UNIT 5 Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas(学用Word)-【优学精讲】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册（外研版）

本讲义围绕玛雅文明这一核心主题，通过Pre-reading图片提问引入主题，While-reading分“析架构、知细节、析难句”三步构建阅读支架，Post-reading结合语法填空与开放性问题深化理解，形成“引入-分析-应用”的完整学习脉络，系统培养学生的文本解读与语言表达能力。 该资料以玛雅文明为载体，融合语言能力（难句翻译、语法填空）、思维品质（架构分析、文明兴衰反思）和文化意识（跨文化认知）。例如While-reading细节题提升信息提取能力，Post-reading“保护现代文明”问题促进批判性思维，课中活动增强互动性提升教学效果，课后词汇默写与语法练习帮助学生查漏补缺，巩固语言知识。

Section Ⅰ　Starting out & Understanding ideas 【文本透析·剖语篇】 Pre-reading 1.The first picture is Ancient Greece. The second picture is Ancient Babylon and the third picture is Ancient Egypt. They are all ancient civilisations and they were all prosperous and powerful at that time. 2.It might be the wars that led to their collapse. They were conquered by other empires. While-reading 第一步 1.complex structures　2.applied　3.accurate　4.complicated 5.changing　6.deal with　7.droughts 第二步 1－5　ADBBD 第三步 1.玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。 2.许多科学家认为，这些旱灾是玛雅文明在不同地方以不同速度衰落的主要原因。 Post-reading 第一步 We human beings should respect nature and not violate the law of its development. On the one hand， we should follow the natural law and believe in the survival of the fittest. On the other hand， we should actively transform the world around us and bravely fight against kinds of disasters as possible as we can. 第二步 1.since　2.are　3.how　4.amazement　5.to　6.completely 7.to indicate　8.natural　9.mysteries　10.thinking 【随堂检测·要过关】 Ⅰ.1.natural phenomena　2.ancient civilisations 3.be accurate to within ...　4.claim riches 5.a natural disaster　6.food shortages 7.the rise and fall of ...　8.unsolved mysteries 9.make an incredible discovery　10.a writing system Ⅱ.1.On top of all this was 2.Whatever the reasons 3.leaving various mysteries for later people to solve 【核心知识·巧突破】 核心词汇集释 1.①in　②Burying herself in the competition preparations； Buried in the competition preparations 2.①applied　②applicants　③application ④apply yourself to taking good care of your health 重点句型解构 　①leaving him with no choice but to walk home ②making it difficult for her to pass the final exam 【随堂检测·要过关】 Ⅰ.1.ruins　2.burying　3.applying　4.abandon　5.dismissed Ⅱ.1.were left in ruins　2.expand your vocabulary 3.leading to the international status and recognition 10 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Section Ⅰ　Starting out & Understanding ideas Pre-reading Look at the pictures and answer the questions. 1.What are they？And what do they have in common？ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2.What might be the reasons behind their collapse？ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 While-reading 第一步：析架构理清脉络 Read the passage quickly and fill in the blanks. 第二步：知细节明察秋毫 Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers. 1.What is the purpose of paragraph 1？（　　） A.To introduce the topic. B.To introduce ancient star charts. C.To show us that William Gadoury was wrong. D.To give a short introduction of William Gadoury. 2.Why was Maya calendar so accurate？（　　） A.Because it was very complicated. B.Because the Maya had a writing system. C.Because there were many characters in it. D.Because the Maya made use of knowledge of mathematics and astronomy. 3.When did Maya civilisation reach its highest level？（　　） A.Before 700 BC. B.By 700 AD. C.At around 900 AD. D.In the early 16th century. 4.How does the author start paragraph 4？（　　） A.By listing examples. B.By asking questions. C.By making a comparison. D.By analysing causes. 5.What reduced the Maya people’s ability to deal with natural disasters？（　　） A.The growth of the Maya population. B.More and more natural disasters struck Maya. C.Conflicts between foreign nationalities and local people. D.Not following the laws of nature to change the landscape. 第三步：析难句表达升级 自主翻译：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 自主翻译：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Post-reading 第一步：拓思维品质提升 What can we do to help protect modern civilisations？ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 第二步：课文语法填空 　　Maya civilisation has been a mystery 1.　　　　　　　　　 it was rediscovered in the 19th century.The Maya built many splendid structures，among which the step pyramids 2.　　　　　 （be） the most famous.What puzzles people is 3.　　　　 they built these structures with their own hands. To people’s 4.　　　　　　 （amaze）， they applied their understanding of mathematics and astronomy 5.　　　　 the Maya calendar，which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year.They also developed a real writing system. It was so complicated that no one has been able to interpret it 6.　　　　　　 （complete） so far. 　　Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery. Some research seems 7.　　　　　　 （indicate） that the people themselves were to blame for the downfall，while others also suggest that 8.　　　　　　（nature） disasters may have led to the decline of it.Whatever the reasons， Maya civilisation left various 9.　　　　　　 （mystery） for later people to solve.Meanwhile，the rise and fall of the civilisation must leave us 10.　　　　　　（think） about our own past， present and future. The Mysteries of THE MAYA [1]Intrigued① by Maya civilisation② from a very young age， 15-year-old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery③ from his study of ancient star charts.Through comparison④， he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to⑤ the positions of the stars.Based on this， he believed he had spotted⑥ an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle.[2] Although his theory has been dismissed⑦ by scholars， it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people. It isn’t difficult to see why.Extending south from parts of what we now know as Mexico into Central America， Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery in the 19th century.The Maya built impressive palaces and temples， including their representative⑧ step pyramids.What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels， metal tools or even animal power⑨.The Maya’s understanding of mathematics⑩ and astronomy⑪ was also quite amazing.They applied⑫ this understanding to the Maya calendar， which was accurate⑬ to within 30 seconds per year.[3]On top of all this was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time： a true writing system.It contained more than 800 characters⑭， [4]with some signs representing⑮ animals， people and objects and others representing syllables⑯.It was a writing system so complicated that， so far， no one has been able to interpret⑰ it completely. 　　[1]Intrigued by ...为过去分词短语作原因状语，表示“被……所吸引”。 [2]本句为主从复合句。Although引导让步状语从句；how引导宾语从句。 [3]本句是一个完全倒装句。 [4]with的复合结构作状语。 [5]The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive⑱ makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious.[6]But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities. By 700 AD， Maya civilisation was at its peak⑲.Yet， within just a couple of generations⑳， it began to mysteriously decline㉑.The cities were left to be taken back by the jungle.When Europeans arrived in Central America in the early 16th century to claim its riches㉒ ， the remaining Maya people were living in small settlements㉓. 　　[5]本句中that引导同位语从句；另外，本句还包含一个“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，its achievements为宾语，all the more incredible and mysterious为宾语补足语。 [6]本句中what引导表语从句。 　　[7]Why Maya civilisation collapsed㉔ remains a mystery.Was it a natural disaster？ A deadly㉕ disease？ Conflicts between cities？ Or was it a combination of㉖ several different factors？ Some research seems to indicate㉗ that the Maya people themselves may have played a part in their downfall㉘.They had turned wetlands into fields for growing grains， and had dug huge canal systems.As their population expanded， yet more land was needed for agriculture and more trees for construction.[8]By changing the landscape in this way， it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly㉙ reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters. Research also suggests that those natural disasters may have led to the decline of the Maya.Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer tropical cyclones㉚ than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD.This is likely to have led to a series of droughts， each lasting for a couple of years， including a “megadrought” around 900 AD.[9]Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places.These droughts would have led to food shortages， conflicts and， ultimately， the downfall of the cities. [10]Whatever the reasons， Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle.Its once-great cities fell into ruin， [11]leaving various mysteries for later people to solve.Meanwhile， the rise and fall㉛ of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past， present and future. 　　[7]Why引导主语从句。 [8]本句含有主语从句，it作形式主语，真正的主语为that从句。 [9]本句中that引导宾语从句；why引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason。 [10]Whatever引导让步状语从句，省略了be动词were。 [11]动词-ing短语作结果状语。 ①intrigue v.（因奇特或神秘而）激起……的兴趣，引起……的好奇心 ②civilisation n.文明（社会） ③an incredible discovery一个惊人的发现 ④comparison n.对比，比较 ⑤correspond to与……相符；类似于 ⑥spot v.发现 ⑦dismiss v.拒绝考虑，否定 ⑧representative adj.典型的，有代表性的 ⑨power n.力量 ⑩mathematics n.数学 ⑪astronomy n.天文学 ⑫apply v.应用 apply ...to ...把……应用于…… ⑬accurate adj.精确的 ⑭character n.字母；符号 ⑮represent v.代表 ⑯syllable n.音节 ⑰interpret v.诠释；说明 ⑱primitive adj.原始的 ⑲at its peak在它的巅峰时期 ⑳a couple of generations几代 ㉑decline v.衰落，衰弱，衰败 ㉒ riches n.[pl.]财富；财产 claim its riches索取它的财富 ㉓settlement n.定居点 ㉔collapse v.崩溃，瓦解；倒塌，坍塌 ㉕deadly adj.致命的 ㉖a combination of……的结合 ㉗indicate v.暗示；表明 ㉘downfall n.衰败 ㉙unknowingly adv.未意识到地，不知不觉地 ㉚tropical cyclone热带气旋 ㉛the rise and fall 兴衰 玛雅之迷 十五岁的加拿大少年威廉·甘德瑞自幼便对玛雅文明着迷，他认为自己通过研究古老星象图有了惊人发现。通过比较，他发现117座已知玛雅城市的位置和星象的位置是对应的。据此，他相信自己发现了一座隐藏于丛林深处的未知玛雅城市的位置。尽管学者们对他的理论不予考虑，但是这表明古玛雅文明的奥秘在人们心中是如此举足轻重。 这背后的原因不难发现。玛雅文明的范围从现今墨西哥的部分区域向南延伸至中美洲。自从19世纪玛雅文明再现，层层迷雾便一直围绕着它。玛雅人建造了恢宏的宫殿和庙宇，其中包括代表性建筑阶梯金字塔。这些复杂建筑最不同寻常之处在于，在没有使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下，玛雅人是如何建造它们的。玛雅人对数学和天文学的认识也十分令人惊叹。他们将这一认识应用到了玛雅历中，该历法精确程度极高，每年误差不超过30秒。除此之外，还有一项当时美洲独有的成就：一个真正的文字系统。这种文字系统包含800多个字符，有些符号代表动物、人和物，其他代表音节。这种文字系统很复杂，以至于到目前为止没有人可以将其完全解读。 玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。但最大的谜团是为何玛雅人抛弃了绝大部分的大城市。到公元700年时，玛雅文明如日中天。然而，仅仅在几代之内，玛雅文明开始神秘地衰落。城市荒废，任凭丛林蚕食取代。16世纪早期，欧洲人来到中美洲攫取财富时，只剩下一些玛雅人居住在小型聚居区里。 　　玛雅文明衰落的原因一直是一个谜团。究竟是因为自然灾害、致死疾病、城市间的冲突、抑或是几个不同因素叠加所致？某些研究似乎暗示，玛雅人自己也许就是导致衰落的掘墓人。他们将湿地变成了种植庄稼的田地，还开凿了巨大的运河系统。随着人口增长，人们需要更多土地以发展农业，需要更多树木以修建建筑物。通过这样改变地貌，玛雅人可能在不知不觉中减弱了自己应对自然灾害的能力。 研究也表明，那些自然灾害可能导致了玛雅文明的衰落。最近一些研究发现，公元700年到公元1000年之间，热带气旋的数量远远少于往常。这可能导致了一系列旱灾，每一次旱灾都持续若干年，其中就包括公元900年的一场“百年不遇的旱灾”。许多科学家认为，这些旱灾是玛雅文明在不同地方以不同速度衰落的主要原因。这些旱灾会导致食物短缺、冲突发生，最终导致城市的衰败。 无论原因如何，玛雅文明几乎消失在了丛林深处。曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。同时，玛雅文明的崛起与衰落必定也让我们思考自己的过去、现在与将来。 Ⅰ.词块默写 1.　　　　　　 　自然现象 2.　　　　　 古代文明 3.　　　　　 精确到……以内 4.　　　　　 索取财富 5.　　　　　 一场自然灾害 6.　　　　　 食物短缺 7.　　　　　 ……的兴衰 8.　　　　　 未解之谜 9.　　　　　 有惊人的发现 10.　　　　　 一套文字系统 Ⅱ.课文原句默写 1.　　　　　　　　　　 an achievement unique in the Americas at that time： a true writing system. 除此之外，还有一项当时美洲独有的成就：一个真正的文字系统。 2.　　　　　　　　　　　　， Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle. 无论原因如何，玛雅文明几乎消失在了丛林深处。 3.Its once-great cities fell into ruin， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. 曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。 核心词汇集释 1.bury v. 将……埋在下面，埋葬；埋藏；遮盖，掩盖；掩藏（感情、错误等）；使陷入 教材原句　Based on this， he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle. 据此，他相信自己发现了一座隐藏于丛林深处的未知玛雅城市的位置。 【用法】 bury one’s face/head in one’s hands 用手捂住脸/头 埋头于/专心于…… 【佳句】　Embarrassed by the unexpected compliment， she buried her face in her hands， trying to hide her red cheeks. 因意外的赞美而感到尴尬，她双手掩面，试图藏起她通红的脸颊。 （动作描写） 【联想】　“专心于”的其他表达方式： be absorbed in， absorb oneself in， be lost in， be devoted to， devote oneself to， concentrate on， focus on 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①Yuan Longping buried himself 　　　　the development of the hybrid rice and made great achievements. 【写美】　一句多译 ②由于专心准备比赛，她完全忽略了外界的干扰。（人物描写） →　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， she completely ignored outside distractions. （动词-ing短语作状语） →　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， she completely ignored outside distractions. （过去分词短语作状语） 2.apply ...to ... 把……应用于……；把……涂/敷到……上 教材原句　They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar， which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year.他们将这一认识应用到了玛雅历中，该历法精确程度极高，每年误差不超过30秒。 【用法】 （1）apply to　　　　　适用于 apply （to sb） for （向某人）申请；请示得到 apply oneself to （doing） sth专心/致力于（做）某事 （2）applicant n. 申请人 application n. 申请（书）；应用；用途 【佳句】　Could you tell me how to apply the grammar rules you taught me to my writing？ 你能告诉我如何把你教我的语法规则应用到写作中吗？（求助信） 【生义】　Bear in mind that you should apply the cream to the affected area twice a day. 记住：将药膏涂抹在感染处，每日两次。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷） The latest engineering techniques are 　　　　　　（apply） to create this protective functional structure that is also beautiful. ②The job advertisement attracted many young 　　　　　　（apply） who were eager to start their careers. ③I’d appreciate it if you could take my 　　　　　　（apply） into account. 【写美】　完成句子 ④在这段困难时期，你应该专心照顾好自己的身体。 （安慰信） You should 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 during this difficult time. 重点句型解构 ◇句型公式：动词-ing短语作结果状语 教材原句　Its once-great cities fell into ruin， leaving various mysteries for later people to solve. 曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。 【用法】 （1）句中动词-ing短语作结果状语，表示由前面的事情引起的一种自然而然的结果。 （2）动词不定式也可以作结果状语，但多表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面加上only，以加强语气。 【佳句】　The factory poured waste water into the river， causing serious pollution to the local environment. 工厂把废水排入河中，对当地环境造成了严重污染。（短文投稿） 【写美】　微写作 ①他错过了最后一班公交车，结果别无选择，只能步行回家。 （告知信） He missed the last bus， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. ②她没有定期复习功课，结果导致她很难通过期末考试。 She didn’t review the lessons regularly， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. Ⅰ.单词拼写 1.On the top of the mountain lie ancient 　　　　　（废墟）， hidden from the world for centuries， waiting to be explored. 2.The girl was sitting on the bench in the park， 　　　　　（将……埋在下面） her head in the book in her hands. 3.Chinese citizens are to have their fingerprints recorded when 　　　　　（申请） for or changing their identity cards. 4.The villagers had to a　　　　　 their homes when the floodwater rose rapidly. 5.The manager was d　　　　　 for violating company policies repeatedly. Ⅱ.补全句子 1.The charity event aims to help the villagers whose homes 　　　　　　　　　　（沦为废墟） by the flood rebuild their houses. 2.As a senior student， I’d like to share some tips on how to 　　　　　　　　　　　　（增加你的词汇量） during our high school study. 3.Mei Lanfang played a key role in bringing Peking Opera to the world， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（使其获得了国际地位和认可） that it has today. 提示：完成课后作业　UNIT 5　Section Ⅰ 10 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $