UNIT 1 Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading(教用Word)-【优学精讲】2025-2026学年高中英语必修第三册（译林版）

Section Ⅰ　Welcome to the unit & Reading The Amazon rainforest： a natural treasure 　　[1]Welcome to the jungle， a huge sea of① green alive with② the sounds of animals.This is the Amazon rainforest.[2]As the largest rainforest in the world， it plays a significant role in③ maintaining the fine balance of the Earth’s ecosystem④. 　　[1]句中a huge sea of green alive with the sounds of animals是名词the jungle的同位语。 　　[2]动词-ing形式短语maintaining the fine balance of the Earth’s ecosystem作介词in的宾语。 　　[3]The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries， including Brazil and Peru， and one overseas region⑤ of France， all on the South American continent⑥.[4]With an area of around 6 million⑦ square kilometres， the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China.[5]The Amazon River， from which the rainforest gets its name， is close to 6，400 kilometres in length⑧— roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.On its journey from the mountains to the ocean， the river supports many different ecosystems.They give this area the richest biodiversity⑨ on the Earth： one in ten known species⑩ in the world can be found here. 　　[3]句中all on the South American continent是独立主格结构（代词＋介词短语），在句中作状语。 　　[4]句中With an area of around 6 million square kilometres是with复合结构作状语；more than half the size of China 是倍数表达法之一，其结构为“倍数＋the size of＋被比较的对象”。 　　[5]“介词（from）＋which”引导非限制性定语从句，which指代先行词The Amazon River。 　　[6]Of the 390，000 plant species known to us， more than 40，000 can be found in the Amazon.This tall and ancient brazil nut⑪ tree produces nuts that we can eat； these water lilies⑫ are big enough to lie down on.The forest’s different levels support an unbelievable variety⑬ of wildlife⑭.At the bottom， there is a system of roots beneath⑮ the ground.[7]Above that is the mass⑯ of leaf litter on the dark forest floor.The next level is made up of shorter plants with large leaves.Then there are the towering⑰ ancient hardwoods⑱， and finally the tops of the tallest trees many metres above the ground.Each level of the forest forms its own little world， home to different kinds of living⑲ things. 　　[6]句中known to us为动词-ed形式短语作后置定语，修饰名词短语the 390，000 plant species。 　　[7]本句是完全倒装句。表示地点、方位的介词短语Above that置于句首，句子用完全倒装结构。 　　More than 1，300 species of birds and over 400 species of mammals⑳ hide among the jungle’s plant life.This jaguar㉑ is one example.It has a yellowish-brown coat with black spots.[8]While a significant number of jaguars survive㉒ here， they are only one element of this forest’s food chain.They feed on at least 87 species， including frogs.These frogs㉓， in turn㉔， feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit.When a jaguar dies， a tiny army of microorganisms㉕ helps break down㉖ its body and return the nutrients㉗ to the earth. 　　The Amazon rainforest breathes life into㉘ the planet by fixing carbon㉙ and producing over 20 per cent of all the Earth’s oxygen㉚.Thus， it is often known as the “lungs of the planet”.Moreover， the Amazon rainforest is a treasure house of species that can be used for food or medicine.Yet there is one major danger to these irreplaceable㉛ plants and animals： us.[9]Over the past 50 years， about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared㉜ due to㉝ human activities such as agriculture㉞ and cattle㉟ farming.[10]As the impact㊱ of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction㊲ becomes longer， we are left with a question： can we afford to damage㊳ the “lungs of the planet”？ 　　[8]While引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”。 　　[9]本句时间状语为Over the past 50 years，是“over/in/during/for＋the past/last＋时间段”结构，主句用现在完成时。 　　[10]句中As意为“随着”，引导时间状语从句。 ①a （huge） sea of 大量的，大片的 ②（be） alive with 充满，到处都是（活的或动的东西） ③play a significant role in 在……方面起着重要作用 ④ecosystem n.生态系统 [助记] 前缀eco- （生态的，环境的）＋system （系统）→ecosystem ecology n.生态；生态学 ecotourism n.生态旅游 eco-friendly adj.环保的 ⑤overseas region 海外地区 overseas adj.海外的，国外的 adv.在海外，向国外 region n.地区，区域；行政区 ⑥continent n.大陆，陆地，洲 ⑦million num.一百万；许多，大量 millions of 数百万的 billion num.十亿；数以十亿计 billions of 数以十亿计的；数十亿；几十亿 ⑧length n.长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，（电影）片长 in length 在长度上 ⑨biodiversity n.生物多样性 [助记] 前缀bio- （生物的）＋diversity （多样性）→biodiversity biology n.生物学 biologist n.生物学家 ⑩species n.（pl.species） 种，物种 ⑪nut n.坚果 brazil nut 巴西坚果 ⑫lily n.百合（花） water lily 睡莲 ⑬variety n.不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体 various adj.各种不同的，各种各样的 a variety of 各种各样的 ⑭wildlife n.野生动植物，野生生物 ⑮beneath prep.在……下面，在……下方；配不上 ⑯mass n.大量；团，块，堆；一大群 adj.大批的，广泛的 masses of 大量的，许多的 ⑰towering adj.高大的，高耸的；出色的 tower n.塔 v.高于，远远超过；高耸于；胜过 ⑱hardwood n.阔叶树；硬材（阔叶树的木材） ⑲living adj.活着的，活的；在使用的 n.生计，谋生；生活方式 living things 生物 ⑳mammal n.哺乳动物 ㉑jaguar n.美洲豹，美洲虎 ㉒survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难 ㉓frog n.蛙，青蛙 ㉔in turn 相应地，转而；依次，轮流 by turns 时而 ㉕microorganism n.微生物 a tiny army of microorganisms 一小支微生物军队 ㉖break down 使分解（为），使变化（成） break up 打碎；垮掉；解散；结束；期终放假 ㉗nutrient n.营养素，营养物 ㉘breathe life into 给……带来起色，注入活力 breathe in and breathe out 吸气和呼气 ㉙carbon n.碳 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 ㉚oxygen n.氧，氧气 take in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide吸入氧，呼出二氧化碳 ㉛irreplaceable adj.不能替代的 ㉜disappear vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪 disappearance n.消失；不见 [反义]appear vi.出现→appearance n.出现 ㉝due to 由于，因为 ㉞agriculture n.农业，农学 agricultural adj.农业的，农学的 ㉟cattle n.牛 cattle farming 养牛 ㊱impact n.影响，作用；撞击，冲撞 vi.& vt.有影响；冲击 have an impact/influence/effect on对……产生影响 ㊲extinction n.灭绝，绝种 extinct adj.已灭绝的，绝种的；废除了的 in danger of extinction 处于灭绝的危险之中 ㊳damage vt.& n.损害，伤害，损坏，破坏 cause/do damage to 对……造成损害 参考译文 亚马孙雨林：大自然的宝藏 　　欢迎来到这片丛林，这是一片绿色的海洋，到处都可以听到动物发出的声音。这里是亚马孙雨林。作为世界上最大的雨林，它在维系地球生态系统的微妙平衡上扮演着举足轻重的角色。 　　亚马孙雨林穿过包括巴西、秘鲁在内的八个国家，以及一块法国的海外领地，都位于南美洲大陆。亚马孙雨林的面积约为600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长接近6400千米，比长江还长约100千米。这条河从高山流向海洋，沿途维系着多种不同的生态系统。它们赋予这片区域地球上最丰富的生物多样性：全世界十分之一的已知物种，都可以在这里找到。 　　在人类已知的390000种植物物种中，在亚马孙可以找到40000多种。这棵高大、古老的巴西坚果树结出的坚果我们可以食用：这些睡莲（叶片）大到可以躺在上面。雨林的不同层次使种类多到难以置信的野生动植物得以生存。在底部，有一个地表下的根系。往上是阴暗森林地表厚实的落叶层。再往上一层由低矮的阔叶植物组成。然后是高耸、古老的阔叶树，最后是那些离地数米之高的大树的树冠。雨林的每一层都形成了自己的小世界，成为各种生物的家园。 　1300多种鸟和400多种哺乳动物藏身于这片丛林的植被中。这只美洲豹就是个例子。它黄棕色的皮毛上遍布着黑点。尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存，但它们只是这个雨林食物链上的一个要素。它们捕食的物种至少有87种，其中包括青蛙。相应地，这些青蛙以昆虫为食，而昆虫则吃树叶和水果。美洲豹死后，一小支微生物军队会助力其尸体的分解，让营养素重回土壤之中。 　　亚马孙雨林通过固定碳，并产生超过全球总量20％的氧气，使得地球生生不息。因此，它也常常被称作“地球之肺”。此外，亚马孙雨林还是食用物种和药用物种的宝库。然而，这些无可取代的动植物面临的一个主要威胁就是：我们。在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，约17％的雨林已经消失了。随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这就留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？ 第一步：析架构，理文本脉络 Read the passage quickly and fill in the blanks with suitable words. 第二步：精读文，达明察秋毫 Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer. 1.How many known plant species in the world can be found in the Amazon rainforest？（　　） A.About one in six. B.About one in ten. C.About one in five. D.About one in eight. 2.What can be inferred from the third paragraph in the passage？（　　） A.There are only 390，000 species of plants on the Earth. B.Different species of plants in Amazon rainforest grow in different levels. C.At the bottom of the Amazon rainforest grow some bushes. D.The ancient brazil nut trees and the water lilies are living in the same level. 3.The author uses the example of “jaguars” in paragraph 4 　　　　.（　　） A.to prove that some rare animals are still found in the rainforest B.to show that they are only one element of this rainforest’s food chain C.to explain how the food chain is formed D.to warn readers to protect the animals from being damaged in the rainforest 4.Why is the Amazon rainforest known as the “lungs of the planet”？（　　） A.Because it looks like a lung. B.Because there are many species of plants and animals there. C.Because it fixes carbon and produces over 20 per cent of all the Earth’s oxygen. D.Because the Amazon rainforest will disappear. 5.Which is the major danger to wildlife species in the Amazon rainforest？（　　） A.Agriculture.　　　　 B.Cattle farming. C.Human activities.　 D.Carbon and oxygen. 6.What is the author’s attitude towards the Amazon rainforest？（　　） A.Positive.　 B.Negative. C.Indifferent.　 D.Objective. 7.What is the purpose of this documentary script？（　　） A.To advertise the Amazon rainforest. B.To persuade readers to protect wildlife. C.To popularize （科普） the Amazon rainforest. D.To call for our joint efforts to protect the Amazon rainforest. 答案：1－5　BBBCC　6－7　DD 第三步：通词句，学语言表达 1.词汇学习——循规律，记单词 这篇课文中出现了一些带有否定前缀的词汇，请找出它们，并自己再写出一些。 Prefixes Words dis- 　disappear， disagree， disadvantage， dishonest， disabled， dissatisfied ...　 un- 　unbelievable， unlimited， unhappy， unknown， unusual， unreal ...　 in-/im-/ il-/ir- 　irreplaceable， invisible， incorrect， imbalance， illegal， irregular ...　 non- 　non-smoking， non-stop， non-existent， non-profit， non-fiction ...　 2.美文欣赏——赏佳句，品用法 课文The Amazon rainforest： a natural treasure的语篇类型是纪录片脚本。纪录片脚本的语言作为电视语言中的一种，有其独特的风格。 （1）从人称和语气的角度看：作者大量使用第三人称，力求展现出真实的亚马孙雨林。但也少量使用了第一人称来拉近和读者的距离，引发读者共鸣。多使用陈述语气，有时也会使用疑问句，但其作用与其说是向读者提问，不如说是在引发读者的思考。例如，文章最后一段中的句子 　As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer， we are left with a question： can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？　。 （2）从语体风格来看：本文是阐释型纪录片，本质上属于说明文，内容科学、结构严谨、语言严密准确。例如，第二段中的句子　With an area of around 6 million square kilometres， the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China.　，作者使用了列数字和作比较的说明方法，帮助读者对亚马孙雨林的面积留下具体而鲜明的印象。另一方面，该脚本也借用了一些修辞手法来使其语言形象贴切，提升艺术感染力。例如，最后一段中的句子　Thus， it is often known as the “lungs of the planet”.　，作者把亚马孙雨林比作“地球之肺”，使其重要性跃然纸上。 核心词汇集释 1.harm n.& vt.伤害，损害 教材原句　The human race has done much harm. 人类已经造成了很多伤害。 【用法】 （1）do/cause sb/sth harm＝do/cause harm to sb/sth　　　 对某人/某物造成危害/有害 there is no harm in doing sth＝it does no harm to do sth 　　做某事并无害处；不妨做某事 （2）harmful adj.　　有害的 be harmful to ... 　　对……有害 （3）harmless adj.　　无害的 be harmless to ...　　对……无害 【佳句】　（人教选必一）Over time， however， what some scientists have found is that their long-term use can sometimes harm both the land and people’s health. 然而，随着时间的推移，一些科学家发现，长期使用它们有时会危害土地和人类健康。 （2025·全国一卷）Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. 科学家们仍在努力确定微塑料的危害程度——但他们所了解的情况已经引发了担忧。 【语境串记】　It gives off harmful， gases which may do harm to our health. You must make it harmless before use.它散发有害气体，这些气体可能会损害我们的健康。你在使用之前必须使它无害。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①Traveling undoubtedly does more good than harm 　to　 us. ②Staring at the screen is 　harmful　 （harm） to our eyes. ③The doctor says that this material is 　harmless　 （harm） to human beings and we don’t need to worry too much. 【写美】　一句多译 ④有些男孩对玩电脑游戏太痴迷，这对他们的健康非常有害。　（建议信） →Some boys are too crazy about playing computer games， 　which is very harmful to their health　.（harmful；定语从句） →Some boys are too crazy about playing computer games， 　which does/causes great harm to their health　.（harm n.；定语从句） →Some boys are too crazy about playing computer games， 　doing/causing great harm to their health　.（harm n.；动词-ing短语作状语） →Some boys are too crazy about playing computer games， 　harming their health　.（harm vt.；动词-ing短语作状语） 2.variety n.不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体 教材原句　The forest’s different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife. 雨林的不同层次使种类多到难以置信的野生动植物得以生存。 【用法】 （1）a variety of＝varieties of 各种各样的；不同种类的 （2）vary v.　　变化；使多样化 vary from ...to ... 　　由……到……不等；在……和……之间变动 vary with ... 　　随……而变动 vary in ... 　　在……方面不同/变化 （3）various adj.　　各种不同的；各种各样的 【佳句】　For your visit here，we have arranged a variety of/varieties of/various activities， including a welcome party， a campus tour and a Beijing Opera performance.　（活动安排） 对于你们的来访，我们安排了各种各样的活动，包括欢迎晚会、校园游览和京剧表演。 【点津】　a variety of/varieties of后接可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；the variety of后接可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①I have a number of hobbies， varying 　from　 playing basketball to playing the piano. ②The restaurant offers 　various　 （vary）dishes from around the world， including Italian pasta， Chinese stir-fries， and Indian curries. ③（人教必修一）Over the years， the system developed into different forms， as it was a time when people were divided geographically， leading to many 　varieties　 （vary） of dialects and characters. 【写美】　词汇升级 ④I recommend the capital city， Beijing， to you， for it is an amazing city with various places of interest.　（推荐信） →I recommend the capital city， Beijing， to you， for it is an amazing city with 　a variety of/varieties of　 places of interest. 3.in turn 相应地，转而；依次，轮流 教材原句　These frogs， in turn， feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit. 相应地，这些青蛙以昆虫为食，而昆虫则吃树叶和水果。 【用法】 （1）in one’s turn 　接着；轮到某人 by turns 　　轮流；交替地（多用来强调某一时期反复发生的动作） it’s one’s turn to do sth　轮到某人做某事了 （2）take turns to do/in doing sth 　轮流做某事 （3）It turns/turned out that ...　　结果…… 【佳句】　The cars waited at the traffic light in turn， waiting for the green light to pass. 汽车依次在红绿灯前等待，等待绿灯通行。 （人教选必一）This affects the crops grown on the land and， in turn， the animals and humans who digest them. 这影响了生长在土地上的作物，进而影响了消化它们的动物和人类。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①（外研必修二）It can be quite stressful at times， though， which 　in　 turn makes me feel anxious. ②（2024·全国甲卷）This training taught her to read and write her Chinese upside down — a skill that has turned out 　to be　 （be） quite practical， especially whenever we share the newspaper. ③Now that I have finished buying， Tom， 　in　 his turn， should cook. ④I think it’s my turn 　to drive　 （drive） the kids to school this week. 【写美】　翻译句子 ⑤（2024·1月浙江卷）一方面，“起伸” 运动不仅有助于强身健体，而且反过来帮助我们更有效地学习。 　For one thing，not only does the “Stand Up and Stretch” exercise help to build up our health，but it also helps us learn more effectively in turn.　 4.break down 使分解（为），使变化（成）；出故障；垮掉；失败，破坏 教材原句　When a jaguar dies， a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.美洲豹死后，一小支微生物军队会助力其尸体的分解，让营养素重回土壤之中。 【用法】 break in　　　　 强行进入；打断（谈话），插嘴 break into　　闯入，破门而入 break out　　（战争、火灾、疾病等）爆发，突然发生 break up　　解散；结束；期终放假；破碎 break through 　　突破；冲破；克服，战胜 break away （from） 　　逃脱；脱离 【佳句】　To understand the grammar of the sentence，you must break it down into parts. 为了明白句子的语法，你必须把它分解成（几个）部分。 News reports say peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached.新闻报道说这两个国家的和平谈判失败，没有达成协议。 【练透】　用break的相关短语填空 ①The business negotiation between the two sides 　broke down　 with no agreement reached. ②The thief tried to 　break in　 through the window last night， but the alarm scared him away. ③A fire 　broke out　 in the old warehouse， causing significant damage. ④She is trying to 　break away from　 the bad habit， which makes her parents very happy. 【写美】　完成句子 ⑤She longed 　to break in on their conversation　 but didn’t want to appear rude.　（心理描写） 她很想打断他们的谈话，但又不愿显得粗鲁。 5.due to 由于，因为（只能作表语） 教材原句　Over the past 50 years， about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming. 在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，约17％的雨林已经消失了。 【用法】 （1）due adj.　　　由于，因为；应付的，应得的；适当的；预期的，到期的 be due to do sth 预期/预定要做某事 be due to sb 　　应付给/应给予/应归于某人 （2）表示“由于”的短语还有owing to， because of， as a result of， thanks to， on account of， in consequence of， as a consequence of等。 【佳句】　In the beginning， it was quite difficult for me to read the musical notes due to my poor memory. 刚开始的时候，由于我记忆力不好，我很难读懂音符。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①Have they been paid the money that is due 　to　 them？ ②The activity is due 　to be held　 （hold） in the lecture hall at 9 am next Saturday. ③He failed to complete the task due 　to　 a misunderstanding of the instructions. 【写美】　翻译句子 ④公共汽车本应下午五点到达的，但由于大雾，它晚了一个小时。 　The bus was due to arrive at 5 pm， but it arrived one hour late due to the heavy fog.　 6.damage vt.& n.损害，伤害，损坏，破坏 教材原句　As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer， we are left with a question： can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？ 随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这就留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？ 【用法】 （1）be badly/seriously damaged 　　严重受损 be slightly damaged 　　轻微受损 （2）do/cause （great） damage to ...对……造成（很大的）损害 damage sb’s reputation/health 　　损害某人的名誉/健康 suffer damage 　　遭受损伤 （3）damaging adj.　　破坏性的 【佳句】　Excessive sunlight can damage your skin if you don’t wear sunscreen. 如果不涂防晒霜，过度日晒会损伤你的皮肤。 The damage is usually more serious on the first plant， but the neighbors， relatively speaking， stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. 通常，第一株植物的损害更严重，但相对来说，相邻植株就会安全得多，因为它们听到警报，知道该怎么做。 【点津】　damage 指部分性“损坏，破坏”，一般可以修复；而destroy指彻底地“破坏，毁坏”，一般不能或很难修复。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①The accident caused some damage 　to　 my car， but it’s nothing serious. ②Several cars 　were damaged　 （damage） in the crash which happened last year. 【写美】　完成句子 ③I have a very strong fear that the lie we’re telling 　is doing/causing damage to our children　. 我有一种强烈的恐惧：我们正在说的谎言会对我们的孩子造成伤害。 ④Many people 　had their houses damaged　 in the earthquake. 许多人的房子在地震中遭受损坏。 ⑤（人教必修二）Water from the dam would likely 　damage a number of temples and destroy cultural relics　 that were an important part of Egypt’s cultural heritage. 大坝泄流可能会损坏许多寺庙，摧毁一批文物，而这些文物是埃及文化遗产的重要组成部分。 重点句型解构 1.句型公式：倍数表达法 教材原句　With an area of around 6 million square kilometres， the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China.亚马孙雨林的面积约为600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。 【用法】 句中more than half the size of ...意为“比……一半还要大”，是一种倍数表达法。 （1）倍数表达法的常见结构： A＋be＋倍数＋ （2）此句型中倍数也可以用分数、百分数、half等其他程度状语来表达；表示“两倍”时用twice或double，三倍或三倍以上用“基数词＋times”表达。 【品悟】　Now our school is three times the size of what it was ten years ago. ＝Now our school is three times as large as what it was ten years ago. ＝Now our school is twice larger than what it was ten years ago.现在，我们的学校是十年前的三倍大。 【写美】　完成句子/一句多译 ①The newly-built square is 　five times the size of　 the old one. 新建的广场是旧广场的五倍大。 ②The red ruler is 　four times longer than　 the yellow one. 红色的尺子比黄色的长四倍。 ③This room is 　three times as big as　 that one. 这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。 ④The production is now 　double/twice what it was ten years ago　. 现在的产量是十年前的两倍。 ⑤正在建的新体育馆将是操场的两倍大。 →The new stadium being built will be 　twice/double as big as　 the playground.（as） →The new stadium being built will be 　twice/double the size of　 the playground.（size） 2.句型公式：“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句 教材原句　The Amazon River， from which the rainforest gets its name， is close to 6，400 kilometres in length — roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. 亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长接近6400千米，比长江还长约100千米。 【用法】 （1）“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰物时，关系代词用which，修饰人时用whom，在从句中作定语时用whose。 （2）“介词＋which/whom”既可引导非限制性定语从句，也可引导限制性定语从句。介词的确定要遵循以下原则： ①根据定语从句中动词或形容词等的某种习惯搭配来确定； ②根据与先行词搭配的具体意义来确定； ③根据所表达的意思来确定； ④表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。 （3）基本形式： ①“介词（短语）＋关系代词”（作状语）：关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换； ②“介词＋关系代词＋名词”（作状语）：关系代词常用which 和whose； ③“名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”（作主语）：可转化为“whose＋名词”结构； ④“数词/形容词最高级＋of＋关系代词”（作主语）：数词还可以被some， many， most， each等不定代词替换。 【品悟】　I have actively attended English lectures， from which I have a good knowledge of British and American cultures.　（校园生活） 我积极参加了英语讲座，从中我充分了解了英美文化。 Lily might possibly come， in which case I’ll ask her.莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。 【写美】　完成句子/句式升级 ①I have many friends， 　some of whom are interested in science fiction. 我有很多朋友，其中一些对科幻小说感兴趣。 ②This is the house 　in which Lu Xun once lived　. 这就是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。 ③We had bought a new map， 　without which we would have lost our way　. 我们买了一张新地图，要是没有它我们就迷路了。 ④He has ten cousins， 　the youngest of whom is very clever　. 他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。 ⑤I have about ten books， 　half of which were written by Bing Xin　. 我大约有10本书，其中一半是冰心写的。 ⑥The activity， 　the aim of which is to raise our awareness　 of environmental protection，appeals to a mass of volunteers. 这个旨在提高我们的环境保护意识的活动吸引了很多志愿者。 ⑦The beautiful mountain village which I visited last year is located at the foot of a mountain and in front of it flows a small river. →The beautiful mountain village which I visited last year is located at the foot of a mountain， 　in front of which flows a small river　.（定语从句） 维度一：品句填词 根据所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出单词的正确形式。 1.Many young people are eager to pursue their dreams overseas　， exploring new cultures and job opportunities in distant lands. 2.Every year， millions　 of tourists visit this beautiful coastal city， attracted by its charming beaches and nightlife. 3.Different regions　 have distinct cultural traditions passed down through generations. 4.Different varieties　 of musical instruments were played at the concert， including violins， trumpets and pianos. 5.The storm caused some 　damage　 （损坏） to some houses， but they were not destroyed. 6.As is known to all， humans take in 　oxygen　 （氧气） and breathe out carbon dioxide. 7.It is reported that the football match attracted 　masses　 （大量） of fans from all over the city. 8.The rare mountain grass is said to be in danger of 　extinction　 （灭绝） in the near future. 9.The young singer remains a 　towering　 （出色的） figure in rock and roll. 10.Human activities are causing the extinction of many 　species　 （物种） around the world. 维度二：词形转换 用所给单词的正确形式填空。 1.Smoking is extremely 　harmful　 （harm）to one’s health， increasing the risk of various diseases. 2.The local government has taken measures to prevent the rare animals from 　extinction　 （extinct）. 3.The earthquake caused 　massive　 （mass） damage to the city， leaving thousands homeless. 4.The 　regional　 （region） climate affects the types of crops that can be grown here. 5.The police are investigating the 　disappearance　 （disappear） of key files on the killers. 6.The 　agricultural　 （agriculture） sector plays a crucial role in ensuring food security. 7.Nature mainly refers to 　living　 （live）things， including plants and animals in the wild. 8.At that time， people were divided geographically， leading to 　varieties　 （vary） of dialects and characters. 9.The 　length　 （long） of the hike was more than we expected， but the views were worth it. 10.Luckily， the 　survivors　 （survive） of the shipwreck were rescued by a fishboat after days at sea. 维度三：固定搭配和句式 根据汉语及括号内提示完成下列句子。 1.正站在教室外的是一位男孩，低着头默默地哭着。（完全倒装句） 　Standing outside the classroom is a boy　， lowering his head and crying silently. 2.刚才和我交谈的那位老人是一位著名的科学家。（“介词＋关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句） The old man， 　with whom I talked just now　， is a famous scientist. 3.由于有很多家庭作业要做，小男孩只好一整天都待在家里。（独立主格结构） 　Lots of homework to do　， the little boy had to stay at home all day. 4.尽管学生们来自不同的国家，但是他们在夏令营相处得非常好。（while引导让步状语从句） 　While the students came from different countries　， they got on quite well in the summer camp. 5.在过去的十年里，这座城市见证了巨大的变化。（“介词＋the past/last＋时间段”与现在完成时连用） 　In/Throughout the last decade　， the city 　has witnessed　 great changes. 6.他的自行车在上班途中坏了，所以他不得不走完剩下的路程。（break down） 　His bicycle broke down　 on his way to work， so he had to walk the rest of the distance. Ⅰ.阅读理解 A 　　（2025·无锡天一高中阶段测试）Protected areas have mixed success in protecting wildlife， according to the largest study on the effects of reserves（保护区）. 　　A team led by researchers from the UK examined water bird data from 1，506 protected areas and analyzed more than 27，000 bird populations across the world.The authors write that their study， published in Nature， is the first robust （强有力的）， global assessment of protected area’s influence on bird populations.The scientists found that protected areas with management of water birds and their habitats were more likely to benefit those populations. 　　“Our study shows that， while many protected areas are working well， many others are failing to have positive effect，” lead author Hannah Wauchope of the University of Exeter says in a statement.Rather than focusing only on the total global area protected， we need more focus on ensuring areas are well-managed to benefit biodiversity （生物多样性）.The study compared water bird populations before and after the establishment of protected areas and also compared trends of similar populations within and outside of protected areas.Water birds respond quickly to changes in site quality， making them a good group to look at when studying the impact of protected areas. 　　“In the majority of places we looked at， wildlife populations were still stable or were increasing， but they weren’t doing any better than in unprotected areas，” Hannah Wauchope says.“That’s disappointing， but not surprising.There seems to be this disconnect between people talking about how much land is protected and whether those areas are actually doing anything positive.” 　　This research comes ahead of a United Nations meeting in China to discuss biodiversity goals for the next decade.Several countries have already devoted to protecting 30 per cent of the planet by 2030， yet researchers say protection alone does not necessarily ensure positive outcomes for species. 　　“Efforts to reach a certain area-based goal such as 30 per cent by 2030 — without a focus on improving the condition of existing protected areas will achieve little，” says co-author Julia Jones from Bangor University.“When world leaders gather in China later this year to set goals for the next decade， I really hope to see a focus on effectiveness of protected areas， rather than simply how much surface area is devoted to them.” 　　“We are not saying protected areas don’t work，” Hannah Wauchope concludes in the statement.“The key point is that their effects vary hugely， and the biggest thing this depends on is whether they are managed with species in mind — we can’t just expect protected areas to work without effective management.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究：保护区在保护野生生物方面成效参差不齐。 1.What is the purpose of the UK’s study？（　　） A.To see whether bird populations have increased in protected areas. B.To test whether water birds can adapt to new environments. C.To record the changes of water birds worldwide. D.To help water birds survive in hard conditions. 解析：A　推理判断题。根据第二段第二句可知，这次研究的目的是评估保护区对鸟类种群的数量影响。 2.Why are water birds chosen as the study subject？（　　） A.They are an endangered species. B.They can sense environmental changes. C.They can help change the quality of waters. D.They can hardly be found outside protected areas. 解析：B　细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，水鸟对场地质量的变化反应迅速，使它们成为研究保护区影响的一个很好的群体。 3.What fact makes Hannah Wauchope feel disappointed？（　　） A.Protected areas are not attractive to water birds. B.There is a decline in the number of protected areas. C.There is not enough protected land around the world. D.Protected areas fail to work better than unprotected areas. 解析：D　细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，让Hannah Wauchope失望的是，和未受保护的地区相比，保护区的作用并没有得到很好的展现。 4.What is Hannah Wauchope’s advice about protected areas？（　　） A.They should occupy a large area. B.They should host various animals. C.They should be under good management. D.They should give water birds more freedom. 解析：C　细节理解题。根据最后一段内容可知，在Hannah Wauchope看来，保护区的作用取决于它们的管理是否考虑到物种。他的建议是保护区要在有效管理的情况下发挥作用。 B 　　（2025·江苏锡东高级中学月考）“Join our exciting wildlife watching tours and experience the holiday of a lifetime！” Eco-wildlife tours like this are becoming more and more popular with tourists.The opportunity to see whales and dolphins swimming in their natural habitat is so much better than seeing these great mammals in zoos and aquariums.As your boat edges out into the blue water， a group of dolphins come to greet you and swim around the boat， jumping playfully around you.In some places， tour companies even encourage tourists to go swimming with the dolphins.These smart mammals seem to enjoy our company and interact （互动） with us.But is it possible that this kind of human activity putting their survival at risk？ 　　A recent study has shown that the behavior of whales and dolphins changes greatly when they are close to boats.Interpreting （诠释） the boats as a possible danger， they start to breathe more quickly.The boats drive them away from the places where they feed and interrupt （打扰） their routine （日常生活） of resting and taking care of their young.All of these factors could have a very negative effect on their general health.Another factor that should be taken into account is the effect of human attention on the animals.As they become more used to interacting with humans， they become less afraid of them.There have been several cases of tour boats running into dolphins or whales and causing their deaths.As dolphins live within close communities， events like these cause a lot of stress. 　　Perhaps the best way to protect these animals is to reduce our interaction with them.We could do this by keeping a minimum distance between the animals and the boats， and by limiting the number of boats out on the water at one time.Most importantly， instead of interrupting these animals’ routines， we should try to adapt to them.In this way， we could learn to stay in harmony with these wild animals and ensure our continued co-existence on the planet that we shall share. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章就生态野生生物旅游越来越受欢迎的现象论述了要想与野生生物和谐相处，就要减少与它们的互动。 5.Why are eco-wildlife tours increasingly popular？（　　） A.Wild animals really enjoy our company. B.Tourists can watch wild animals closely. C.Visitors can play with wild animals easily. D.Tour companies advertised them too much. 解析：B　细节理解题。根据第一段第二、三句可知，生态野生生物旅游越来越受欢迎是因为游客可以近距离观察大自然中的野生动物。 6.What’s the author’s attitude towards eco-wildlife tours？（　　） A.Indifferent.　 B.Supportive. C.Critical.　 D.Concerned. 解析：C　观点态度题。根据第三段前两句可知，作者认为要减少和野生动物的互动，少打扰它们的生活。由此推断，作者对生态野生生物旅游持批评的态度。 7.What can we learn from the recent study？（　　） A.The visiting boats cause great terror for whales and dolphins. B.Boats separate young whales and dolphins from their parents. C.Human’s attention is of great benefit to whales and dolphins. D.Getting too close to wild animals may bring trouble to them. 解析：D　细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，太接近野生动物可能会给它们带来麻烦，影响它们的生活和健康，甚至对它们造成伤害。 8.How to stay in harmony with wild animals according to the text？（　　） A.By avoiding using our boats. B.By interacting less with them. C.By changing our daily routines. D.By visiting their habitats regularly. 解析：B　细节理解题。根据第三段前两句和最后一句可知，要想与野生动物和谐相处，就要减少与它们的互动。 C 　　（2025·湖南湘潭期中）Compared with the obvious environmental issues we hear about every day， littering often takes a backseat — but it’s more pressing than we may think. 　　Some may say that a banana peel out of your car along the motorway would be a harmless action.Actually， they are wrong.A banana peel can take up to two years to decompose （分解）， and with a third of motorists admitting to littering while driving， that’s a whole lot of discarded banana peels， or much worse.An orange peel and a cigarette butt have a similar biodegrading （生物降解） term to that of a banana， but tin and aluminum cans last up to 100 years， and plastic bottles last forever， so do glass bottles and plastic bags. 　　Despite the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer， we can’t only measure the severity of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime.For example， despite having a fairly short biodegrading time， more than 120 tons of cigarette-related litter is thrown away in the UK every day.Similarly， our regular littering here and there has caused the UK’s mouse population to increase by 60 million.This suddenly isn’t so mysterious when you consider that since the 1960s our annual littering has increased by an amazing 500 per cent. 　　It’s not a cheap habit either： UK taxpayers spent ￡500 million on keeping the streets clean.So， it’s not surprising that if caught fly-tipping， you could face a ￡20，000 fine.Regardless of how severe the punishment might seem， however， among the reported cases only 2，000 were punished out of 825，000， so we still have a long way to go in making sure people observe the rules. 　　To take back our beautiful cities， we need to do more than simply not leaving rubbish where it ought not to be.We need to care more about the world around us. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了乱丢垃圾的危害，这是一个比我们认为的更需要迫切解决的问题。 9.Which of the following is the easiest to decompose comparatively？（　　） A.An aluminum can.　 B.A plastic bag. C.An orange peel.　 D.A glass bottle. 解析：C　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，橘子皮相比较其他三种东西更容易分解。 10.What can we know from paragraph 3？（　　） A.Cigarette-related litter is a severe environmental problem in the UK. B.Shorter-lasting materials will be less harmful to the environment. C.Regular littering has caused the UK’s mouse population to reach 60 million. D.Annual littering has increased a little in the UK since the 1960s. 解析：A　推理判断题。根据第三段第一句和接下来的举例可知，在英国，与香烟有关的垃圾是一个严重的环境问题。 11.Which of the following can best describe the UK’s punishment on littering according to paragraph 4？（　　） A.Little chips light great fires. B.A drop in the bucket. C.More haste， less speed. D.No pain， no gain. 解析：B　推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句可推知，在有关垃圾上的处罚是远远不够的，这与B项（沧海一粟/九牛一毛）意思相符。 12.What is the best title for the passage？（　　） A.Rubbish Collection， an Urgent Task B.Environment Issue， a Big Concern C.Littering， a Surprisingly Big Issue D.Long-Lasting Material， a Hidden Danger 解析：C　标题归纳题。根据文章首段和尾段可知，文章介绍了乱丢垃圾的危害，一个比我们认为的更需要迫切解决的问题。C项（乱扔垃圾，一个惊人的大问题）适合作为本文最佳标题。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五 　　（2025·河南南阳方城一中月考）Paper bags remain an option in grocery stores and are preferred by many consumers for convenience.13.（　　） 　　The production of paper bags is， however， harmful to the environment in several ways.There are many advantages and disadvantages of the consumption and production of paper bags. 　　Ten billion paper bags are used every year in the United States alone.14.（　　） Many consumers prefer paper bags because they hold more than plastic bags and are stronger， but stores mostly prefer to give out plastic bags because they are cheaper. 　　Paper bags are mostly made from original wood pulp （木浆） because recycled pulp is not strong enough， so their production begins with cutting down trees.15.（　　） For one thing， cutting down trees reduces the absorption of greenhouse gases， and the production of paper bags requires the use of poisonous chemicals that contribute to air and water pollution.For another， the transportation of paper bags requires the consumption of fossil fuel that causes further air pollution. 　　16.（　　） The production of paper bags also creates 50 times more water pollutants than the production of plastic bags and 70 per cent more air pollutants.Additionally， it requires more energy to recycle paper bags than plastic bags.However， the recycling and reusing rate for paper bags is higher.17.（　　） A.It takes 14 million trees to meet this demand. B.They can be reused for groceries several times. C.Paper bags and plastic bags have their own strengths. D.Their production harms the environment in two ways. E.But experts advise using plastic bags instead of paper bags. F.Some people consider them less damaging to the environment. G.Paper bags’ production requires four times the energy of plastic bags. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了纸袋的消费和生产的利弊。 13.F　上文指出，很多人偏爱纸袋，下文指出，纸袋的生产对环境有害。F项（有些人认为它们对环境的破坏较小）承接上文，并与下文构成转折关系。 14.A　根据上文可知，纸袋的使用量大，A项（需要1400万棵树才能满足这个需求）承接上文，且选项中的this demand指上文的100亿个纸袋被使用这种情况。 15.D　根据下文可推知，空处是讲纸袋在两个方面会对环境造成危害。D项（纸袋生产从两个方面危害环境）引出下文。 16.G　下文是拿纸袋生产与塑料袋作对比。G项（生产纸袋需要的能源是塑料袋的四倍）引出下文，且选项中的four times the energy与下文more energy表述一致。 17.B　根据上文可知，纸袋的回收和再利用率更高。B项（它们可以重复用于购买杂货多次）进一步解释了纸袋是如何回收和再利用的，选项中的They指代上文的paper bags。 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $