Unit 4 Space Exploration-Discovering Useful Structures 课件-2025-2026学年高中英语人教版必修第三册

BOOK3 UNIT4 Space Exploration infinitive不定式 1. To know the basic rules of the infinitive 2. To use it flexibly in different contexts 观察下列句子，总结动词不定式的功能 To learn a foreign language takes time. My dream is to become a teacher. She refused to answer the question. The teacher told us to be quiet. I went to the shop to buy some bread. He is the first person to arrive. 主语 表语 宾语 宾补 状语 定语 核心规则： 不定式在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语； to do具有名词、形容词、副词的特征 总结动词不定式的形式，注意时态和语态 I hope to see you soon. I hope not to see him again. The work needs to be finished today. The work needs not to be finished today. He seems to be sleeping. He seems not to be sleeping. I am sorry to have kept you waiting. I am sorry not to have kept my promise. He is said to have been sent abroad. He is said not to have been sent abroad. He appears to have been working hard. He appears not to have been working hard. 时态：与谓语动作发生的先后关系 语态：主动？被动？ 在谓语之后，未完成 主动：to do; 被动：to be done 与谓语同时发生 主动：to be doing 在谓语之前就发生了 主动：to have done 被动：to have been done 在谓语之前就发生了并持续 主动：to have been doing 笔记要点一：动词不定式的形式（时态和语态） 　　 语态 时态　 主动形式 被动形式 一般式(未完成) to do to be done 进行式(同时发生) to be doing — 完成式(已完成) to have done to have been done 完成进行式 (先于谓语并持续) to have been doing — 否定形式 在to前加not 在to前加not 【当堂训练】 ①I am honoured __________ (deliver) a speech at the opening ceremony on behalf of代表 our school． ②The question ______________ (discuss) tomorrow is about the pollution. ③The book is said to ___________________ (translate) into four languages so far． ④The little boy pretended ___________ (read) the book when his teacher entered the classroom． to deliver to be discussed have been translated to be reading be adj. +to do sth: be honored to do很荣幸做某事 be said to do sth据说做某事 pretend to do sth 假装做某事 We have much homework to do tonight. We must find a person to do the job． This is the most interesting book to read. He is the first person to think of the idea. She needs someone to help her. Everyone has the right to choose. He has the ability to solve difficult problems. You are the last one to leave. He is the next student to answer. She is the only girl to pass the exam. 分析动词不定式的位置/表示的动作/修饰的对象有什么特点？ 笔记要点二：动词不定式作后置定语 表示未完成的动作 最高级、序数词 不定代词 抽象名词 the+特定修饰：next/last/only/very 【当堂训练】 ①In many homes in the UK, the first person _______ (wake) up has to make tea for the family． ②The airport ______________ (complete) next year will help promote tourism旅游业 in this area． ③The best way __________ (improve) your English is to join an English club． ④Carol was happy that she had the chance _____________ (experience) the life in the city． ⑤These courses offer us opportunities__________ (improve) our abilities to appreciate art． to wake to be completed to improve to experience to improve 笔记要点三：动词不定式：主动表被动 The book is easy to read.（书被读） He is the best person to ask.（最适合被问的人） I need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。（笔被用） He wants a chair to sit on.（椅子被做） She has many clothes to wash.她有很多衣服要洗。（衣服被洗） There is nothing to worry about.（没什么可被担心的） There is a lot of work to do.（有很多工作要被做） 分析下列动词不定式与被修饰的对象之间的语态？ 核心规则： 1.be+adj+to do 2.the + first /last/only / 最高级 + 名词 + to do 3.不及物动词没有被动语态，vi+介词(或表工具/方位) 4.句子主语是不定式动作的执行者:主语 + have /need/want + 名词 + to do 5.There be句式：There be sth to do./with sth to do 有要做的某事 I need to write with a pen.(with表工具) He wants to sit on a chair.(on表方位) She washes many clothes. I have some clothes .(wash) 我有一些衣服要洗。（我自己洗） I have some clothes .(wash) 我有一些衣服要（让人）洗。（送洗衣店 / 别人洗） We have lots of work . (do) 我们有很多工作要做。（自己做） We have lots of work .(do) 我们有很多工作要（被）完成。（侧重任务本身） 动词不定式：主动表被动 v.s 真正的被动 核心规则： 主语自己做 → 用 to do（主动表被动） 让别人做 / 只强调动作被执行 → 用 to be done to wash to be washed to do to be done [即时训练1]　单句语法填空 ①With their ability (see) ahead，they could signal any problem. ②The couple have an unusual way (make) their travel affordable. ③He has no pen to write . ④The Chinese government recently finalized a plan (set) up a Giant Panda National Park. ⑤He is the most suitable person (do) the job. ⑥Bob came out of hospital last Friday. Have you got a chance ________ (visit) him? to see to make with to set to do to visit To finish the task on time, we must work hard. =In order to finish the task on time, we must work hard. =We must work hard，so as to finish the task on time. =We must work hard in order that we can finish the task on time. He spoke quietly not to wake the baby. =He spoke quietly in order not to wake the baby. =He spoke quietly so as not to wake the baby. 核心规则：不定式作目的状语,“以便，为了” 逻辑主语是主句主语 句首/句末：(not)to do=in order (not)to do; 句末：so as (not)to do 可转换成状语从句: in order that+从句/ so that+从句 分析下列动词不定式的作用和语义 笔记要点四：动词不定式作目的状语 注意观察下列不定式作目的状语的逻辑主语 I came early for you to read my report before the meeting. ＝I came early in order that you might read my report before the meeting. 我早点来是为了你在会前可以看我的报告。 He spoke slowly for us to understand him. ＝He spoke slowly so that we can understand him. 他说得很慢，以便我们听得懂。 核心规则：不定式作目的状语, “以便/为了某人做某事” 结构： “for + 逻主 + to do sth” 逻辑主语：与主句主语不同 【当堂训练】 She bought some bread ____________ (make) a sandwich. She bought some bread ____________________ (her son, make) a sandwich. We must do something ____________ (save) the animals. We must do something ________________ (the animals, live) safely. Tom ran fast ____________ (not be) late. Tom spoke slowly ________________ (we, follow) him. to make for her son to make to save for animals to live not to be for us to follow 【当堂训练】 我努力学习是为了通过考试。 I study hard to pass the exam. 我努力学习是为了让我妹妹也能学好英语。 I study hard for my sister to learn English well. 妈妈买了很多书，为了自己阅读。 Mom bought many books to read. 妈妈买了很多书，为了给我读。 Mom bought many books for me to read. I am happy to see you. → I am happy because I see you. She is glad to hear the news. → She is glad because she hears the news. We are sorry to be late. → We are sorry because we are late. 核心规则：不定式作原因状语 1.结构：主语 + be + 情感adj. + to do sth. = 主语 + be + 情感adj. + because 从句 2.常见形容词：glad/sad /sorry/surprised/disappointed/pleased 等 分析下列动词不定式的作用和语义 笔记要点五：动词不定式作原因状语 1. He is too young to go to school. → He is so young that he can’t go to school. 2. He is old enough to look after himself. → He is so old that he can look after himself. 3. He is so clever as to answer all the questions. → He is so clever that he can answer all the questions. 4. It is such a good chance as to be seized. → It is such a good chance that it should be seized. 核心规则：不定式作结果状语 1. too…to do… 太......而不能→ so…that…(否定) 2. …enough to do… 足够......以至于→ …so that…(肯定) 3. so/such…as to do…如此......以至于 → so/such…that… 分析下列动词不定式的作用和语义 笔记要点六：动词不定式作结果状语 He dropped the cup, breaking it. 他把杯子弄掉了，结果打碎了。（顺理成章） He dropped the cup, only to find it was not broken. 他把杯子弄掉了，结果却发现没碎。（意外） He opened the door, seeing a friend. 他打开门，看到了一位朋友。（自然） He opened the door, only to see a stranger. 他打开门，结果却看到一个陌生人。（意外） 对比分析v-ing和to do作结果状语 核心规则： 1. to do（only to do）：意料之外的结果（没想到、反而、却……） 2. doing：自然而然、顺理成章的结果（因此、从而……） 【当堂训练】 ①________ (learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music中国民乐 as an elective course选修课． ②We travel on Day 2 to northern France _______ (visit) the World War Ⅰ battlefields战场． ③When the gorillas大猩猩 and I frightened each other, I was just glad ______ (find) them alive． ④Would you be so kind as________ (spare) some time to come and join us? To learn to visit to find to spare 目的状语 原因状语 结果状语 [即时训练2]　单句语法填空 ①Bailey took her arm (see) if she could walk forward with aid. ② (serve) its function，a book must be activated by a user. ③The room is comfortable (live) in. ④He is old enough (study) independently. ⑤I am surprised (find) that he has made such a foolish mistake. ⑥Football is played in 80 countries， (make) it the most popular sport all over the world. to see To serve to live to study to find making 笔记要点七：动词不定式作插入语（独立成分） to be honest老实说，说实话 to sum up总之，概括地说 to be frank坦率地说 to be exact确切地说 to tell the truth说实话，老实说 to make matters worse更糟糕的是 to be fair公平地说 to put it simply简单地说 to begin with首先，第一 needless to say不用说 to start with首先 to be sure诚然，的确 动词不定式作定语和状语 完成句子 1.中国已成为第一个将探测器着陆在月球背面的国家。 China has become a probe on the far side of the moon. 2.我们度假后回到家，却发现我们的花园既干净又整洁。 We came home after our holiday， . 3.有机会在这里发表演讲，我感到万分荣幸。 I feel greatly honoured . 达标检测 the first country to land only to find our garden neat and tidy to have the chance to deliver a speech here to do作后置定语，修饰含序数词的名词 only to do作结果状语 be+情感adj.+ to do作原因状语 to do作后置定语，修饰抽象名词：have the chance to do 4.没有什么语言足以表达我的感激之情。 No words how grateful I am. 5.每次我准备重要考试时，我都会焦虑得睡不着。 Every time I prepare for an important examination，________________ . 6.我当了四年班长，能轻松处理突发事件。 I have been monitor for four years，_____________________________ . are strong enough to express I will be too anxious to fall asleep enabling me to deal with unexpected matters easily adj./adv. enough to do作结果状语 too+adj./adv. +to do作结果状语 enable sb to do作宾补 笔记要点八：动词不定式作主语 to do 与动名词（doing）作主语 & it 形式主语 核心区别总结 To learn English well is important. Learning English well is important. 区别： ① to do 作主语，常表示：要去做某事 侧重：具体、一次性、将来做、还未做、目的计划 ② doing 作主语，常表示：做某事这件事 侧重：泛指、习惯做、经常做、已发生 、抽象概念 it 作形式主语（必考句型）： It is + adj./n. + (for/of sb.) + to do sth. It is no use / no good / useless / a waste of sth+ doing(只有少数adj. / n.) 笔记要点九：动词不定式作表语 to do 与动名词（doing）作表语 核心区别总结 My hobby is collecting stamps. My dream is to become a doctor. 区别： ① to do 作表语 表：愿望、计划、目的、将来要做 主语常是抽象名词：wish, dream, aim, goal, plan, job, task 等 ② doing 作表语 表：身份、内容、常态、性质 主语常是：hobby, habit, pleasure, trouble, fun 等 笔记要点十：动词不定式作宾语 只接to do 想要 / 计划want, would like, plan, decide, determine 希望 / 期望hope, wish, expect, long, demand 主动 / 许诺offer, promise, refuse, afford 学习 / 设法learn, manage, fail, prepare 假装 / 选择pretend, choose, dare 只接doing 享受 / 喜欢enjoy, appreciate, admit 完成 / 实践finish, complete, practice 介意 / 放弃mind, miss, avoid, give up 建议 / 想象suggest, advise, imagine 考虑 / 原谅consider, risk, keep, forgive 固定短语feel like, can’t help, be used to 可接doing/to do like, love, prefer, hate, begin, start, continue 动词 to do（含义） doing（含义） remember 记得要去做（未做） 记得做过（已做） forget 忘记要去做（未做） 忘记做过（已做） regret 遗憾要去说 / 做 后悔做过 try 努力去做 尝试做一下 mean 打算 / 意味着要去做 意味着 stop 停下来去做另一件事 停止正在做的事 go on （中断后）继续去做另一件事 继续做同一件事 笔记要点十：动词不定式作宾语 it 作形式宾语（必考句型）： 主语 + think /find/feel /make/consider + it + adj./n. + to do sth. 主语 + vt. + it + 宾补 (no good/no use/useless) + doing sth.【仅限固定搭配】 ★感官/使役v+宾+宾补 do：主动省to；被动不省to。 ★动词vt+宾补+to do:接 to do 不能省 to 要求、允许、提议(ask, allow/permit, advise)， 期望、邀请、鼓励(expect, suppose, invite, encourage)， 教导、告诉、想要(teach, tell, want)， 等待、希望、愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love) 提醒、警告、强迫、命令、禁止(remind, warn, force, order, forbid) ★help sb (to) do sth帮助某人做: to可省可不省 笔记要点十一：动词不定式作宾补 (感官vt) see sb do →sb be seen to do (使役vt) make sb do →sb be made to do 不定式to do具有名词、形容词、副词的特征 名词特征：作主语/表语，宾语（固定搭配） 形容词特征：作定语 副词特征：作状语 不定式to do 具体、一次性、将来做、还未做、目的计划 动名词doing 泛指、习惯做、经常做、已发生 、抽象概念 不定式to do 未完成，作后置定语 修饰的名词 最高序、不定代、抽象表强调 目的状语 to do=in order to do=so as to do 原因状语 be+情感adj.+to do 结果状语 too...to do...; ...enough to do...; so+adj/adv.+as to...; such+n+as to only to do... 1. ln 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person who got married in space. →In 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person to get married in space. 2. In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be recycled for later use. →In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so as to recycle it for later use. TBP42 Rewrite the sentences using infinitives or “in order to/so as to + do”. Change the italicised parts accordingly. 用不定式或“in order to/so as to + do”改写句子。相应修改斜体部分。 定语从句→非谓语作后置定语 结果状语从句→非谓语作结果状语 3.Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dreamt that one day they would fly into space. 4.Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day, which will help them stay healthy. 5.Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise. 6.During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under control. 宾语从句→动名词作宾语：have dreamt of flying into space one day 非限制性从句→非谓语作结果/目的状语：so as to/in order to/to help them stay healthy. 原因状语从句→非谓语作目的状语：so as to prevent it from floating off. 结果状语从句→非谓语作目的状语： to keep their bodies under control. Complete the passage with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.用括号中动词的正确形式完成短文。 Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal (achieve). One of the problems is that the trip would take a very long time. For example, (use) current technology, it would take over two years (get)to the closest planet, Mars, and back. Although light is the fastest thing (know) in the universe, it could take more than four years to reach the nearest star system. Will scientists figure out a way (store) sufficient food and water for the long journey? Is it possible to travel faster than light? No one knows the answers yet. However, space scientists never give up.They are experimenting with growing crops in space so as (help) astronauts get enough food on longer journeys through space. to achieve using to get known to store to help to do作抽象n的后置定语：a goal/way to do ving作方式状语=through using to do作主语：It takes/took+sb+时间+to do ved作后置定语 so as to do作目的状语=in order to do/to do 疑问词/whether+to do/to be done 分析下列句中，【wh-/whether to do】结构的作用 1.I don’t know what to do. →I don’t know what I should do. 2.How to solve the problem is important. → How we can solve the problem is important. → It is important how we can solve the problem. 3.The question is when to start. → The question is when we will start. 4.We have no idea where to go. → We have no idea where we should go. 5.He hasn’t decided whether to go or not. →He hasn’t decided whether he should go or not. 6.The question is whether to start the project now. →The question is whether we should start the project now. 宾语从句 主语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 关键注意事项： Why 的特殊规则: 不能接 to do，后面直接跟动词原形 (Why do that?) 或接完整从句 (Why he did that is unknown.)。 疑问词/whether+to do 核心总结： 属性：名词性结构，相当于一个名词或名词性从句。 功能：在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语，替代从句，使句子更简洁。 转换公式： 疑问词 + to do = 疑问词 + 主语 + 情态动词 (can/should/will) + do whether to do (or not) = whether + 主语 + should/can/will + do 【当堂训练】 1.I don’t know ________ to start the project. Should we begin next week or next month? A. what B. when C. where D. how 2.Can you tell me ________ to get to the nearest subway station? I’m new here. A. how B. why C. whether D. which 3.She is considering ________ to accept the job offer or not. It’s a difficult decision. A. if B. whether C. what D. when 4.The teacher didn’t tell us ________ to do next. We need more instructions. A. where B. when C. what D. why 5.We haven’t decided ________ to hold the meeting. Maybe in the conference room or online. A. where B. how C. whether D. what B A B C A 【当堂训练】 6.He is thinking about ________ to study abroad after graduation. It depends on his grades. A. why B. whether C. when D. where 7.Do you know ________ to contact the customer service? I have a complaint. A. how B. what C. whether D. when 8.They are discussing ________ to choose as the team leader. Tom or Jerry? A. who B. what C. when D. where 9.I’m not sure ________ to buy this phone or wait for a new model. A. why B. whether C. how D. where 10.Can you explain ________ to solve this math problem? I’m stuck. A. what B. why C. how D. whether B A A B C $