UNIT 10 Section Ⅱ LESSON 1 HOW CLOSELY CONNECTED ARE WE？(学用Word)-【优学精讲】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册（北师大版）

本高中英语讲义围绕“六度分隔理论”展开，系统梳理其起源（1920年代Karinthy提出）、发展（1967年Milgram“小世界问题”实验）、应用（影视如《Babel》《Lost》）及现代验证（2011年米兰大学社交媒体研究），并结合宾语从句、强调句等语法点及核心词汇（如impression, random）构建学习支架。 资料以“理论-实验-应用”为主线，通过课前预测、课中细节阅读与结构分析、课后长难句解析及讨论题设计，提升学生语言能力（语法与词汇运用）、思维品质（实验案例分析与逻辑推断），课中辅助教师引导探究，课后助力学生巩固知识、查漏补缺。

Section Ⅱ　LESSON 1　HOW CLOSELY CONNECTED ARE WE？ 　　[1]Research shows the average① person only has regular communication with between seven and fifteen people， and that most of our communication is in fact with five to ten people who are closest to us.However， perhaps we are closer to the rest of the world than we think.[2]“Six Degrees of Separation” refers to the theory② that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain③ of no more than④ five other people. 　　The concept was first talked about as long ago as the 1920s.[3]The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published⑤ a book called Everything Is Different in 1929， in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks⑥ and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions⑦ of social networks. 　　[1]句中第二个and连接两个并列的宾语从句，作shows的宾语，第一个宾语从句省略了引导词that，第二个宾语从句的引导词that不能省略；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词people。 　　[2]句中that引导同位语从句，解释说明the theory的具体内容。 　　[3]句中in which ...为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词a book。 　　In the 1950s， an attempt⑧was made by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically⑨；but after twenty years， they still had not had any success.In 1967， an American sociologist⑩called Stanley Milgram tried using a new method to test the theory， which he called the “small-world problem”.He chose a random⑪ sample⑫ of people in the middle of America and asked them to send packages⑬ to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts.[4]The people sending the packages only knew the name， job and general⑭ location of the stranger.Milgram told them to send the package to a person they knew personally⑮ who they thought might know the target⑯ stranger.[5]Once the parcel⑰ had been received by this person， he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered⑱ to the correct person.Amazingly， it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered， and once released⑲， the results were published in the bimonthly⑳ magazine Psychology Today.[6]It was this research that inspired the phrase㉑“Six Degrees of Separation”. 　　[4]句中动词-ing短语sending the packages作后置定语，修饰名词people。 　　[5]句中Once用作连词，引导时间状语从句，相当于as soon as；主句中的until引导时间状语从句。 　　[6]本句为强调句，基本句型结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。 　　In the last few decades㉒， the theory and the phrase have appeared again.Its name was used as the title of a play and then a film.Then， more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast㉓.For example， the Oscar-winning film Babel is based on the concept of “Six Degrees of Separation”.The lives of all the characters㉔ were closely connected， although they did not know each other and lived thousands of miles apart.[7]The television series Lost also explored the idea of “Six Degrees of Separation”， as almost all the characters had randomly met each other， or had met someone the other characters knew，before they were all in the same plane crash㉕.In the mid-1990s， two college students in the United States invented a game.The idea of the game was to link㉖ any actor to Kevin Bacon， a famous American actor and musician， through no more than six links.Soon the game was being played in universities across the United States. 　　In 2001， Columbia University tried to recreate Milgram’s experiment on the Internet.This became known as the “Columbia Small-world Project”.[8]The experiment involved㉗ 24，163 email chains with 18 target people in 13 different countries.The results confirmed㉘ that the average number of links in the chain was six. 　　Most recently， an experiment in 2011 at the University of Milan analysed㉙ the relationship between 721 million social media users and found that 92 percent were connected by only four stages㉚， or five degrees of separation㉛. 　　So， think about it for a minute： How might you be connected to the driver of the bus you regularly take or the person who delivers your parcels？ 　　[7]句中as引导原因状语从句，其中or连接两个并列谓语；the other characters knew是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词someone；before引导时间状语从句。 　　[8]句中with 18 target people in 13 different countries为“with＋宾语＋介词短语”构成的with复合结构。 ①average adj.平常的，普通的 the average person 普通人 ②theory n.学说，理论 ③chain n.一连串，一系列；链子，链条 a chain of 一系列，一连串（人或事） ④no more than 不超过，仅仅 ⑤publish vt.出版 publish a book 出版一本书 ⑥network n.人际关系网，联络网；网络，网状系统 ⑦impression n.印象，感想 ⑧attempt n.企图，尝试 ⑨mathematically adv.算术地；数学上地 ⑩sociologist n.社会学家 ⑪random adj.随机的，随意的 ⑫sample n.样品，样本 ⑬package n.包裹；包装盒 vt.将……包装好 ⑭general adj.大体的；一般的 ⑮personally adv.就本人而言，就个人意见 ⑯target n.目标，对象 ⑰parcel n.包裹；邮包 ⑱deliver vi.& vt.递送，传送 deliver sth to ...递送；传送；交付 ⑲release vt.& n.发表，发布；释放 ⑳bimonthly adj.两月一次的；一月两次的 ㉑phrase n.成语，习语；警句 ㉒decade n.十年 ㉓broadcast vt.广播，播放 ㉔character n.人物 ㉕crash n.碰撞，撞车 vi.& vt.碰撞；撞击 ㉖link vt.把……连接起来；相关联 n.联系 ㉗involve vt.涉及；包含；影响；（使）参加 ㉘confirm vt.证实，证明 ㉙analyse vt.分析 ㉚stage n.（发展或进展的）时期；阶段 ㉛five degrees of separation 五度分隔 参考译文 　　研究表明，普通人只与7至15个人经常保持联系，而且其中大部分的交流实际上只发生在5到10个最亲近的人身上。不过，也许我们与世界上其他人的联系比想象中的更紧密。“六度分隔”理论说的是地球上任何人都可以通过不超过另外五个人与一个陌生人联系起来。 　　这个概念早在20世纪20年代就被提出。匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了《一切皆不同》一书，书中介绍了朋友关系网的概念，许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。 　　20世纪50年代，两位科学家试图用数学方法证明该理论，但20年过去了，仍未成功。1967年，美国社会学家斯坦利·米尔格兰姆试图用新的方法来验证这一理论，他称之为“小世界问题”。米尔格兰姆在美国中部随机抽取一部分人作为样本，让他们给马萨诸塞州的一位陌生人寄包裹。这些寄送包裹的人只知道这位陌生人的姓名、工作和大致的位置。米尔格兰姆告诉这些人先把包裹寄给认为有可能认识目标收件人的熟人。一旦此人收到包裹，他或她就会将包裹再发给认识的人，直到该包裹被送到目标收件人手中。令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。 　　在过去的几十年里，这一理论和说法又再次出现。它被用作戏剧标题和电影名称。随后，更多基于这一理论的影视节目相继拍摄、播出。例如，奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》就是基于“六度分隔”这一概念。影片中所有人物彼此不认识、相隔千里，但他们的生活都是紧密相连的。电视连续剧《迷失》也探讨了“六度分隔”的理论，剧中失事飞机上几乎所有人物此前都曾偶遇，或曾遇见其他人物认识的人。上世纪90年代中期，美国两名大学生发明了一款游戏。这款游戏的玩法是用不超过六个连结将任意一个演员与著名演员、音乐家凯文•贝肯联系起来。这款游戏很快在美国的大学里流行起来。 　　2001年，哥伦比亚大学尝试在互联网上重现米尔格兰姆的实验，被称为“哥伦比亚小世界项目”。这项实验涉及24，163 个电子邮件链接，覆盖了来自13个国家的18个目标人物。实验结果证实，联络串上的连接平均数量是6个。 　　最新的是2011年米兰大学的一项实验，该实验分析了7.21亿社交媒体用户之间的关系，发现92%的用户只需通过四个阶段（即五度分隔）就可建立联系。 　　所以，思考一下这个问题：你与你经常乘坐的公交车司机或给你送包裹的人可能存在怎样的联系？ Step One： Pre-reading 　How can you have a chance to contact with a stranger？ □Through the introduction of common friends. □Through Facebook， WeChat or QQ. □Come across by chance. □Meet at a party. （Answers may vary.） Step Two： While-reading Ⅰ.Read for the main idea Read the passage quickly and choose the best answer. 　What’s the main idea of the text？（　　） A.Explaining the number of people’s connections. B.Analysing the causes of the “Six Degrees of Separation” theory. C.Describing the features of the “Six Degrees of Separation” theory. D.Introducing people’s connections by the “Six Degrees of Separation” theory. Ⅱ.Read for details Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers. 1.Which of the following is not used to test the theory？（　　） A.The “small-world problem”. B.The Oscar-winning film Babel. C.The “Columbia Small-world Project”. D.An experiment at the University of Milan in 2011. 2.What can we learn about Stanley Milgram’s method？（　　） A.Its samples were chosen randomly in Hungary. B.Packages were sent between strangers. C.Parcels arrived at the targets very quickly. D.It enlightened the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”. 3.What’s unique about an experiment at the University of Milan？（　　） A.It needed five stages to be connected. B.It had only recently been carried out. C.It focused on the social media users. D.It involved the largest number of people. Ⅲ.Read for the structure Read the passage again and fill in the blanks. Step Three：Post-reading Ⅰ.长难句分析 1.Research shows the average person only has regular communication with between seven and fifteen people，and that most of our communication is in fact with five to ten people who are closest to us. 句式分析：此句是　　　　句，第二个and连接两个　　　　从句，作shows的宾语，第一个宾语从句省略了引导词　　　　；第二个宾语从句中含有一个who引导的　　　　从句，先行词是　　　　。 自主翻译：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2.How might you be connected to the driver of the bus you regularly take or the person who delivers your parcels？ 句式分析：此句是　　　　句。you regularly take 是省略了关系代词　　　　　　的　　　　　　，修饰the bus；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词　　　　　　。 自主翻译：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Ⅱ.讨论 1.Why did Milgram and Columbia University both label their experiments “Small-world”？ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2.What can you learn from the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation”？ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 核心词汇集释 1.impression n.印象，感想 　教材原句　...his ideas influenced many of our early impressions of social networks. ……许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。 【用法】 （1）leave/make an impression on ... 　　给……留下印象 first impression 第一印象 （2）impress vt. 使（人）印象深刻 be impressed by/with ... 被……打动 impress sth on/upon sb＝impress sb with sth使某人铭记，使某人意识到（……的重要性） （3）impressive adj. 令人赞叹的 【佳句】　（2023·1月浙江卷）What impressed us most was a visit to a nearby botanic garden， where we admired colorful and distinctive plants， such as daisies， daffodils and so on. （报道） 最让我们印象深刻的是我们参观了附近的一个植物园，在那里我们欣赏了丰富多彩、特色鲜明的植物，如雏菊、水仙等。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①My father impressed the importance of honesty 　　　　　　me. ②Among his many good qualities， punctuality is the most 　　　　　　（impress） one. 【写美】　一句多译/句型转换 ③我坚信今年的音乐节会给你留下深刻的印象。 →I firmly believe that you will 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　this year’s music festival.（impress） →I firmly believe that this year’s music festival will 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.（impression） ④I was impressed by the beautiful scenery and forgot to go home in time. →　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， I forgot to go home in time.（过去分词短语作状语） 2.random adj.随机的，随意的 n.随机，任意 教材原句　He chose a random sample of people in the middle of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts.他（米尔格兰姆）在美国中部随机抽取一部分人作为样本，让他们给马萨诸塞州的一位陌生人寄包裹。 【用法】 （1）at random　　　　　随便地，随意地 make a random choice 随机选择 （2）randomly adv. 随便地，任意地；无目的地 【佳句】　I would like to express my concerns regarding your plan to randomly divide students into pairs for post-class oral practice.（建议信） 我想对您将学生随机配对进行课后口语练习的计划表达我的担忧。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①She opened the book 　　　　random and started reading. ②It is said that the winning numbers are 　　　　　　（random） selected by computer. 【写美】　完成句子 ③They couldn’t decide which route to take.After debating for a while， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　and turned left. （动作描写） 他们无法决定该走哪条路。经过一番讨论后，他们最终做了一个随机选择并向左转了。 3.release vt.& n.发表，发布；释放 教材原句　Amazingly， it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered， and once released， the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today. 令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。 【用法】 （1）release ...from ...从……释放/放出/放走…… be released into 被排放到；被释放到 release stress/emotions 释放压力/发泄情感 （2）on release 发行，上映 【佳句】　She burst into tears， releasing all her pent-up emotions. （动作描写） 她放声大哭，发泄出全部郁积起来的情感。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①She 　　　　　　（release） her grip on the rope and fell into the water. ②After the successful completion of the therapy， he was released 　　　　　　the hospital. 【写美】　完成句子 ③Exercise is a great way to 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. 运动是一种释放压力的好方法。 重点句型解构 1.句型公式：状语从句的省略 教材原句　Amazingly， it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered， and once released， the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today. 令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊 《今日心理学》 上。 【用法】 （1）状语从句省略的两个条件： ①when， while， though， even if， unless， if， as if等引导的状语从句中的主语与主句的主语一致或从句主语为it时； ②状语从句谓语中含有be动词时。 （2）状语从句省略的形式：省略从句中的主语和be动词。 【品悟】　Now， when having trouble in learning English， plenty of students urge to know how to deal with it. （语言学习） 现在，当学英语遇到困难时，许多学生迫切想知道如何应对它。 【点津】　省略句中的谓语动词如果和主语构成主谓关系，则使用动词-ing形式；若构成动宾关系，则使用过去分词；若谓语动词表示尚未发生的动作，则使用动词不定式。 【写美】　完成句子/句型转换 ①　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， I realised the real meaning of labour. 在农场摘西瓜的时候，我意识到了劳动的真正意义。 ②　　　　　　　　　　　　， he still stayed up late to prepare for the coming test. 虽然很累，他还是熬夜学习，为即将到来的考试做准备。 ③I simply stood there dumbfounded， and my feet， 　　　　　　　　to the ground， couldn’t move a bit. 我只是呆呆地站在那里，我的脚好像生了根似的，一点也动弹不得。 ④If it is possible， try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. →　　　　　　　　，try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. 2.句型公式：强调句 教材原句　It was this research that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”. 正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔” 这一说法。 【用法】 （1）强调句的结构：“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。强调句用来强调主语、宾语和状语等成分，不能强调谓语。被强调部分是人时，可以用who或that，其他情况一律用that；强调主语时，that后的谓语动词应与被强调的主语在人称和数上保持一致。 （2）not ...until的强调句：It is/was＋not until＋被强调部分＋that＋句子其他部分。 【品悟】　It is because people’s awareness of environmental protection has increased that the environment has been improved. （环境保护） 正是因为人们的环保意识增强了，环境才得以改善。 【写美】　完成句子/句型转换 ①　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 I found the rare book. 正是在图书馆，我找到了这本珍贵的书。 ②　　　　　　　　　　　　 inspires us to learn. 正是老师激发了我们学习的欲望。 ③We didn’t stop working until the sun rose. →　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（改为强调句） ④John won the first prize in the competition. →　　　　　　　　　　　　 who won the first prize in the competition.（强调主语） →　　　　　　　　　　　　 that John won in the competition.（强调奖项等级） 提示：完成课后作业　UNIT 10　Section Ⅱ 7 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Section Ⅱ　LESSON 1　HOW CLOSELY CONNECTED ARE WE？ 【文本透析·剖语篇】 Step Two Ⅰ.D Ⅱ.1－3　BDC Ⅲ.1.connected　2.mathematically　3.test　4.recreate 5.Columbia Small-world Project　6.relationship　7.regularly Step Three Ⅰ.1.复合　宾语　that　定语　people 研究表明，普通人只与7至15个人经常保持联系，而且其中大部分的交流实际上只发生在5到10个最亲近的人身上。 2.复合　that/which　定语从句　the person 你与你经常乘坐的公交车司机或给你送包裹的人可能存在怎样的联系？ Ⅱ.1.Because they believed that any person on Earth could be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.In this sense， the world is small. 2.The theory tells us that we are closely connected with others in the world，so we should love，care about and help each other.What we do can make a difference to others and the whole world. 【核心知识·巧突破】 核心词汇集释 1.①on/upon　②impressive　③be deeply impressed with/by； leave/make a deep impression on/upon you　④Impressed by the beautiful scenery 2.①at　②randomly　③they finally made a random choice 3.①released　②from　③release stress 重点句型解构 1.①While picking watermelons on the farm　②Although very tired　③as if rooted　④If possible 2.①It was in the library that　②It is the teacher who/that ③It was not until the sun rose that we stopped working. ④It was John； It was the first prize 7 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $