摘要:
本讲义聚焦高中英语同根词变形核心知识点,通过贝多芬相关段落实例引入,系统梳理动词变名词(如 -al, -ance, -ion 等后缀)、动词/名词变形容词(如 -able, -ful, -ing 等后缀)、表示“人”的名词后缀(如 -er, -or, -ian 等)及变动词、否定意义的前缀后缀,构建完整构词法学习支架。
该资料以“实例引入-规律总结-即时演练”为设计逻辑,结合高考真题(如2024全国甲卷、2023新课标Ⅰ卷)设计练习,助力学生提升语言能力(词汇变形应用)和学习能力(构词法策略)。课中辅助教师系统授课,课后学生可通过分层练习巩固知识,有效查漏补缺。
内容正文:
Section Ⅵ Grammar —— 同根词变形
①Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer.
②Inspired by his struggles with deafness, the composer produced some amazing pieces, including nine symphonies, five piano pieces, and an opera!
③He proceeded with the composition until his death in 1827...
④As he proudly signed his name at the bottom of the page, Beethoven tried to imagine how people would respond when they heard it for the first time.
⑤Beethoven was afraid that the performance would be a disaster.
⑥After all, what use is a conductor who could not hear his orchestra — even if he is a musical genius?
⑦The theatre’s musical director, Michael Umlauf, joined him and together the two men took charge of the orchestra.
⑧For more than an hour, Beethoven jumped about in front of the orchestra, waving his arms wildly in the air, and madly turning the pages of his score.
【我的发现】
1.-er, -or, -ness, -ion, -ance等是 变 的后缀,如句①③⑤⑥⑦。
2.-ing是动词变 的后缀,如句②。
3.-al是名词变 的后缀,如句⑥。
4.-ly是形容词变 的后缀,如句④⑧。
了解构词法知识是词汇学习的重要途径,同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重要方法。英语中构词法主要分为派生法、转化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识,不仅有助于提高对生词的辨识能力,而且可以运用到语法填空对于词形转化的考查中。
在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法叫作派生法。加在词根之前的词缀为前缀,加在词根之后的为后缀。
一、动词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
-al
approve→approval赞成;批准
arrive→arrival到来;到达
survive→survival幸存
propose→proposal提议;建议
-ance
appear→appearance出现;外貌
guide→guidance指引;指导
perform→performance表演;节目
-ence
exist→existence存在;生存
prefer→preference偏爱
refer→reference参考;查阅
-ion
attract→attraction吸引
construct→construction建设
educate→education教育
evaluate→evaluation评估
graduate→graduation毕业
complete→completion 完成
-ation
expect→expectation期待;期望
explain→explanation解释
consider→consideration考虑
imagine→imagination想象力
starve→starvation饥饿
invite→invitation邀请;请柬
-(s)sion
discuss→discussion讨论;辩论
decide→decision决定
admit→admission接纳;准许入学
-ing
hear→hearing听力;听觉
begin→beginning开始
-ment
achieve→achievement功绩;成就
argue→argument争论;论据
treat→treatment对待;治疗
equip→equipment设备
-ure
fail→failure失败的事;失败
press→pressure压力
-ture
mix→mixture混合;混合物
depart→departure离开;出发
-y
recover→recovery恢复;痊愈
discover→discovery发现
其他
grow→growth成长;发展
choose→choice选择
vary→variety多样化;种类
tend→tendency趋向;趋势
【即时演练1】 用所给单词的适当形式填空
①(2024·全国甲卷)They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the (complete) of their journey.
②Her parents gave their (approve) for her to study abroad.
③The beautiful scenery is a major (attract) for tourists visiting the area.
④The parents have high (expect) for their children’s academic achievements.
⑤She received an (invite) to attend a friend’s wedding.
⑥They held a (discuss) on the impact of technology on society.
⑦Regular exposure to loud noises can damage your (hear).
⑧The athlete’s (achieve) in breaking the world record was celebrated by the entire nation.
二、动词、名词变形容词的后缀
后缀
例词
-able
accept→acceptable可接受的
comfort→comfortable舒适的
fashion→fashionable时髦的
suit→suitable合适的
reason→reasonable有道理的
-al
music→musical音乐的
origin→original最初的
person→personal个人的;私人的
centre→central中央的;中心的
nature→natural自然的;天生的
form→formal正式的
nation→national全国的
-ful
doubt→doubtful怀疑的
forget→forgetful健忘的
harm→harmful有害的
hope→hopeful有希望的
peace→peaceful和平的
care→careful仔细的
use→useful有用的
help→helpful有帮助的
-ed
scare→scared感到恐惧的
confuse→confused感到困惑的
puzzle→puzzled迷惑的
worry→worried担心的
bore→bored感到厌倦的
excite→excited激动的;兴奋的
underline→underlined加下划线的
-ing
surprise→surprising令人惊讶的
convince→convincing令人信服的
satisfy→satisfying令人满意的
worry→worrying令人担心的
bore→boring令人厌烦的
-ible
access→accessible容易到达的
horror→horrible可怕的;恐怖的
terror→terrible可怕的
-ive
act→active积极的;活跃的
effect→effective有效的;生效的
attract→attractive有吸引力的
impress→impressive给人深刻印象的
instruct→instructive有教育意义的
expense→expensive昂贵的
-ous
continue→continuous不断的;持续的
anxiety→anxious忧虑的
caution→cautious十分小心的;谨慎的
curiosity→curious好奇的
humour→humorous幽默的
-some
tire→tiresome令人厌烦的
trouble→troublesome麻烦的
-y
taste→tasty美味的;可口的
health→healthy健康的
wealth→wealthy富裕的;丰富的
dirt→dirty有灰尘的;脏的
rain→rainy有雨的
sun→sunny阳光明媚的
cloud→cloudy阴天的
-ern
east→eastern东方的;向东的
west→western西方的;向西的
-ish
child→childish孩子气的
fool→foolish愚蠢的;可笑的
self→selfish自私的
-ic
science→scientific科学的
economy→economic经济的
history→historic历史上著名的
-ary
imagine→imaginary想象中的
second→secondary从属的;次要的
【即时演练2】 用所给单词的适当形式填空
①(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Xiao long bao (soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot, (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favourite Chinese street food.
②Smoking is (harm) to your health.
③The students were (confuse) by the complex instructions.
④It was (surprise) to see her at the event, as she rarely attends social gatherings.
⑤Exercise is an (effect) way to reduce stress and improve overall health.
三、表示“人”的名词后缀
在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示“人”的后缀有:
后缀
例词
-(e)r
clean→cleaner清洁工
report→reporter记者
strange→stranger陌生人
-or
invent→inventor发明家
visit→visitor游客
direct→director导演
-ar
lie→liar说谎者,骗子
beg→beggar乞讨者,乞丐
-ee
employ→employee雇员
interview→interviewee参加面试者
train→trainee受训者,学员
-(r)ess
host→hostess女主人
act→actress女演员
-ian
music→musician音乐家
politics→politician政治家
history→historian历史学家
-ist
art→artist艺术家
science→scientist科学家
piano→pianist钢琴家
-ant
serve→servant仆人
participate→participant参加者
assist→assistant助手,助理
【即时演练3】 用所给单词的适当形式填空
①We should show our appreciation to the (clean) who works hard to maintain the cleanliness of our environment.
②The (visit) was impressed by the natural beauty of the scenic spot.
③The (employ) was praised for his outstanding performance and dedication to his work.
④As a talented (music), she can play several instruments skilfully.
⑤As a (participate) in the marathon, she trained hard to improve her endurance.
四、变动词的前缀和后缀
词缀
例词
前缀
en-
able→enable 使能够
large→enlarge 扩大
rich→enrich 使充实;使丰富
danger→endanger 危及
courage→encourage 鼓励
后缀
-en
broad→broaden 使变宽
ripe→ripen 使成熟
sharp→sharpen 使尖锐
wide→widen 加宽
short→shorten 变短
deep→deepen 加深
dark→darken 使变暗
hard→harden 使变硬
-ify
pure→purify 净化
just→justify 证明……正当
simple→simplify 简化
beauty→beautify 美化
-ise
apology→apologise 道歉
emphasis→emphasise 强调
memory→memorise 记住
real→realise 认识到;实现
【即时演练4】 用所给单词的适当形式填空
①This scholarship will (able) me to further my education and pursue my dreams.
②Travelling abroad can help (broad) your horizons and deepen your understanding of different cultures.
③It’s hard to (just) the high price of the product given its poor quality.
④She (apology) to her friend for not being able to attend her birthday party.
⑤When I failed the exam, my head teacher always had a face-to-face talk with me to (courage) me.
⑥In order to solve the problem of heavy traffic, the local government decided to (wide) the main street.
五、表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
词缀
例词
前缀
dis-
agree→disagree 不同意
advantage→disadvantage 不利条件
appear→disappear 消失
comfort→discomfort 不舒服
honest→dishonest 不诚实的
il-
legal→illegal 不合法的
logical→illogical 不合逻辑的
im-
polite→impolite 无礼的
patient→impatient 不耐烦的
moral→immoral 不道德的
in-
formal→informal 非正式的
convenient→inconvenient 不方便的
direct→indirect 间接的
前缀
ir-
regular→irregular 不规则的
responsible→irresponsible不负责任的
mis-
lead→mislead 误导
understand→misunderstand 误解
un-
usual→unusual 不寻常的
willing→unwilling 不愿意的
happy→unhappy 不高兴的
known→unknown 不出名的
后缀
-less
hope→hopeless 绝望的
end→endless 没完没了的
care→careless 粗心的
help→helpless 无助的
use→useless 无用的
【即时演练5】 用所给单词的适当形式填空
①Wearing tight shoes can cause (comfort) and even lead to foot problems.
②It is (polite) to interrupt someone while they are speaking.
③It’s (usual) for him to be late to work; he must have met with some problems.
④It is (legal) to sell cigarettes and wine to teenagers in most countries all over the world.
⑤If it is (convenient) to you, let’s make it another day.
⑥He was so (care) that he made a lot of mistakes in the test.
⑦One (advantage) of living in the countryside is the poor quality of education.
⑧If you are not lucky enough, you are likely to be tricked by some (honest) sellers into buying fake goods.
⑨Sometimes formal English and (formal) English must be carefully distinguished.
⑩It is (responsible) to let small children go out alone when it’s dark.
维度一:基础题型练
1.用所给单词的适当形式填空。
①France is well known for its art, (taste) food and romantic scenery.
②Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental (protect).
③Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more (meaning).
④With the (develop) of industry, air pollution is getting more and more serious.
⑤Besides, Chinese has always been my (strong) among all the subjects.
⑥You can keep (health) by eating well and exercising regularly.
⑦Chinese New Year is a (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.
⑧The (beauty) long branches covered with pink-coloured buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.
2.用构词法知识进行同义句改写。
⑨What amazed me was that he was the bravest among the three.
→To my , he was the bravest among the three.
→I was that he was the bravest among the three.
⑩I think he is able to communicate with others with fluency.
→I think he has the to communicate with others .
⑪The man apologised to his mother for his impolite behaviour.
→The man made an to his mother for his impolite behaviour.
⑫The girl is not willing to admit that she is not honest.
→The girl is to admit that she is .
⑬The girl doesn’t like the toy car because she has a curiosity about the doll.
→The girl the toy car because she is about the doll.
维度二:语法与写作
1.Every one of us can if you make an effort.(contribute)
如果你努力, 我们每个人都可以为我们的班级作出贡献。
2.Many people have expressed their dissatisfaction .(arrange)
许多人对那个安排表示不满。
3.Most of the travel I’ve done has indeed brought .(satisfy)
我所做的大多数旅行确实带来了持久的快乐和满足。
4.There are countless articles telling us how the Internet .(convenience)
有无数的文章告诉我们互联网如何使我们的生活变得更方便。
5. of his death.(shock)
听到他去世的消息,我们都很震惊。
10 / 10
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Section Ⅵ Grammar —— 同根词变形
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
1.动词 名词
2.形容词
3.形容词
4.副词
即时演练1
①completion ②approval ③attraction ④expectations
⑤invitation ⑥discussion ⑦hearing ⑧achievement
即时演练2
①tasty ②harmful ③confused ④surprising ⑤effective
即时演练3
①cleaner ②visitor ③employee ④musician ⑤participant
即时演练4
①enable ②broaden ③justify ④apologised
⑤encourage ⑥widen
即时演练5
①discomfort ②impolite ③unusual ④illegal
⑤inconvenient ⑥careless ⑦disadvantage ⑧dishonest
⑨informal ⑩irresponsible
【素养提升·重练习】
维度一
1.①tasty ②protection ③meaningful ④development
⑤strength ⑥healthy ⑦celebration ⑧beautiful
2.⑨amazement; amazed ⑩ability; fluently ⑪ apology ⑫ unwilling; dishonest ⑬ dislikes; curious
维度二
1.make a contribution to our class
2.with that arrangement
3.lasting happiness and satisfaction
4.has made our lives more convenient
5.We were all shocked at the news
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