UNIT 2 Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage(学用Word)-【优学精讲】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册（译林版）

本讲义聚焦高中英语定语从句复习核心知识点，系统梳理限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别、关系代词（who/whom/which/that/whose/as）和关系副词（when/where/why）的用法，以及“介词+关系代词”结构，通过例句感知、概念归纳、即时演练构建完整学习支架。 该资料以真实语境例句（如英美沟通风格差异）渗透文化意识，“我的发现”环节引导学生自主归纳培养思维品质，语法与词汇（如preference、embarrassed）结合提升语言能力。课中助教师系统教学，课后学生可通过演练巩固，有效查漏补缺。

Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage 【重难语法·要攻克】 我的发现 （1）逗号　1、3　（2）逗号　2、4、5、6　that 即时演练1 ①which　②whom/who/that 　③whose　④that　⑤that ⑥as　⑦which 即时演练2 ①when I first met him　②where we can learn a lot　③why he was late 即时演练3 ①who　②As　③when/on which　④whom　⑤which 【核心知识·巧突破】 1.①preference　②surfing　③to travel　④She prefers to walk to work rather than drive a car.； She would rather walk to work than drive a car. 2.①embarrassing　②embarrassed　③embarrassment　④was embarrassed to sing in public 3.①to visit/visiting　②is intended　③with　④to study　⑤had intended　⑥intended for international students 4.①to/with　②correspondence　③to ④doesn’t correspond with/to 5.①behaviours　②to/towards　③themselves　④should behave ourselves 9 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage 定语从句复习 阅读下列句子并体会加黑部分的用法。 1.Some people say that the UK and the USA are two countries that are separated by a common language. 2.I spent one term in the UK，where the greatest challenge was the indirect manner of speaking. 3.There were times when questions like “...would be met with the reply ...” ...way of communicating. 4.So polite， in fact， that they will sometimes say the complete opposite of what they really mean： a common opinion is “It’s not bad”，which usually translates as “It’s awful”. 5.Now， when speaking to Americans， who have a preference for the direct style， I found that I often failed to get straight to the point. 6.As my experiences clearly show， learning a language is just the beginning！ 【我的发现】 （1）限制性定语从句指修饰名词、代词或名词短语的从句，对修饰的对象加以限制。在从句中，关系代词或关系副词前没有　　　　，如句　　　　　　。 （2）非限制性定语从句往往是对先行词或整个主句的补充说明，通常用　　　　与主句隔开，如句　　　　　　。　　　　　　不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。 一、引导定语从句的关系代词 1.引导定语从句的常用关系代词的用法 关系代词 先行词 在从句中所作的成分 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 The man who/that is standing at the gate is my uncle. 站在门口的那个男人是我叔叔。 The building that/which stands by the river is a new school. 矗立在河边的那栋建筑是一所新学校。 However， because of poverty，Nolan has to leave high school and find a job， whose life is full of ups and downs. 然而，由于贫困，诺兰不得不从高中辍学去找工作，他的生活充满了起起落落。 As we all know， he is a kind-hearted man. 众所周知，他是个善良的人。 Such people as you describe are rare nowadays. 像你描述的这样的人现在很少见了。 2.关系代词that和which的用法区别 只用that 的情况 先行词是all， much， few， little， everything， anything， nothing， none， the one等不定代词时 先行词被any， few， little， much， some， no等词修饰或被the only， the very， the same， the last等修饰时 先行词是形容词的最高级或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时 先行词是序数词或先行词前有序数词对其进行修饰时 先行词既指人又指物时 主句是以who， which， what等开头的特殊疑问句时 只用which 的情况 在非限制性定语从句中用which不用that 介词后用which，不用that There is little that can be done to change the situation. 几乎没什么能做的来改变这种状况了。 Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself？ 你有什么要为自己说的吗？ This is the only book that I really enjoy. 这是我唯一真正喜欢的书。 She is the most intelligent student that the teacher has ever taught. 她是这位老师教过的最聪明的学生。 Which is the kindergarten that you used to be studying in？ 你以前在哪个幼儿园上学？ I bought a great many books， on which I spent all my money that I saved. 我买了很多书，这些书花光了我所有的积蓄。 【即时演练1】　单句语法填空 ①He failed the exam again， 　　　　　　made his parents very sad. ②The professor 　　　　　　we met in the library is an expert in this field. ③The boy 　　　　　　father is a doctor studies very hard and is bound to succeed. ④Is there anything else 　　　　　　you asked me to do for you？ ⑤This is one of the most exciting basketball games 　　　　　　my nephew has ever seen. ⑥This is the same book 　　　　　　I lost on the playgroung last week. ⑦The house， 　　　　　　was built in the 19th century， is very beautiful. 二、引导定语从句的关系副词 关系副词 先行词 在从句中所作的成分 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词或抽象地点名词（situation、point、activity、case、stage等） 地点状语 why the reason 原因状语 There was a time when（＝during which） people used to travel by horse-drawn carriages. 曾经有一段时间，人们常常乘坐马车出行。 We have reached a point where （＝at which）we have to make a decision. 我们已经到了必须做决定的地步。 He didn’t know the reason why （＝for which） he was dismissed. 他不知道他为什么被解雇了。 【即时演练2】　完成句子 ①The time 　　　　　　　　　　　　　was a very difficult period of my life. 第一次见到他的时候，是我一生中非常艰难的时期。 ②The activity 　　　　　　　　　　　　is very popular among students. 那个我们能学到很多东西的活动在学生中很受欢迎。 ③The reason 　　　　　　　　　　　　　is that he missed the bus. 他迟到的原因是他没赶上公交车。 三、定语从句中关系词的选用 方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果是及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动词，则要用关系副词。 方法二：准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分（主、宾、定、状、表），也能正确选择出是用关系代词还是关系副词。 关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语时，应用关系代词（who， whom， that， which， whose， as）；关系词在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词（where作地点状语，when作时间状语，why作原因状语）。 The letter that/which I received yesterday was from my father. 昨天我收到的那封信是我父亲寄来的。 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年待过的山村。 The award-winning book was written by a teenager，which was，indeed，beyond all expectations. 这本获奖的书是一个十几岁的孩子写的，这确实出乎所有人的意料。 四、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 1.“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定方法 方法一：根据从句中的谓语动词或主要的形容词确定介词。 方法二：根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词。 方法三：根据句子所要表达的意思确定介词。 The book about which we are talking is very interesting. 我们正在谈论的那本书非常有趣。 I don’t know the reason for which he was late for school.我不知道他为什么上学迟到。 The woman with whose help I finished the work is my teacher. 在那位女士的帮助下我完成了工作，她是我的老师。 2.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句注意事项 （1）“介词＋关系代词”结构中的关系代词通常用which或whom。 The tall tree under which we often play games is very old. 我们经常在下面玩游戏的那棵大树很古老了。 （2）关系副词where， when， why有时可以用“介词＋关系代词”替换，介词取决于先行词及“介词＋which”在从句中所作的成分，why只能用for which替换。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. ＝This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这就是两年前我居住的那个房子。 （3）“不定代词或数词＋介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句，说明整体中的一部分。 The company has several departments， each of which has its own functions. 这家公司有好几个部门，每个部门都有各自的职能。 Last week， only two people came to look at the house， neither of whom wanted to buy it. 上周只有两个人来看房子，他们两个人都不想买。 （4）“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”可替换为“whose＋名词”，引导定语从句。 The house， the windows of which/of which the windows/whose windows were damaged， has now been repaired. 那所窗子遭到破坏的房子现在已经修好了。 五、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 和先行词的关系密切，如果省略，主句意义往往不完整 和先行词关系并不十分密切（起补充说明的作用，删除后不影响整个句子意义的表达） 主句和从句不用逗号隔开 主句和从句用逗号隔开 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分 既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个主句或主句的一部分 People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人寿命更长。 His daughter， who is in Boston now，is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期要回家了。 The sports meeting was put off， which astonished us. 运动会推迟了，这让我们很吃惊。 2.as/which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别 as 引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整个主句或主句的一部分 可放在句首、句中或句尾，意为“正如……，正像……”；从句的谓语动词多为see， know， expect， say， mention， report等 which 引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，也可修饰先行词 只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等；which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系 As was reported in the newspaper， the new policy will be carried out next month. 正如报纸上报道的那样，新政策将于下个月实施。 They won the game in the end， which was beyond our expectation. 他们最终赢得了比赛，这出乎我们的意料。 3.非限制性定语从句与并列句的识别 非限制性定语从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开，并且不能加入and， but， so等连接词。并列句一般由and， but， so， or等词连接。 He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows， most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. ＝He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows， and most of them hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. 他付给那个男孩10美元擦窗户，大部分窗户至少有一年没擦了。 【即时演练3】　单句语法填空 ①（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷）Chinese cultural elements commemorating （纪念） Tang Xianzu， 　　　　　　is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia，” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon， William Shakespeare’s hometown. ②　　　　　　 is reported in the newspapers， talks between the two countries are making progress. ③I will never forget the day 　　　　　　I was admitted into a university. ④There are a lot of students in the class， many of 　　　　　　are from other cities. ⑤（2024·全国甲卷）Yellowstone was the largest United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska， 　　　　　　became a national monument in 1978， took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres. 1.preference n.偏爱；偏爱的事物 教材原句　Now， when speaking to Americans， who have a preference for the direct style， I found that I often failed to get straight to the point. 现在，当我与偏爱直接风格的美国人交谈时，我发现我常常无法直接切入要点。 【用法】 （1）have/show a preference for　　喜好……，偏爱…… （2）prefer v. 较喜欢，更喜欢 prefer to do/doing sth 更喜欢做某事 prefer sb to do sth 宁愿某人做某事 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事 【佳句】　I like pop music while my sister has a preference for classic music. 我喜欢流行音乐，而我妹妹偏爱古典音乐。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①The restaurant owner shows a 　　　　　　（prefer）for traditional cooking methods. ②Nowadays a lot of teenagers prefer 　　　　　　（surf） the Internet at home to taking exercise outdoors. ③They prefer 　　　　　　（travel） by train because they can enjoy the scenery along the way. 【写美】　一句多译 ④她宁愿步行去上班也不愿开车。 →　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（prefer to do ...rather than do ...） →　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（would rather do ...than do ...） 2.embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的 教材原句　Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others， and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them. 那些打破禁忌的人可能会感到沮丧或尴尬，即使他们无意伤害其他人，这种情况也会让周围的人感到尴尬。 【用法】 （1）be embarrassed to do sth　做某事而感到尴尬 be embarrassed about/at sth 因某事而窘迫 （2）embarrass vt.　　使窘迫，使尴尬 （3）embarrassing adj. 让人难堪（尴尬、害羞）的 （4）embarrassment n. 窘迫，难堪；使人为难的处境 to one’s embarrassment 使某人感到尴尬的是 【佳句】　The embarrassing occasion embarrassed him so much that he felt very embarrassed and an embarrassed expression appeared on his face. 这个尴尬的场合使他很尴尬，他感到非常尴尬，他脸上露出了尴尬的表情。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①It was an 　　　　　　（embarrass） moment when I realized I had worn mismatched shoes. ②The girl felt 　　　　　　（embarrass） at being the centre of attention. ③To his 　　　　　　（embarrass）， he couldn’t answer the simplest question in the interview. 【写美】　完成句子 ④She 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　because she was afraid of making mistakes. 她不好意思在公共场合唱歌，因为她害怕出错。 3.intention n.意图，计划 教材原句　Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others， and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them. 那些打破禁忌的人可能会感到沮丧或尴尬，即使他们无意伤害其他人，这种情况也会让周围的人感到尴尬。 【用法】 （1）have no intention of doing sth　　不打算做某事 with the intention of doing/to do ... 抱有做……的目的/打算 （2）intend v. 打算；计划；想要 intend to do/doing sth 打算/想要做某事 intend sb to do sth 打算让某人做某事 had intended to do ...＝intended to have done ... 原本打算做…… be intended for 打算为……所用，专为……而设计的 【佳句】　I start every summer with the best of intentions： to attack one big book from the past， a classic that I was supposed to have read when young and ambitious. 每年夏天， 我都抱有最好的打算：去读一本古书，一本我年轻而雄心勃勃时就应该读的经典之作。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①I intended 　　　　　　（visit） him， but I was afraid I would disturb him. ②The scholarship 　　　　　　（intend） for outstanding students with financial difficulties. ③They set up the charity organization 　　　　　　the intention to help homeless children. ④His father intended him 　　　　　　（study） medicine but he decided to join the army. ⑤I 　　　　　　（intend） to visit you yesterday， but I was too busy. 【写美】　句式升级 ⑥The university is known for its language and culture courses which are intended for international students. →The university is known for its language and culture courses 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.（分词作定语） 4.correspond vi.类似于；相一致，符合；通信 教材原句　This is because the word that corresponds to “umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word which means “to separate”. 这是因为汉语中与“伞”对应的单词听起来像另一个汉语单词，意思是“分开”。 【用法】 （1）correspond to/with　和……相一致，相符合 correspond with sb 和某人通信 （2）correspondence n. 一致，符合；通信联系；来往信件 in correspondence with　与……有通信联系；与……一致 （3）corresponding adj. 符合的；相应的；相关的 【佳句】　I corresponded with Mary in the past several months when she took care of my mother. 在玛丽照顾我母亲的这几个月里，我和她一直通信。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①I have to inform you that the goods do not correspond 　　　　　the samples you sent me. ②I want to figure out why his answer to the question is not in 　　　　　　（correspond） with mine. ③（外研选必四）Through comparison， he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond 　　　　　　the positions of the stars. 【写美】　同义句转换 ④What she has just said isn’t in correspondence with the views of the majority. →What she has just said 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　the views of the majority.（correspond） 5.behave vi.& vt.表现得体，有礼貌；表现 教材原句　If you know what to avoid and how to behave， you will spare yourself embarrassment. 如果你知道避免什么和如何表现得体，你就会使自己免于尴尬。 【用法】 （1）behave well/badly to/towards sb　　对待某人好/差 behave oneself 守规矩；表现得体 （2）well-behaved adj. 表现好的 badly-behaved adj. 表现差的 （3）behaviour n. 举止，行为 be on one’s best behaviour 尽量表现得体 【佳句】　Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave like humans. 简已经研究这些黑猩猩家族很多年了，她帮助人们了解了黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么的相似。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①（2024·北京卷）Dishonest and violent 　　　　　　（behave） were disapproved of； leadership， marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. ②They behaved badly 　　　　　　the guests， which made us very disappointed. ③As far as I’m concerned， students should be encouraged to develop good habits and behave 　　　　　　（they） well. 【写美】　句式升级 ④As citizens，we 　　　　　　　　　　　　，obeying laws， rules and regulations.（倡议书） 作为公民，我们应该举止得体，遵守法律、法规和规章。 提示：完成课后作业　UNIT 2　Section Ⅱ 9 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $