classics” of music and literature have not always been set in stone either. Today Johann Sebastian Bach is often regarded as the master of classical music. But after his death in 1750 Bach’s compositions fell out of fashion until Felix Mendelssohn, a German composer, rediscovered them in the 1820s. Ms Gurstein’s perspectives show that the “status of a classic” depends on critics, and is a test to the power of passionate writers to change the way people look at art. Taste evolves, and it should. But true culture lives on only as long as people continue to argue over what counts as a classic today. The true enemy of the classic is not relativism or controversy. It is silence. 1．By citing the example of “Mona Lisa” in Paragraph One, the author intends to? A．introduce her engaging smile in the perfect picture. B．recognize her as the most famous female in the world. C．disclose the unknown thief of the masterpiece in 1911. D．illustrate the fame of a classic can arise from unexpected events. 2．According to Paragraph Three, how did artists in the past view artistic creation? A．They prioritized originality over tradition. B．They rejected Roman and Greek influences. C．They aimed to express their personal emotions. D．They believed in learning by imitating classics. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Relativism and controversy are the main threats to the classics. B．True culture will survive regardless of people’s discussions about classics. C．Silence helps in maintaining the status of classics as it preserves their mystery. D．Classics are shaped by ongoing debate and the influence of critics and passionate writers. 4．The passage is mainly about ______ . A．the rise and fall of classics and the causes. B．great minds and their representative works. C．world-famous art, literature and music classics. D．criticism of a book written by Rochelle Gurstein. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海青浦·期中）On a brisk September morning, Brian Palik’s footfalls land quietly on a path in Minnesota’s iconic Northwoods. A mature red pine (松树) is a tall, straight overstory tree that thrives in cold winters and cool summers. It’s the official Minnesota state tree and a valued target of its timber industry. But red pine’s days of dominance here could fade. In coming decades, climate change will make red pine and other Northwoods trees increasingly vulnerable to destructive combinations of longer, warmer summers and less extremely cold winters, as well as droughts, windstorms, wildfires and insect infestations. Climate change is altering ecological conditions in cold regions faster than trees can adapt or migrate. Palik, a forest ecologist, stops and points to a newcomer under the red-pine canopy: a broadleaf deciduous tree. “It’s doing really well,” he says. This tree probably shouldn’t be thriving here. Normally, if a southern adapted seedling (幼苗) is planted in an unsuitably cold climate like this one, it can risk frost damage, and its survival is threatened. But the newcomer’s lush, green foliage indicates good health. It is a promising sign in a project that aims to keep forests growing in a warming world. Palik’s project is an experiment in forest assisted migration, the relocation of trees to help woodlands adapt and flourish despite the heating of their habitats from climate change. Foresters advocating assisted migration are typically not aiming to save specific species — instead, by moving trees, they want to help sustain productive forest for multiple benefits such as carbon storage, water filtration, wildlife habitat, recreational beauty and timber. Now, assisted migration research for conservation is getting bolder with growing concerns about future forest disruption from climate change. And the movement is growing internationally, with research happening in Spain, Canada, Mexico, etc. Moreover, recent proposals have called for relocating endangered species to new habitats where they would have a better chance of thriving: Mexican gray wolves to northern parts of Arizona, New Mexico or Texas, for example, or Karner blue butterflies farther north from southern Michigan. However, artificially moving a forest, some biologists say, has risks. Relocated species might become invasive or disrupt the ecological balance of the forest. But, says Palik, “the risk of not trying to move species for climate change is larger”. “Forests die fast and grow slowly,” says Lee Frelich, a forest ecologist at the University of Minnesota Center for Forest Ecology. As climate change continues, he says, some forests could vanish, replaced by encroaching (渐渐渗入的) grasslands that do not provide the types of wildlife habitat and other benefits that healthy forests do. “Your only option in that case,” he says, “is to bring in new species or live with whatever nature does,” which — in cases of extreme climate change “is likely to be brushy vegetation and not be a forest for quite some time.” 1．How does climate change affect the Northwoods region of Minnesota? A．By decreasing the length of the growing season. B．By reducing the occurrence of droughts and wildfires. C．By increasing the frequency of extremely cold winters. D．By changing the living condition of the tree species there. 2．What is a key consideration for Brian Palik when deciding which trees to plant? A．Focusing exclusively on planting trees that aren’t native to the area. B．Planting the tallest and fastest-growing trees to quickly restore the forest. C．Choosing trees that are the most economically valuable for timber production. D．Selecting species that can thrive in the changing climate conditions expected in the future. 3．What is the primary goal of assisted migration? A．To ensure that forests remain productive and provide ecosystem services. B．To preserve specific endangered species in their original habitats. C．To maintain the aesthetic beauty of forests for tourism. D．To increase the profitability of the timber industry. 4．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．The practice of forest assisted migration is bound to be carried out on a larger scale globally. B．Scientists’ concerns over forest disruption stem from the economic losses in the timber industry. C．Forest assisted migration appears to be a necessary attempt to maintain forest ecosystems. D．Relocated species will always outcompete native species, leading to biodiversity loss. 试卷第24页，共24页 试卷第23页，共24页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解（说明文+议论文）（期中真题汇编，上海专用） 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海松江·期中）The Sami People: Guardians of the Northern Wilderness The Sami people, aboriginal to northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the far-north of Russia, have a history and culture deeply connected with nature. In Norway, a significant number of Sami live in the northern regions, especially in Finnmark county. For centuries, the Sami have made a living through reindeer herding (驯鹿放牧), fishing, and hunting. Reindeer are central to their culture. They not only provide meat but also hides for clothing and horns for crafting tools and artworks. The Sami’s semi-nomadic (半游牧的) lifestyle follows the seasonal movement of the reindeer. In summer, they lead the reindeer to rich grassland, and in winter, they seek areas with reindeer lichen, a crucial winter food source. However, the Sami have faced challenges. In the past, strict assimilation policies in Norway forced them to abandon their own language and traditional ways. They were not allowed to speak Sami languages in schools, and many Sami children were taken from their families to be educated in Norwegian-only institutions. These policies led to a decline in the use of Sami languages. There are ten different Sami languages globally, six of which can be found in Norway. But now, only northern Sami, lule Sami, and southern Sami are actively in use, with others struggling to survive. Thankfully, in recent decades, there has been a coming back of Sami culture. The Sami have reclaimed their heritage. They now have their own parliament (议会) in Norway, which gives them a chance to express their opinions when making decisions that affect their communities. Sami art, crafts, and clothing are also flourishing. Sami art often shows their close connection with nature and their long-standing traditions, attracting international attention. Sami festivals are important occasions to celebrate their culture. The Riddu Riddu festival inKăfjord, Troms, is an international aboriginal festival held every July, drawing people from all over the world. During these festivals, you can experience traditional Sami music, joiking (a unique form of Sami vocal music), dance, and handicrafts. 1．What are the main ways the Sami people have made a living for centuries? A．By farming crops like wheat. B．Through reindeer herding, fishing, and hunting. C．By trading with neighboring countries. D．By working in modern industries. 2．The underlined word “assimilation” in the third paragraph probably means _______. A．the process of becoming part of a different culture B．the protection of one's own culture C．the development of a new culture D．the combination of different cultures 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the current situation of Sami culture? A．Pessimistic. B．Optimistic. C．Indifferent. D．Doubtful. 4．What can we infer from the passage about the future of Sami culture? A．It will disappear completely due to modernization. B．It will continue to grow with the Sami’s efforts and support. C．It will only be preserved in museums. D．It will be replaced by Norwegian culture. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了萨米人的历史、文化、生活方式以及他们面临的挑战和复兴。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“For centuries, the Sami have made a living through reindeer herding (驯鹿放牧), fishing, and hunting.(几个世纪以来，萨米人以放牧驯鹿、捕鱼和狩猎为生。)”可知，萨米人几个世纪以来的主要谋生方式是放牧、捕鱼和狩猎。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。根据下文的内容“policies in Norway forced them to abandon their own language and traditional ways. They were not allowed to speak Sami languages in schools, and many Sami children were taken from their families to be educated in Norwegian-only institutions. These policies led to a decline in the use of Sami languages.(挪威的政策迫使他们放弃自己的语言和传统的生活方式。他们不允许在学校说萨米语，许多萨米儿童被带离他们的家庭，在只有挪威人的机构接受教育。这些政策导致萨米语的使用减少。)”可知，萨米人被迫放弃自己的文化，转而接受挪威文化，这就是融入另一种不同文化的过程。所以，划线单词assimilation的意义为“同化”，即“融入另一种不同文化的过程”。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段的句子“Thankfully, in recent decades, there has been a coming back of Sami culture. The Sami have reclaimed their heritage.(值得庆幸的是，近几十年来，萨米文化又回来了。萨米人恢复了他们的传统。)”和“Sami art, crafts, and clothing are also flourishing.(萨米人的艺术、手工艺品和服装也很繁荣。)”可推知，说明作者对萨米文化的现状持乐观态度，认为其正在复兴。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“Thankfully, in recent decades, there has been a coming back of Sami culture. The Sami have reclaimed their heritage. They now have their own parliament (议会) in Norway, which gives them a chance to express their opinions when making decisions that affect their communities. Sami art, crafts, and clothing are also flourishing. Sami art often shows their close connection with nature and their long-standing traditions, attracting international attention.(值得庆幸的是，近几十年来，萨米文化又回来了。萨米人恢复了他们的传统。他们现在在挪威有自己的议会，这使他们有机会在做出影响社区的决定时表达自己的意见。萨米人的艺术、手工艺品和服装也很繁荣。萨米艺术经常展示他们与自然的密切联系和他们悠久的传统，吸引了国际社会的关注。)”及最后一段中“Sami festivals are important occasions to celebrate their culture. (萨米人的节日是庆祝其文化的重要场合。)”可知，萨米人现在有自己的议会，萨米艺术、手工艺品和服装也在蓬勃发展，萨米节日吸引了世界各地的人们，这些都表明萨米文化在萨米人的努力和外界支持下将继续发展。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海·期中）Handing Over Our Confirmation Biases to Search Engines In the internet age, we’ve handed over part of our critical thinking to algorithms (算法). People often search not to explore, but to confirm what they already believe. It’s not always truth we’re after — sometimes, it’s just comfort. Search engines, in theory, should be our assistants in combating this intellectual echo chamber (回音室). They’re designed to bring us a variety of perspectives, ideally steering us toward credible, high-quality sources. In an ideal world, these algorithms would push us to reconsider outdated opinions and update our beliefs with factual, balanced information. But things didn’t turn out as we’d hoped. In fact, we’ve learned to game the system, altering search terms to steer us back into the familiar arms of confirmation bias. Rather than opening our minds, search engines now often strengthen our narrow views — flooding us with half-truths or even clear misinformation. A recent study by Eugina Leung uncovers an uncomfortable truth: the problem isn’t just with the technology. It’s also with us. It is we, the users, that are accountable for strengthening our biases. When people search for information, they often do so with terms that are narrow enough to ensure the results reflect their pre-existing opinions. Consider the question: Is caffeine good or bad for you? A straightforward search like “what are the health effects of caffeine?” might yield balanced results. But searching “is caffeine bad for you?” floods the page with negative articles, supporting a one-sided view. Leung’s research found that over a quarter of caffeine-related searches were so specific that they blocked out opposing perspectives. The researchers’ findings are part of a broader pattern. While people might claim to seek balanced perspectives, data shows that people’s search habits often mirror their personal preferences or beliefs. Take, for example, consumers looking for health and wellness advice. Those who are already advocates of a plant-based diet are more likely to search for phrases like “benefits of veganism” rather than “dangers of veganism,” strengthening the idea that search engines often become self-fulfilling predictions generators Through a series of experiments, Leung found that when participants searched for more specific terms, their views were less likely to change. Whether they were researching caffeine or gas prices, participants consistently crafted search inputs that fit neatly into their own beliefs. The implication is clear: we don’t just let search engines shape our worldview; we actively shape our searches to support it. But there’s hope. The research also suggests that a simple shift in approach — using broader, less biased search terms — can help us break out of our ideological bubbles. It’s a small but potentially significant step toward rediscovering a more balanced way of seeking information in an age of widespread online division. 1．What role do search engines ideally play in our information seeking? A．They are meant to justify the user s pre-existing beliefs. B．They serve as tools for entertainment and personal comfort. C．They aim to enrich users’ perspectives and challenge views. D．They screen out low-quality sources based on user preferences. 2．According to Leung’s research, what is the main issue with how people use search engines? A．The internet is full of half-truths and misinformation. B．Search engines provide results supporting existing ideas. C．Users strengthen their biases with narrow search terms. D．Search engines always exclude challenging viewpoints. 3．What does “a broader pattern” mentioned in the passage refer to? A．Information is often sought to change existing opinions. B．Search habits tend to reflect pre-existing preferences. C．Health advice is searched to support dietary choices. D．Balanced perspectives are sought to reveal neutral stance. 4．To avoid confirmation bias, which of the following search inputs would best help a student writing about online learning? A．Shared strengths of online and classroom learning. B．Benefits of online learning for college students. C．Problems with traditional classroom education. D．Effects of online learning on student performance. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文为议论文。文章主要聚焦搜索引擎时代的 “确认偏误” 现象，指出用户常通过搜索验证固有观点而非追求真相，研究表明狭隘搜索词会强化偏见，而更宽泛的搜索策略可帮助突破信息茧房。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Search engines, in theory, should be our assistants in combating this intellectual echo chamber (回音室). They’re designed to bring us a variety of perspectives, ideally steering us toward credible, high-quality sources. In an ideal world, these algorithms would push us to reconsider outdated opinions and update our beliefs with factual, balanced information.(搜索引擎在理论上应该是我们对抗这种知识回音室的助手。它们被设计用来为我们带来各种不同的观点，理想情况下会引导我们获取可靠、高质量的信息源。在理想世界中，这些算法会促使我们重新考虑过时的观点，并用基于事实的、平衡的信息来更新我们的信念)”可知，搜索引擎理旨在丰富用户的观点并挑战已有的观点。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“A recent study by Eugina Leung uncovers an uncomfortable truth: the problem isn’t just with the technology. It’s also with us. It is we, the users, that are accountable for strengthening our biases. When people search for information, they often do so with terms that are narrow enough to ensure the results reflect their pre - existing opinions.(Eugina Leung最近的一项研究揭示了一个令人不安的事实：问题不仅仅出在技术上，我们自身也有问题。是我们用户强化了自己的偏见。当人们搜索信息时，他们经常使用足够狭窄的术语，以确保结果反映出他们预先存在的观点)”可知，根据Eugina Leung的研究，人们使用搜索引擎的主要问题是用户用狭窄的搜索词强化了自己的偏见。故选C。 3．词义猜测题。根据第 六 段“The researchers’ findings are part of a broader pattern. While people might claim to seek balanced perspectives, data shows that people’s search habits often mirror their personal preferences or beliefs.(研究人员的发现是一个更广泛模式的一部分。虽然人们可能声称寻求平衡的观点，但数据表明，人们的搜索习惯往往反映出他们的个人偏好或信念)”可知，“a broader pattern”指的是搜索习惯往往反映出预先存在的偏好。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段 “The research also suggests that a simple shift in approach — using broader, less biased search terms — can help us break out of our ideological bubbles.(研究还表明，方法上的一个简单转变——使用更广泛、更少偏见的搜索词——可以帮助我们突破思想茧房)”可知，为了避免确认偏误，要求中立性和全面性，避免预设立场或仅验证固有观点。所以为了避免确认偏误，D选项“线上学习对学生表现的影响”搜索输入最有助于学生撰写关于在线学习的文章？故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海·期中）India’s Last Letter Writers When I was a child in Calcutta, I remember my mother writing letters for our domestic helper, Kailash, who had never been to school. The letters always began with “Dear son…” and included news about his family and instructions on how to use the money he sent. Many people from rural India, much like Kailash, once relied on professional letter writers to maintain contact with loved ones after moving to the cities in search of work. However, this once-vital profession is slowly disappearing Jagdish Sharma, one of the last remaining professional letter writers in Delhi, has not written a letter in over a decade. For 31 years, he worked just outside the Kashmere Gate post office, assisting a wide range of people in writing heartfelt letters. Sharma’s strengths lay not in complex tools, but in the basics: a solid grasp of language, neat handwriting, and a talent for translating people’s emotions into words. “People would tell me their stories,” he recalls, “and I would express them in my own words.” Sharma worked with other letter writers for years, assisting customers with forms, parcels, and, most importantly, communication with distant family. “I helped 70 to 80 people a day,” he says with quiet pride. Letter writing has played a significant role in Indian history for centuries. During the Mughal era, professional writers supported aristocrats (贵族) in managing their correspondence. Later, when the British introduced a formal postal system in 1854, services were established to assist those who were unable to read or write. In more recent years, however, changes in society quietly reshaped the need for traditional letter-writing services. As more people learned to read and write, and affordable mobile phones found their way into everyday life, the once-frequent visits to letter writers began to fade. By 2008, the Indian government officially recognized this shift, stating that the service was no longer considered essential. Sharma acknowledged that the decline had begun well before the government’s decision. As business declined, many of his colleagues either retired or sought employment elsewhere. Despite the changes, Sharma still visits the post office daily, except Sundays. “I have nowhere else to go,” he says. One afternoon, I found him preparing a parcel for a client, sewing it with skill, writing the address, and sealing it with a candle. His long-time client, Rekha Kumari — who had been coming to him for ten years — smiled as she showed me her mobile phone. “No,” she said, “I’ll call them myself now.” 1．Many rural Indians relied on professional letter writers because ________. A．they valued the personal and emotional touch of handwritten letters B．they lacked formal education and needed help to communicate C．they preferred letter writers’ solid grasp of language and expression D．mobile phones were not affordable for most people at that time 2．What led to the decline of professional letter writers? A．The government banned their services in 2008 B．People preferred face-to-face communication. C．Higher literacy and mobile phones reduced demand. D．Many-letter writers switched to other promising jobs. 3．What does the interaction between Sharma and Rekha in the final paragraph suggest? A．Phone calls prove cheaper and more convenient than writing letters. B．Kekha is forced to continue using Sharma’s services from loyalty. C．Sharma is actively updating his business with modern technologies    . D．Technological advances have made letter-writing services outdated. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Sympathy for the grassroot working class in India. B．The emergence of mobile phones in Indian literature. C．An appeal to the government to protect traditional craft. D．The rise and fall of professional letter writers in India. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了印度职业写信人这一职业的兴衰。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Many people from rural India, much like Kailash, once relied on professional letter writers to maintain contact with loved ones after moving to the cities in search of work.(许多来自印度农村的人，和Kailash很像，他们为了谋生来到城市后，曾经依靠专业的书信代写人来与亲人保持联系。)”可知，许多印度农村人依赖专业书信代写人是因为他们缺乏正规教育，需要帮助进行沟通。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段中“As more people learned to read and write, and affordable mobile phones found their way into everyday life, the once-frequent visits to letter writers began to fade.(随着越来越多的人学会读写，价格亲民的手机也走进了日常生活，人们曾经频繁光顾书信代写人的情况开始减少。)”可知，识字率提高和手机的出现减少了需求导致了专业书信代写人的衰落。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Despite the changes, Sharma still visits the post office daily, except Sundays. “I have nowhere else to go,” he says. One afternoon, I found him preparing a parcel for a client, sewing it with skill, writing the address, and sealing it with a candle. His long-time client, Rekha Kumari — who had been coming to him for ten years — smiled as she showed me her mobile phone. “No,” she said, “I’ll call them myself now.”(尽管情况发生了变化，Sharma仍然每天都去邮局，周日除外。“我无处可去，” 他说。一天下午，我看到他在为一位客户准备包裹，熟练地缝好，写好地址，然后用蜡烛封口。他的老客户Rekha Kumari已经找他十年了，她微笑着向我展示她的手机。“不，”她说，“我现在自己给他们打电话。”)”可知，最后一段中Sharma和Rekha的互动表明了技术进步使书信代写服务过时。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章开篇讲述印度专业书信代写人曾经存在的必要性，中间介绍其工作内容和在历史上的作用，后面阐述因社会变化导致这一职业逐渐衰落，整体围绕印度专业书信代写人的兴衰展开可知，这篇文章主要讲了印度专业书信代写人的兴衰。故选D项。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海闵行·期中）Judging by the historic record, we’ve been fascinated by our reflections for a long time. Some of the earliest human-made mirrors date to 6200 B．C． in Turkey. But even back then, mirrors were largely used to assess how beautiful we were. Egyptians paintings and carvings show the upper classes combing their hair and applying thick red, green, yellow and black cosmetics in front of mirrors. Mirrors were associated from early on with vanity (虚荣). Through the middle ages, the technology for mirrors was simple: Fashioned from blown glass, they were usually small and often convex (凸面的). In the Renaissance, Italians began developing techniques for making flatter glass, and in 1507 hit upon a way of covering the back of the glass with mercury and tin to produce clear mirrors. This new technology was wonderful, but so expensive that nobles sometimes sold property just to afford one. In the 16th and 17th centuries, mirror making was so costly that it required the investment of half of France’s GDP. By the time the Renaissance was in full flower, wealthy noblemen could get large mirrors in which they could see their entire body at a glance. It was a transformative sight. The historian Ian Mortimer believes that mirror were central in developing the modern sense of the individual. “Mankind,” says Mortimer, became “a valid topic of study in his own right.” As the playwright and novelist Louis-Sebastien Mercler noted in the1780s, wealthy young men would look “ at four mirrors at once to see themselves”. In 1715, the essayist Richard Steele observed groups of people visiting a London mirror shop, where “ they will certainly be well pleased, for they will have unavoidable opportunities of seeing what they most like.... I mean their own dear selves.” Many others thought nothing of all this self-regard. In the early years of America, “ mirrors were considered, within American society, a kind of luxury that was somewhat shameful. “says Josiah McElheny, a Brooklyn-based artist who works with mirrors. Some countries leveled taxes on large mirrors. America’s mirror taxes were so high that if a furniture maker wished to create a full-body-sized reflection without going bankrupt (破产), he had to assemble it from several smaller mirrors. It wasn’t until the last decades of the 19th century that the industrial world could finally make big mirrors cheaply. Production exploded and mirrors quickly passed from luxurious products for the rich to everyday devices that were affordable among an emerging middle class. In 1897, Sears Roebuck advertised ten-inch-square mirrors for only 50 cents apiece and said: “No house is complete without a number of small mirrors which are handy in so many rooms.” 1．Which of the following statements is true of the mirrors in the Renaissance? A．They were rather small in size. B．They were unaffordable to most people. C．They were mostly manufactured in Italy. D．They were no longer associated with vanity. 2．According to Ian Mortimer, what change did mirrors bring about? A．Humans started to think of themselves as an individual. B．More and more mirrors shops sprang up all over Europe. C．Novelists began to write about people’s love for mirrors. D．People cared about their appearance for the first time. 3．In the early years of America, mirrors ________________. A．brought their makers much profit B．were regarded as something meaningless C．were mostly assembled from small pieces D．caused many furniture makers to go bankrupt 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The transformative sight of mirrors. B．The varying enthusiasm for mirrors. C．The historic development of mirrors. D．The change in people’s attitudes to mirrors. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了镜子从早期到19世纪末的历史发展，包括不同时期镜子的特点、制作技术、价格以及人们对镜子的态度等。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“In the Renaissance, Italians began developing techniques for making flatter glass, and in 1507 hit upon a way of covering the back of the glass with mercury and tin to produce clear mirrors. This new technology was wonderful, but so expensive that nobles sometimes sold property just to afford one. (在文艺复兴时期，意大利人开始研究制作更扁平的玻璃的技术，1507年，他们偶然发现了一种用水银和锡覆盖玻璃背面的方法，以制作出透明的镜子。这项新技术很棒，但非常昂贵，以至于贵族们有时会卖掉财产来买一面镜子)”可知，文艺复兴时期镜子非常昂贵，大多数人都买不起。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The historian Ian Mortimer believes that mirror were central in developing the modern sense of the individual. “Mankind,” says Mortimer, became “a valid topic of study in his own right.”(历史学家伊恩·莫蒂默认为，镜子在培养现代个人意识方面起着核心作用。莫蒂默说：“人类本身成为了一个有价值的研究课题。”)”可知，镜子在培养现代个人意识方面起着核心作用，使人类开始将自己视为一个个体。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中“In the early years of America, “mirrors were considered, within American society, a kind of luxury that was somewhat shameful,” says Josiah McElheny, a Brooklyn-based artist who works with mirrors.”(在美国早期，“镜子在美国社会被认为是一种有点可耻的奢侈品，”布鲁克林的镜子艺术家Josiah McElheny说)可知，在美国早期，人们认为镜子是可耻的奢侈品，由此推知，当时美国人认为镜子毫无意义，不值得花那么多钱。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段中提到“Some of the earliest human made mirrors date to 6200 B. C. in Turkey. (一些最早的人造镜子可以追溯到公元前6200年的土耳其)”，接着第三段中讲述了中世纪“Through the middle ages, the technology for mirrors was simple: Fashioned from blown glass, they were usually small and often convex (凸面的). (在中世纪，镜子的制作技术很简单：由吹制玻璃制成，通常很小，而且常常是凸面的)”和文艺复兴时期“In the Renaissance, Italians began developing techniques for making flatter glass, and in 1507 hit upon a way of covering the back of the glass with mercury and tin to produce clear mirrors. (在文艺复兴时期，意大利人开始开发制作更平整玻璃的技术，并在1507年偶然发现了一种用汞和锡覆盖玻璃背面来制作清晰镜子的方法)”，然后在第五段中讲述美国早期“In the early years of America, “mirrors were considered, within American society, a kind of luxury that was somewhat shameful. (在美国早期，在美国社会中，镜子被认为是一种有点可耻的奢侈品)”，最后在第六段提到“It wasn’t until the last decades of the 19th century that the industrial world could finally make big mirrors cheaply. (直到19世纪最后几十年，工业界才终于能够廉价地制造大镜子)”，这些内容都围绕着镜子的历史发展展开。所以文章主要讲的是镜子的历史发展。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期中）Below are some emerging technologies that may change the world.   Low-carbon cement can help combat climate change.   Concrete is the most widely used human-made material. However, the manufacture of one of its key components, cement, creates a substantial yet underappreciated amount of human-produced carbon dioxide: up to 8 percent of the global total, according to London-based think tank Chatham House.   To address this issue, researchers and companies are now pursuing various lower-carbon solutions. For instance, a start-up in New Jersey is employing a chemical process that has cut 30 percent of the carbon dioxide usually released in making cement. The recipe uses more clay, less limestone and less heat than typical processes. Quantum sensors could let autonomous cars “see” around corners.   Quantum computers get all the hype (大肆宣传), but quantum sensors, which reach extreme levels of precision by exploiting the quantum nature of matter, could be equally transformative, enabling autonomous vehicles that can “see” around corners, underwater navigation systems, early-warning systems for volcanic activity and earthquakes, and portable scanners that monitor a person’s brain activity during daily life. Green hydrogen could fill big gaps in renewable energy.   When hydrogen burns, the only by-product is water — which is why hydrogen has been an alluring zero-carbon energy source for decades. Yet the traditional process for producing hydrogen, in which fossil fuels are exposed to steam, is not even remotely zero-carbon.   Green hydrogen is different. It is produced through electrolysis, in which machines split water into hydrogen and oxygen, with no other by-products. Historically, electrolysis required so much electricity that it made little sense to produce hydrogen that way. The situation is changing since the electrolyzers are getting more efficient. Whole-Genome synthesis will transform cell engineering.   Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists in China uploaded the virus’s genetic sequence to genetic databases. A Swiss group then synthesized the entire genome and produced the virus from it. Such speed is one example of how whole-genome printing is advancing medicine and other work.   Whole-genome synthesis is an extension of the booming field of synthetic biology. Researchers reprogram microbes to do desired work such as making a new medicine. So far genomes mainly get light edits. But improvements are making it possible to print ever larger number of genetic material and to alter genomes more extensively. 1．Which new technology can be used to help with medical researches? A．Low-carbon cement. B．Quantum sensors. C．Green hydrogen. D．Whole-Genome synthesis. 2．Which of the following is supported by the passage? A．Cement-related emissions are less serious than most people realize. B．Quantum sensors are currently used to improve brain functions. C．Green hydrogen offers a zero-emission alternative to fossil fuels. D．Genome synthesis has already transformed how we edit genes. 3．What is a shared feature of all the emerging technologies mentioned? A．They are reshaping or expected to reshape certain industries. B．They mainly aim to address health and medical challenges. C．They all directly reduce human-made carbon emissions. D．They are all still at the stage of theoretical reasoning. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了四种可能改变世界的新兴技术，包括低碳水泥、量子传感器、绿色氢气和全基因组合成技术，并分别阐述了它们的应用前景和优势。 1．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists in China uploaded the virus’s genetic sequence to genetic databases. A Swiss group then synthesized the entire genome and produced the virus from it. Such speed is one example of how whole-genome printing is advancing medicine and other work.(在新冠肺炎疫情早期，中国科学家将病毒的基因序列上传到基因数据库。随后，一个瑞士小组合成了整个基因组，并从中制造出病毒。这种速度就是全基因组打印如何推动医学和其他工作的一个例子)”可知，全基因组合成技术可用于医学研究。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第六段“When hydrogen burns, the only by-product is water — which is why hydrogen has been an alluring zero-carbon energy source for decades. Yet the traditional process for producing hydrogen, in which fossil fuels are exposed to steam, is not even remotely zero-carbon.(当氢气燃烧时，唯一的副产品是水——这就是为什么几十年来氢气一直是一种诱人的零碳能源。然而，传统的制氢过程是将化石燃料暴露在蒸汽中，这甚至根本不是零碳的)”以及第七段“Green hydrogen is different. It is produced through electrolysis, in which machines split water into hydrogen and oxygen, with no other by-products.(绿色氢气则不同。它是通过电解产生的，在这个过程中，机器将水分解成氢气和氧气，没有其他副产品)”可知，绿色氢气为化石燃料提供了一种零排放的替代品。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第一段“Below are some emerging technologies that may change the world.(以下是一些可能改变世界的新兴技术)”以及下文对四种新兴技术的介绍可知，文中提到的所有新兴技术的共同特征是它们正在重塑或有望重塑某些行业，例如，低碳水泥有助于应对气候变化，量子传感器能让自动驾驶汽车“看见”拐角周围的情况，绿色氢气可以填补可再生能源的巨大缺口，全基因组合成将改变细胞工程。A项“它们正在重塑或有望重塑某些行业”符合题意。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海·期中）The Painting Fool is one of a growing number of computer programs which, as their makers claim, possess creative talents. Classical music by an artificial composer has had audiences enraptured, and even tricked them into believing a human was behind the score. Artworks painted by a robot have sold for thousands of dollars and been hung in prestigious galleries. And software has been built which creates art that could not have been imagined by the programmer. Human beings are the only species to perform sophisticated creative acts regularly. If we can break this process down into computer code, where does that leave human creativity? ‘This is a question at the very core of humanity,’ says Geraint Wiggins, a computational creativity researcher at Goldsmiths, University of London. ‘It scares a lot of people. They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means to be human.’ To some extent, we are all familiar with computerized art. The question is: where does the work of the artist stop and the creativity of the computer begin? Consider one of the oldest machine artists, Aaron, a robot that has had paintings exhibited in London’s Tate Modern and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Aaron can pick up a paintbrush and paint on canvas on its own. Impressive perhaps, but it is still little more than a tool to realize the programmer’s own creative ideas. Simon Colton, the designer of the Painting Fool, is keen to make sure his creation doesn’t attract the same criticism. Unlike earlier ‘artists’ such as Aaron, the Painting Fool only needs minimal direction and can come up with its own concepts by going online for material. The software runs its own web searches and trawls through social media sites. It is now beginning to display a kind of imagination too, creating pictures from scratch. One of its original works is a series of fuzzy landscapes, depicting trees and sky. While some might say they have a mechanical look, Colton argues that such reactions arise from people’s double standards towards software-produced and human-produced art. After all, he says, consider that the Painting Fool painted the landscapes without referring to a photo. ‘If a child painted a new scene from its head, you’d say it has a certain level of imagination,’ he points out. ‘The same should be true of a machine.’ Software bugs can also lead to unexpected results. Some of the Painting Fool’s paintings of a chair came out in black and white, thanks to a technical glitch. This gives the work an eerie, ghostlike quality. Human artists like the renowned Ellsworth Kelly are lauded for limiting their color palette-so why should computers be any different? 1．What is the writer suggesting about computer-produced works in the first paragraph? A．People’s acceptance of them can vary considerably. B．A great deal of progress has already been attained in this field. C．They have had more success in some artistic genres than in others. D．The advances are not as significant as the public believes them to be. 2．According to Geraint Wiggins, why are many people worried by computer art? A．It is aesthetically inferior to human art. B．It may ultimately supersede human art. C．It undermines a fundamental human quality. D．It will lead to a deterioration in human ability. 3．What is a key difference between Aaron and the Painting Fool? A．Its programmer’s background. B．Public response to its work. C．The source of its subject matter. D．The technical standard of its output. 4．What point does Simon Colton make in the fourth paragraph? A．Software-produced art is often dismissed as childish and simplistic. B．The same concepts of creativity should not be applied to all forms of art. C．It is unreasonable to expect a machine to be as imaginative as a human being. D．People tend to judge computer art and human art according to different criteria. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是计算机程序在艺术创作领域的进展及其引发的关于人类创造力与机器创造力的讨论，探讨了人工智能艺术作品的独特性及争议。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The Painting Fool is one of a growing number of computer programs which, as their makers claim, possess creative talents. Classical music by an artificial composer has had audiences enraptured, and even tricked them into believing a human was behind the score. Artworks painted by a robot have sold for thousands of dollars and been hung in prestigious galleries. (“绘画愚人”是越来越多声称具有创造力的计算机程序之一。由人工智能作曲家创作的古典音乐让观众着迷，甚至让他们误以为背后是人类创作。机器人绘制的艺术品已以数千美元的价格售出，并被挂在著名画廊中。)”可知，作者通过具体实例表明，计算机生成艺术领域已经取得了显著进步。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段的“‘This is a question at the very core of humanity,’ says Geraint Wiggins, a computational creativity researcher at Goldsmiths, University of London. ‘It scares a lot of people. They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means to be human.’(‘这是一个人类核心的问题，’伦敦大学金史密斯学院的计算创造力研究员格伦特·威金斯说。‘这吓坏了许多人。他们担心这会夺走一些成为人类所特有的东西。’)”可知，许多人担忧计算机艺术会削弱人类的基本特质。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Aaron can pick up a paintbrush and paint on canvas on its own. Impressive perhaps, but it is still little more than a tool to realize the programmer’s own creative ideas. (Aaron可以拿起画笔自行在画布上作画。虽然令人印象深刻，但它仍然只是实现程序员创意想法的工具。)”可知，Aaron使用画笔自行在画布上作画，结合第四段中的“Unlike earlier ‘artists’ such as Aaron, the Painting Fool only needs minimal direction and can come up with its own concepts by going online for material. (与早期的‘艺术家’如Aaron不同，“绘画愚人”只需最少的指导，便能通过上网获取材料并提出自己的概念。)”可知，“绘画愚人”通过上网获取材料并提出自己的概念，由此可知，两者的区别在于主题来源不同。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段的“Colton argues that such reactions arise from people’s double standards towards software-produced and human-produced art. After all, he says, consider that the Painting Fool painted the landscapes without referring to a photo. ‘If a child painted a new scene from its head, you’d say it has a certain level of imagination,’ he points out. ‘The same should be true of a machine.’(Colton认为，这种反应源于人们对软件生成艺术和人类生成艺术的双重标准。毕竟，他说，“绘画愚人”在没有参考照片的情况下绘制了风景画。‘如果一个孩子凭空画出一幅新场景，你会说它具有一定想象力，’他指出，‘机器也应如此。’)”可知，Colton认为，这种反应源于人们对软件生成艺术和人类生成艺术的双重标准，由此可知，Colton指出人们评判计算机艺术和人类艺术时采用不同标准的现象。故选D项。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）Once a dominant presence on the Great Plains, the American bison (美洲野牛) was nearly driven to extinction by the end of the 19th century. Tens of millions once moved freely across North America, but uncontrolled hunting, habitat loss, and westward expansion reduced their numbers to just a few hundred by the late 1800s. A turning point came in the early 20th century, thanks to efforts by conservationists and institutions like the Bronx Zoo. In 1907, the zoo played a crucial role in one of the first major bison reintroduction programs. It shipped 15 bison to the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in Oklahoma. This initiative continued in 1913, when 14 more bison were sent to Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota. These early transfers laid the foundation for today’s population of free-ranging bison. Currently, approximately 20,000 bison live in managed conservation areas, many of them are related to those original Bronx Zoo animals. These bison are carefully monitored to ensure genetic diversity and protect the species from the threats that nearly wiped them out more than a century ago. In recognition of the bison’s cultural and ecological importance, the U. S. officially declared November 1 as National Bison Day. The bison was also declared the national mammal (哺乳动物) of the United States, symbolizing strength, toughness and the success of wildlife conservation efforts. Despite their size — adult bison can weigh over a ton and reach speeds of up to 35 miles per hour — these animals are still vulnerable. Conservationists continue to work on restoring larger, free-ranging bison in more areas, with a long-term goal of creating self-sustaining populations that play a natural role in grassland ecosystems. The story of the American bison is one of near loss and remarkable recovery — a reminder that, with joint effort and respect for nature, it is possible to reverse even the most dramatic declines. 1．What happened in the early 20th century that was seen as a turning point? A．The bison population reached its lowest point. B．The U. S. government banned all hunting of bison. C．Bison were hunted more heavily across North America. D．The Bronx Zoo began sending bison to protected areas. 2．The word “vulnerable” (paragraph 5) can be best replaced by “______”. A．in power B．at risk C．under control D．by surprise 3．Why did the U. S. officially declare November 1 as National Bison Day? A．To mark the founding of the Bronx Zoo. B．To honor the bison’s role in culture and nature. C．To raise awareness about the bison’s past declines. D．To promote the conversation of other large mammals. 4．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．The Return of the Bison B．The Life of Bison in the Wild C．How the Bronx Zoo Became Famous D．The Rise and Fall of the Great Plains 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是美洲野牛从濒临灭绝到逐步恢复的过程，以及相关保护措施和其在美国文化与生态系统中的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A turning point came in the early 20th century, thanks to efforts by conservationists and institutions like the Bronx Zoo. In 1907, the zoo played a crucial role in one of the first major bison reintroduction programs. (20世纪初，由于保护主义者和布朗克斯动物园等机构的努力，情况出现了转机。1907年，该动物园在首批重要的美洲野牛重新引入计划中发挥了关键作用。)”可知，早期的转折点是布朗克斯动物园开始将美洲野牛送往保护区。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第五段“Despite their size — adult bison can weigh over a ton and reach speeds of up to 35 miles per hour — these animals are still vulnerable. Conservationists continue to work on restoring larger, free-ranging bison in more areas, with a long-term goal of creating self-sustaining populations that play a natural role in grassland ecosystems. (尽管它们体型庞大 —— 成年野牛体重可达一吨以上，奔跑速度可达每小时 35 英里 —— 但这些动物仍然 vulnerable。保护主义者继续致力于在更多地区恢复更大规模的自由放养野牛，长期目标是建立能够在草原生态系统中发挥自然作用的自给自足的种群。)”可知，尽管野牛有一些优势，但仍然需要保护主义者努力去恢复它们的数量，所以它们仍然处于危险之中，由此可知，划线单词的意思与“处于危险中”意义相近。故选 B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In recognition of the bison’s cultural and ecological importance, the U. S. officially declared November 1 as National Bison Day. The bison was also declared the national mammal (哺乳动物) of the United States, symbolizing strength, toughness and the success of wildlife conservation efforts. (为了认可野牛在文化和生态方面的重要性，美国正式宣布 11 月 1 日为国家野牛日。野牛也被宣布为美国的国家哺乳动物，象征着力量、坚韧以及野生动物保护工作的成功。)”可知，为了认可野牛在文化和生态方面的重要性，美国正式宣布11月1日为国家野牛日，由此可知，建立国家野牛日是为了表彰野牛在文化和自然方面的作用。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“Tens of millions once moved freely across North America, but uncontrolled hunting, habitat loss, and westward expansion reduced their numbers to just a few hundred by the late 1800s. (数千万头美洲野牛曾经自由地穿梭于整个北美大陆，但到了19世纪末，由于不受控制的捕猎、栖息地的丧失以及向西扩张的人类活动，它们的数量锐减至仅剩数百头。)”以及第二段中的“A turning point came in the early 20th century, thanks to efforts by conservationists and institutions like the Bronx Zoo. (20世纪初，由于保护主义者和布朗克斯动物园等机构的努力，情况迎来了一个转折点。)”可知，文章讲述了美洲野牛曾经濒临灭绝，经过保护主义者和相关机构的努力，数量有所恢复，结合尾段中的“The story of the American bison is one of near loss and remarkable recovery — a reminder that, with joint effort and respect for nature, it is possible to reverse even the most dramatic declines. (美洲野牛的故事是一个关于几近灭绝又显著恢复的故事 —— 它提醒我们，只要齐心协力并尊重自然，即便是最急剧的数量减少趋势也是可以逆转的。)”可知，本文主要讲述的是美洲野牛从濒临灭绝到逐步恢复的过程，所以题目“野牛的回归”可以概括本文的主题，最适合本文的标题。故选A项。 Passage 2 （23-24高二下·上海·期中）Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be angry. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation(义愤填膺), it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 1．In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________. A．posing a question B．justifying an assumption C．making a comparison D．explaining a phenomenon 2．The statement “it is all too monkey” (Paragraph 1) implies that ________. A．monkeys are also angered by slack rivals B．hating unfairness is also monkeys’ nature C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions 3．Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________. A．more inclined to weigh what they get B．attentive to researchers’ instructions C．nice in both appearance and temperament D．more generous than their male companions 4．When can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. B．Human anger evolved from an uncertain source. C．Animals usually show their feelings openly as human do. D．Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waa对雌性卷尾猴进行的一项研究，它们像人类女性一样，更倾向于关注“商品和服务”的价值。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.”（这种行为被认为是“人之常情”，潜在的假设是，其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的委屈感。但是佐治亚州亚特兰大市埃默里大学的Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究表明，猴子也有类似的“太猴子化”的行为。）可知，第一段提到人因为不公平而愤怒，推导动物会不会呢？有人认为不会，但是科学研究表明猴子同样会，下文就猴子也会因不公平而愤怒展开，所以本段是通过比较引入主题。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be angry. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human””（事实上，如果他有懒惰的名声，你甚至可能会生气。这种行为被认为是‘太人类化。’）已经第一段末尾的“as well(也)”可知，人会因不公平而感到愤怒，“it is all too monkey(太猴子化)”意思是猴子和人一样，痛恨不公平也是猴子的本性。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.”（它们看起来很可爱。它们是性情善良、乐于合作的动物，它们乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就像她们的雌性同伴一样，她们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”的价值。）可推知，选择雌性卷尾猴进行研究很可能是因为它们更倾向于权衡他们所得到的。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.”（然而，这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上独立进化而来，还是源于3500万年前这两个物种的共同祖先，至今仍是一个没有答案的问题。）可知，从最后一段我们可以推断出人类的愤怒源自一个不确定的来源。故选B项。 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期中）“Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science.   To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods.   But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow.   What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares.   One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too.   Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right.   Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis: that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together. 1．According to Paragraph 3, “some fretting and friction” refers to the fact that methodological reformers ______. A．feel reluctant to reflect on themselves B．are unable to provide valuable work C．don’t offer constructive criticisms D．meet with harsh personal attacks 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the “assume you are wrong” strategy? A．It will make scientific conclusions less reliable. B．It can enhance the public’s understanding of science. C．It may lead to an increase in the motivation of scientists. D．It can promote a positive interpretation of criticisms. 3．According to the passage, what is the author most likely to agree on? A．Nosek’s strategy has been proven to improve scientific outcomes and decision-making. B．The scientific community should reject untested hypotheses to avoid misleading the public. C．Nosek’s emphasis on cognitive modesty holds potential for collective progress in science. D．Scientists are advised to adopt the same perspectives to achieve the “sense of community”. 4．______ best fits the “assume you are wrong” strategy. A．Encouraging business leaders to always trust their instincts in making decisions B．Promoting a culture where teachers actively seek feedback to improve teaching C．Training politicians to be more defensive about their policies to avoid admitting faults D．Advising journalists to stick to their narratives despite opposing views 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文围绕心理学教授布莱恩・诺塞克（Brian Nosek）提出的“假设自己错误”策略展开，探讨其在科学领域的意义与争议。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways.( 方法论改革家说了很多难听的话，也说了很多关于他们的坏话。很少有人喜欢自己毕生工作的价值受到质疑。另一方面，很少有人善于以善意和建设性的方式提出批评。)”可知，第三段提到，方法论改革伴随“fretting and friction”，具体表现为“Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers”（改革者被他人恶语相向，彼此间也有恶言）。这表明改革者面临严厉的人身攻击。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares.( 假设你是对的，可能是一种激励力量，维持进行科学工作所需的巨大努力。但这也很容易将批评解读为人身攻击。相反，从假设你是错的开始，批评更容易被解释为如何减少错误的建设性建议-这可能是你的批评者的共同目标。)”可知，第四段指出，假设自己错误能将批评视为“constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong(建设性改进建议)”，而非人身攻击。这与积极解读批评的策略一致。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right.( 尽管存在这些担忧，但我喜欢诺塞克的建议，因为它建立了认知上的谦卑，以及我们可以做得更好的感觉。它还建立了一种社区意识——当我们做错事的时候，我们都在同一条船上。)”可推知，根据文章，作者最可能同意的观点是认知谦逊有望推动科学集体进步。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis: that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together.( 不幸的是，这仍然给我们留下了一个未经检验的假设：假设一个人是错的，可以使社会规范变得更好，并最终支持更好的科学，甚至可能是更好的生活决策。我不知道这是不是真的。事实上，我应该假设这是错的。但是有了科学界和我们最好的方法论工具的帮助，我希望我们能一起减少错误。)”可推知，“assume you are wrong”策略的核心是主动接纳批评、寻求改进。选项B中教师通过反馈优化教学，体现了这一理念。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）A scientist’s guide to Spring Cleaning ①________ It depends on how much you care about the effects that cleaning can have. We’ve done research into this. In one study, people completed tasks in tidy or untidy rooms, then had the option to donate to charity. We found that those in tidy room were more likely to donate. Cleaning seems to make you more likely to act in a way that is more upstanding and consistent with social norms. Can I still get psychological benefits of cleaning if I pay someone else to do it? Absolutely. You don’t have to be the person that does all the tidying in order for your behaviour to change. A neat house can have an effect on everyone in the household. My teenage daughter argues that she can’t help being messy. Should I let her off tidying her room? Some people are habitually messy, but that’s not always a bad thing. In another study, we had our subjects sit in clean or messy rooms while dreaming up new uses for ping pong balls. We found that people from the messy rooms were more creative and innovative with their ideas. Now I have an excuse for the state of my house. But when should I worry that things are too messy? Speaking from a personal perspective, you should start to worry if the mess is preventing you from getting things done in an efficient manner. There’s a concept called ‘household chaos’. Suppose your two shoes are never in the same place. If you have to run around and find the missing shoe, it could cause problems in your everyday life. That’s when things start to get too messy. ②________ If you find you’ve thrown things away that you later realise you need, or if being too tidy gets in the way of enjoying social interactions. I remember going to a colleague’s house that was spotless, with white carpets and a white couch, and I found that I just couldn’t relax. ③________ Try ‘cleaning purgatory’. Before I throw out anything that I think I may regret, I put in a holding bin. It sits there for a month. If I don’t get back to it then it has to go. 1．Some headings are missing in the passage. Match the following headings with the proper paragraphs. Note there is one more than you need. a. How do I know what to get rid of? b. Should I bother with the spring cleaning? c. How do I know I’m too tidy? d. what do you think of being too tidy? A．①a ②c ③b B．①b ②d ③c C．①b ②c ③a D．①a ②d ③b 2．What effect does cleaning have on people? A．It inspires people’s creativity. B．It makes people more generous. C．It costs people too much time. D．It gets people to work less efficiently. 3．What suggestion is given in the passage? A．Don’t let the mess take over. B．Associate cleanliness and order with morality. C．Help young children develop a habit of tidiness. D．Better not ask anyone else to do the cleaning for you. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了关于春季清洁的科学指南，包括清洁对人的心理影响、判断整洁或混乱程度的标准以及清理物品的建议等。 1．细节理解题。①处段落开头通过“It depends on how much you care about the effects that cleaning can have. (这取决于你有多在意清洁可能产生的影响)”引出对“是否需要进行春季清洁”的讨论，对应标题b“Should I bother with the spring cleaning? (我需要费心进行春季大扫除吗？)”；②处段落通过同事家过于整洁让人无法放松的例子，探讨“何时该担心过于整洁”，对应标题c“How do I know I’m too tidy? (我怎么知道自己过于整洁了呢？)”；③处段落介绍“cleaning purgatory”方法来决定物品去留，对应标题a“How do I know what to get rid of ? (我怎么知道该扔掉什么呢？)”。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第一段“We found that those in tidy room were more likely to donate. (我们发现，身处整洁房间的人更有可能进行捐赠)”可知，处于整洁房间的人更可能捐款，即清洁会让人更慷慨。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Try ‘cleaning purgatory’. Before I throw out anything that I think I may regret, I put in a holding bin. It sits there for a month. If I don’t get back to it then it has to go. (试试“清洁炼狱”法。在我打算扔掉任何可能会后悔丢弃的东西之前，我会把它放进一个暂存箱里。它会在那里存放一个月。如果一个月内我没有再用到它，那它就必须被扔掉)”可知，作者建议通过暂存物品来判断是否丢弃，这一方法的核心是平衡整洁与混乱，避免混乱占据主导以至于影响生活。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）We the people have always been helplessly drawn to the concept of magic. We’ve spent billions of dollars for the opportunity to see what real magic might look like, in the form of Harry Potter movies, superhero films and TV shows, from Bewitched on down. It should follow, then, that any time you can offer real magical powers for sale, the public will buy it. That’s exactly what’s been going on in consumer technology. Remember Arthur C． Clarke’s most famous line? “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” Anything invisible and wireless, anything that we control with our hands or our voices, anything we can operate over impossible distances —  those are the hits because they most resemble magic. You can now change the temperature in your bedroom from thousands of miles away or call up a show on your TV screen by speaking its name or type on your phone by speaking to it. Magic. For decades the wisdom in product design has been to “make it simpler to operate” and “make it easier for the consumer”. And those are admirable goals, for sure. Some of the biggest technical advancements in the past 30 years- miniaturization, wireless, touch screens, artificial intelligence, robotics — have been committed to “simpler” and “easier”. But that’s not enough to feel magical. Real tech magic is simplicity plus awe. The most exciting technology-GPS apps telling you when to turn, your Amazon Echo answering questions for you, your phone letting you pay for something by waving it at that product-feel kind of awesome every single time. The awe component is important. It’s the difference between magic and mere convenience. You could say to your butler, “Jeeves, lock all the doors” and yes, that’d be convenient. But saying, “Alexa, lock all the doors,” and then hearing the deadbolts (锁芯) all over the house click by themselves? Same convenience, but this time it’s magical. 1．The first paragraph is intended to ________. A．highlight the concept of magic B．show human beings’ craze about magic C．reveal what magic looks like in our life D．introduce some magical films and TV shows 2．The pronoun “that” (paragraph 5) refers to ________. A．products being simpler and easier B．technical advancement in history C．changing wisdom in product design D．popular technology development 3．What contributes to real tech magic? A．The real sense of simplicity. B．The feeling of amazement. C．The emphasis on convenience. D．The widespread use of voice. 4．What does the author use in the last paragraph to illustrate his opinion? A．Reasoning. B．Comparison. C．Quotation. D．Statistics. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，探讨了人们对魔法的痴迷延伸到对消费科技产品的追求，阐述了真正的科技魔法不仅要简单易操作，还需给人带来惊叹之感，并通过对比进行论证。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“We the people have always been helplessly drawn to the concept of magic. We’ve spent billions of dollars for the opportunity to see what real magic might look like, in the form of Harry Potter movies, superhero films and TV shows, from Bewitched on down. (我们人类总是无可救药地被魔法的概念所吸引。我们花费数十亿美元，只为有机会看到真正的魔法可能是什么样子，比如《哈利・波特》系列电影、超级英雄电影以及从《家有仙妻》开始的各类电视节目。)” 可知，第一段通过描述人们为看魔法相关内容不惜花费大量金钱，旨在展示人类对魔法的狂热。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“For decades the wisdom in product design has been to “make it simpler to operate” and “make it easier for the consumer”. And those are admirable goals, for sure. Some of the biggest technical advancements in the past 30 years- miniaturization, wireless, touch screens, artificial intelligence, robotics — have been committed to “simpler” and “easier”. (几十年来，产品设计的理念一直是“让操作更简单”和“让消费者更轻松”。这些无疑是令人钦佩的目标。在过去 30 年里，一些最重大的技术进步 —— 小型化、无线技术、触摸屏、人工智能、机器人技术 —— 都致力于实现“更简单”和“更轻松”。)” 以及第五段“But that’s not enough to feel magical. Real tech magic is simplicity plus awe. (但 不足以让人感觉神奇。真正的科技魔法是简单加上惊叹。)” 可知，“that” 指代前文提到的产品设计追求的 “更简单” 和 “更轻松”，即产品变得更简单、更容易操作。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Real tech magic is simplicity plus awe. (真正的科技魔法是简单加上惊叹)” 可知，真正的科技魔法需要简单和惊叹，故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段 “You could say to your butler, “Jeeves, lock all the doors” and yes, that’d be convenient. But saying, “Alexa, lock all the doors,” and then hearing the deadbolts (锁芯) all over the house click by themselves? Same convenience, but this time it’s magical. (你可以对你的管家说：“吉夫斯，把所有的门都锁上”，是的，那会很方便。但是说：“亚历克萨，把所有的门都锁上”，然后听到房子里所有的锁芯自己咔嗒一声锁上呢？同样的便利，但这次感觉像魔法。)” 可知，作者通过对比对管家说锁门和对智能设备说锁门的不同感受，来阐述自己的观点。故选B。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）Astronomy is unique among the sciences as it relies on distant observations. Unlike geologists or biologists, astronomers cannot physically study their subjects. Instead, they use telescopes and computer simulations (模拟) to explore the cosmos. One such effort is the EAGLE  (Evolution and Assembly of Galaxies and their Environments) project, created by researchers at Durham and Leiden Universities. This advanced simulation models a universe over 300 million light-years wide, containing thousands of galaxies (星系) , including ones similar to the Milky Way. To build EAGLE, scientists traced the history of the Universe back before the formation of galaxies and stars. Three key forces influenced the Universe’s evolution: dark matter, normal matter, and dark energy. Dark matter provided an invisible framework for galaxies to form, while dark energy counteracted this by driving the Universe’s expansion. Previous simulations struggled to accurately reproduce galaxy formation, often generating overly massive galaxies. By improving their models and using updated data, the EAGLE team created a more realistic representation of the evolution of the Universe. Developing the simulation took years. Researchers translated complex processes into a complicated computer program, which ran on the DiRAC-II supercomputer for over six weeks. The results were remarkable — EAGLE-generated galaxies was very similar to real ones. According to Professor Richard Bower, an astronomer involved in the project, many people cannot distinguish between actual astronomical images and those produced by EAGLE. A major advantage of EAGLE is its ability to track galaxies over time. By rewinding the simulation, scientists have solved mysteries like the disappearance of small red galaxies observed in the early Universe. EAGLE revealed that many of these galaxies mixed with larger ones, explaining their absence in later observations. The simulation also casts light on why larger galaxies form fewer stars: their black holes grow quickly, consuming surrounding gas and preventing star formation. The team now aims to simulate the future of the Universe. This is challenging due to dark energy’s increasing influence, which speeds up the expansion of the universe. However, advancements in computing may allow researchers to expand EAGLE’s scale, providing deeper insights into galactic evolution. 1．What does the word “counteract” (paragraph 2) most likely mean? A．Measured. B．Enhanced. C．Balanced. D．Opposed. 2．What can be inferred about the advantages of EAGLE from the passage? A．It offers insights into the past galactic events. B．It doesn’t take much effort from astronomers. C．It doesn’t need to rely on advancements in computing. D．It helps explain why dark energy expands the universe. 3．Why is Professor Richard Bower cited in the passage? A．To introduce the universities involved in the EAGLE project. B．To emphasize the scientific accuracy of the EAGLE simulation. C．To highlight the challenges of running supercomputer programs. D．To explain the role of dark matter and dark energy in galaxy formation. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The EAGLE project proves observational astronomy is accurate. B．The EAGLE project highlights the difficulties astronomers face. C．The EAGLE project models galaxy formation and evolution. D．The EAGLE project successfully represents the Milky Way. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了EAGLE项目，它模拟了宇宙中星系的形成和演化，解决了一些天文学谜团，团队还打算模拟宇宙未来。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Dark matter provided an invisible framework for galaxies to form, while dark energy counteracted this by driving the Universe’s expansion. (暗物质为星系的形成提供了一个无形的框架，而暗能量通过推动宇宙膨胀来counteracted这一点)”可知，暗物质促使星系形成，而暗能量推动宇宙膨胀，这二者作用相反。所以“counteract”意思是“对抗、相反”，与“Opposed”同义。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“By rewinding the simulation, scientists have solved mysteries like the disappearance of small red galaxies observed in the early Universe. EAGLE revealed that many of these galaxies mixed with larger ones, explaining their absence in later observations. (通过倒回模拟，科学家们解开了早期宇宙中观测到的小红星系消失等谜团。EAGLE揭示，许多这样的星系与更大的星系融合了，这就解释了它们在后来的观测中为何消失)”可知，EAGLE项目的优势是能够帮助科学家了解过去星系发生的事件。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The results were remarkable — EAGLE generated galaxies was very similar to real ones. According to Professor Richard Bower, an astronomer involved in the project, many people cannot distinguish between actual astronomical images and those produced by EAGLE. (结果非常显著——EAGLE生成的星系与真实的星系非常相似。据参与该项目的天文学家理查德·鲍尔教授说，许多人无法区分实际的天文图像和EAGLE生成的图像)”可知，引用理查德·鲍尔教授的话是为了强调EAGLE模拟的科学准确性。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“One such effort is the EAGLE (Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments) project, created by researchers at Durham and Leiden Universities. This advanced simulation models a universe over 300 million light years wide, containing thousands of galaxies (星系), including ones similar to the Milky Way. (达勒姆大学和莱顿大学的研究人员开展了一项名为EAGLE(星系及其环境的演化与组装)的项目。这种先进的模拟对一个超过3亿光年宽的宇宙进行建模，其中包含数千个星系，包括与银河系相似的星系。)”以及后文对EAGLE项目模拟星系形成和演化过程的介绍可知，本文主要介绍了EAGLE项目对星系形成和演化的模拟。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海闵行·期中）When you pick up your phone in the morning, you begin generating the data that make up Silicon Valley’s most important resource. That, at least, is how we ought to think about the role of data-creation in the economy, according to a new economics paper. Artificial intelligence (AI) is getting better all the time, and is expected to transform a host of industries, say the authors. But, in order to learn to drive a car or recognize a face, the algorithms must usually be trained on massive amounts of data. Internet firms gather these data from users every time they click on a search result, say, or issue a command to a virtual assistant, like Siri or Alex. People “pay” for useful free services by providing firms with the data they desire. These data become part of the firms’ capital, and as such, a fearsome source of competitive advantage. Would-be startups that might challenge internet giants cannot train their AIs without access to the data only those giants possess. Their best hope is often to be acquired by those very same giants, adding to the problem of uncompetitive markets. That, for now, AI’s contributions to productivity growth are small, the authors say, is partly because of the free-data model, which limits the quality of data gathered. Firms trying to develop useful applications for AI must hope that the data they have are sufficient, or come up with ways to cheating users into providing them with better information at no cost. Even so, as Al improves, the amount of work made likely to be displaced by technology grows, and ever more of the value generated in the economy belongs to profitable firms rather than workers. As the authors point out, the share of GDP paid out to workers in wages and salaries — once thought to be relatively stable — has already been decline over the past few decades. To tackle these problems, they have an innovative proposal. Rather than being regarded as capital, data should be treated as labour — and, more specifically, regarded as the property of those who generate such information, unless they agree to provide it to firms in exchange for payment. In such a world, user data might be sold multiple times to multiple firms, reducing the extent to which data sets serve as barriers to entry. Payments to users for their data would help spread the wealth generated by AI. Firms could also potentially generate better data by paying. Rather than guess what a person is up to as they wander around a shopping centre, for example, firms could ask individuals to share information on which shops were visited and which items were viewed, in exchange for payment. Perhaps most ambitiously, the authors think that data labour could come to be seen as useful work, with the same sort of dignity as paid employment, a desirable side-effect in a possible future of mass automation. 1．According to the new paper, what do people pay when they get a satisfactory search result? A．The data. B．The time. C．The service. D．The command. 2．Which of the following is one of “these problems” (in paragraph 6)? A．Start-ups are struggling not to be acquired by giants. B．There is a decline in how much AI engineers earn. C．The quality of data is far from satisfactory. D．The competition for data is much too fierce. 3．Which of the following is true according to the proposal in the new paper? A．The internet industry should move faster to mass automation. B．AI firms should break the barriers to enter the industry. C．People should earn money by sharing their data. D．Data should be labelled with more properties. 4．What, in essence, does the new paper put forward? A．An attempt that can be made to gather better information at the lowest cost. B．A method by which Al firms make a profit by using data more economically. C．A perspective on the relationship between internet companies and their users. D．An approach to thinking about the role data plays in technology development. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了新的论文表明人们在搜索的时候，会通过自己的搜索数据来支付这种免费服务。指出数据应该被视为劳动力，得到报酬。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Internet firms gather these data from users every time they click on a search result, say, or issue a command to a virtual assistant, like Siri or Alex. People “pay” for useful free services by providing firms with the data they desire.(每当用户点击搜索结果，或者向Siri或Alex等虚拟助手发出命令时，互联网公司都会从用户那里收集这些数据。人们通过向公司提供他们想要的数据来“支付”有用的免费服务)”可知，根据这篇新论文，当人们得到满意的搜索结果时，他们会付出数据。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据最后一段“In such a world, user data might be sold multiple times to multiple firms, reducing the extent to which data sets serve as barriers to entry.(在这样一个世界里，用户数据可能被多次出售给多个公司，从而降低了数据集作为进入壁垒的程度)”可知，数据的质量远不能令人满意是“这些问题”之一。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Rather than guess what a person is up to as they wander around a shopping centre, for example, firms could ask individuals to share information on which shops were visited and which items were viewed, in exchange for payment. Perhaps most ambitiously, the authors think that data labour could come to be seen as useful work, with the same sort of dignity as paid employment, a desirable side-effect in a possible future of mass automation.(例如，公司可以要求个人分享访问过哪些商店和浏览过哪些商品的信息，以换取报酬，而不是猜测一个人在购物中心闲逛时在做什么。也许最雄心勃勃的是，作者认为数据劳动可以被视为有用的工作，与有偿工作一样有尊严，这是未来大规模自动化可能带来的一个令人满意的副作用)”可知，C选项“人们应该通过分享数据来赚钱”正确。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第一段“When you pick up your phone in the morning, you begin generating the data that make up Silicon Valley’s most important resource. That, at least, is how we ought to think about the role of data-creation in the economy, according to a new economics paper.(当你早上拿起手机时，你就开始生成数据，这些数据构成了硅谷最重要的资源。根据一篇新的经济学论文，这至少是我们应该如何看待数据创造在经济中的作用)”以及最后一段“Rather than being regarded as capital, data should be treated as labour — and, more specifically, regarded as the property of those who generate such information, unless they agree to provide it to firms in exchange for payment.(数据不应该被视为资本，而应该被视为劳动力——更具体地说，应该被视为产生这些信息的人的财产，除非他们同意将数据提供给公司以换取报酬)”可知，从本质上讲，这篇新论文提出了关于互联网公司和用户关系的观点。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期中）Picture perfect: Is there such a thing as a classic? The “Mona Lisa” is probably the most recognizable female face in the world. Every day around 20.000 people visit and view I. conardo da Vinci’s painting in the Louvre. Yet it became famous not because of an engaging semi-smile, but a thief. Until a worker stole the masterpiece in 1911, it was still mostly unknown; viewers flooded in to see what a French newspaper called “an enormous, horrific, huge void”. Classics of art, literature and music are supposed to carry some mysterious appeal that endures across the ages. But as Rochelle Gurstein, a historian, writes in a new book Written in Water, the “timeless classic” is anything but “What I believed was written in stone was actually written in water,” she argues. Classics come and go. The rise and fall of classics is not just a matter of changing tastes; art itself has changed. Artists used to strive to express ideal forms of beauty. Genius was the “child of imitation”, explained Joshua Reynolds, a British portraitist in the 18th century. Artists learned by studying and imitating classical masterpieces, often Roman copies of Greek sculptures. The writing of art history has also changed tastes. In the 16th century Giorgio Vasari, an Italian painter, advanced an influential expression of artistic progress that was achieved in the realism of Raphael and Michelangelo. But in the 19th century John Ruskin, a critic, called attention to the pre-Raphaelite movement when he argued that the real “Old Masters” were actually medieval Christian painters. Seeing today’s desirable contemporary “masterpieces” sold at auction (拍卖) for millions, you are bound to wonder how critics 100 years from now will feel about them. Much as in art, the “classics” of music and literature have not always been set in stone either. Today Johann Sebastian Bach is often regarded as the master of classical music. But after his death in 1750 Bach’s compositions fell out of fashion until Felix Mendelssohn, a German composer, rediscovered them in the 1820s. Ms Gurstein’s perspectives show that the “status of a classic” depends on critics, and is a test to the power of passionate writers to change the way people look at art. Taste evolves, and it should. But true culture lives on only as long as people continue to argue over what counts as a classic today. The true enemy of the classic is not relativism or controversy. It is silence. 1．By citing the example of “Mona Lisa” in Paragraph One, the author intends to? A．introduce her engaging smile in the perfect picture. B．recognize her as the most famous female in the world. C．disclose the unknown thief of the masterpiece in 1911. D．illustrate the fame of a classic can arise from unexpected events. 2．According to Paragraph Three, how did artists in the past view artistic creation? A．They prioritized originality over tradition. B．They rejected Roman and Greek influences. C．They aimed to express their personal emotions. D．They believed in learning by imitating classics. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Relativism and controversy are the main threats to the classics. B．True culture will survive regardless of people’s discussions about classics. C．Silence helps in maintaining the status of classics as it preserves their mystery. D．Classics are shaped by ongoing debate and the influence of critics and passionate writers. 4．The passage is mainly about ______ . A．the rise and fall of classics and the causes. B．great minds and their representative works. C．world-famous art, literature and music classics. D．criticism of a book written by Rochelle Gurstein. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨经典作品的兴衰，指出其并非永恒不变，受艺术变化、批评家及人们争论等因素影响 。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The ‘Mona Lisa’ is probably the most recognizable female face in the world. Every day around 20,000 people visit and view Leonardo da Vinci’s painting in the Louvre. Yet it became famous not because of an engaging semi-smile, but a thief. Until a worker stole the masterpiece in 1911, it was still mostly unknown; viewers flooded in to see what a French newspaper called “an enormous, horrific, huge void”.(《蒙娜丽莎》可能是世界上最容易辨认的女性面孔。每天大约有两万人在卢浮宫参观列奥纳多・达・芬奇的这幅画。然而，它出名不是因为迷人的半微笑，而是因为一个小偷。直到1911年一名工人偷走了这幅杰作，它在很大程度上仍然不为人知；观众们涌入博物馆，想看看一家法国报纸所称的“一个巨大、可怕、巨大的空白处”。)”可知，《蒙娜丽莎》是因为被偷才出名的，这是一个意外事件。作者引用《蒙娜丽莎》的例子是为了说明经典作品的名声可能来自意想不到的事件。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Artists used to strive to express ideal forms of beauty. Genius was the ‘child of imitation’, explained Joshua Reynolds, a British portraitist in the 18th century. Artists learned by studying and imitating classical masterpieces, often Roman copies of Greek sculptures.(艺术家过去常常努力表达理想的美。18世纪的英国肖像画家约书亚・雷诺兹解释说，天才是“模仿的产物”。艺术家们通过研究和模仿经典杰作来学习，这些杰作通常是希腊雕塑的罗马复制品。)”可知，过去的艺术家认为艺术创作要通过模仿经典来学习。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ms Gurstein’s perspectives show that the “status of a classic” depends on critics, and is a test to the power of passionate writers to change the way people look at art. Taste evolves, and it should. But true culture lives on only as long as people continue to argue over what counts as a classic today. The true enemy of the classic is not relativism or controversy. It is silence..(古斯坦女士的观点表明，“经典的地位” 取决于批评家，也是对热情的作家改变人们看待艺术方式的能力的一种考验。品味在演变，而且应该演变。但只有当人们继续争论今天什么才算经典时，真正的文化才会延续下去。经典的真正敌人不是相对主义或争议。而是沉默。)”可知，经典是由持续的争论以及批评家和热情的作家的影响所塑造的。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章第一段以《蒙娜丽莎》为例引出经典的名声可能来自意外事件；第二段指出经典不是永恒不变的；第三段说明艺术本身的变化对经典兴衰的影响；第四段提到艺术史的书写也改变了品味；第五段以巴赫的作品为例说明音乐和文学的经典也不是一成不变的；最后一段强调经典的地位取决于批评家以及持续的争论。所以整篇文章主要讲了经典的兴衰以及原因。故选A项。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海青浦·期中）On a brisk September morning, Brian Palik’s footfalls land quietly on a path in Minnesota’s iconic Northwoods. A mature red pine (松树) is a tall, straight overstory tree that thrives in cold winters and cool summers. It’s the official Minnesota state tree and a valued target of its timber industry. But red pine’s days of dominance here could fade. In coming decades, climate change will make red pine and other Northwoods trees increasingly vulnerable to destructive combinations of longer, warmer summers and less extremely cold winters, as well as droughts, windstorms, wildfires and insect infestations. Climate change is altering ecological conditions in cold regions faster than trees can adapt or migrate. Palik, a forest ecologist, stops and points to a newcomer under the red-pine canopy: a broadleaf deciduous tree. “It’s doing really well,” he says. This tree probably shouldn’t be thriving here. Normally, if a southern adapted seedling (幼苗) is planted in an unsuitably cold climate like this one, it can risk frost damage, and its survival is threatened. But the newcomer’s lush, green foliage indicates good health. It is a promising sign in a project that aims to keep forests growing in a warming world. Palik’s project is an experiment in forest assisted migration, the relocation of trees to help woodlands adapt and flourish despite the heating of their habitats from climate change. Foresters advocating assisted migration are typically not aiming to save specific species — instead, by moving trees, they want to help sustain productive forest for multiple benefits such as carbon storage, water filtration, wildlife habitat, recreational beauty and timber. Now, assisted migration research for conservation is getting bolder with growing concerns about future forest disruption from climate change. And the movement is growing internationally, with research happening in Spain, Canada, Mexico, etc. Moreover, recent proposals have called for relocating endangered species to new habitats where they would have a better chance of thriving: Mexican gray wolves to northern parts of Arizona, New Mexico or Texas, for example, or Karner blue butterflies farther north from southern Michigan. However, artificially moving a forest, some biologists say, has risks. Relocated species might become invasive or disrupt the ecological balance of the forest. But, says Palik, “the risk of not trying to move species for climate change is larger”. “Forests die fast and grow slowly,” says Lee Frelich, a forest ecologist at the University of Minnesota Center for Forest Ecology. As climate change continues, he says, some forests could vanish, replaced by encroaching (渐渐渗入的) grasslands that do not provide the types of wildlife habitat and other benefits that healthy forests do. “Your only option in that case,” he says, “is to bring in new species or live with whatever nature does,” which — in cases of extreme climate change “is likely to be brushy vegetation and not be a forest for quite some time.” 1．How does climate change affect the Northwoods region of Minnesota? A．By decreasing the length of the growing season. B．By reducing the occurrence of droughts and wildfires. C．By increasing the frequency of extremely cold winters. D．By changing the living condition of the tree species there. 2．What is a key consideration for Brian Palik when deciding which trees to plant? A．Focusing exclusively on planting trees that aren’t native to the area. B．Planting the tallest and fastest-growing trees to quickly restore the forest. C．Choosing trees that are the most economically valuable for timber production. D．Selecting species that can thrive in the changing climate conditions expected in the future. 3．What is the primary goal of assisted migration? A．To ensure that forests remain productive and provide ecosystem services. B．To preserve specific endangered species in their original habitats. C．To maintain the aesthetic beauty of forests for tourism. D．To increase the profitability of the timber industry. 4．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．The practice of forest assisted migration is bound to be carried out on a larger scale globally. B．Scientists’ concerns over forest disruption stem from the economic losses in the timber industry. C．Forest assisted migration appears to be a necessary attempt to maintain forest ecosystems. D．Relocated species will always outcompete native species, leading to biodiversity loss. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了由于明尼苏达森林受气候变化威胁，因此人类开始进行辅助迁移，帮助保护森林。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“In coming decades, climate change will make red pine and other Northwoods trees increasingly vulnerable to destructive combinations of longer, warmer summers and less extremely cold winters, as well as droughts, windstorms, wildfires and insect infestations.(在未来的几十年里，气候变化将使红松和其他北方森林的树木越来越容易受到更长、更温暖的夏季和不那么极端寒冷的冬季以及干旱、风暴、野火和虫害的破坏性组合的影响)”可知，气候变化通过改变当地树种的生存条件影响明尼苏达州的北森林地区。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Palik, a forest ecologist, stops and points to a newcomer under the red-pine canopy: a broadleaf deciduous tree. “It’s doing really well,” he says. This tree probably shouldn’t be thriving here. Normally, if a southern adapted seedling (幼苗) is planted in an unsuitably cold climate like this one, it can risk frost damage, and its survival is threatened. But the newcomer’s lush, green foliage indicates good health.(森林生态学家帕利克停下脚步，指着红松树冠下的一棵新来者：一棵阔叶落叶树。“它适应得非常好，”他说。这棵树可能不应该在这里茁壮成长。正常情况下，如果在像这样不适宜的寒冷气候中种植南方适应的幼苗，它可能会受到霜冻损害，其生存受到威胁。但新来者郁郁葱葱的绿叶表明很健康)”可知，布莱恩·帕利克在决定种哪种树时，主要考虑的是选择能够在未来气候变化条件下茁壮成长的物种。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Foresters advocating assisted migration are typically not aiming to save specific species — instead, by moving trees, they want to help sustain productive forest for multiple benefits such as carbon storage, water filtration, wildlife habitat, recreational beauty and timber.(提倡辅助迁移的林务人员通常不是为了拯救特定的物种——相反，他们希望通过迁移树木来帮助维持森林的生产力，从而获得多种好处，如碳储存、水过滤、野生动物栖息地、娱乐美景和木材)”可知，辅助迁移的主要目标是确保森林保持生产力，并提供各种生态系统服务。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As climate change continues, he says, some forests could vanish, replaced by encroaching (渐渐渗入的) grasslands that do not provide the types of wildlife habitat and other benefits that healthy forests do. “Your only option in that case,” he says, “is to bring in new species or live with whatever nature does,” which — in cases of extreme climate change “is likely to be brushy vegetation and not be a forest for quite some time.”(他说，随着气候变化的持续，一些森林可能会消失，取而代之的是逐渐侵占的草原，这些草原不能提供野生动物栖息地，也不能提供健康森林所能提供的其他好处。“在这种情况下，你唯一的选择，”他说，“就是引进新物种，或者与大自然一起生活，”在极端气候变化的情况下，“很可能在很长一段时间内变成灌木丛生的植被，而不是森林。”)”可知，森林辅助迁移似乎是维持森林生态系统的必要尝试。故选C。 试卷第38页，共38页 试卷第37页，共38页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $