UNIT 5 Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas(学用Word)-【优学精讲】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第一册（外研版）

本讲义围绕达尔文进化论的发现历程展开，系统梳理从贝格尔号航行背景、加拉帕戈斯群岛物种观察到进化论提出的完整脉络。通过预读问题引入达尔文生平，课中以“析架构、知细节、析难句”三步阅读活动搭建学习支架，结合词汇集释与句型解构深化语言理解。 该资料突出语言能力与思维品质培养，如核心词汇“adapt to”“profit”的用法解析及as引导状语从句的句型解构提升语言运用能力，课后讨论“达尔文品质对学习生活的启示”促进批判性思维。课中分层活动助力教师高效引导，课后语法填空、单词拼写等练习帮助学生自主巩固，查漏补缺。

1.It is not the strongest of the species that survives， nor the most intelligent that survives.It is the one that is the most adaptable to change. —Darwin 生存下来的不是最强壮的物种，也不是最聪明的物种，而是最能适应变化的物种。 ——达尔文 2.Nature， to be commanded， must be obeyed. —Francis Bacon 欲驾驭自然必先顺之。 ——弗朗西斯·培根 3.The tiniest mite has an inner life of which we can know nothing. —Marty Rubin 最微小的螨虫都有我们一无所知的内在生命。 ——马蒂·鲁宾 4.Nature never deceives us； it is always us who deceive ourselves. —Rousseau 大自然永远不会欺骗我们，欺骗我们的往往是我们自己。 ——卢梭 Section Ⅰ　Starting out & Understanding ideas Pre-reading Before reading the passage， answer the following question. 　Who was Charles Darwin？ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 While-reading 第一步：析架构理清脉络 Skim the passage and fill in the blanks. 第二步：知细节明察秋毫 Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers. 1.According to the text， which of the following is NOT correct？（　　） A.Charles Darwin was not the captain’s first choice. B.Charles Darwin’s father predicted he would be a disgrace to his family. C.He came back to England on the Beagle in 1831. D.The journey aroused his interest in the question how different species came to exist. 2.What was the common belief at that time？（　　） A.All species had appeared on Earth at different times. B.All species had not changed since they appeared. C.Some species of animals were the same. D.Animals adapted to the changing environment gradually. 3.　　　　 interested Charles Darwin most in 1835 on the island.（　　） A.Plants　　　　　　 B.Dogs C.New species D.Birds 4.What can we infer from the passage？（　　） A.Charles Darwin was not an excellent graduate from the medical school. B.Charles Darwin was well received by the captain. C.All his achievements began with the journey on the Beagle. D.Charles Darwin explained his theory immediately he came back. 第三步：析难句表达升级 1.When the Beagle reached the Gal􀅡pagos Islands in 1835， Darwin saw a variety of new species， but it was the birds that interested him the most. 句式分析：本句为并列复合句，but前的分句为复合句，When the Beagle reached the Gal􀅡pagos Islands in 1835为When引导的　　　　从句；but后的分句是　　　句。 自主翻译：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2.Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor， which had arrived on the islands a long time before. 句式分析：本句为复合句， that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor为that引导的　　　　从句，which had arrived on the islands a long time before为which引导的　　　　　　从句，修饰先行词　　　　　　　　　　。 自主翻译：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Post-reading 第一步：拓思维品质提升 Discuss the following questions with your partner. 　What characteristics can we learn from Darwin？ Which one of them do you think will be the most helpful in your life and study？ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 第二步：课文语法填空 　　The captain of the ship named the Beagle wanted someone to profit by 1.　　　　　　 （visit） distant countries.Luckily， Darwin got the opportunity， 2.　　　　　　 he was not the captain’s first choice.Darwin was a geologist and naturalist，3.　　　　　 （fascinate） by rocks， plants and animals.The journey gave him the chance 4.　　　　　　 （study） various living things in their natural environments.After Darwin 5.　　　　　　　　 （spend） some time in South America， his room was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.He began to consider the question 6.　　　　　　 different species came to exist.He noticed that some species of animals were very similar 7.　　　　　　 each other.Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their 8.　　　　　　 （change） environments？ Darwin decided to find out the truth.In 1835， Darwin saw a variety of new species， but it was the birds that interested him the most.After much research， he came to the 9.　　　　　　　　 （conclude） that new species evolved from earlier ancestors.Darwin explained this theory in his book， On the Origin of Species， which 10.　　　　　 （regard） as one of the most important works ever written.It has changed ideas about life on Earth forever.And it all began with the journey on the Beagle. A Journey of Discovery 　　The captain of the ship，the Beagle，wanted someone [1]who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant① countries yet little known”.The person [2]who answered the call② was not the captain’s first choice③.It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree.What’s more④， he had recently received a letter from his father [3]predicting⑤ that he would be “a disgrace⑥ to yourself and all your family”.Despite all ①distant adj.遥远的 ②answer the call响应号召 ③first choice第一选择 ④what’s more 此外，更重要的是 ⑤predict v.预言 ⑥disgrace n.丢脸，耻辱 be a disgrace是耻辱，是丢脸的事 this， his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time⑦. 　　[1]who引导定语从句，修饰先行词someone。 　　[2]who引导定语从句，修饰先行词person。 　　[3]predicting ...为动词-ing短语作状语。 　　The young man in question⑧，Charles Darwin， was a geologist⑨ and naturalist， [4]fascinated by rocks， plants and animals.He left England on the ship， the Beagle， in 1831.The journey gave him the chance [5]to study various living things in their natural environments.After Darwin had spent some time in South America， his room on the ship was crowded with⑩ samples⑪of the plants and animals he had collected.[6]As he studied these， he asked himself the question： how did different species come to exist⑫？ 　　At that time， people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time⑬， and had not changed since.But Darwin began to think differently.He noticed that some species of animals were very similar to⑭each other.Maybe animals evolved⑮ [7]as they adapted to⑯ their changing environments？It was just an idea， but enough to inspire Darwin to look for more evidence⑰. 　　[4]动词-ed短语作后置定语，修饰geologist and naturalist。 　　[5]动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰名词chance。 　　[6][7]句中as均引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候”。 　　When the Beagle reached the Gal􀅡pagos Islands in 1835，Darwin saw a variety of⑱ new species， but [8]it was the birds that interested him the most.Darwin noticed that there was a difference between the finches⑲ on each of the islands.It seemed their beaks⑳ had evolved according to [9]what food was available㉑on that particular island. 　　[8]it was ...that ...为强调句，强调主语the birds。 　　[9]what引导宾语从句，作介词to的宾语。 　　Darwin suspected㉒ that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor㉓，[10]which had arrived on the islands a long time before.Over time㉔， it had slowly evolved into many new species.And that was the answer to [11]how new species of plants and animals came to exist：they evolved from earlier ancestors. 　　[10]which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词ancestor。 　　[11]how引导宾语从句，作介词to的宾语。 　　It was a completely new idea — a theory of evolution㉕.Darwin explained this theory in his book， On the Origin of Species.It was not published㉖ until 1859 and immediately caused a storm.Many people refused to believe that living things， including㉗ humans， had evolved from lower forms of life.They were shocked.But Darwin’s scientific studies were [12]so convincing㉘that more and more people started to believe his theory. 　　Today，On the Origin of Species is regarded as㉙ one of the most important works [13]ever written.It has changed ideas about life on Earth forever.And it all began with㉚ the journey on the Beagle. 　　[12]so ...that引导结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于……”。 　　[13]动词-ed形式作后置定语，修饰名词works。 ⑦of all time有史以来；一直 ⑧in question讨论中的；考虑中的 ⑨geologist n.地质学家 ⑩be crowded with拥塞；挤满；充满 ⑪ sample n.样本 ⑫ come to exist出现；产生 ⑬ at the same time同时 ⑭ be similar to与……相似 ⑮ evolve v.进化 ⑯ adapt to适应/适合…… ⑰ evidence n.证据 ⑱ a variety of种种；各种各样的 ⑲ finch n.雀科鸣禽 ⑳ beak n.鸟嘴，喙 ㉑available adj.可利用的；可获得的；可找到的；有空暇的 be available for对于……可用的 ㉒suspect v.猜想，怀疑，觉得 ㉓ ancestor n.（动物的）原种，祖先 ㉔ over time随着时间的推移 ㉕ evolution n.进化（论） ㉖ publish v.出版；发表 ㉗ including prep.包含；包括 ㉘ convincing adj.令人信服的；有说服力的 ㉙ be regarded as被认为是 ㉚ begin with开始于…… 参考译文 发现之旅 　　贝格尔号的船长想要招募这样一名船员，这名船员将能“借此机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国度并从中受益”。然而来应聘的人并不是船长心中的理想人选。这个年轻人从医学院肄业，并且在他刚收到的家书中，父亲预言他将会成为“自己和全家人的耻辱”。尽管如此，他的这次乘船探险之旅将带来有史以来最重要的一项科学发现。 　　我们提到的这个年轻人就是地质学家和博物学家查尔斯·达尔文，他对岩石和动植物有着浓厚的兴趣。1831年，他搭乘贝格尔号从英格兰启程。这趟旅程给了他研究自然环境中各种生物的契机。在南美洲度过一段时间后，他的船舱里堆满了收集到的动植物样本。当他研究这些样本时，他产生了疑问：这些不同的物种是如何产生的？ 　　当时，人们认为所有的物种都是同时出现在地球上的，并从此再无变化。但达尔文开始有了不同的想法。他注意到，有些不同物种的动物彼此间很相似。也许动物为了适应不断变化的环境会逐渐进化？虽然这只是一个设想，但足够鼓舞达尔文去寻求更多证据。 　　1835年，当贝格尔号抵达加拉帕戈斯群岛的时候，达尔文发现了各种各样的新物种，但是其中最令他感兴趣的是鸟类。达尔文注意到，在群岛中的每一个小岛上，雀鸟之间有所不同。它们的喙似乎是根据所在岛屿上可觅得的食物进化而来的。 　　达尔文猜想，这里所有的雀鸟都由共同的祖先进化而来。很久以前，雀鸟的祖先来到这片群岛，随着时间推移，慢慢进化成许多新的种类。于是，关于动植物的新种类是如何产生的这个问题就有了答案：它们是从早期的祖先进化而来的。 　　这是一个全新的观点——进化论。达尔文在他的《物种起源》一书中对此进行了解释。这本书直到1859年才出版，出版后立即引起轰动。很多人拒绝相信包括人在内的所有生命都是从更低级的生命形式进化而来的。他们对此感到震惊。然而，达尔文的科学研究很有说服力，以至于越来越多的人开始接受他的理论。 　　如今，《物种起源》被认为是迄今为止最重要的著作之一。它彻底地改变了人类对于地球上生命的认识。而这一切都开始于贝格尔号的探索之旅。 Ⅰ.词块默写 1.　　　　　　　响应号召 2.　　　　　 是耻辱，是丢脸的事 3.　　　　　 有史以来；一直 4.　　　　　 讨论中的；考虑中的 5.　　　　　 拥塞；挤满；充满 6.　　　　　 出现；产生 7.　　　　　 与……相似 8.　　　　　 适应/适合…… 9.　　　　　 随着时间的推移 10.　　　　　 被认为是 Ⅱ.课文原句默写 1.The journey gave him the chance 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　in their natural environments. 这趟旅程给了他研究自然环境中各种生物的契机。 2.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， he asked himself the question： how did different species come to exist？ 当他研究这些样本时，他产生了疑问：这些不同的物种是如何产生的？ 3.It was 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　and immediately caused a storm. 这本书直到1859年才出版，出版后立即引起轰动。 核心词汇集释 1.profit n.收益 vt.有益于 vi.有益；获利 教材原句　The captain of the ship， the Beagle， wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”.贝格尔号的船长想要招募这样一名船员，这名船员将能“借此机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国度并从中受益”。 【用法】 （1）profit from/by ...　　从……中获利/受益 profit sb 使某人获益 （2）a rise/an increase in profits 收益的上升/增长 a drop/fall in profits 收益的跌落/下降 make a profit 赚取利润 for profit 为了赢利 （3）profitable adj. 有利润的；有益的 a profitable class 有收获的一堂课 【佳句】　To make more profits， you should focus on improving the quality of your products， as this will attract more customers. 要赚取更多利润，你应该专注于提高你们产品的质量，因为这会吸引更多客户。（建议信） 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①Small businesses can profit 　　　　　　the government’s new tax-reduction policies. ②Some people start their own businesses 　　　　　profit， but also for the sense of achievement. ③This is a 　　　　　　（profit） investment opportunity that you shouldn’t miss. 【写美】　完成句子 ④The team cheered loudly when they knew about 　　　　　　　　　　， their faces flushed with excitement. 团队得知利润上升后大声欢呼，兴奋得满脸通红。 （表情描写） 2.distant adj.遥远的；远处的；远亲的；冷淡的，疏远的；心不在焉的，恍惚的 教材原句　The captain of the ship， the Beagle， wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”.贝格尔号的船长想要招募这样一名船员，这名船员将能“借此机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国度并从中受益”。 【用法】 （1）be distant from　远离……；与……疏远 a distant relative 远房亲戚 （2）distance n. 距离；远方 v. 拉开距离；与……疏远 in the distance 在远处 at a distance （of） 在……远的地方；距离稍远 keep sb at a distance 对某人冷淡；与某人保持一定距离 keep one’s distance from 与……保持距离 【佳句】 He listened to the story with a distant expression. 他带着一种心不在焉的表情听着故事。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①The small village is distant 　　　　　　the nearest town， which makes transportation a bit inconvenient. ②We saw a faint light twinkling 　　　　　the distance， which might be a lighthouse. ③We parked the car 　　　　　　a distance of about 500 meters from the stadium. 【写美】　完成句子 ④We should 　　　　　　　　　　people who have a bad influence on us.（distance n.） 我们应该与那些对我们有不良影响的人保持距离。 （建议信） 3.in question 讨论中的；考虑中的；有疑问；不确定 教材原句　The young man in question， Charles Darwin， was a geologist and naturalist， fascinated by rocks， plants and animals.我们提到的这个年轻人就是地质学家和博物学家查尔斯·达尔文，他对岩石和动植物有着浓厚的兴趣。 【用法】 put a question to sb 向某人提出一个问题 beyond question 不容置疑 without question 毫无疑问 out of question 毫无疑问，没有问题 out of the question 不可能；不允许；不值得讨论 【佳句】　The athlete clenched his fists， his face full of confidence， and thought that breaking the record was out of question. 这位运动员握紧拳头，满脸自信，认为打破纪录没有问题。 （动作描写） 【练透】　根据汉语提示填入合适的短语 Our class planned an outdoor picnic.But the weather on the planned day was ①　　　　　　　 （不确定）.Our monitor ②　　　　　　　　　　　 （向我们提出一个问题）：“Should we cancel the picnic if it would rain？” Everyone had been looking forward to it.③　　　　　　 （毫无疑问）， we didn’t want to give up easily.After a short talk， we decided to move the picnic indoors. 4.adapt to 适应/适合…… 教材原句　Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments？ 也许动物为了适应不断变化的环境会逐渐进化？ 【用法】 （1）adapt oneself to　　使自己适应…… （2）adapt ...from ... 根据……改编…… adapt ...for ... 把……改写/改编成…… （3）adaptation n. 适应；改编；改写本 【佳句】　We must adapt to the ever-changing circumstances of life. 我们必须适应不断变化的生活环境。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①The polar bear’s thick fur is an 　　　　　（adapt） for living in cold climates. ②Firstly， you need to adapt yourself to 　　　　　　（study） in the new environment. 【写美】　完成句子 ③This movie 　　　　　　　　a best-selling novel.这部电影改编自一部畅销小说。 5.particular adj.特别的；详细的；独有的；挑剔的 n.详情，细节 教材原句　It seemed their beaks had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island.它们的喙似乎是根据所在岛屿上可觅得的食物进化而来的。 【用法】 （1）in particular　　　尤其，特别 be particular about/over sth 对……讲究/挑剔 （2）particularly adv. 尤其；特别；格外地，特别地，特定地 【佳句】　This book is particularly engaging， capturing the readers’ attention from the first page.这本书特别引人入胜，从第一页起就吸引了读者的注意力。（书评） 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①All the books are interesting， but this one 　　　　　　particular caught my attention. ②It was a cold winter night， 　　　　　（particular） cold in the mountains. 【写美】　完成句子 ③The famous chef 　　　　　　　　　　the freshness of ingredients. 这位著名的厨师对食材的新鲜度极为挑剔。 （人物描写） 重点句型解构 ◇句型公式： as引导时间状语从句 教材原句　As he studied these， he asked himself the question： how did different species come to exist？当他研究这些样本时，他产生了疑问：这些不同的物种是如何产生的？ 【用法】 as在此引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时候；随着”。as作连词时，有以下用法： （1）意为“当……时候；一边……一边……；随着”时，引导时间状语从句。 （2）意为“按照……的方式（方法）；如同……”时，引导方式状语从句。 （3）意为“因为；既然”时，引导原因状语从句。 （4）意为“尽管”时，引导让步状语从句。 （5）引导比较状语从句时，常用于as ...as ...结构，意为“像……一样……”，其中第一个as是副词，第二个as是连词。 【点津】 （1）当as引导让步状语从句时，从句使用部分倒装，即将形容词、副词、名词、动词等放于as前面；单数可数名词提前时应该省略冠词； （2）with意为“随着”时是介词，后接名词或代词等构成with短语或with复合结构。 【写美】　微写作 ①当她等待考试结果时，心中充满了焦虑。（心理描写） 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， her heart was filled with anxiety. ②按照老师教你的方式思考，你就能解决这个问题。 （建议信） 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， and you’ll solve the problem. ③尽管他们很惊讶，但还是设法保持了冷静。（心理描写） Surprised 　　　　　　　　　　， they managed to keep calm. ④随着我们长大，我们逐渐明白幸福不在于物质财富，而在于简单的快乐。 　　　　　　　　　　， we come to understand that happiness lies not in material possessions but in simple joys. Ⅰ.单词拼写 1.She carefully planted the flower 　　　　　　（种子） in the small pots， looking forward to the colorful blooms in spring. 2.The scientist took a soil 　　　　　　（样本） from the garden to analyze its nutrients. 3.The 　　　　　　（进化） of plants has been a long-term process influenced by various factors. 4.I s　　　　　　 that he is lying because his story doesn’t make sense. 5.My grandparents live in a d　　　　　　 village， and we only visit them during the holidays. Ⅱ.完成句子 1.She sang softly 　　　　　　　　　　（一边穿过森林）， enjoying the peaceful atmosphere. 2.　　　　　　　　　　　　 （直到日落） the temperature in the desert started to drop significantly. 3.College students 　　　　　　　　　（响应号召） to volunteer in the community and brought new vitality to the local services. 提示：完成课后作业　UNIT 5　Section Ⅰ 2 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Section Ⅰ　Starting out & Understanding ideas 【文本透析·剖语篇】 Pre-reading 　Charles Darwin was a famous British scientist who studied nature and living things. While-reading 第一步 1.Why　2.What　3.two　4.answers　5.evolution 第二步 1－4　CBDA 第三步 1.时间状语　强调 1835年，当贝格尔号抵达加拉帕戈斯群岛的时候，达尔文发现了各种各样的新物种，但是其中最令他感兴趣的是鸟类。 2.宾语　非限制性定语　a common ancestor 达尔文猜想，这里所有的雀鸟都由共同的祖先进化而来。很久以前，雀鸟的祖先来到这片群岛。 Post-reading 第一步 　Brave， hard-working， devoted， patient， strict， innovative/creative， curious， imaginative， diligent， intelligent， talented， brilliant， honest， confident， modest and so on.In my opinion， hard-working spirit is the most helpful in my study， because it will not only give me continuous energy and confidence to study but also make up for my lack of wisdom. 第二步 1.visiting　2.although/though　3.fascinated　4.to study 5.had spent　6.how　7.to　8.changing　9.conclusion 10.is regarded 【随堂检测·要过关】 Ⅰ.1.answer the call　2.be a disgrace　3.of all time 4.in question　5.be crowded with　6.come to exist 7.be similar to　8.adapt to　9.over time 10.be regarded as Ⅱ.1.to study various living things 2.As he studied these 3.not published until 1859 【核心知识·巧突破】 核心词汇集释 1.①from/by　②for　③profitable　④a rise in profits 2.①from　②in　③at　④keep our distance from 3.①in question　②put a question to us　③Without question 4.①adaptation　②studying　③is adapted from 5.①in　②particularly　③is extremely particular about/over 重点句型解构 ①As she waited for the test results ②Think as your teacher teaches you ③as they were　④As we grow older 【随堂检测·要过关】 Ⅰ.1.seeds　2.sample　3.evolution　4.suspect　5.distant Ⅱ.1.as she walked through the forest 2.It was not until the sun set that 3.answered the call 2 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $